THI CÔNG PHẦN NGẦM

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GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th
Chng 8
THI CNG PHN NGM

8.1 Cng tc trc c v chun b cng trng.
8.1.1 Trc c v nh v cng trnh.
y l cng vic c tin hnh u tin v rt quan trng, i hi phi lm cn

thn v tht chnh xc. Sau khi tip nhn cc th tc bn giao cng trnh v v sinh mt
bng cng trng ta phi tin hnh cc cng vic v trc c:
+ Cn c vo bn v thit k, cc ti liu, h s v kt hp vi ch u t, t vn
gim st, thit k chuyn h thng trc, tim, ct ln mt bng thc t, cc mc gii
chun (Ct 0.00, im mc chun) u do bn A ch nh v bn giao.
+ Lp h s, thc hin vic lu gi lu di mc chun, cc im mc ny c
gi ln cc cng trnh c sn c nh xung quanh nh : h ng ph, ct in, tng
nh... Trong mt s trng hp khc c th c chn bng cc btng kch thc 150
x 150 x1500m cch cng trnh t 10 n 30 m ni khng c phng tin vn chuyn
i qua trnh gy bin dng, x dch mc.
8.1.2 Chun b cng trng.
8.1.2.1 Cng tc mt bng.
Cn tin hnh ngay khi tip nhn mt bng:

+ Cc ti liu php l gm c: H s thit k, ranh gii cng trnh, ngun s
dng in nc thi cng, h thng tim ct chun t ch u t.
+ nh v cng trnh trn c s h thng tim ct chun c.
+ Thc hin lp dng hng ro, phng bo v, vn phng tm, bo v cng trnh
theo ch 3 ca (24h/24h).
+ Lp t in, nc. Ngoi ngun in nc thnh ph, c th d phng thm
my pht in, b nc v ging khoan phc v thi cng tu mc yu cu v tnh
ton.
+ Tp kt phng tin, thit b vt t ban u phc v cho thi cng cc th
+ x l vic thot nc b mt v nc ngm bt gp trong qu trnh thi cng,
c th s dng h thng bm v ng dn cao su mm vo rnh thot nc thnh ph
kt hp vi cc rnh khi quanh cng trnh. Dng 2 my bm SHE-50 (ng c xng),
cng sut 600l/pht v Kama10 (ng c in).
8.1.2.2 Thi cng cc th.
S lng cc th l 4 cc vi thng s:
+ 3 cc Barrette 0,6x2,5m, chiu su h cc 48m
+ 1 cc Barrette 1 x 2,8m, chiu su h cc 48m
Cc th nghim c th bng nn tnh vi ti trng 200% so vi thit k theo
quy trnh ca tiu chun xy dng (chi tit ti phn thi cng v kim tra cht lng
cc)
Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th
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Cc s liu kim tra c phn tch, tnh ton nh gi kt lun cho 2 yu cu:
+ Gi tr thit k ca cc.
+ Cht lng thi cng.
+ Vic thi cng cc i tr ch c php khi c kt qa th nghim t yu cu.
8.1.2.3 Thi cng mng v lp t cn trc thp.
Trong thi gian u ch kt qu th nghim cc, cn trin khai thi cng mng cn
trc gm: p cc, lm mng theo hng dn catalogue hoc ca th my, lp dng cn
trc, vn hnh th. Mc ch s dng phc v cho thi cng phn ngm cng trnh.
8.2 K thut thi cng tng trong t.
8.2.1 K thut thi cng tng trong t.
- Hin ti, theo bin php thi cng, c 2 loi tng trong t l tng ti ch
v tng lp ghp. Tng vy dng lp ghp thng c s dng cho nhng cng
trnh c khi lng tng trong t ln, c nhng on tng di vi kt cu in
hnh, thng s dng khi c nh my btng ct thp c sn gn tit kim
chi ph u t. Tng lp ghp thng i hi phi x l ch chng thm thn trng
hn. Hin nay vic s dng tng lp ghp l cha kh thi v khng c nh my sn
xut cu kin panel tng c sn nh vy. Mt khc vic vn chuyn cc tm tng
ln trong iu kin thi cng trong thnh ph l kh khn v phi lm vo ban m.
- V dng tng vy ti ch: So vi dng lp ghp u im ca dng tng
ny l thi cng d dng trong iu kin thnh ph trt hp, h thng my thi cng
khng phc tp v tn km nh dng lp ghp, kh nng chng thm cho tng
c gii quyt kh trit . Tuy nhin thi gian thi cng chm, thng gy nhim
mi trng ln trong qu trnh thi cng (lp cu lng ct thp, btng, thi ra
betonite ) i hi phi c nhng bin php khc phc.
- Trn c s nhng phn tch nh trn, trong pham vi n s dng phng n
tng vy bng btng ct thp ti ch. Kt hp s dng cng ngh, my, vt liu
thi cng ca cng ngh thi cng cc Barrette phn mng.
- Bin php thi cng tng trong t ti ch hin nay ch phn bit nhau ch
yu cng vic x l chng thm cho tng vy v tr lin kt cc tm panen tng.
Trn c s ny c th phn ra cc dng thi cng mi ni cho tng vy gm c:
+ Mi ni dng ng ni u hay hp ni u
+ Mi ni dng an lng ct thp v s dng bn thp chng thm
+ Mi ni dng giong chng thm CWS
- Trong phm vi n la chn phng n dng mi ni bng giong chng
thm CWS vi cc c im c bn sau:
+ Nguyn tc ca bin php ny l to ra mt mng ngn nc c t vo gia
hai panen tng. Mng ngn c th c lm bng nhiu vt liu khc nhau nh thp,
cao su, cht do trong thng dng v hiu qu nht ti nc ta hin nay l bin
php dng giong chng thm CWS v b g lp ca hng Bachy Soletanche cung
cp.
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+ Lp dng v tho d khp ni CWS: Trc khi lun chuyn dung dch
bentonite, cc khp ni CWS c lp dng ti u cc on tng o xong. Cc
on tng khi u c khp ni 2 u, cc on tng tip ch c khp ni ti mt
u v cc on tng ng khng c khp ni. Khp ni CWS gm cc tm ri c
lin kt vi nhau bng bulng trong qu trnh h xung h o. Khp ni c h
xung qu ct y tng hm vi mt hoc vo tng t thm. Mt hoc hai thanh chn
nc bng cao su c gn vo khp ni (hnh v). Ngi ta c th dng chnh cc my
o lp dng v tho d khp ni CWS. Khi o h o mi bn cnh khp CWS
cng c s dng dn hng cho gu o mt cch hu hiu. Sau khi tho khp
ni, mt na phn giong chng thm nm li trong phn tng btng, na cn
li s c thi cng nm trong btng ca panel tng lin k.
+ Cu to khi qut ca bin php ny c trnh by nh hnh v.
t m pa nel c b t ng
gio ng ch ng t hm
Tm c p pha c hn u
t m pa nel ang o
gio ng c a o su c h ng t hm
c p pha c h n u
t m pa nel c b t ng
gio ng ch ng t hm
t m pa nel v a
Hnh 1.1. Cu to Gioang chng thm

+ u im ca khp ni CWS: tho d tm chn d dng khng ph thuc vo
cng tc btng, to ng dn hng rt tt cho gu o khi o on tng bn
cnh. Cho php lp giong cao su ngn nc d dng. C th tng hiu qu chn nc
bng tng s lng giong cao su ln. Phn on panen o v btng trng nhau
nn thun li cho ch to lng thp.
8.2.2 Quy trnh thi cng tng trong t.
- Cng tc chun b mt bng v nh v tng vy.
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- nh v v thi cng tng dn cho tng vy.

- o to l cho panel 1, kt hp cung cp, x l tun hon dung dch Bentonite
cho h o.
- Kim tra su, no vt h o.
- Ch to v h lng ct thp.
- H ng btng (ng Trime) v thi ra bn cn.
- btng cho panel 1 theo phng php va dng.
- Tip tc qu trnh trn cho panel th 2 cch panel 1 khong bng di 1 tm
panel (thi cng mt cch mt). Tip tc qu trnh thi cng trn cho mt vng chu vi
tng vy quanh cng trnh. Quay my mt vng, tr li thi cng tm panel gia hai
tm panel thi cng trc .
- Ph b tng dn
- Kim tra cht lng btng ca tng vy.
8.2.3 K thut thi cng tng trong t.
8.2.3.1 Cng tc chun b.
- Nghin cu k cc bn v thit k, ti liu a cht cng trnh v cc yu cu k

thut chi tit cho tng vy.
- Chun b my mc : my c s, gu o chuyn dng, cn cu, my trn
betonite
- Lp phng n t chc thi cng: Chia tng thnh cc modun (cc panel
tng), lp th t thi cng cc modun ny
- Nghin cu thit k mt bng thi cng, coi mt bng thi cng c phn tnh,
phn ng theo thi gian nh th t thi cng cc, tng, ng di chuyn ca my
o, ng cp v thu hi dung dch bentonite, ng vn chuyn btng v ct thp
n cc, ng vn chuyn t o ra khi cng trng, cc cng trnh tm, gii php
cung cp in nc v h thng thot nc m bo cho my mc khng gian
lp dng, di chuyn, lm vic cng nh nng sut hiu qu ca cng vic v v sinh
mi trng.
- Phi iu tra nm vng cc vt kin trc ngm, cc nh hng qua li ca cc
vt th ny v cng trng, v cc gii php x l.
- Kim tra ngun nguyn liu, vt t thi cng.
- Xem xt s nh hng ca x hi, ngi dn xung quanh vi cng trng v
nhng ngi lm vic trong cng trng d kin v tm gii php cho mt s yu t
bt li c th xy ra.
8.2.3.2 nh v v thi cng tng dn.
y l cng vic ht sc quan trng, cn phi lm cn thn v chnh xc xc

nh ng cc yu t: Trc, tim ca ton cng trng v v tr chnh xc ca cc giao
im, cc trc trn c s ta xc nh chnh xc v tr tim ct tng cc v tng
theo ng bn v thit k. C th theo trnh t sau:
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A, La chn cho tng dn.

- C 2 loi tng dn chnh l: tng dn btng ti ch v tng dn lp
ghp. Bin php lp ghp thng dng cho cng trng ln, nhiu on tng dn c
th chia ra thnh cc m un in hnh thun tin cho vic lp ghp v cc on ny
cng c ch to sn t trc m bo tin cng trnh. Bin php ny thi
cng nhanh chng, hiu qu nhng phi c y my mc thi cng v phng tin
vn chuyn. Phng n ti ch c lu hn v tn cng sc hn nh trong cng trnh
nh th li hiu qu hn v d x l nhng v tr gp khc ca tng rt d dng.
- Trong phm vi n, cng trnh c quy m trung bnh, la chn dng tng
dn bng btng ct thp ti ch thi cng n gin.
B, nh v
- T mt bng nh v phn mng, lp h thng nh v v li khng ch cho
cng trnh theo h to Oxy. Cc li ny c chuyn ri v c nh vo cc cng
trnh ln cn hoc lp thnh cc mc nh v, c th l trn cc b tng, ct in, ct
btng . Cc mc ny c ro chn v bo v cn thn, c kim tra lin tc
phng x dch do va chm v ln gy ra.
- Tim tng c nh v bng my kinh v theo hai phng vung gc nhau,
sau pht trin ra cc phng bao quanh cng trnh.
Hnh 2.1. nh v
C, Thi cng tng dn.
- Tng dn c vai tr trong vic: Dn hng cho gu o khi o l. Neo gi
lng ct thp to, to ch i li cho cng nhn trong qu trnh ni lng ct thp v
btng. Chu lc tc ng b mt, ngn nc ma, nc mt hoc t nh trn mt
t ln vo trong h o. Gip nh v tim ct cho tng chn v gi n nh cho lp
b mt ca h o.
- C nhiu hnh thc cu to tng dn. Do lp t s 1 l t lp, khng qu
yu, mc nc ngm su (4m so vi ct t nhin), ta chn hnh thc tng dn
btng ct thp ti ch sau thi cng n gin m vn m bo hiu qu lm vic
ca tng dn:
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-0.75
-2.25
Hnh 2.2. Tng dn

- Trnh t thi cng tng dn:
+ Xc nh v tr tng dn v tng chn trn mt bng, nh v v dn ra ngoi
trn h thng cc nga v np nga.
+ o rnh ho su 1,5m, b rng y rnh l 2,05m, b rng nh rnh l 3,35m
m bo dc o t nhin m khng cn chng gi thnh h o.
+ btng lt dy 10cm.
+ Trn lp btng lt, nh v chnh xc tng dn, lp dng ct thp, dng thnh
t lm ni chng gia vn khun btng. Trong trng hp nu o thng ng
m t khng b sp thnh th tn dng lun t lm vn khun cho tng dn. Mt
trong tng dn dng vn khun g hoc thp to b mt phng, thun li cho qu
trnh di chuyn gu, lng thp vo h o sau ny.
+ btng tng dn, tho vn khun sau 1 ngy
+ t m cht pha trong tng dn hoc phi c cc thanh chng gi n
nh thnh.
8.2.3.3 o to l.
A, Phn chia tng thnh cc tm panel.

- Khi thi cng tng trong t, trc ht phi phn chia tng theo chiu di
thnh nhiu on thi cng vi mt di no ph hp vi nng lc, tnh cht k
thut my mc k thut hin c.
- Vic la chn di on panel, v mt l thuyt, tr khi n nh kch thc
di ca my o th khng th thi cng c cn mi di c th thi cng c. Mt
khc, panel tng li cng di cng tt v nh vy s gim c mi ni ca tng nn
c th nng cao kh nng chng thm v tnh ton khi ca tng. Nhng trn thc t
di on panel li chu s hn ch ca nhiu yu t:
+ iu kin a cht: khi lp t khng n nh, phng st l thnh h o,
phi rt ngn di on ho, nhm rt ngn thi gian o mt tm panel.
+ Ti trng mt t: Nu xung quanh c cng trnh xy dng cao to, hoc ti
trng mt t ln th cng cn gim chiu di on o.
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+ Kh nng nng ca cn trc: Cn c vo kh nng nng ca cn trc d tnh

trng lng v kch thc ca lng ct thp, t tnh ra chiu di on o.
+ Kh nng cung cp btng trong mt n v thi gian.
+ Dung tch thng ng dung dch bentonite: Thng thng dung tch ca thng
khng nh hn hai ln dung tch ca mi on o.
+ V tr cc mi ni: Nn trnh nhng gc quay hoc ch ni tip vi kt cu bn
trong nhm m bo cho tng trong t c tnh chnh th tng i cao.
- Vic chia mdun tng vy c thc hin trn c s la chn hnh thc thi
cng v kch thc tng th ca tng theo hai phng. D kin qu trnh phn chia
mdun tng vy nh sau:
+ Kch thc bao ngoi tng th tng vy l: 33,6x 33,6 m
+ i vi im gc tng: Kch thc panel tng ly 1d (d l b rng ca gu
o, ly d=2,5m) theo mt phng. Theo phng cn li c th ly ln hn. Ta n
nh kch thc 1d ca 4 im gc nm hon ton trong cnh ngn ca tng vy.
+ i vi cc im gia, qu trnh thi cng tng c tin hnh mt cch mt,
lin tip gia cc panel tng. Theo ch dn trong ti liu Ch dn thit k v thi
cng cc Barrette, tng trong t, neo trong t ca GS.Nguyn Vn Qung,
b rng mi panel tng thi cng theo phng n ny c th ly (1- 2)d. Ta dng b
rng panel in hnh l 1,8.d = 4,5m.
- Kt qu tm tt nh sau:
Chung cho 2 cnh (33,6 m): 2 on 2,5m + 5 on 4,5m + 2 on 3,05m
- Trong qu trnh thi cng, b rng ca panel tng c th x dch theo chnh
xc ca gu o v s d dng trong thi cng. Do vic phn chia mt cch chnh
xc theo l thuyt b rng panel c ngha nh v v d tr qu trnh t chc thi
cng. Thc t thi cng cho php c sai s. Chi tit kch thc v trnh t thi cng panel
tng xem trong bn v TC.
B,Chun b dung dch bentonite
- y l cng vic rt quan trng trong qu trnh o v btng cho tng.
Cng vic ny phi c chun b trc khi bt u o l. Tc dng ca st l lm
chc thnh, li theo ct, lm lnh v lm trn, trong tc dng lm chc thnh l
quan trng nht.
- Dung dch st gi thnh dng cho tng vy ch yu l st bentonite, thnh
phn cho trong bng sau:
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Bng 1.1. Thnh phn ca Bentonite

Thnh phn
Tn vt liu
Lng dng bnh

thng %
Vt liu th rn
St bentonite
6 -8
Dung dch ni
Nc
100
Cht tng dnh
CMC
0 -0,05
Cht phn tn
Na2CO3, FCI
0 0,05
Cht tng trng
Bt tinh thch nng
Dng khi cn
Vt liu chng thm
, mt ca, si ho hc
Dng khi cn
- Tnh nng ca dung dch bentonite trc lc s dng phi c c tnh sau:
Bng 1.2. c tnh ca dung dch Bentonite
Hng mc
Ch tiu tnh nng
1. T trng
1.05 1.15
2. nht
29 50s
3. Hm lng ct
4. T l cht keo
5. Lng mt nc (
tch nc)
6. dy ca o st
< 6%
> 95%
< 30ml/30ph
7. Lc ct tnh
8. Tnh n nh
9. Tr s pH
10. ng knh ht
1- 3mm/ 30 pht
1 pht: 20-30 mg/cm2
10 pht: 50-100 mg/cm2
< 0.03 g/cm2
7-9
< 3mm
Phng php kim tra
T trng k dung dch st

hoc Bome k
Phng php phu
500/700cc
Phng php ong cc
Dng c o lng mt
nc
Dng c o lng mt
nc
Lc kt ct tnh
Giy th pH: qu tm
- Thng trn 20-50Kg bt betonite vi 1m 3 nc sch. Tu theo yu cu c th

cho thm vo dung dch mt s ph gia lm cho n nng thm, khc phc kh nng
vn cc ca bt betonite , tng hoc gim st, pH, tnh tch nc
- dung dch betonite mi c vo b cha bng thp (Thng l cc
container thp) hoc xy gch, hoc bng cao su c khung thp hoc sil.
- Dung dch Bentonite c s dng mt cch tun hon. Gu o xung su n
u th phi b sung dung dch khoan ngay cho y h. Trong khi o dung dch
betonite b nhim bn (do t, ct) lm gim kh nng n nh thnh h o nn cn
c thay th. Dung dch Bentonite trong h s c bm ti b lc, trm x l
kh cc tp cht sau s c quay vng s dng tip. C th dng loi bm chm
t y h hoc bm ht c mng lc trn mt t.
- Dung dch sau khi x l tip tc s dng phi c nhng c tnh sau:
+ T trng:
<1,2 g/ml
+ nht Mash:
35-40 giy
+ tch nc:
< 40 ml/30ph
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+ Hm lng betonite trong dung dch: 2-6% (theo trng lng)

+ Hm lng ct:
5%
- Trong qu trnh o h khoan c y dung dch Bentonite, lun gi cho

cao trnh dung dch bentonite cao hn cao trnh mc nc ngm t 2m tr ln c
th to ra p lc d p dung dch Bentonite thm vo t xung quanh, i vi cc cng
trnh c mc nc ngm cao th an ton hn c l lun gi cho dung dch bentonite lp
y h o, p lc ca dung dch bentonite ln hn p lc nc ngm nn h o c
bo v an ton, khng gy sp thnh.
C,Nguyn l lm vic ca my o gu ngom thu lc :
- Gu o t bng cch dng trng lng bn thn n ngp ming gu vo
trong t. u tin ta a gu n ming h o (tng dn), tng dn nh v tr ca
gu theo hai phng, nh dn dy cp cho gu ngp trong dung dch bentonite sau
cho th dy cp cho gu ri t do cho n khi ming gu ngp trong t th iu khin
xy lanh thu lc ng ming gu li, ct v gom t vo trong gu, rt gu ln quay
gu n v tr thng t, h gu xung, di tc dng ca xy lanh thu lc ming
gu m ra t c vo thng.
- Do trng lng bn thn gu ln nn gu c th o c nhng loi t tng
i cng (cng khong 30Mpa), trng tm gu thp nn n nh cao c kh
nng t dn hng.
D,K thut o t v nhng im cn ch trong qu trnh o t :
* nh v my lm tng, cc
- Vic nh v my thng do ngi iu khin my quyt nh sao cho my
khng phi di chuyn nhiu m vn thi cng hiu qu. Mt khc nhng cng trnh
m tng vy ngay cnh cng trnh khc th v tr my cng phi thn trng trnh
trong qu trnh o va chm vo cng trnh ln cn. Khong cch ti thiu t mp
ngoi cng ca my n mp ngoi cng ca cng trnh ln cn l 500.
* di o nh nht ca my o:
- di nh nht ca my o lin quan n kiu my o, cn c vo di
n v c th o c quyt nh di ca on o. D kin s dng gu 0,6 x
2,5m thi cng tng vy nn di nh nht ca on o vo khong 2,4 2,5m
* n nh ca thnh h o:
- Khi thi cng tng trong t phi quan tm n n nh ca thnh h o t
khi bt u o n khi hon thnh btng, khng xy ra hin tng sp thnh
h o.
- Hin nay, vic s dng dung dch Bentonite gi thnh vn l phng php ch
yu m bo n nh ca thnh h o. Vi mi loi t li yu cu mt dung
dch Bentonite c cc yu cu k thut khc nhau. Tuy nhin trong thc t, thi gian
dch st gi trong h o ko di th tnh cht ca dch st s thay i v d do s lng
xung ca cc ht st, do tc ng ca ion dng lm cho dch st xu i lm gim
m c ca dung dich, trong khi p lc nc v p lc t vn khng thay i,
c th nguy him cho h o.
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* Nhng iu trng yu khi o t:

- m bo hin trng bng phng v kh nng chu lc ca cc lp t bn trn
b mt, kim tra m bo cc my mc nh my o, cn trc, xe trn btng
nht thit phi hot ng bnh thng.
- Cng tc o c tin hnh lin tc v khng c php ngh nu khng c s
c g v my mc v thit b khoan.
- iu chnh v thng xuyn m bo thng ng ca my o cng nh ca
h o. Phi dng my thu chun, dy di v lun lun hiu chnh.
- Kp thi cung cp dung dch bentonite gi thnh c cht lng tin cy. Mc
cao ca dung dch Bentonite bao gi cng phi cao hn mc nc ngm bn ngoi t
nht l 2m.
- Khoan l dn hng trc.
- Khi o ho trong nn t qu xu phi gia c nn t v d nh bm pht va.
* Cng tc x l bn thi, t tha v vn chuyn t:
- Ph thi khi thi cng cc khoan nhi gm c t tha khi khoan l, dung dch
gi thnh b bin cht khng s dng li c, hoc dung dch gi thnh tha ra sau
khi thi cng xong. Tt c nhng th ny u c th gy ra nhim mi trng, nn khi
x l phi tun theo cc quy nh ca php lut.
- Sau khi o xong phi tin hnh dn dp v vn chuyn t thi ngay m
bo mt bng c sch s v c th thi cng phn tip theo. Hoc nu khng th vn
chuyn ngay c th nn to h cha t sau a xe n chuyn i vo gi thch
hp. Thit b vn chuyn tt nht l dng xe ht bn chn khng chuyn dng, tuy
nhin loi xe ny hin ti Vit Nam cha c, hn na nu c th cng phi vn
chuyn ra xa thnh ph , chi ph vn chuyn cao m cng rt kh tm.
- C th dng bin php thng dng hin nay l cho bn tch nc trc ngay
trong hin trng thi cng bng phng php c hc hoc ho hc l bn long c
phn ly thnh nc v t rn, nc c th ra sng hoc mng thot nc, bn
kh c th lp vo ngay trong hin trng hoc chuyn i bng cc xe t ch t.
- Vi phng php phn tun hon th bn t c a ln ng thi ri cho
vo trong b lng, t ct hon ton nm trong trng thi bo ho. Tch nc ri
chuyn t cn li i.
- Xe vn ti t bn trc khi ra khi cng trng phi v sinh bnh v thng xe.
* Kim tra cht lng h o:
- Sau khi o xong h o phi kim tra li ln cui cng kch thc hnh hc:
+ Kch thc cnh ngn sai s 5cm.
+ Kch thc cnh di sai s 10cm.
+ Chiu su h sai s 10cm.
+ nghing ca h o theo cnh ngn ch c sai s trong khong 1% so vi
chiu su h o.
123
n tt nghip KSXD
8.2.3.4 Kim tra su v v sinh h o.
A, Kim tra su h o.
- Cng tc ny c thc hin khi o gn n su thit k. Mc ch ca n
ch yu l xc nh n khi no my o c n cao trnh thit k dng li v
kim tra lp cn y di y h o. Cng tc ny cn c kim tra cn thn v cht
lng v sinh h o c nh hng ln n sc chu ti ca cc. Thng thng su
h o c kim tra th cng bng qu ri. Ngoi ra cn c phng php chnh lch
in tr kiu CZ.IIB ca Trung Quc.
B, V sinh h o
- Qu trnh o trong dung dch Bentonite gy ra mt lng cn lng ln y
h o. Tng vy khi thit k phi t nht chu c ti trng bn thn ca mnh. Cn
lng y h o s nh hng nghim trng n cht lng btng chn tng vy
nn vic x l trit l cn thit.
- Cc loi cn lng gm c:
+ Loi cn lng th: Loi ny chim khi lng ch yu. N c to ra trong
qu trnh o, t ct khng kp a ln s lu li gn y h, sau khi dng o th
s lu li ti y h o. Loi cn lng ny to thnh bi nhng ht c ng knh
tng i to, v th lng ng di y v khng th dng bin php n gin m moi
ln c.
+ Loi cn lng tinh: L nhng ht rt nh l lng trong dung dch bentonite, sau
khi o h xong mt thi gian s lng xung y.
- Bin php x l cn lng: Trn c s s phn loi cn lng trn ta c th
thy rng phng php x l cn lng c th chia lm 2 bc
+ Bc 1: X l cn lng th: Cng vic ny c tin hnh ngay sau khi o h
o n su thit k, gu o tip tc thao tc vt y h n khi hon ton sch s
cn lng y h mi thi. Khi cn lng c t c th dng bm ht ct chm th xung
y l va khuy ng cn lng va bm ht cn lng ln.
+ Bc 2: X l cn lng tinh: X l cc ht nh, c tin hnh trc khi th
khung ct thp hoc trc khi btng. Nhng phng khi h ct thp c th t
ct b ri xung h cc nn tt nht l thc hin trc khi btng. trnh hin
tng ct lng di y h o, dung dch Bentonite c cha cc ht t v ct l lng
c ht ra khi h o bng mt my bm Turbine th chm y h o, qua ng
chuyn v my lc ct, dung dch Bentonite mi c b sung thm cho n khi no
tho mn cc yu cu k thut; hoc s dng mt my nn kh dng kh p lc cao thi
ra y h cho n khi m bo yu cu.
8.2.3.5 Ch to v h lng thp.
A, Ch to khung ct thp.
- Cng tc ny phi tin hnh sao cho khi kt thc giai on o ho phi c
y thit b v lng ct thp ch to hon thin tin hnh h lng thp vo l
btng.
124
n tt nghip KSXD
- Khung ct thp c ch to theo ng s lng v chng loi thit k,

thng thng dng ct ai hnh ch nht, ct dc cho php c ko di n 1/3 chiu
di cc v sau c gim mt na hm lng ct thp v ko di cho n y cc.
- Khi gia cng buc khung ct thp phi t chnh xc v tr ct ch, ct ai v
ct dng khung. Ct thp phi c buc tht cht trnh cho ct thp lch khi v tr
trong qu trnh btng. c bit phn u lng thp ct ai v ct dng khung
phi c hn tht cht trnh va chm vo l v ng vch khi h lng thp. Ct
dng khung c th bng thp trn c ng knh ln hoc thp hnh c dng ging ct
ai nhng phi vung gc vi thp ch lm nhim v dng khung cho chnh xc v
c nh lng thp trong qu trnh thi cng sau ny. Khong cch ca ct dng khung
u tin cch u thp t 1-1.5m. Khong cch gia cc ct dng khung khong 2-3m.
- Ct thp c ch to thnh tng lng cho tng tm panel. Khi ghp buc lng
ct thp phi xc nh trc v tr cm ng btng cha li khng gian dng,
ng knh cho v tr ng phi c di theo 2 phng 40cm. Bi v khng
gian ca phn ny phi thng sut t trn xung di nn xung quanh phi tng thm
ct ai v ct lin kt gia c. Ngoi ra, cho ct thp khng kp vo ng dn, phi
cho ct ch dc t bn trong, ct ai ngang t bn ngoi.
- gim cng ph v btng, nhng v tr lin kt vi sn, ta t vo cc tm
xp, chiu su vo tng khong 200, chiu cao tu vo chiu dy ca sn hoc dm
bo. Ct thp dc cc v tr ny s i xuyn qua tm xp. Khi btng sn cc tm
xp ny c ly i, to iu kin cho vic lin kt sn vi tng vy.
- Khung ct thp khng nn qu di m bo kh nng lp dng thun tin v
khng b bin dng. Cng khng nn qu ngn mt thi gian ch to, lp dng, ni
buc dn n ko di thi gian thi cng. Chiu di lng thp hp l nm trong khong
8-9m vi tng c su nh, v t 10-12m vi tng c su ln.
- a im buc khung ct thp phi c la chn sao cho vic vn chuyn lp
dng c d dng. Tt nht nn thc hin ti cng trng.
- Khi xp ct thp c th xp thnh ng, nhng ch nn xp 2 tng trnh s
bin dng ca lng thp v thun tin cho vic lp dng.
B,Lp dng lng thp
- Cng tc h khung ct thp phi tin hnh khn trng, tit kim ti a thi
gian gim lng cht lng ng di y h khoan cng nh kh nng lm st
thnh vch, v nn c tin hnh ngay sau khi lm sch h khoan v trc khi
btng.
- Cu v di chuyn lng thp: Do khi lng lng thp ca tng rt nng v li
c tit din ln, chiu dy nh nn rt d b bin dng trong qu trnh cu lp v di
chuyn. Do vy cn c bin php cu lp c bit cho cng tc ny:
+ Phi b tr t 2 mc cu tr ln.
+ Ti nhng ch cn thit phi b tr ct dng khung buc tht cht vo ct ch
tng cng ca khung. Hoc cho dm chng vo khung gia c lm cng
khung, khi lp lng vo trong l th tho b ra, hoc t ct vo thnh trong hoc
thnh ngoi ca khung. Nn dng cch 1 l n gin v hiu qu hn c.
125
n tt nghip KSXD
- H v ni lng thp:
+ Thng dng cn cu h lng thp vo h o
+ Li dng ct dng khung bn trn c nh lng thp vo tng dn hoc
khung c nh hng
+ Khi ni ct thp phi kim tra thng ng ca thp ch ca lng thp trn
v di.
+ u ni ca ct thp c th s dng phng php ni chng, dng dy thp
loi to buc cht ct ch vo nhau (d = 6mm) hoc dng dng kp kiu bulng hoc
dng phng php hn ni. on ni m bo 30d (ly khong 1m). Quan trng
phi m bo mi ni gia c trng lng ca c lng thp trn v lng thp di
trong qu trnh lp dng. Cc lng thp h trc c neo gi tm thi trn ming
tng dn bng cch dng thanh thp hoc g ngng qua ti v tr ai gia cng buc
sn u lng thp. Dng cu a lng thp tip theo ti ni vo v tip tc h n
khi h xong.
+ Khi th lng thp phi khng lng thp chm vo thnh h, mun vy phi
th chm, dy trc phi trng vi tim cc.
+ Sau khi lp dng xong nht thit phi kim tra cao u ct thp, trnh khng
cho u ct thp c sai lch cao thp nhiu.
- Lp bo v ca khung ct thp
+ Khong cch t mp ngoi ct ch n mt trong ca ng vch phi ln hn 2
ln ng knh ht ct liu ln nht l c.
+ m bo lp bo v c dy quy nh > 6cm, c th hn pha ngoi cc
m nh v un bng thp dt c nh v tr ca lng ct thp, hoc s dng bnh
xe lm c bng cht do, gia c l lng vo ct ai, hoc cc ming btng c
sn hnh trn bn knh 7-10cm v lng vo thp ch. Theo chiu ngang c th b tr 2
n 3 m, theo chiu cao th c th 3-6m mt m.
-Lp giong chng thm CWS vo lng thp nh cc b g lp chuyn dng ca
hng Bachy-soletanche.
126
n tt nghip KSXD
Hnh 5.1. H lng thp.

8.2.3.6 H ng btng, thi ra bn cn.
- ng btng bng kim loi, c ng knh trong ln hn 4 ln ng knh

ca ct liu ht v thng 120 mm (thng thng ng dng loi c ng knh
150 300 mm). ng c t hp bng cc on c mdun khong 2-3m., c ni
vi nhau rt kn kht bng ren, ng thi rt d tho lp.
- Trc khi btng vo phu phi c nt tm bng va xi mng ct t u
ng . Khi btng y p phu, trng lng btng s y nt va xung dng
btng chy xung h o. Lm nh vy s trnh cho btng b phn tng
- Cc ng c lp dn t di ln nh vo mt h gi c bit cu to
nh mt thang thp t qua ming tng vy, trn thang c hai na vnh khuyn c
bn l. Khi hai na vnh khuyn ny sp xung to thnh hnh cn m kht ly thn
ng btng, ming cc ng d c ng knh to hn nn b gi li trn hai na
vnh khuyn . y di ca ng cch y h o 20cm phng tc ng do t
di y h khoan nt li.
- Ht sc ch ti vn gi kn nc, sau khi s dng ng phi ra k bn
trong ng v nhng ch u ni van trt c th trt xung d dng, v phng
h nc ch ni. Giong gi nc phi c kim tra v gi sch thng xuyn
trc khi thi cng.
8.2.3.7 btng.
A, Yu cu k thut.
- V nguyn tc thi cng btng cc v tng phi tun theo cc quy nh v
btng di nc nn t l cp phi btng phi ph hp vi phng php ny. T l
ph hp tc l loi btng ny phi c do, dnh, d chy trong ng dn m
khng hay b gin on, cho nn thng dng btng trn do c st 13-18cm.
127
n tt nghip KSXD
Hnh 7.1. ng btng

Thng thng t l ct l khong 45%, lng ximng PC30 khong 370 400 kg cho
1m3 btng. T l N/X khong 50%.
- Ct liu s dng cho btng ph hp vi TCVN 1772.
Hnh 7.2. btng

- Nc dng trn btng phi sch, khng cha axit v cc tp cht v c
kim tra theo ng TCVN. y ly nc t h thng cung cp nc sch ca thnh
ph m bo cht lng dng cho thi cng btng cc v tng vy.
- Phi xc nh thi gian s ninh kt ca btng khi vo ma ng hay ma
h, theo Quy phm tiu chun btng, nu thi gian ngn qu c th s dng ph
gia ng rn chm nhm m bo tnh lu ng ca btng
- Btng dng thi cng tng vy thng dng btng thng phm M300,
st t 15 18cm 2cm. Btng c t xe chuyn dng qua mng chy vo phu,
128
n tt nghip KSXD
lin tc t khi bt u n khi kt thc. Khi lng btng thc t cho cc so

vi khi lng tnh ton theo ng knh cc thng nhiu hn do nhiu nguyn nhn,
c th ly khi lng btng thc t vt khong 4-10% vi khi coi nh khng c
hin tng tng btng trong qu trnh .
- Trc khi btng phi m bo h khoan phi sch, nu lp lng di y
h khoan vt qu mc cho php (>10cm) th phi tin hnh lm sch li bng phng
php thi kh cho n khi chiu dy lp cn lng ny < 10cm.
- Khi btng tng phi tht lin tc v nu b gin on th d sinh ra s c
t ngang thn. Nu cho phn btng trc vo giai on s ninh th s gy
tr ngi cho btng tip sau chuyn ng trong ng.Thi gian btng mt panel
tng nn khng ch trong vng 4 gi. Khi btng theo phng php rt ng th
khong 1,5 gi t khi bt u trn, btng phi c ht. Nu dng btng thng
phm phi ch kim tra cn thn st trc khi .
- Tc btng thch hp l 0.6m 3/pht (= 36m3/h). 10 pht xong mt xe
6m3. Nu nhanh qu btng c th chm vo thnh l cc v cun theo t ct ca
thnh xung l (k c khi c lp o st Bentonite) gy km cht lng cho btng.
- Khong cch gia hai ln btng phi cch nhau khng qu 15
B,K thut btng trong dung dch bentonite theo phng php va dng:
- Btng c t xe chuyn dng qua mng chy vo phu
- Khi va btng trong h o dng cao, ng cng c nng ln bng cch
ct ng nhng vn m bo ngp ca ng trong btng ti thiu l 2-3m,
phng sau khi btng chy t y ng dn ra c th c dung ch va hoc t trn ln
trn b mt btng. ngp ca ng cng khng vt qu 9m p lc btng
khng y btng trong ng dn tro ln v chy ngc ra ngoi qua phu ri ri
xung l cc trc tip btng ri rc, phn tng, gim kh nng gi thnh ca
bentonite.
- Khi nng cn nng ng ln m bo yu cu ny th ngi ta tho phu
ca ng ra, lp mt ci mc vo ming ng thng qua ren u ng, dng cn cu nng
ng ln, qun quanh ng mt ci kp, gi c 2 on ng c ko ln, xoay kp
tho ng trn cng ra, dng cn cu cu i, lp phu vo v tip tc btng.
Trnh vic ni 2 ng dn cha ra tht sch hoc ch u ni khng khp nhau lm
km hiu qu gi nc. Ht sc ch khng c ng dn b bin dng v trnh
ng tut ri s gy hu qu rt nghim trng.
- Trong mi ln ct ng btng v sau mi xe btng u tin hnh o
kim tra dng ca btng nhm m bo ng lun cm vo trong btng v pht
hin trng hp tng vy b st l hoc thu hp.
- Thng thng m btng u tin trt xung s c ngn bng mt lp bt
xp vi dung dch bentonite, tuy nhin lp ny s b y ln trn cng v ln nhiu tp
cht nht nn c th dng ph gia ho do btng khng b ng cng trc khi kt
thc qu trnh .
129
n tt nghip KSXD
- Btng ca on panel xung nh c s chnh lch t trng gia btng v

dung dch Bentonite, theo nguyn l Acsimet, do bt buc phi c s chnh lch
c t 1,1 tr ln. Btng phi c tnh do tt v khng b phn tng.
- S lng ng dn cng lin quan n di tm panel, khi di tm panel
nh hn 4m th c th dng mt ng , trn 4m th c th dng 2 hoc ln hn hai
ng . Trong qu trnh khng cho ng chy ngang, c th tng s chuyn ng
ca btng trong ng th c th cho ng chuyn ng ln xung, nhng chiu
cao chuyn ng khng ln hn 30cm.
- Trong qu trnh btng, Bentonite thu hi phi c bm hon ton v b
cha khng chy trn lan trn mt bng. Tc ht Bentonite v phi tng ng
vi tc btng ca ng dn.
Mc cu
5 Thu hi dung dch Bentonit
mtbtng thc t
>0.5m
Ct thit k
B g lp
giong CWS
H lng ct thp,tgiong chng thm v Btng Ba rt u tin

4-h lng ct thp v dtgiong chng thm, 5-Btng theo phuong php va dng,6-Btng xong
Hnh 7.3. Trnh t thi cng Barrette u tin.

8.2.3.8 Thi cng panel tng tip theo.
- Tin hnh o h cho panel tip theo n ct thit k bng my o gu ngom

trong dung dch Bentonite. Vic o h phi c tin hnh cch panel va mt
khong t (theo cch chia panel tng th khong cch bng 1 tm panel nm gia
4,5m) sau khi btng va ninh kt c trn 8 ting.
- Thi cng cc panel tng dng mt cch mt. Khi my di chuyn ht mt vng
chu vi tng vy th tin hnh thi cng cc panel xen gia nhng panel c
btng.
130
n tt nghip KSXD
10
11
12
H lng ct thp,tgiong chng thm , Btng Ba rt th 2 v tip tc o o h thi cng

ba rt th 3 .10-h lng thp v tgiong chng thm cho ba rt s 2; 11-btng cho ba rt
th 2; 12-xong btng cho ba rt th 2 ,ri o h cho ba rt th 3...
Hnh 8.1. Trnh t thi cng Barrette 2,3n.

8.2.3.9 Kim tra cht lng tng trong t.
- V cht lng btng: vic kim tra btng tng trong t tng t nh kim
tra btng cc Barrette. C th ta dng bin php siu m kim tra i tr vi s
lng ln cho cc panel tng. Chi tit bin php ny c trnh by trong phn thi
cng cc Barrette.
- V vn thm ca tng: Vic kim tra thm qua cc giong cch nc gia
cc panel c thc hin bng cch quan st thc a. Nu b thm phi c bin php
x l. Thng thng dng va chng thm chuyn dng (va Sika).
8.3 K thut thi cng cc Barrette.
8.3.1 So snh cng ngh thi cng tng trong t v thi cng cc Barrette.
- Thi cng tng BTCT ti ch v thi cng cc Barrette v c bn c cng

mt cng ngh thi cng. Qu trnh thi cng o t v btng u c tin hnh
trong dung dch Bentonite gi thnh h o nn u phi m bo cc yu cu v k
thut, quy trnh thi cng, cht lng ca btng trong dung dchTrong phm vi
n, em trnh by c th quy trnh thi cng tng trong t. i vi cc Barrette
em ch trnh by nhng c im khc bit chnh so vi quy trnh thi cng tng trong
t.
- S khi quy trnh thi cng cc Barrette: ( Xem hnh 8-7)
- Thi cng cc Barrette:
+ nh v tim cc: Tim cc c nh v bng my
kinh v theo hai phng vung gc nhau, sai s tim cc
7,5cm, v c gn vo hai mc kim tra vung gc nhau
v cng cch tim cc mt khong bng nhau. Cc im ny
c bo v v duy tr n khi h v kim tra xong ng
vch.
131
n tt nghip KSXD
Hnh 1.1. S khi quy trnh thi cng cc Barrette

+ H c thp: Cc Barrette c th s dng tng dn ging nh thi cng tng
vy. Trong trng hp khng dng tng dn, ta c th dng c thp lm nhim v
ca tng dn. Tin hnh o t th cng ti v tr o cc. H c thp xung su
khong 0,6-1m, chn cht c nh thnh ca c phc v qu trnh thi cng cc.
8.3.2 S di chuyn ca my thi cng cc.
- Nh ta bit, trong thi cng cc khoan nhi yu cu vic thi cng hai cc gn
nhau khng c xm phm trong phm vi (5D, 6m, 24 gi) ca cc thi cng trc
khng nh hng ti cht lng cc thi cng. Vi cc Barrette, khong cch
an ton phi m bo l 3B (tnh t tim cc) vi B l b rng ca cc. Vic thi cng
cc cc vi khong cch < 3B (tnh t tim cc) ch c thc hin khi cc trc
btng c 5-7 ngy. Do , ta cn thit phi lp c s di chuyn ca my o,
d kin h thng ng ng cp v thu hi bentonite, ng giao thng cho xe btng
thng phm vic thi cng c tin nhanh nht m vn m bo cht lng cc.
- Vic vch tuyn cho my o cc c th tham kho cc ch sau:
+ Bt u t ch xa im my vo v kt thc gn im my ra.
+ ng di chuyn i theo hnh dch dc, t trong ra ngoi, ngn nht v d dng
khng vng nht (thi cng cc cc v tr kh thi cng nht sau khi thi cng cc
cc bn cnh)
132
n tt nghip KSXD
+ Khong cch gia 2 cc lin tip phi cch nhau 3B (m), B l cnh ngn ca
cc
+ Thi gian TC gia 2 cc trong khong < 3B (m) phi 5-7 ngy. Thi gian thi
cng gin on k thut (do 2 l do trn) l t nht.
+ V tr cc u tin khoan nn c nhng iu kin sau:
*Cch xa im vo ca my tng i, v trong cng
*Ti v tr tng i kh thi cng nu thi cng cc cc xung quanh
*To thun li cho s di chuyn ca my
*Thng bt u bng v tr xung quanh c nhiu cc (thang my, thang b)
(do iu kin khong cch v thi gian ca cc cc gn nhau quy nh, phi tr i tr
li nhiu ln dn n tn thi gian)
- H thng cc ca cng trnh gm hai loi cc Barrette nn trong iu kin cho
php c th tin hnh thi cng song song hai loi cc ny rt ngn thi gian thi
cng cc. Tuy nhin vic vch tuyn ng di chuyn cho my thi cng v b tr h
thng ng ng cp v thu hi bentonite l tng i phc tp, i hi phi c tnh
ton chi tit v ph hp vi tin thi cng chung.
- S dng hai my o gu ngom vi kch thc gu ly theo tit din cc l 0,6
x 2,5m v 1 x 2,8m. Tin hnh vch tuyn di chuyn cho hai my ny thi cng song
song c hai loi cc sao cho m bo khong cch an ton gia cc cc trong qu trnh
thi cng. Th t thi cng cc c th hin trong bn v TC.( xem hnh 8-8)
8.3.3 Kim tra cht lng cc Barrette.
- Hin nay kim tra cht lng btng cng nh kh nng chu ti ca cc v
tng trong t c th s dng mt trong s cc bin php thng dng sau:
+ Gia ti bng ti trng tnh
+ Siu m
+ Khoan ly mu u cc
+ Dng hp th nghim Osterberg
+ Phng php o sng ng sut: o bin dng nh (PIT) v o bin dng ln
- Vi h thng cc ca cng trnh, s dng hai phng php kim tra cht
lng cc l phng php gia ti tnh v phng php siu m. Ring i vi tng
vy, cht lng btng tng cng c kim tra bng phng php siu m
8.3.3.1 Phng php nn tnh theo quy trnh nn nhanh :
- Phng php nn tnh cung cp mi quan h ti trng - ln ca cc nhm

xc nh sc chu ti dc trc ca cc lm vic trong t nn. Cc cc th nghim
theo phng php gi ti trng tng cp cho n hai hoc ba ln ti trng thit k.
- Thi gian th nghim: Khi btng cng thit k, thng sau 28 ngy
- Ti trng v qui trnh th nghim c thc hin theo TCXD 196:1997.
- Thit b th nghim
133
n tt nghip KSXD
p2-12
p1-13 1
p2-26
p2-11
p2- 25
p2-10
p3-27
p3-24
4
25
14
p1-9
26
15
p3-28
p3-23
16
13
p2-8
p2-14
5
24
p2-29
p2-22
17
12
p2-15
p2-7
23
6
p2-21
p2-30
18
11
p2-6
p2-16
7
22
p3-31
21
28
20
p3-21
27
10
p1-1
p3-17
p2-18
p2-2
p2-19
p2-2
p2-4
19
p3-20
p1-5
Hnh 1.1. Mt bng trnh t thi cng cc.

+ B phn gia ti: 1 kch thu lc c b tr lc nn tng nm v tr tm
cc. Cc kch c iu kin bi 1 trm bm v ng h o p lc loi 600 at
+ B phn gia ti:
*Dn thp v i trng btng. Tng trng lng i trng 1,1 ti trng th
nghim (khng k gi k).
*02 dm chnh 0,55 x 1,60 x 11 m c sc chu ti 1600 tn/1 dm
*H dm ph gm 26 H70 c sc chu ti >1700 tn
+ Thit b quan trc: Gm 04 ng h thin phn k loi hnh trnh 5 cm,
chnh xc 0,01mm dng o chuyn v u cc. Cc ng h c gn ln cc gi
bng thp nh hnh. H gi ng h o chuyn v c th c kim tra bng
my trc c c chnh xc 0,1mm thng qua mt mc c nh t xa khu vc th
nghim (khi c yu cu). Kch v cc ng h th nghim c kim nh nh k theo
qui nh.
- Cc bc th nghim:
+ Gia cng u cc v t h kch.
+ Gia c nn v lp t gi , dn ti trng.
+ Lp t h o.
134
n tt nghip KSXD
+ Tin hnh th nghim: gia ti theo qui nh v ghi chp s liu hin trng.
- Bo co kt qu th nghim: kt qu th nghim c tng hp bo co v
thm nh nh gi sc chu ti thc t ca cc. Vic thi cng i tr ch c tin
hnh khi kt qu nn tnh c t vn gim st v ch u t thng qua.
8.3.3.2 Phng php siu m
- Trong qu trnh thi cng Barrette rt c th mc phi cc khuyt tt nh sau:

+ R do st hoc phng php btng khng thch hp
+ Phn lp do mt nc xi mng hoc do qui trnh btng khng ng
+ Cc b rn nt do co ngt btng hoc do va chm khi o mng
+ Ln vt liu l nh bn, t, ct... trong lc btng
+ Cc b thu hp hoc b phnh ra do sp l thnh vch.
- Cc v tng l loi kt cu btng ti ch, chm su trong lng t khng
th nh gi bng mt thng. Cc Barrette kh c th c nh gi chnh xc cht
lng nu khng c cc bin php th nghim kim tra h tr khc. Phng php d
siu m bng cch o ghi chp li ton b thn cc qua cc mt ct c 5 cm mt theo
sut chiu di cc s cho mt bc tranh ton cnh btng cc v bng trc quan c th
xc nh chnh xc v tr v mc khuyt tt.
- Thit b th nghim: thit b d siu m (CSL)
+ My chnh kt hp my tnh xch tay to xung v ghi li cc tn hiu o c
+ u pht v u nhn ni vi my chnh bng 2 cun dy
+ Con ln o chiu su
+ Dy u vi my tnh chuyn s liu
+ Phn mm x l v in kt qu
- Nguyn l lm vic: cc xung in to ra bi b phn gy xung c chuyn
thnh sng siu m qua u pht truyn trong btng n u thu li c chuyn tr
li thnh cc xung in ri c my x l, chuyn cc tn hiu sang dng s v c
lu li trong b nh in ra hoc c th chuyn sang my tnh lu tr hoc x l
sau ny. Cng tn hiu, thi gian truyn, nng lng nhn c, vn tc sng tnh
ton l cc i lng thu c sau khi th nghim v c biu din trn trc honh
vi trc tung l chiu su cc. Tu vo vn tc sng truyn v cng tn hiu c th
xc nh c cc khuyt tt ca cc nh btng r, ln bn t, cht lng btng
km, thit din cc thay i.
- Quy trnh th nghim : cc ng t trong cc phi c ng knh trong khng
nh hn 60mm bng thp bt kn u, ni vi nhau bng hn hoc bt ren. Ngay sau
khi lp ng hoc chm nht l 2 ting sau khi btng cc nh thu thi cng cc cn
y nc cc ng trnh co gin nhit lm ng tch khi btng. Trc khi th
nghim nh thu thi cng cc nn r v thng ng. 2 u pht v u thu s c th
ng thi vo cc ng n y. Cho chy pht th nu tn hiu tt c th bt u ghi
bng cch ko ng thi 2 dy ln. Trong trng hp tn hiu xu khng ghi c cc
u s c cn chnh cho n khi c c tn hiu u n nh. Sau khi thc hin
135
n tt nghip KSXD
xong cng tc hin trng s liu c lu li v h s lu tr, x l tip v in kt

qu.
Hnh 2.1. Quy trnh th nghim

8.4 K thut thi cng tng hm theo cng ngh Top down
Thi cng tng hm i hi cc yu cu cao hn so vi vic thi cng phn thn

do iu kin thi cng gp nhiu kh khn. Nh phn tch trn, hai tng hm ca
cng trnh c thi cng theo cng ngh Top-down (thi cng t sn tng trt tr
xung) y nhanh tin thi cng v hn ch c iu kin lm vic trong khng
gian cht hp di su. Trong phn ny, s trnh by ton b cc k thut ca vic thi
cng top-down, cng tc o t cho hai tng hm, cng tc thi cng btng ton khi
cho sn tng hm, i v ging mng.
8.4.1 Quy trnh cng ngh thi cng top-down.
8.4.1.1 Bc 1 : Thi cng phn ct chng tm bng thp hnh, chun b mt bng .
- Phng n chng tm theo phng ng l dng cc ct chng tm bng thp

hnh t trc vo cc Barrette ti cc v tr d nh. Cc ct ny c thi cng
ngay trong giai on thi cng cc Barrette, cm su vo cc Barrette 2 m sau lp
t, si cc l cc Barrette sau khi thi cng xong.
8.4.1.2 Bc 2: Thi cng dm, sn tng trt, thi cng tng Barrete xung quanh
- Gia cng, chun b, vn chuyn v lp t ct thp cho dm sn tng trt. m

ln cht cho nn, tn dng mt t x l lm vn khun cho sn tng trt. Vn
khun c cu to bng gch ngay ti ch, to mt phn vn khun cho ct tng 1.
B tr cc thp ch ct ti cc v tr c ct ni thp cho phn ct pha di. V thp
ch cho cc l ch thi cng. X l cc chi tit ni gia sn tng hm v tng vy, sn
v ct chng tm. Dn v sinh ton b cng trng. o c gic li cng trnh.
- Trong qu trnh BT xc nh chnh xc v tr l ch sau ny thi cng tng
hm 1, l ch ti v tr sau ny b tr vch thang my v cu thang b cng mt s v
tr khc(xem bn v thi cng). Ch cho BT t cng ri tin hnh thi cng tng
hm 1.
8.4.1.3 Bc 3 : Thi cng tng hm th nht v thi cng h ct, dm tng 1(trt)
136
n tt nghip KSXD
- Sau khi BT dm sn tng trt cng 1 t 70% cng (khong 7 ngy

vo ma h, 14-16 ngy vo ma ng) tin hnh o t th cng kt hp my o c
nh ti ct y i -8.5m i vi ton b sn, ring khu thang my o th cng n
ct -10.5m. Kt hp tho vn khun dm, sn (nu c) ca sn tng trt khi phn vn
khun ny l ra.
- Gia cng, chun b, vn chuyn v lp t ct thp cho dm sn tng 1. m ln
cht cho nn, tn dng mt t x l lm vn khun cho sn tng 1. Vn khun
c cu to bng gch ngay ti ch, to mt phn vn khun cho ct tng 2. Dn v
sinh ton b cng trng. o c gic li cng trnh. X l mt nn dng lm h vn
khun cho btng sn tng hm 1.
- Tn dng mt t c x l lm h thng vn khun cho sn tng
hm 1. Vn khun dm c cu to bng gch xy ti ch. Kim tra cao trnh ca h
vn khun dm sn ny bng my kinh v v my thu bnh. To khun mt phn cho
phn ct pha di.
- Gia cng, chun b, vn chuyn v lp t ct thp cho dm, sn tng hm 1. B
tr cc thp ch ct ti cc v tr c ct ni thp cho phn ct pha di. V thp ch
cho cc l ch thi cng. X l cc chi tit ni gia sn tng hm v tng vy, sn v
ct chng tm.
- Sau khi btng 25% cng (25-30 kG/cm 2 sau khong 1-2 ngy) th ghp
vn khun thi cng ct tng hm 1 t ct mt trn sn tng hm -3.0m n ct mt
di sn tng trt (-0.22m khng tnh dm). H vn khun ct chng c t trc
tip ln h thng sn tng hm 1 thi cng xong. Cng vic ny mang tnh cht c
lp vi vic thi cng tng hm di nn s c thc hin tu theo tin thi cng t
ra.
8.4.1.4 Bc 4: Thi cng tng hm th hai, thi cng ct tng trt v h dm sn tng
lng.
- Khi btng sn tng hm 1 t 70% cng (khong 7 ngy vo ma h, 1416 ngy vo ma ng) tin hnh o t th cng kt hp my o c nh ti ct y
i -8.75m i vi ton b sn, ring khu thang my o th cng n ct -10.75m.
Kt hp tho vn khun dm, sn (nu c) ca tng hm th nht khi phn vn khun
ny l ra.
- Ph u cc
- Chng thm cho phn mng
- Thi cng i cc, ging mng, cc b ngm, mng cu thang my v cc h
thng ngm dng cho cng trnh.
- Thi cng chng thm v lp ct thp btng sn tng hm di cng.
- Thi cng ct v li t tng hm th hai ln tng hm th nht
- Ct b ct chng tm khi n khng nm trong ct chnh ca cng trnh v khi
ct chnh cng chu lc cho qu trnh thi cng tip theo. C th ly bng
80% tr ln.
137
n tt nghip KSXD
- Trong bc ny c th thi cng ng thi h ct tng lng v dm sn tng 2

tu theo tin thi cng c th t c. iu kin thi cng sn tng lng sau khi
btng ct tng trt khong 2 ngy. Ct tng trt thi cng sau khi btng sn tng trt
t cng > 25 kG/cm2 tr ln. Vn khun sn tng trt ch c d khi btng t
cng 100% (nhp ln hn 8m) khong 20 ngy vo ma h, 25-30 ngy vo ma
ng.
8.4.2 K thut thi cng tng hm top-down :
8.4.2.1 Thi cng h ct chng tm bng thp hnh :
- Trong cng ngh thi cng Top-Down, do vic sn tng hm 1 c trn mt

t trc khi thi cng h ct, vch chng n nn ta cn phi b tr h ct chng
tm. Vic thit lp s h ct chng v tnh ton kh nng chu lc c trnh by
trong phn kt cu ca cng trnh. Theo tnh ton ta s dng thp hnh I 450x300
lm ct chng tm. V tr cc ct chng tm trng vi v tr cc Barrette, nhng khng
nm ti v tr ca ct chnh. Ct chng tm sau khi s dng xong s c ct b.
- Vic h ct chng tm vo cc c tin hnh nh sau:
+ Ct chng tm c gia cng v chun b trc cng vi thi im gia cng
lng ct thp cc.
+ Ct chng bng thp hnh ch I, kch thc 450x900 .
+ Lng thp nh v ct chng tm: Mc ch nhm a ct chng xung ng v
tr v gi cho ct chng thng ng khi btng cha ng cng xong.
Hnh 1.1. Thi cng ct chng tm thp hnh.
138
n tt nghip KSXD
+ Ct c a xung khi va btng xong (Khi btng cn cha kp ninh

kt), bng cn cu. Khi btng cng, sau 1-2 gi th rt lng thp ln v rt c
ng vch ln. Ch phi tnh n vic st ca cao trnh btng do lng btng cc
chn vo khong rng khi rt ng vch ln. Sau khi rt ng vch xong phi ct en
hoc ct si sn hoc btng gch v lp h cc li. Nhn chung khng nn s dng li
t o ln lp h do t ny thng ln bn, nc nhiu nn khng m bo
iu kin v sinh v n nh cho l cc c th gy tai nn lao ng cho ngi cng
nhn trong qu trnh thi cng.
+ Ct chng tm phi cm vo cc tnh t ct p u cc tr xung t nht l
1m, m bo iu kin cc c neo cng vo trong btng.
8.4.2.2 Thi cng sn tng trt :
A,Thi cng cho phn tng vy t ct t nhin tr ln n ct di sn tng trt :

- Tng vy khi c thi cng xong c p b phn btng xu ca tng
(khong 1m). Theo quy nh th khong p b khng nh hn 0,5m. Thc t ta tin
hnh p b hon ton phn tng vy c cht lng btng xu, khong p b c
th ln ti 1,2 1,5m.
- Cc gii php lin kt sn tng trt vi tng vy c th tin hnh l:
+ phn tng vy pha trn dng vch: trong trng hp ct trn tng vy
thp hn nhiu so vi ct sn tng trt th ta c th tin hnh ghp vn khun v b
phn tng vy theo dng vch, lin kt n vi sn tng trt.
+ phn trn tng vy dng dm bo: thay v lm vch cho tng th c th
lm dm bo cho tng. Gii php ny ch nn dng khi chiu cao ca dm tnh t
ct ph btng tng cho n ct mt trn ca sn tng trt 1m. Phn tng dng
dm bo s c thi cng nh dm ca h sn mt cch thng thng.
- Theo thit k kin trc, tng hm 1 nm hon ton trong lng t. Sn tng trt
bnh thng c ct 0.00, nhng i vi phm vi sn khu vc m rng ca tng hm
so vi phn thn trn th sn tng trt c ct bng vi ct t t nhin l -0.75m. Do
ct tng vy sau khi p b btng xu s thp hn ct sn tng trt khong 1
1,5m. Mt khc kt cu sn tng trt c h thng dm bo chy quanh chu vi. Do , ta
tin hnh ghp vn khun v thi cng h sn tng trt bnh thng. Ring ti v tr dm
bo ca sn th ghp thm vn khun lin khi vi tng vy. Gii quyt chng
thm cho khu vc ny nh chng thm i vi thi cng tng hm.
B, Lp t vn khun, ct thp, btng cho sn tng trt :
- Tin hnh cng tc vn khun, ct thp v btng cho sn tng trt bnh
thng. Ch cc l ch thi cng v vic ct thp ch. Nguyn tc thi cng c
trnh by trong k thut thi cng phn thn.
8.4.2.3 Thi cng tng hm 1, ct tng trt, dm, sn tng lng :
A, Cng tc o, chuyn t :
- o t bng my o gu nghch n ct -3.2m, gn n ct y sn tng hm
1 l -3.250m. Phn t li lm sau khi o bng my th o bng th cng vi cc
dng c n gin nh xng, cuc, mai, x beng sao cho mt t thi cng dm
139
n tt nghip KSXD
sn tng hm phi tng i bng phng. Thng mt nn sau cng tc ny cao hn

mt nn thit k (mt ct y sn) t 5-10cm sau lm phng nn l va.
- Cng tc chuyn t c th theo cc dng sau:
+ Tt c t sau khi o c chuyn v v tr l ch thi cng bng cc dng c
chuyn ch, sau cho vo thng v c vn thng ko ln trn. Trn mt t b tr
cc t chuyn ch t.
+ Khi khng c t chuyn t (do vn thi cng trong thnh ph) th t c
o ln s vo mt v tr quy nh, n khi c xe s xc v chuyn n ni cn
. Cc bin php chuyn t y c th dng th cng (r, x) hoc dng xe th s
nh xe ct kt, xe ci tin.
+ Khi c sn xe t ch t th c th my mc thng t v vo thng xe,
khi y thng xe s chuyn t n ni d nh.
Hnh 3.1. Mt bng thi cng t tng hm 1
140
n tt nghip KSXD
B,To nn bng phng s b cho h dm sn :

- C nhiu cch to bng phng cho nn. Trc tin ta phi to mt nn n
cao cn thit, sau tin hnh m v ln cht cho nn khng b ln di tc dng
ca ti trng do dm sn gy ra.
- Cc cng c m ln c rt nhiu loi phi tu vo iu kin a cht c th
c s dng cng c m thch hp. Ct sn tng hm 1 nm trong lp t th 2 (t
st, trng thi do mm n do cng), pha di l lp bn st yu. Ta c th s dng
cc my m ln mt nhn, hoc m ln bnh hi m s b cho nn t nhm to
phng nht nh, gim bt cng m th cng to phng cho nn sau ny. Tuy
nhin cn phi ch kim tra ngay ti hin trng kh nng chu ti ca nn t khi s
dng my loi ln trong cng tc m mt. m phng nn n cao thit k v
m bo phng yu cu ca nn t, thun li cho vic lp vn khun sn th dng
m th cng vi cc dng my m tay nh: m rung, m chy g, gang to
phng v cng nht nh cho nn.
C, X l mt nn lm h thng vn khun cho sn tng hm 1 :
- C nhiu cch chun b mt nn vn khun cho h sn, dm tng hm, bao
gm nhng cch sau:
+ Dng 1 lp va xi mng mc thp lm vn khun cho sn: Sau khi m ln
v h nn n cao yu cu, ngi ta tin hnh khot l khun dm, sau dng va
xi mng mc thp lng mt lp ln mt nn to mt bng thi cng ct thp v
btng, lp xi mng ny ng vai tr nh cp pha sn, lu l mt trn ca lp va
chnh l mt di ca y sn. Trc khi btng cho sn nn qut mt lp du luyn
ln mt nn sau ny d cp pha c d dng, mt di ca sn c mn, khng b
dnh lp va lt.
+ Dng vn khun g, thp t trn mt t lm vn khun cho sn: Lc ny
vn khun sn c thay bng lp vn khun bng thp nh hnh hoc g nh i vi
sn thi cng bnh thng, ch khc l h chng cho sn by gi chnh l lp t nn.
Tng t mt trn ca cp pha sn trng vi cao ca mt di y sn tng hm.
Ngi ta cng qut ln mt cp pha mt lp du luyn v gia nn v vn khun ta ri
ln mt lp ct mng. Thng th hay s dng vn khun g hn bi sau ny khi
o t di y sn vic tho d v vn chuyn vn khun ny s t nguy him v
d dng hn. S dng vn khun g vn s em li b mt hon thin thi cng tt hn,
ng thi t gy nguy him cho ngi thi cng.
-Vn khun sn c th c ng thnh tng tm c kch thc hp vi sc 2
ngi khing. Sau khi t cp pha dm sn vo ng v tr thit k, phi lin kt
chng li vi nhau trnh b x dch trong khi thi cng. Trc khi ri ct thp ngi
ta phi bt tt c cc khe h gia cc tm vn trnh cho btng b r r nc xi mng.
Vic chn ny c th s dng cc vt liu do nh bitum trn ct, dy ay Nu cn
ngi ta c th di mt lp vi nilng ln trn vn khun m bo cho nc xi
mng khng b r r.
+ Dng nc ho xi mng gia c v to phng cho nn, dng ct p lm vn
khun cho sn. Sau khi nn c m cht, to khun cho dm, ngi ta ti ln
141
n tt nghip KSXD
mt nn mt lp nc ho xi mng cho cng nn li, vic ti c tin hnh bng

phun tia nc cho mt nn khng b li lm. T l pha xi mng v nc phi
cho nn c cng yu cu. Khi nn xe li, dng nc v bn xoa lm phng
ln cui. Khi nn kh ta dng ct p ri ln lm vn khun cho sn. Cng bi ln
mt ct p ny mt lp du luyn trc khi lp ct thp v btng cho sn.
D, To vn khun cho dm tng hm 1 :
- Vn khun cho dm c lm ng thi khi thi cng vn khun cho sn. Cc
bin php cu to vn khun cho dm c th l:
+ Vn y dm: c th l lp va xi mng mc thp nh sn (bin php 1) hoc
bng vn khun g (nh bin php th 2), hoc xy gch (gch c)
+ Vn thnh ca dm c th xy gch hoc dng vn khun g. Khi dng hai
bin php ny u phi ch sao cho lng ca vn khun phi bng kch thc dm
nh ch to. Khi dng vn khun g cho dm c th ch to thnh cc hp dm, c
thanh vng hai thnh ca dm.
- Cc bin php cu to ny ca vn khun dm c th kt hp vi cc bin php
cu to vn khun sn trn. Tuy nhin mi bin php c u nhc im ring v ph
hp vi tng iu kin khc nhau nh: iu kin mt nn, bin php thi cng sn dm,
dng c m btng (nu vn khun bng va xi mng mc thp hoc ct p th d b
thng, bin khi s dng m ri), iu kin di chuyn trn mt nn lm vn khun,
lp t ct thp, m btng.
- Phi dng my kinh v v my thu bnh xc nhn cao trnh y sn, ghp vn
khun chnh xc cao trnh y dm v khong cch vn thnh dm.
* T cc phn tch trn em la chn vn khun sn l lp va xi mng mc thp
c xoa phng thun tin cho vic to b mt vn khun sn phng u, thun li cho
vic gia cng, tit kim vt liu, kinh t, khng gy nguy him khi thi cng o t
tng hm 2. Vn khun dm s dng dng vn khun hp bng g p ch to trc
hoc xy gch, m bo kh nng chu lc, thun li cho thi cng v to hnh dng
chun cho dm. Dng thanh vng chng gia hai thnh vn khun dm. m
bo phng cho dm lt mt lp va mc thp mng t 15-20mm cho vn khun
dm.
E, Gia cng, vn chuyn v lp t ct thp cho dm, sn tng trt :
- Khi cng vic chun b nn cho sn cng tc btng xong, ta tin hnh thi
cng ct thp. Ton b ct thp dm v sn u c gia cng trn mt t ti cc
xng gia cng, hoc ngay trn mt nn c gia c. N c lp t di dng
thanh ri, dng li hay dng khung tu theo iu kin mt bng xng gia cng v
iu kin vn chuyn xung tng hm. Vi sn tng hm 1 vic thi cng ct thp s
gp nhiu thun li hn v mt bng rng thong ng khng b vng, tm quan st
rng, cn trc lm vic d dng. Ct thp trong tng ny c th gia cng thnh khung,
li c cn trc cu v a vo v tr t ct thp, sau c lin kt li vi nhau.
- Khi gia cng ct thp phi ch n cc l ch thi cng, l thng kh, ly
sng cho cng tc thi cng tng hm sau ny.
G, B tr cc thp ch ct ti cc v tr c ct ni thp cho phn ct pha di
142
n tt nghip KSXD
- Do quy trnh thi cng Top-Down l t trn xung khi ct ca tng hm cha thi
cng nn ta phi tm bin php thi cng ct ny tho mn yu cu tnh ton trong
qu trnh thit kt kt cu. Cc thanh thp ch ca ct s c cm vo trong t di
mt sn tng hm trong giai on lm vn khun cho h dm sn tng hm 1. Phn
thp nh ln khi mt sn v phn cm vo trong t phi tho mn iu kin neo ct
thp nh ct trong thi cng bnh thng (khong 30d). C th lm sn mt hc vn
khun ct 1 phn ct vi dm v sn to mt phn ct pha gn sn c
trc sau ny khi o t di v thi cng phn ct di s thun li hn cho
cng tc lp vn khun v btng ct. Ch phn y ct nn phng trnh s
r trong lng ct, ti v tr ni trong thi cng sau ny.
- Phn ct pha trn sn va c th lm gii php chn ct trc v chn
ct v vn khun ct c d dng. Sau khi btng dm sn t cng 25 kG/cm 2
(1-2 ngy) tin hnh lp nh v tm ct v lp vn khun chn ct trn mt sn btng
va . nh cao ca phn chn ct ny khong 10-15cm. Bin php th hai chn
sn trong btng nhng mu g mng v tr s lp gng chn ct sau ny. Cc gng
ny thng bng g v c c nh bng nh vi tm g trn sn.
H, B tr thp ch cho cc l thi cng :
- Trong thi cng Top-Down ta phi ra cc l cng nhn hoc my mc c
th chui xung o t tng hm pha di. Cc l thi cng ny b tr theo mt s
nguyn tc nht nh to iu kin thun li nht cho qu trnh thi cng, c th k
n cc nguyn tc sau:
+ Tn dng nhng l thi cng sn c ca kt cu cng trnh, ch yu l cc cu
thang my v b. Ngoi ra cn c ng vo tng hm cho xe c thi cng sau.
+ Nu sau khi tn dng cc ny khng c th thm cc l sn khc.
Nhng phi tun theo nguyn tc b tr mt ngng btng cho dm sn. V tr mch
ngng thng nm trong khong 1/3 nhp gia dm ( theo c hai phng song song
hoc vung gc vi dm chnh).
+ Cc kt cu (dm, sn) phi b tr thp ch sn v tr gp l ch thi cng
sau ny thi cng bt l ch ny li m vn m bo s lm vic n nh ca kt cu.
- Theo phng n thit k, l ch thi cng c b tr ti khu vc sn gia trc 2
v trc 3 ca cng trnh. Vic l ch theo nguyn tc phi to ra mch ngng thi
cng trong khong (1/3-2/3) nhp dm chnh v (1/4-3/4) nhp dm ph. Do mt bng
thi cng cht hp phi bt buc m l vi kch thc thch hp, nu iu kin ny
khng c tho mn th trong qu trnh thi cng s tin hnh tng cng thm thp
dm chu lc ct ti v tr mch ngng. Ta l thi cng vi kch thc d kin
l 8,69 x 11m ti khu vc vch thang my v thang b gia nh. Ngoi ra cn c cc
khu vc hng sn tng ng vi v tr ng xung tng hm 2, l k thut, ging
triDo kt cu h dm sn tng hm 1 l sn dng c c b tr dm quanh chu vi
khu vc thang my nn trong qu trnh thi cng, ta sn h dm 450 x 1200 bao
quanh chu vi khu vc thang my v thang b. Cc thp ca phn sn, dm n v tr l
ch phi di thm mt on khong 30d lin kt sau ny, hoc ngn hn nu s
lin kt vi vch. Mt khc cn c c thp ch theo phng ng lin kt vi phn
vch thang sau ny. Phn cnh ca dm ti v tr l ch thi cng s c bo bng vn
khun g xung quanh v c khoan l xuyn ct thp ch ra ngoi.
143
n tt nghip KSXD
I, X l cc chi tit ni gia sn tng hm v tng vy, sn v ct chng tm

-Chi tit ni gia sn tng hm v tng vy c hai gii php chnh sau:
- Gii php lin kt th nht l: t thp ch trc cho sn v dm trong tng
vy, dng xp to hc lin kt cho tng v h dm sn.
+ lin kt tng vy thi cng trc vi sn tng hm thi cng sau ta phi
b tr s ct thp ch cho sn trn tng vy. Phn thp ch ny c hn trc trong
qu trnh ch to tng vy. on thp ny s thng sau khi b lp xp th un
vung gc lin kt vi thp sn.
+ sn gi ln tng, ngi ta dng xp hay g t sn trong lng ct thp ca
tng vy, kch thc gi ph thuc vo chiu dy sn. Kch thc ming g hay
xp ny ph thuc vo chiu dy sn. Thng thng n rng hn b dy sn t 10-20
cm, sau d dng iu chnh sn k ln tng. Sai s cho php trong trng hp ny
l 10cm. Chiu su ca h n vo trong tng thng ly 1/3 hoc 1/4 chiu dy
tng, khong 150-200 mm. Khng nn ly hn trnh gim yu cho tng. to
hc cho sn gi vo tng phi ming xp chy sut theo mp sn, cn vi dm th
ch cn ghp thm cc ming xp n l vo v tr dm m vo tng trnh s
gim yu ca tng, m ta gi l cc hc ch theo kiu cch nht. Ch l v dng h
dm sn ton khi nn cao trnh mt trn ca dm trng vi cao trnh mt trn ca sn.
Cao trnh mt di ca dm thp hn tu thuc vo chiu cao dm. Ming xp thng
gm hai ming p vo nhau xen gia l thp ca khung thp.
+ Khi o n chiu su t xp, ta moi ming xp ra, b thng ct thp v lm
v sinh cho hc. Nu hc khng phng th phi sa sang li cho mt phng ca gi
phi song song vi phng nm ngang. Phi kim tra li su v cao thit k ca
hc ch. Nu sai ta phi iu chnh sn tng hm t ng cao trnh thit k. Khi
btng cho mi ni ny phi ch s dng btng trng n chn vo v tr ni
nhm m bo mi ni c kn. V tr ni sau ny phi c chn kn bng va xi
mng mc, m bo kn kht v chc chn.
+ Bin php ny c u im l thi cng n gin, mi ni d thi cng. Tuy nhin
vi bin php ny tng b gim yu ti cc v tr lin kt vi sn.
- Gii php lin kt th hai l: Khoan l vo tng vy cy thp sn, dm vo.
Khi thi cng tng vy ta khng t cc tm xp, hoc g nh gii php trn m thi
cng bnh thng. Khi o t n cao trnh mi ni, dng khoan btng khoan vo
tng bao v cm thp sn, dm vo. Chiu su khoan bng chiu su gi sn. C bao
nhiu thanh thp th khoan by nhiu l. cm thp sn vo l khoan ta nn khoan l
rng hn ng knh thanh thp sn. C th dng nhng on thp ngn cm vo
tng sau ni cc on thp ny vi thp sn. Sau khi a thp sn, dm vo tng
phi dng va xi mng bt kn cc l li chng thm nc lm han g ct thp ca sn
v tng vy.
+ Bin php ny khng lm gim yu tng nh thi cng li kh khn, v trong
qu trnh khoan c th khoan vo ct thp tng, khoan khng vo v tn cng.
K, btng cho sn tng hm 1 :
144
n tt nghip KSXD
- Vic ch to btng c th thc hin bng my trn ngay ti cng trng ri

kt hp vi cn trc . Tuy nhin trong trng hp ton b h thng mt sn tng
hm 1 nm su -2.45m so vi mt t t nhin ta la chn gii php s dng
btng thng phm v bng bm btng cho ton b kt cu phn mng v phn
ngm y nhanh tin thi cng.
- Phn khu btng cho h sn: Do thi gian thi cng trong thnh ph thng hn
ch ( y gi thit t 21h 5h sng hm sau), khi lng thi cng ln v mt bng b
tr trt hp nn nu khng th b tr btng trong mt ngy th cn phi phn khu
btng cho h i ging. Hoc do vn t chc thi cng cc cng vic c lm gi
nhau cng c th phi phn khu btng. Mt s yu cu trong phn khu khi
btng:
+ Vic phn khu btng ng ngha vi vic c mch ngng. V tr mch
ngng cho dm sn phi b tr v tr 1/3 2/3 nhp cho mi hng (song song
hoc vung gc vi dm chnh).
+ Mch ngng phi phng vung gc vi trc ca cu kin. Bin php gii
quyt cho btng gia hai lp n chc vi nhau l : Lm v sinh mch ngng trc
khi tip, ti nc xi mng tng s dnh kt. Nu mun t mch ngng v tr
khc 1/3 2/3 nhp th phi b tr li thp tng cng chu lc ct cho sn.
- Sau khi btng 25% cng (25-30 kG/cm 2 khong 1-2 ngy) th ghp vn
khun thi cng ct tng hm 1 t ct mt trn sn -3.250m n khong ct y dm
sn tng trt. Vn khun ct tng ny c thi cng ghp bnh thng nh nhng ct
cc tng trn. S dng vn khun thp nh hnh, ct chng g hoc ct chng n
thay i chiu di, tng H gng bng thp hnh ch L. Cc yu cu k thut v
vn khun ct xem trong phn bin php k thut thi cng phn thn.
8.4.2.4 Thi cng tng hm 2, ct tng lng v dm sn tng 2 :
A,o t di tng hm :
- Vic o t trong lng tng hm th hai tin hnh tng i phc tp do hn
ch bi khng gian thi cng. Khng gian thi cng c tnh t y dm sn tng hm
1 (ct -3.70m) n ct y i cc ca khu ct bin (ct -8.60m), ring hai khu thang
my chnh o th cng su thm 2m bng cch m taluy hoc dng vn chng thnh
tm (n ct -10.60m). Vy chiu cao thng thu thi cng trung bnh l 4,9m cho
ton b sn. Vic thi cng o t c th c thc hin bng cc bin php sau:
+ Bin php c gii l dng my o chuyn dng o t. Theo kinh nghim
thi cng th vic o t bng my ch nn thc hin khi h li ct chng tm ln
hn 4x4m v chiu cao tng hm 4m. Do chiu cao thng thu khi thi cng l 4,9m
nn c th s dng bin php o bng my. Tuy nhin vn kh khn l chn c
loi my thi cng chuyn dng cho thch hp v vch tuyn cho ng di chuyn ca
my. Trong thc t, s dng nhng my o chy in gim ting n v nhim
khi thi cng di su.
+ Bin php th cng l s dng nhn cng vi cc cng c truyn thng trong
cng tc lm t nh xng, cuc, mai, ko ct t, x beng Cc cng c ny sn c
tuy nhin cng phi la chn cc loi hnh dng cc dng c ny cho ph hp vi cc
cng vic c th, cp t v nhm t nhm nng cao nng sut lao ng. Vi t
145
n tt nghip KSXD
trong lng tng hm 2 thuc vo lp t 2 v 3 u l cc lp t yu, bn nho xen

kp nn nu thi cng th cng cng khng gp nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh o.
Vi chiu su tng t o ln phi chia t thnh tng lp tin hnh o, trnh
hin tng sp thnh t
- K thut o h mng v ging
+ Sau khi o xong phn t pha trn cch ct y dm tng hm 1 l t 1.5
2m th c th cho my o chuyn dng(gu nghch) vo o t cho n gn ct
y i -8.6m. Chiu cao thng thu ca tng hm lc ny nh t 2.5 - 4,9m nn khi
o my phi o mt di t su trc my ng v o t trong tng hm.
Vic o t bng my giai on u s kh khn nn ta c th kt hp o vi th
cng dn hng cho my.
+ My s o mt phn h mng nhng khu vc t nm trn cc, khong gn
1m v khu vc t gia cc m my c th o c. Phn t m my khng o
c do vng btng u cc s c o bng th cng.
+ Mc d t ch t c th di chuyn xung tng hm (chiu cao t 2,5m)
nhng my cng khng th chuyn t ln t c, v vy my o c th chuyn
thng t va o c ln xe ci tin a ra ngoi hoc c th cha trong cc
thng ben bng thp khong 2m3 ri cho vn chuyn ln bng cn trc thp.
+ Do t khu vc i ging mng l loi st bn hu c theo kho st a cht
nn gii php o ht n gn y i l ph hp hn c.
B, Chuyn t di tng hm :
- Vic chuyn t di tng hm c th thc hin nhiu cch khc nhau nhm kt
hp t hiu qu thi cng cao nht
- Cc bin php vn chuyn t trong cng trng:
+ t c o ln s c chuyn ra v vo v tr quy nh bng cc thng
t c th tch 1-2 m3 (nng khong 3,5 - 4T, tnh c t) sau c cn trc cu
ln vo thng xe hoc vo ni quy nh. Hoc c vn chuyn ra bng cc xe
ct kt, cc xe ny c th vn chuyn mt ln t 0,08 - 0,1 m 3 t, c trng lng ln
nht l 200 kG c xe. Cc xe ny rt tin li khi vn chuyn t ti nhng khu vc hp
v chiu di vn chuyn khng qu 60m. Mt gii php na l dng xe ci tin ch
t, mi xe c cn 2 ngi y vi th tch t c th ch 0,35 - 0,45 m 3, nng khong
0,6 - 0,8T. Ngoi ra cn s dng thm nhng dng c khc chuyn dn t ra bng
th cng.
+ Phn t o c c th chuyn thng ln xe ch t hoc tp trung ti mt
ch sau chuyn ln xe ch t sau trong trng hp xe cha c php di chuyn
trong thi gian o t.
- Bin php vn chuyn xa: t o ln phi c nhng ni quy nh do
thnh ph quy nh. Thng thng cch hp l v s dng thng dng nht l dng
cc t ch t. Cc xe t ny phi c v sinh sau khi ra khi cng trng v phi
c cc bt che cho t. Dng my o gu nghch a t ln xe.
C, Ph u cc :
146
n tt nghip KSXD
- Cc Barrette khi dng bin php btng theo phng php va dng th m
btng u tin do ln bentonite nn cht lng khng m bo. Trong qu trnh ,
lp btng cht lng thp ny dng ln trn thnh lp btng u cc. lin kt cc
vo i v loi b phn btng km phm cht ny, ngi ta phi ph b btng u
cc, li ct thp ch ca cc neo vo i mng.
- Hin nay ta ch yu s dng vic ph u cc bng my ph btng. S dng
my ph hoc chong c u nhn ph b phn btng cht lng xu. Tnh ton
n vic p b phn btng ny, trong qu trnh , ta btng cc qu cao trnh
u cc 0,7 - 1m.
- Bin php k thut:
+ Loi b lp btng bo v ngoi khung ct thp.
+ c, ph thnh nhiu l hnh phu cho btng ri khi ct thp.
+ Dng vi nc sch mt , bi trn u cc.
+ Lu trong qu trnh ph u cc khng c lm h hng cc ct thp hnh
ch trong cc (nu c).
- Yu cu ca b mt btng u cc sau khi ph phi c nhm, phi v sinh
sch s b mt u cc trc khi btng i nhm trnh vic khng lin kt gia
btng mi v btng c.
- Phn u cc sau khi p b phi cao hn ct y i l 15cm theo thit k i
cc.
D, Thi cng btng ton khi cho i cc, ging mng v cc b phn khc :
- Phn i cc, ging mng c thi cng nh bin php thi cng btng ton
khi thng thng, ch khc lc ny l thi cng trong phn ngm nn b hn ch v
khng gian thi cng i hi phi c t chc tt m bo an ton lao ng v cht
lng cng trnh.
- Gia cng ct thp i, ging mng:
+ Do vic vn chuyn ct thp xung tng hm kh khn nn vic gia cng, lp
t phi thc hin di mt t. Tuy nhin nhng chi tit thp ph nh ct ai, ct
chng u c th gia cng trong cc xng vi cc thit b gia cng bng my hoc
tay tng nng sut v tit kim cng sc ngi lao ng. Cc lng thp, khung thp
ca i v ging phi gia cng ct, un, hn, buc ti ch.
+ Cc yu cu v ct thp trnh by c th trong k thut thi cng phn thn.
- Thi cng vn khun i ging, mng:
+ Vn khun cho i ging c th dng l vn khun g hoc thp hnh. Trong
trng hp mng v ging c kch thc ln, do khi lng btng s ln nn yu
cu h khun phi m bo tnh n nh trong qu trnh btng. H vn khun g
tuy c th ch to c m bo yu cu ny nhng s tn km v phc tp hn,
mt khc do phi gia cng trong tng hm nn cng vic cng tr nn vt v. V vy s
dng h vn khun thp nh hnh cho h i ging mng l hp l hn c.
147
n tt nghip KSXD
+ H chng cho vn khun i ging gm cc tm khun nh hnh, cc tm

gc (gc trong, gc ngoi), cc thnh phn gia c (ct chng g, thp, sn gng),
cc ph kin lin kt. Trnh t lp vn khun ct thp linh hot sao cho cng tc lp
dng c d dng nht.
- Thi cng btng i, ging mng: Bin php btng cho h i ging mng
m pha trn c h sn tng hm che khut ch tr nhng l ch thi cng l tng i
kh khn. Nhng bin php c th a ra l:
+ bng th cng: Dng btng thng phm ch n cng trng, hoc dng
my trn ch to btng trn mt t. Sau btng c trt vo thng v cn trc
s chuyn thng btng xung tng hm qua cc l ch thi cng. Cng nhn s tip
nhn btng v dng cc xe chuyn dng (xe ct kt, xe ci tin) vn chuyn btng
n v tr .
+ bng bm btng: Dng btng thng phm, s dng my bm btng
btng cho i v ging. Btng bm c a qua cc l ch thi cng, n c ri
nhng v tr thoi mi nht khng lm vng chn ngi cng nhn. Nu cn ta c
th treo ng bm ln nhng chn k, cao 20-30 cm, cch nhau 2-3m trnh cho ng
khng b rch thng do chm vo cc vt liu nhn trn sn. Cng trnh c h i cc
ln, c bit trong khu thang my v thang b (ln ti 320 m 3 cho khu thang b v 130
m3 cho khu thang my) nn ta chn btng bng bm y nhanh tc , trnh
gy ra s c v thi gian btng lu.
Khi btng cho i, ging nn cho n ct mt di ca y sn tng hm
cui cng, cn phn trn nm trong khu vc sn s c cng vi sn sau ny s
m bo sn v h mng s tr thnh mt khi ng nht.
- Phn khu btng i, ging mng:
+ Do thi gian thi cng trong thnh ph thng hn ch, khi lng thi cng ln
v mt bng b tr trt hp nn cn phi phn khu btng cho h i ging. Nguyn
tc phn khu tng t nh i vi phn khu h dm sn tng hm 1.
+ D kin cng tc btng s c thc hin mt ca mt ngy. Nng lc my
mc cung cp btng trong qu trnh . Ta phn h i ging thnh 3 phn khu vi
lng btng ca mi phn khu khong 350 400 m3( Xem hnh 8-9)
- Ch trong qu trnh thi cng btng i, ging mng: H i v ging mng
theo TCVN 4453-1995 thuc vo loi cu kin btng khi ln. Qu trnh btng
phi c phn chia thnh cc lp v phi theo di st bin dng ca cu kin
btng trong thi gian ninh kt. Do cn t kinh nghim trong vn ny nn em khng
trnh by chi tit k thut , bo dng, khng ch bin dng ca cu kin btng
khi ln i v ging mng. Thi gian tho d vn khun cho cc cu kin ny l
khng di 7 ngy.
E, Thi cng chng thm v lp ct thp btng sn tng hm di cng :
- Thng thng sn tng hm cui cng c t nm trn phn t nn gia cc
i mng, v lin kt vi h i v ging mng. V vy sau khi btng i ging
xong, ta phi tin hnh gia c h nn cho sn. Cng vic gia c nn phi c lm cn
thn trnh ln nn sau ny ng thi m bo s thot nc tt. C th mt lp
148
n tt nghip KSXD
ct en, ct vng ri m cht, sau lng mt lp btng gch v di mt sn to b

mt phng thi cng ct thp v chng thm cho sn.
Hnh 4.1. Mt bng thi cng btng i, ging mng

- Thi cng btng sn tng hm cng s dng btng thng phm v bng
bm. Vic phn khu c tin hnh theo nguyn tc nh i vi sn tng hm 1
- Cng tc chng thm cho sn tng hm l rt quan trng, c trnh by phn
ring
G, Thi cng ct, vch t tng hm th hai ln tng hm th nht :
- Phng n thi cng:
+ Tng hm th hai thi cng c im quan trng l sn tng hm th nht thi
cng xong, ch li cc l ch. Nh vy phng n thi cng btng ct tng hm th
hai khng th s dng cn trc thp btng cho ct, v cng kh khn trong vic
bm trc tip btng t my bm vo ct.
149
n tt nghip KSXD
+ Ta chn phng n thi cng ct, vch thang, thang b tng hm th hai l ghp
vn khun bng h vn khun nh hnh v btng bng th cng. Thi cng btng
ct, vch tng hm th hai do c sn tng 1 nn ti cc v tr u ct btng sau khi
co ngt khin nt u ct khng t yu cu thit k. V vy ta ch btng
thng n cao cch y dm (hoc sn nu khng c dm) mt khong 15 n
20cm. Trn vn khun ct khe ch (kt hp vn khun g) sau khi btng
thng co ngt ta tin hnh bm btng trng n v u ct m bo mi ni c
chc nh thit k.
-Vic thi cng ct c nh c 2 loi, loi ct c nh khng c ct tm (thp hnh
I) v loi ct c nh c ct tm I lm li ct. Qui trnh thi cng cho 2 loi ct ny l
ging nhau. Trc ht ta phi lp dng ct thp dc (c lng ai trc) t thp vo v
tr thit k theo ng chng loi thp, s lng thanh thp v phi tun th ng yu
cu cho ch ni thp. Vic ni thp kt hp buc hoc hn. Sau ta lng vn khun
ct vo. Vn khun ct c lm thnh hp 3 mt, lng vo ct thp, cn chnh cho
ng sau lp tip mt th t vo. Ch sao cho tim ct phi chnh xc, trnh b
lch tim dn n gim kh nng chu lc ca ct.
Hnh 4.2. btng ct.

Trn hnh v trnh by chi tit ct c nh (khng c thp hnh lm li). Vi ct
c thp hnh lm ct tm th qui trnh thi cng cng nh nhau, ch c khc l khi
btng ct ta cn phi m ngoi k btng c trn y sang 4 pha nu khng s
b r ct.
H,Ct b ct chng tm :
150
n tt nghip KSXD
- Theo phng n thit k ct chng tm, ton b h thng ct tm s c ct b

khi ct chnh kh nng chu lc. Thi gian c th ly khong 7-10 ngy sau khi
btng ct chnh btng ct chnh t 80% cng thit k. Dng c ct b ct
chng tm c th dng cc my hn h quang, my ct thp. Phn thp pha trn u
v nht l di sn cn li do ct khng st trn v sn phi c lm phng so vi
mt sn hoc tm cch che chn khng gy nguy him trong qu trnh thi cng trong
tng hm.
8.4.3 K thut chng thm trong thi cng phn ngm :
8.4.3.1 Khi qut chung v cng tc chng thm cho tng hm :
- Vi cc cng trnh xy dng trong lng t vn chng thm l cc k quan

trng. V nm ct m nn khi thit k, thi cng, cc nh xy dng tuy quan tm
nhng do nhiu nguyn nhn nh iu kin a cht, mi trng sn xut, chn ng
t nhin v nhn to, nhng sai st trong qu trnh thi cng v c bit do s to thnh
khong ho tan entrigit trong xi mng theo thi gian sinh ra cc mao dn to nn
vt nt trong btng khi ln. V vy cc cng trnh ngm thng xy ra tnh trng
thm dt d r nc ngm.
- Mc ch ca cng tc chng thm khng ch n thun chng thm dt m cn
c tc dng bo v cho cng trnh khng b xung cp do tc ng ca nc vi cc
thnh phn khc trong nc, to v m quan cho cc cng trnh.
- chng thm cng trnh c hiu qu phi xc nh c cc yu t quan trng
l tc nhn gy thm dt v cc b phn cng trnh cn chng thm.
a, Tc nhn thm dt v cch thm dt :
- Tc nhn chng thm dt ca cng trnh ngm ch yu l do nc ngm trong
t tc ng vo. Ngoi ra c th k n nc mt ca cng trnh xung quanh c th
thm nhp vo cc v tr kt ni ca cng trnh nh: Gia tng vy v sn, gia cc
panen tng.
- Cch thm dt c nhiu dng:
+ S thm qua thnh btng: C th l do btng c hin tng rng r do m
khng tt, qu trnh chn vng gio sau khi tho d vn khun khng c tt n
thm qua ng ny, do xut hin mt mnh cp pha g trong btng lu ngy b mc
dn n thm.
+ S thm qua mch ngng thi cng: Vi cc cng trnh btng th mch ngng
thi cng l khng th trnh khi, v phng din chu lc th khng gp vn g, tuy
nhin v kh nng thm nc th c vn l ch lin kt gia lp btng trc v
sau km c th l do v sinh cha sch, do tui ca hai lp btng khc nhau dn n
s tch lp v nc d dng thm qua.
+ S thm qua khe co dn: Thc t cho thy phn ln cc cng trnh khi thit k
tng hm c khe co gin u b thm qua khe co dn d trong thit k tnh ton v
c bin php phng trnh
B,B phn cng trnh b thm dt :
151
n tt nghip KSXD
- Cc b phn cng trnh b thm dt gm nhiu dng nhng c th chia lm 2

dng tng qut sau:
+ Dng vt liu lin khi, nc thm qua vt liu dng mao dn: dng ny ch
yu bao gm cc b phn: Sn y cng trnh, tng tng hm. Cch thm dt nu
mc S thm qua thnh btng
+ Ti cc b phn lin kt, mch ngng, khe ln, ng k thut ca cng
trnh: ti cc v tr lin kt gia cc cu kin nm trong vng nh hng ca tc nhn
gy thm nh: gia hai panen tng, khe ni gia sn dm v tng vy, im tip
gip gia sn tng trt k ln tng vy, mch ngng thi cng sn tng hm 2, phn
khe ln
8.4.3.2 Chng thm cho tng v sn y tng hm :
- Nc c th thm qua tng v sn y qua 2 dng l qua thnh btng v qua

cc mch ngng thi cng, on tip ni gia hai panen tng.
- Trong phm vi n, em trnh by mt phng php chng thm hiu qu v
tng i n gin l s dng vt liu chng thm Bentonite Geotextile. Do kinh
nghim cn hn ch nn phn thi cng chng thm cho tng hm c em vit da
trn k thut v cc thng s mang tnh l thuyt ca vt liu chng thm.
- Bentonite Geotextile cn c tn l Voltex l sn phm ca tp on CETCO.
l mt loi mng ph chng thm c hiu qu cao, c bit vi cc cng trnh ngm
trn c 2 mt ng v ngang. Vic thi cng lp t Voltex rt d dng v nhanh chng,
ch cn t n ng v tr v gn cht li. N c th gn trc tip ln btng ti bt
k thi tit no v khng cn dng n loi keo kt dnh. N c th c ct thnh
ming theo hnh th ca kt cu nh quanh chn ct, gc tng v cc b phn xuyn
sn. bn ca voltex rt cao, khi dng n lm vt liu chng thm ta khng phi p
dng mt bin php bo v no khc na.
- Voltex c sn xut thnh cun nh cun giy du, kch thc 1,2 x 4,5m,
dy 6,4mm, trng lng 34kg. Ngoi ra cn c cc sn phm ph tr nh: Bentoseal,
Voclay Bentonite, Waterstoppage RXc dng ti cc v tr m Voltex khng pht
huy c hiu qu cao.
- Vic lp t Voltex c tin hnh pha di sn tng hm 2, di i mng
(ngn cch btng i v lp btng lt), di ging mng, bao quanh u cc khoan
nhi v cc BarretteVic lp t ny ni chung l d thi cng. Trong phm vi n,
do ti liu tham kho v kin thc cn hn ch, em khng trnh by c th quy trnh v
cch lp t cc lp mng chng thm ny m ch nu nguyn l chung. Cu to c th
c th tham kho trong bn v thi cng phn ngm TC .
Chng thm cho phn mch ngng thi cng :
- Cc b phn kt cu cn thi cng chng thm dng ny l: sn y tng hm
btng lm 2 ln, tng vy btng b sung n ct sn tng trt, v tr gia tng
vy v sn tng trt k ln tng.
- Trc y vic ngn nc chng thm cho sn y tng hm, t trn mt t,
hoc phn tng vy thi cng b sung, hoc gia phn sn v tng khi phi mch
ngng thi cng l s dng khp ni bng ng,tn, nha PVC chn vo trong lp
152
n tt nghip KSXD
btng trc v sau, mi bn mt na vi mc ch to lin kt cht ch gia b

mt khp ni v btng, ng thi tng chiu di ng thm nhm hn ch ti a s
thm. Tuy nhin phng php ny t ra c nhiu nhc im trong qu trnh thi cng
lp t rt kh c nh vo v tr nh dn n t sai thit k v qu trnh btng
(trng lng ca khi btng khi rt ln d lm lch khp ni khi v tr thit
k). V vy hin nay c mt phng php mi x l mch ngng thi cng l s
dng loi vt liu trng n dng thanh ch to t cao su tng hp kt hp vi cao su
t nhin v mt loi polime thu trng c bit. Thanh vt liu ny c c nh vo
gia thnh btng ca lp c bng keo trc khi btng lt tip theo. Khi gp
nc thanh vt liu ny s n th tch ln nhiu ln khng cho nc i qua. Loi vt
liu ny c cung cp bi cc hng MBT (Masterflex 610), SIKA.
- Quy trnh thi cng chng thm tin hnh nh sau
+ Lm v sinh ton b mch ngng bng bn chi st v kh nn sau ra li
bng nc
+ Lm sch tng i phn b mt d nh t thanh vt liu dn n (Masterflex
610 ca MBT)
+ Gn cht thanh vt liu trng n bng cht kt dnh (Polime) hoc inh gn
c nh trnh cho thanh vt liu b di chuyn khi btng. Khi gp nc thanh vt
liu s trng n trm kn khe thi cng khng cho nc thm qua.
8.4.3.3 Chng thm cho v tr lin kt ca sn vi tng tng hm :
- lin kt sn vi tng vy ta phi t nhng ming xp trong tng, n khi

thi cng tng xong, v bt u thi cng sn th ta phi b lp xp ny ra ni ct
thp sn vi ct thp ch sn trong tng. Tuy nhin chiu dy hc tng do xp to
ra phi to hn chiu dy sn do vy phi s l on btng y bng cch: sau
khi ni ct thp sn vi ct thp tng t sn trong tng vy, trc khi btng
sn ta phi vo hc tng ch lin kt vi sn mt lng btng trng n va
c km theo ph gia chng thm Sika. Sau mt thi gian khi btng trng n ny s
n ra bt kn hc li v do c ph gia chng thm n s ngn c s xm nhp ca
nc v tr ny.
- chng thm t hiu qu cao, ta c th trt thm mt lp xi mng mc cao
c ph gia chng thm vo cc gc sn lin kt vi tng s m bo kh nng chng
thm cho phn lin kt ny.
8.5 Tnh ton khi lng, chn my thi cng phn ngm.
8.5.1 Khi lng cng tc t - Chn my thi cng.
8.5.1.1 Thi cng o t tng dn.
- Theo cu to tng dn, tin hnh o h dng m taluy vi kch thc y

dui l 1,85m v y trn l 3,35m, su 1,5m. ng dn c o chy dc theo chu
vi tng vy vi tng chiu di l 134,4m
- Th tch t o V = Ftb.L =
(1,85 3,35).1,5
.134, 4 = 524,16 (m3)
2
- Trong :
153
n tt nghip KSXD
+ o bng my ly 90%V = 471,74 m3

+ o th cng ly 10%V = 52,41 m3
8.5.1.2 Thi cng o t tng vy v cc Barrette
A, Tng vy.
- Theo cch chia panel tng, c 3 loi panel tng vi su 15m, kch thc
hai phng cn li l:
+ Tm gc 1(4 tm) :
0,6 x 4,55 m
+ Tm gia 2 (20 tm) :
0,6 x 4,85 m
+ Tm gia 3 (8 tm) :
0,6 x 3,05 m
- Th tch t o cho tng loi panel tng l:

+ VTgoc = 0,6.4,55.15 = 40,95 (m3)
+ VT1 = 0,6.4,85.15 = 43,65 (m3)
+ VT2 = 0,6.3,05.15 = 27,45 (m3)
- Tng th tch t o cho tng vy l : V = 1126,8 m3
B, Cc Barrette.
- Loi cc 0,6 x 2,5m (s lng 24): o t ct -3,15 n ct -48,75. t o cho
1 cc:
VB1 = 0,6.2,5.(48,75 3,15) = 68,4 (m3)
- Loi cc 1 x 2,8 m (s lng 12): o t ct -3,15 n ct -48,75. t o cho
1 cc:
VB2 = 1.2,8.(48,75 3,15) = 127,68 (m3)
- Tng th tch t o cho c hai loi cc Barrette l:
V = 24.68,4 + 18.127,68 = 3939,84 (m3)
8.5.1.3 Thi cng o t tng hm 1 v 2
A, Tng hm 1.
- Tin hnh o t phc v thi cng tng hm 1 t ct t nhin -1,25m n ct
-3,15m. Chiu su h o l 1,9m. t o theo hnh ch nht do c tng vy chn
xung quanh. Th tch t o l :
VH1 = 33,6.33,6.1,9 = 2145,024 (m3)
-Trong :
+ o bng my chim 95%V = 2037,8 (m3)
+ o th cng chim 5%V = 107,2 (m3)
B, Tng hm 2 v h mng.
- o t th cng dn hng cho my o t ct y dm sn tng hm 1 ( ct
-3,50) n ct -6,250m (chiu cao o th cng l 2,75m):
154
n tt nghip KSXD
V = 2,75.33,6.33,6 = 3104,64 (m3)

- o t bng my tip theo n ct y i khu ct bin -8,50m, chiu cao o
l 2,25 m:
V = 2,25.33,6.33,6 = 2540,16(m3)
+ Trong o bng my chim 90%V = 2286,14 (m3)
+ o th cng v sa h o chim 10%V = 254,016 (m3)
- o h cho 2 khu thang my theo dng m taluy vi chiu su h o 2m, B/H
= 0,5, o th cng :
V = 4,15.8,69.2 + (3,375.2,6).6.2 = 177,427 (m3)
- o h cho khu thang b theo dng o thng ng v chiu su h o nh l
0,5m, o th cng:
V = 0,5.9,8.12,1 = 59,29 (m3)
- Tng lng t o th cng sau khi o my l:
V = 177,427 + 59,29 = 236,717 (m3)
8.5.1.4 Chn my phc v cng tc thi cng t.
A, My o tng vy v cc Barrette
- thi cng tng trong t v cc Barrette vi tit din ch nht, ta dng cc
my o chuyn dng. Hin nay nc ta c nhiu cng ty nhp v cc loi my
o ny. Cn c vo tng loi a cht v hin trng khc nhau la chn cc loi
thit b thi cng o ho thch hp.
-My o ho hin nay c th chia lm 3 loi l: kiu gu ngom, kiu quay trn
v kiu xung kch.
Bng 1.1. Cc loi gu o
Phng thc thao tc
Loi my c tnh
i din
Phn loi
B phn
o
Thao tc
o t
Phng
thc ln
xung
Kiu gu
ngom
Gu ngom kiu
con s
Kiu c
gii
Kiu p lc
du
Dy cp
Thanh dn
Gu ngom c
Gu ngom thu
lc MASAGO
Kiu quay
trn
u khoan nhiu
trc ng
u khoan nhiu
trc ngang
Kiu phn
tun hon
Dy cp
Khoan nhiu u
Khoan bnh rng
c bng
ba t
Tun hon
thun
Tun hon
nghch
Dy cp
Thanh dn
Ba n gin
Kiu xung
kch
155
n tt nghip KSXD
- My o kiu gu ngom:
+ My o kiu gu ngom lm theo quy trnh sau: Ct vo khi t bng rng
gu gom t vo trong thn gu ng ming gu ko ln m gu nh t
quay li v tr o t lp li qu trnh trn
+ Nguyn tc o t l da trn trng lng bn thn ca gu o, t s b
s b v di sc nng ca gu (gu c th t do t trn xung, li gu khi cm
ngp vo trong t, dng cp hoc thu lc ng ming gu ct t v chuyn t
ln bng dy cp.
+ Cn c trn vic iu khin vic m v ng ming gu khi ct v vn chuyn
t ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi gu o: gu ngom dy cp (s dng lc cng ca
cp m v ng gu) v gu ngom thy lc (s dng p lc du m - ng
ming gu). Gu ngom p lc du nng cao lc ngom t ca gu, do hiu qu
o t cao hn do vi gu ngom thu lc.
+ Loi gu ny thch hp vi loi t ri v dnh, c c chc va phi. Khi
cn ph th dng loi gu ph vi bnh xe rng ca c ln c gn li kim cng.
- Vi nn t ch yu l t ri v dnh pha trn, lp t chu lc mi cc
dng ct th c ln si sn, yu cu thi cng v cht lng v sch s va phi,
ng thi ph thuc vo vn kinh t v nng lc thit b thi cng Vit Nam hin
nay th loi gm ngom l thch hp nht. Chn gu ngom kiu con s, dn ng
bng thu lc
* Gu o :
- Cc thng s v gu ngom kiu con s ca hng Bachy-Soletanche ti Vit
Nam nh sau:
Bng 1.2. Cc thng s v gu ngom kiu con s
Chiu rng gu
(mm)
400
500
600
800
1000
1200
1500
Chiu di gu (m)
Kiu gu v trng lng gu
KL
6.5T
6.8T
7T
7.5T
9T
11T
KE
KF
6.5
6.8T
7.2T
8.5T
10T
6.4T
6.6T
2.5
2.2 v 2.4
1.8
KJ
BAG
12T
12T
12T
2.8
16T
16.5T
17T
3.6
- Hng MASAGO (Nht Bn) cung cp gu o thu lc vi cc thng s kch

thc gu l 600-1745; 700-1795; 800-1825 v 1000-1875.
- Do kch thc b rng tng l 600, cc Barrette 0.6x2.5m, cc Barrette 1 x
2.8m nn ta dng 2 loi gu o thu lc ca hng Bachy-Soletanche nh sau:
156
n tt nghip KSXD
Bng 1.3. Thng s gug o ca hng Bachy-Soletanche

Tn gu
Chiu rng
Chiu di
Trng lng
KL-600
KJ-1000
600
1000
2500
2800
7 tn
12 tn
* My c s:
- Chn my BH-8 ca hng SOILMEC (r v thng dng hn my o c s ca
Bachy-Soletanche). Cc thng s k thut ca my nh sau:
+Chiu di gi
: 19m.
+Chiu su o
: 50m.
+Lc nng max
: 30T.
+Tc nng gu
: 3,5m/pht.
+Tc di chuyn my
: 1,8km/h.
+Mmen ln nht
: 40 n 51Tm.
+Trng lng my
: 44,5T.
+p lc ln t
: 0,066MPa.
-Cc thng s hnh hc my o c s nh hnh v:
BH-8
SOILMEC
Hnh 4.2. Cc thng s my o
Gu o
KL600
Bachy
157
n tt nghip KSXD
B, My o t
* o t tng hm 1 :
- Dng my o gu nghch EO-3322D vi cc thng s sau:
+ Dung tch gu:
q= 0,63 0,8 m3
+ Bn knh hot ng:
R = 7,5 m
+ Chiu cao nng gu:
h = 4,9 m
+ Chiu su o t:
H = 4,4 m
+ Trng lng my:
G = 14T
+ Thi gian mt chu k:
tck = 17s
+ Mt na chiu di my:
a = 2,81 m
+ Chiu rng my:
b = 2,7 m
+ Chiu cao my :
c = 3,7 m
-0.75
-3.35
Hnh 4.3. My
EO-3322D
o t
-Tnh nng sut my o cho mt ca my:

P
8.3600
.q.K1.K 2 (m3/ca my)
Tck
8.3600
.0,8.0,85.0,7 610( m 3 / ca)
22.44
158
n tt nghip KSXD
Trong :
+ q l dung tch gu, q=0,8 m3.
+ K1 l h s li dng gu (y gu) (t ct 0,8 0,9, t st 0,85 0,95),
vi t lp ta ly K1 = 0.85
+ K2 l h s li dng thi gian lm vic trc tip ln t t l 0,7,
ngay bn cnh l 0,9. Ta ly K2 = 0,7
+ Tck l thi gian 1 chu k hot ng ca my. Thi gian lin tc tun hon
t khi bt u o n khi xong vic t (giy) l
Tck = tck.Kvt.Kquay.Kt = 17.1,1.1.1,2 = 22,44 (s)
tck:
thi gian ca mt chu k khi gc quay quay =90o, tra bng tck = 17s
Kvt:
H s ph thuc vo iu kin t, kvt=1,1 khi ln thng xe.
Kquay: H s tra bng Trang 33, s tay chn my thi cng Kquay = 1,0.
Kt ;
H s ti ca t Kt = 1,1-1,4 chn Kt = 1,2
- o t cho tng hm 1 vi 1 my o lm vic 2 ca/ngy ta cn thi gian:

n
V
2307,8
2, 2 .
m.P.K tg 2.610.0,85
Vy ta cn 3 ngy cho cng vic o t bng my tng hm 1.

* o t tng hm 2:
- Ta s dng my o chuyn dng c nh loi BEETLE 30SR. Thng s my:
+ Dung tch gu :
q= 0,1 m3
+ Thi gian 1 chu k:
tck = 15 s
- Tnh ton tng t nh trn ta c nng sut thc t ca my: N = 130 m 3/ca
- Tng khi lng t o ln nht tng hm 2 l : 5881,5 m 3. Nu o hon ton
bng my ta cn 44,8 ca my. D tnh dng 2 my o y nhanh tin thi cng,
ta cn dng 23 ca my. Thi cng tng hm 3 ca/ngy nn thi gian o my l 8 ngy.
Thc t qu trnh o t phi kt hp o th cng dn hng cho my, vn chuyn
t bng th cng ra ben cu ln trn, sa h o bng th cng, do thi gian
thc t v nhn lc cho cng vic o t tng hm l ln hn nhiu so vi vic tnh
ton thun tu l thuyt nh trn.
C, t vn chuyn t.
- S dng xe Kamaz 503B c ben t V= 5 m3.
- Tnh ton s lng xe vn chuyn s b trong qu trnh thi cng cc Barrette.
Gi thit mt ngy s dng hai my o thi cng hai cc. Lng t o cn vn
chuyn ln nht ca hai cc Barrette 0,6x2,5m v 1x2,8m trong mt ngy l:
V = 68,1 + 127,12 = 195,22 (m3)
159
n tt nghip KSXD
- Gi thit thi gian vn chuyn ch thc hin trong ca m ( 8 ting), qung

ng vn chuyn l 10km, vn tc trung bnh l 35km/h cho c trong v ngoi thnh
ph, ta c thi gian vn chuyn chu k cho mt chuyn xe l:
Tck = Tbc +Ti+ T +Tv = 10 + 17,5 + 10 + 17,5 = 55 (pht).
- S chuyn xe chy c trong 1 ca:
s=
Tca .0,85 8.60.0,85
7,4 chuyn.
Tck
55
Trong :
+ H s s dng thi gian ca xe l 0,85
+ Tca : thi gian lm vic ca mt ca, bng 8 ting
V
195,22
- S xe cn dng l : n V .s 5 * 7.4 5,27. Nh vy ta cn s dng 5-6 xe

xe
cho vic chuyn t o vo ban m.
D,Trm cung cp v x l bentonite :
- Quy trnh cung cp betonite yu cu c cc b phn sau:
+ Kho cha betonite
+ My trn hoc phu trn betonite
+ B cha dung dch betonite mi
+ Trm x l bn khoan
* La chn my trn bentonite
- My trn theo nguyn l khuy bng p lc nc do bm ly tm. Ta s dng
loi my BE-30A vi cc thng s k thut sau:
Bng 3.1. Thng s my BE-30A
Loi my
BE-30A
3
Dung tch thng trn(m )

Nng sut(m3/h)
Lu lng(l/pht)
p sut dng chy(kN/m2)
3
30-35
2500
2.0
* Tnh th tch b cha dung dch betonite

- Th tch dung dch bentonite phi m bo cung cp y cho qu trnh o
v qu trnh thi ra h o. C th tnh th tch ny theo cng thc sau: Vtt = n.V1
Trong :
+ Vtt : th tch dung dch betonite cn cung cp, m3
+ n : h s tng th tch dung dch betonite , n = 1.3
+ V1 : th tch hnh hc ca tt c cc panen hoc cc cn o trong mt chu k (1
ngy), m3. Ly cho th tch ln nht ca mi loi
160
n tt nghip KSXD
- D tnh mt ngy o ln nht gm 1 cc Barrette 0,6x2,5m v 1 cc Barrette

1x2,8m nn ta c : V1 = 68,1 + 127,12 = 195,22 (m3)
Vtt = 1,3.195,22 = 254 (m3)
- cung cp v d tr bentonite cho qu trnh o ta s dng cc b cha bng
thp dng container c kch thc 6 x 2 x 2 m th tch mt b cha l 24 m3
cn s dng s b cha l : 254/24 = 10,58 b. Ta s dng 11 b cha
* Tnh th tch trm x l dung dch betonite sau khi s dng
- Lng betonite ti s dng sau mt ln thi cng cc, tng vy thng nm
trong khong 60-70% lng cn s dng ban u.
- Vy s lng b cha cho trm x l cn s dng l 0,65.10,58 = 6,88 b. Ta s
dng 7 b cha loi ny cho trm x l bentonite
8.5.1.5 Tnh ton thi gian v nhn lc cho thi cng tng v cc
A,Thi cng tng vy

- Thi gian: tin hnh thi cng tng vy lin tc 3 ca/1ngy. D kin mt ngy
thi cng 2 tm panel tng. Tng s panel tng vy l 28 tm thi cng trong vng
14 ngy.
- Nhn lc cho thi cng tng c ly trn c s cc cng vic:
+ Gia cng ct thp: Trng lng thp cho 2 panel tng l 6,6 tn, nh mc l
10,8 cng/1 Tn cn s dng 71,28 cng. Do thi cng 3 ca mt ngy nn s
lng nhn cng cn thit l 71,28/3 = 24 ngi trong mi ca lm vic
+ iu khin my khoan:
2 ngi
+ Phc v cng tc o:
4 ngi
+ Phc v cng tc btng:
6 ngi
+ Phc v cng tc bentonite:
4 ngi
+ Th in:
1 ngi
- Nh vy tng s cng nhn trn cng trng l 41 ngi trong giai on thi
cng tng vy.
B,Thi cng cc Barrette :
- Thi gian: D kin s dng 2 my o cc lm vic lin tc 3 ca/1ngy. Mt
ngy s thi cng 2 cc Barrette thuc c hai loi. Tng s cc Barrette l 40 cc ( 28
cc 0,6x2,5m v 12 cc 1x2x8m) thi gian thi cng l 20 ngy.
- Nhn lc cho thi cng cc Barrette c ly trn c s cc cng vic:
+ Gia cng ct thp: Trng lng thp cho 2 loi cc Barrette l 13,86 tn, nh
mc l 10,8.
cng/1 Tn cn s dng 149,7 cng. Do thi cng 3 ca mt ngy nn s lng
nhn cng
cn thit l 149,7/3 = 50 ngi trong mi ca lm vic
161
n tt nghip KSXD
+ iu khin my khoan:
4 ngi
+ Phc v cng tc o:
8 ngi
+ Phc v cng tc btng:
10 ngi
+ Phc v cng tc bentonite:
4 ngi
+ Th in:
1 ngi
-Nh vy tng s cng nhn trn cng trng l 77 ngi trong giai on thi cng cc
Barrette.
8.5.2 Khi lng cng tc btng ton khi - Chn my thi cng
8.5.2.1 Khi lng cng tc vn khun
A,Vn khun cho tng dn :

- Tng dn c lm vn khun cho c hai bn. C hai tm tng chy song
song dc theo chu vi.
- Svk = 2.2.1,6. L = 2.2.1,6.134,4 = 965,12 (m2)
B,Vn khun ct, dm, sn hai tng hm :
- Xem chi tit khi lng cng tc vn khun trong bng tnh excel Vn khun
i cc v ging mng :
- Ta s dng h vn khun thp nh hnh cho h thng i cc v ging mng.
Chi tit cu to ca vn khun c trnh by k trong thi cng phn thn cng trnh.
Vi cu kin i ging, vic tnh ton thit k vn khun c tin hnh cho cc tm
vn thnh chu p lc y ngang trong qu trnh thi cng. Ta tin hnh thit k in
hnh h thng chng cho vn thnh, cu to chi tit v t hp vn khun i ging
c trnh by trong bn v thi cng.
- Vn khun thnh c t hp t nhng tm vn khun ng 300x1500, c
bng h thng cc np ngang, thanh chng ng v thanh chng xin nh hnh v.
Ta tin hnh thit k khong cch gia cc np ngang v cc thanh chng ng.
* Khong cch gia cc np ngang ( lsn)
- Ti trng:
+ Ti trng tnh tm vn khun ct bao gm cc lc tc dng theo phng ngang,
khng tnh trng lng bn thn ca btng, ct thp, vn khun.
+ Ap lc ngang ti a ca va btng ti:
tt
q1
= n. .H = 1,3.2500.0,7 = 2275 (kG/m2)
(H = 0,7m l chiu cao tnh p lc ngang ca btng mi khi dng m di)

+ Ti trng khi btng bng bm btng:
tt
q2
= 1,3.400 = 520 (kG/m2)
+ Ti trng khi m btng bng my:

162
n tt nghip KSXD
q tt3 = 1,3.200 = 260 (kG/m2)

+ Do khi btng i, ging th ch hoc m nn ta c ti trng ngang
phn b tc dng trn vn khun l:
qtt = qt1 + qtt2 = 2275 + 520 = 2795 (kG/m2)
+ Ti trng phn b theo chiu di mt tm vn khun rng 300 l:
ptt = qtt.b = 2795.0,3 = 838,5 (kG/m)
- Tnh ton theo iu kin bn ca vn khun:
+ Gi lsn l khong cch cc np ngang theo phng ng. S tnh vn khun
l dm lin tc vi gi ta ti v tr cc np ngang, nhp dm l lsn.
+ iu kin bn:
M max
p tt .l sn2
.W R.W
10
+ T ta c: l sn
10. .W
p tt
10.2100.6,55
128(cm)
8,385
- Tnh ton theo iu kin vng ca vn khun:

+ Ti trng tnh ton vng l: ptc = (2500.0,7 + 400).0,3 = 645 (kG/m) = 6,45
(kG/cm)
+ vng ca tm vn khun tnh theo cng thc ca dm lin tc
f max
p tc .l sn4
l
f sn
128 E.J
400
+ T ta c l sn 3
128.E.J
400. p tc
128.2,1.10 6.28,46
143,7(cm)
400.6,45
- Nh vy, vi cc i mng c chiu cao 2,5 3 m, ta b tr khong 3-4 np

ngang m bo khong cch gia chng khng vt qu 1,2m.
* Khong cch gia cc np ng (lsd):
- Ta s dng cc np ngang l thp gc L110x10. Cc thp gc c cng ln
nn vic b tr sn ng c th ly theo cu to m bo iu kin bn v vng
ca np ngang.
- i vi i
S n ngang
VK thp
- i vi ging
*Khi lng chi
i ging c th
cc : Lsd = 80 cm
mng: Lsd = 100 cm.
tit ca cng tc vn khun
hin trong bng tnh excel.
S n
ng
qtt
Chng xin
163
n tt nghip KSXD
Hnh 1.1. S tnh

8.5.2.2 Khi lng cng tc ct thp
A,Ct thp cho tng dn :

- Ct dc tng dn dng 3614 cho ton b tng tng. Tng trng lng thp
dc l:
Gdoc = 6,56 (T)
- Ct ai dng 6, a300 phi dng 503 ct ai. Tng trng lng thp ai l:
Gai = 0,313 (T)
B,Ct thp cho tng vy :
- Xem tnh ton chi tit trong bng tnh excel. Tng trng lng thp cho tng
vy c ly vi hm lng 1% l : 94,96 Tn
C,Ct thp cho cc Barrette :
- Tng trng lng thp cho cc Barrette 0,6 x 2,5m l : 136,5 Tn
- Tng trng lng thp cho cc Barrette 1 x 2,8m l : 105,9 Tn
D,Ct thp cho ct, dm, sn hai tng hm :
- Xem tnh ton chi tit trong bng tnh excel
E,Ct thp cho i cc v ging mng :
- Xem tnh ton chi tit trong bng tnh excel.
8.5.2.3 Khi lng cng tc btng
A,Btng cho tng dn :

- Btng lt #100: V = 2.0,1.0,6.L = 18,1 (m3)
- Btng tng #200: V = 80,64 (m3)
B, Btng cho tng vy :
- Btng tng vy t ct -15,75 m n ct -1,25 m
- Tm gc: Vgoc = 0,6.5.14,5 = 43,5 (m3)
- Tm gia 1: VT1 = 0,6.4,5.14,5 = 39,15 (m3)
- Tm gia 1: VT2 = 0,6.3,05.14,5 = 26,53 (m3)
C, Btng cho cc Barrette :
- Khu thang my: cc Barrette 1x2,8m t ct -48,75m n ct -9,35m.
V = 1.2,8.39,4 = 100,32 (m3). S lng 6 cc
164
n tt nghip KSXD
- Khu thang b: cc Barrette 1x2,8m t ct -48,75m n ct -7,85m.

V = 1.2,8.40,9 = 114,52 (m3). S lng 6 cc
-Khu ct bin: cc Barrette 0,6x2,5m, t ct -48,75m n ct -7,35m
V = 0,6.2,5.41,4 = 62,1 (m3). S lng 34 cc.
D, Btng cho ct, dm, sn hai tng hm :
- Xem tnh ton chi tit trong bng tnh excel
E,Btng cho i cc v ging mng :
- Xem tnh ton chi tit trong bng tnh excel.
8.5.2.4 Chn my thi cng cng tc btng ton khi phn ngm
A, Chn cn trc t hnh thi cng btng cc v tng vy :

- Chiu cao lp: HCL = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4
+ h1 = 0,6m (Chiu cao ng vch trn mt t)
+ h2 = 0,5m (Khong cch an ton)
+ h3 = 1,5m (Chiu cao dy treo buc)
+ h4 = 10m (Chiu cao lng thp)
HCL = 0,6 + 0,5 + 1,5 + 10 = 12,6 (m)
+Bn knh cu lp: R = 8m.
Chn cn cu bnh xch E-2508 c cc c trng k thut:
+ Chiu di tay cn: 30m
+ Chiu cao nng mc:
Hmax = 29m
Hmin = 19,2m
+ Sc nng:
Qmax = 25T
+ Tm vi:
Rmax = 23m
Rmin = 9m
8
31, 4
30
20
28
18
26
16
24
22
14
12
20
19. 2
18
10
8
6
4
2
8910 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Tm v i R(m)
c h g ii:
5
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

c n t r c e2508
Bmy
Ca bin iu khin
Cp nng h cn
C p nng h vt
Thanh hn ch
gc nng cn
Cn trc
Mc cu
Cn b o in p mnh
165
n tt nghip KSXD
Hnh 4.1. Cn trc E2508

B, Chn xe vn chuyn btng thng phm :
- t ch btng loi KAMAZ m hiu SB-92B dung tch 6m3. Cc thng s k
thut:
+ Dung tch thng trn:
q = 6 m3 .
+ Dung tch thng nc:
q = 7,5 m3
+ t c s:
Kamaz - 5511.
+ Cng sut ng c:
40kW.
+ Tc quay thng trn:
9 - 14,5 vng/pht.
+ cao vt liu:
3,5m.
+ Thi gian btng:
6 pht.
+ Trng lng xe:
21,85T.
+ Vn tc trung bnh:
V = 45km/h
- tin hnh thi cng bng btng thng phm, ta gi thit qu trnh vn
chuyn btng l lin tc, khng gp s c, thi gian vn chuyn lin tc l 10-20 pht
cho 1 xe.
C, Chn trm bm btng :
- btng cho tng vy v cc Barrette c th thc hin vic trc tip t
xe ch btng. Qu trnh thi cng btng i ging v dm sn c thc hin nh
my bm. Do cng trnh c chiu cao ln (ti 75m) nn ta chn s dng trm bm
tnh cho vic thi cng btng i hi khi lng thi cng ln v lin tc nh i ging
v dm sn.
- Ta chn my bm btng tnh c cng sut m bo sao cho tt c cc phn khu
ch btng trong 1 ngy.
- Chn my bm btng s hiu DC-750SM. Cc thng s k thut ca my:
+ Nng sut ln nht :
75 m3/h
+ p sut bm ln nht :
70 bar.
+ ng knh ng btng:
150mm.
+ Chiu cao ln nht:
97m.
+ Tm vi :
210m.
166
n tt nghip KSXD
+ Kch hc bao:
Di: 6000; Rng: 2250; Cao 1950.
+ Trng lng :
6 T.
- My bm bm btng xung nn m bo nng sut thit k. H s s dng

thi gian l: ktg = 0,85. Nng sut ti a ca my c th t c l:
N = 0,85.75.8 = 510 (m3/ca)
- Khi lng btng my bm c trong 1 ca phi tnh theo s chuyn xe c th
cung cp btng lin tc. Gi thit btng c th lin tc v khng gp s c
g, trung bnh c 15 pht ht mt xe 6m3
Vy trong mt ca 8h c th nhiu nht c: 4.6.8 = 192 (m3)
- Nu mt ngy thc hin trong 2 ca th nng sut thc t c th t c l
384 m3. m bo cung cp btng cho qu trnh thi cng btng i ging theo 3
phn khu
D,Chn my m btng :
* Chn my m di:
- My m di c s dng m btng trong khi btng cc phn kt cu
sau: i cc, ging mng, sn, ct, vch
- Vi khi lng btng i, ging mng phn khu 2 l ln nht : 404 m 3, ta chn
my m di loi V50. Thng s k thut nh sau :
+ Bn knh tc dng :
R = 30 cm.
+ Chiu su lp m :
h = 25 cm.
+ Nng sut theo din tch m:
(25 - 30) m3/h.
- Nng sut my m : N = 2.Ktg.R2.h.3600/(t1 + t2).

Trong :
+ t1 l thi gian m ti 1 v tr, t1 = 30 s
+ t2 l thi gian di chuyn m, t2 = 10 s.
+ Ktg l h s s dng thi gian, Ktg = 0,85 .
Thay s, ta c : N = 2.0,85.0,32 .0,25 .3600/(30 + 10) = 26.32 (m3/h).
- S lng m cn thit khi ton b btng i ging trong 1 ca:
n = Vbt/N.Tca = 204,6/(23,32.8.0,85) = 1,3 chic. Ta ly n=2 chic.
* Chn my m bn
- m bn dng m btng kt hp cho h sn cc tng hm
- Dng m bn D7 c nng sut 5-7 m3/h.
- S lng m bn khi thi cng sn tng hm 2 c khi lng cng tc btng l
338,69 m3:
+ S lng m cn thit :
n = 338,69/(6.8.0,85) = 8,3.
+ Vy ta dng 5 m cho vic thi cng sn tng hm trong 2 ca

167
n tt nghip KSXD
E, Cc loi my khc phc v cng tc thi cng btng ton khi :

- Vic thi cng btng ton khi cho tng hm cn cn cc loi my mc chnh
khc nh:
+ Cn trc thp chuyn thp, vn khun, t o, btng
+ My trn btng phc v thi cng btng ct, vch (nu cn thit)
Cc loi my ny c tnh ton chn la chi tit trong thuyt minh thi cng phn
thn cng trnh
-Cc loi my ph tr khc: my ct, un thp ; my hn ; my khoan ph
btngcng c huy ng s dng ph hp vi yu cu c th trn cng trng.
8.6 An ton lao ng khi thi cng phn ngm.
8.6.1 Nhng s c thng xy ra khi thi cng di t.
-ang o t th gp ma to: Phi lp tc dng cc loi che ma cho h o,

sao cho lng noc ma chy xung h o l t nht, ng thi phi tin hnh bm
ngay lng nc ma chy xung h, trnh gy ra st l thnh h o, gy t nn t
lm kh khn cho vic thi cng o v vn chuyn t. Trng hp t c vn
chuyn bng t ln xung theo cc dc ta phi c rnh thot nc, khng d nc
chy t do xung h o.
-Gp ti bn trong h o: Khi cng trnh nm vng ng bng hay ven bin
th hin tng ny hay gp do nn t trc y l ao h b san lp hoc trc y l
nhng h bom li trong chin tranh, n c lp y bng rc v cc ph thi xy
dng khi gp hin tng ny ta phi vt sch ly ht phn bn rc v ph thi trong
pham vi tng hm.Nu lp bn b ly i su qu so vi sn ca tng hm sp thi cng
th ta phi lp li bng ct hoc t nng m bo n nh cho vic thi cng sn tng
hm.
-Gp m ci trong t tng hm: Phi ph i, vic ph tuyt i khng c
dng sc n, m bo an ton cho cng trnh. Phi tm ngi c kinh nghim ph
lm vic ny, ph theo th dng c l c, chong, ba, phi c ly i qua
ht lp y ca tng hm.
-Gp mch nc ngm c ct chy: Phi lm ging lc ht nc ngoi pham
vi h o. Khi nn kh tip tc o n nn tng yu cu nhanh chng thi cng sn
tng . Ch l nn lun lun c gi kh, trnh ct b chy i theo nc. Cn thit
l phi c bin php chng c y sn phng nc b tri i gy ln nn n
n gy sn.
-Nu o thy vt ngm nh ng ng, dy in ngm (in thoi, in sinh
hot) th phi dng ngay li v bo co cho cc bn c quan hu trch tm bin
php gii quyt. Nu gp cc di tch vn ho c i phi ngng thi cng ngay, bo cho
c quan hu trch bit, gp m m th phi nhanh chng thu dn theo ng quy nh
ca a phng trong cng vic di chuyn m m st li.
-Gp ti kh c: Phi cho cng nhn ngng thi cng ngay, ch khi no ht kh
mi c tip tc lm vic.
8.6.2 An ton lao ng trong thi cngo t tng hm:
168
n tt nghip KSXD
-Phi lm ro chn xung quanh khu vc thi cng, ban m phi c n bo hiu,
trch vic ban m ngi b ng, tht xung h o.
-Khng c o t theo kiu hm ch trnh sp vch t.
-Cng nhn thi cng khng c ngi ngh di chn mi dc t, trch hin
tng st l bt ngi.
-Cng nhn thi cng phi tuyt i chp hnh ni quy, k lut lao ng, phi c
m bo him, day, ng, qun o, gng tay bo h lao ng, k c knh bo h trnh
bi.
-Phi thng xuyn kim tra dy cp, dy cu t.
-Li ln xung h o cho cng nhn phi c thang ln xung, thang phi chc
chn, chu c ti trng yu cu.
-Khi ang o gp phi ti kh c th phi ngh ngay, kim tra c hi, dng
qut gi thng kh c, cng nhn cn c trang b mt l phng c v th bng
bnh xy c nhn.
-Ht sc lu tm n h ng ng, ng cp cn h o, trnh va chm khi
cha c bin php di chuyn.
-My o khng di chuyn khi gu y t, khng i li trong phm vi bn knh
hot ng ca xe, my, gu.
-ng dy in phc v cho qut gi v cho chiu sng phi dng dy cp bc,
cc mi ni dy phi c bc kn, trnh r r in ra ngoi nn t, dy in phi
c treo ln cc gi 3 chn.
-Vic thng gi phi m bo yu cu, trnh gy ngt do thiu xy di h o.
-Chiu sng phi m bo ngi cng nhn nhn r mc tiu mnh lm vic,
ng giao thng trong h o tng hm phi c thp in sng, cng nhn c th
di chuyn d dng trong lng tng hm, nh sng phi , trnh cho cng nhn b ng,
b trt trong qu trnh lao ng.
8.6.3 V sinh mi trng.
-Trong qa trnh thi cng nh nhiu tng c tng hm th v sinh mi trng cn

c quan tm ng mc. Th nht l s lng my mc lm vic kh ln, mc
gy n cng cao, c bit l my thi cng di lng t s gy nh hng trc tip n
ngi thi cng o t v vy phi tm bin php gim ting n, phi c m bo cch
m cho ngi li my cng nh cho cng nhn trc tip thi cng di h o. Khi thi
cng cc khoan nhi s gy bn, nhim mi trng do bn t, nc thi, Bentonite.
Phi c quy trnh r rng ni ph thi, chp hnh ng v sinh mi trng. t ch
t hay ph thi phi c thng kn, bt bt trnh r r ra ng ph, v bi bn vo
khng kh. Vic vn chuyn cht thi nh bn t, rc ri ch c thc hin t 10 h
ti n 5h sng.
169

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n tt nghip KSXD

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

THI CNG PHN NGM

y l cng vic c tin hnh u tin v rt quan trng, i hi phi lm cn

Cn tin hnh ngay khi tip nhn mt bng:

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

Hnh 1.1. Cu to Gioang chng thm

- Cng tc chun b mt bng v nh v tng vy.

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

- nh v v thi cng tng dn cho tng vy.

- Nghin cu k cc bn v thit k, ti liu a cht cng trnh v cc yu cu k

y l cng vic ht sc quan trng, cn phi lm cn thn v chnh xc xc

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

A, La chn cho tng dn.

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

Hnh 2.2. Tng dn

A, Phn chia tng thnh cc tm panel.

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

+ Kh nng nng ca cn trc: Cn c vo kh nng nng ca cn trc d tnh

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

Bng 1.1. Thnh phn ca Bentonite

Lng dng bnh

Ch tiu tnh nng

Phng php kim tra

T trng k dung dch st

- Thng trn 20-50Kg bt betonite vi 1m 3 nc sch. Tu theo yu cu c th

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

+ Hm lng betonite trong dung dch: 2-6% (theo trng lng)

- Trong qu trnh o h khoan c y dung dch Bentonite, lun gi cho

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

* Nhng iu trng yu khi o t:

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

8.2.3.4 Kim tra su v v sinh h o.

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

- Khung ct thp c ch to theo ng s lng v chng loi thit k,

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

Hnh 5.1. H lng thp.

- ng btng bng kim loi, c ng knh trong ln hn 4 ln ng knh

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

Hnh 7.1. ng btng

Hnh 7.2. btng

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

lin tc t khi bt u n khi kt thc. Khi lng btng thc t cho cc so

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

- Btng ca on panel xung nh c s chnh lch t trng gia btng v

5 Thu hi dung dch Bentonit

H lng ct thp,tgiong chng thm v Btng Ba rt u tin

Hnh 7.3. Trnh t thi cng Barrette u tin.

- Tin hnh o h cho panel tip theo n ct thit k bng my o gu ngom

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th

GVHD: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Th

H lng ct thp,tgiong chng thm , Btng Ba rt th 2 v tip tc o o h thi cng

Hnh 8.1. Trnh t thi cng Barrette 2,3n.

- Thi cng tng BTCT ti ch v thi cng cc Barrette v c bn c cng

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Th