PHAN I : TONG QUAN VE RU COGNAC

I . LCH S PHAT TRIEN CUA RU COGNAC:

- Brandy la ten chung cua cac loai ru manh cat t nguyen lieu la ru nho.
Ngoai nho ra , cac loai ru manh cat t cac loai trai cay khac th them ten cua
loai trai cay sau Brandy, v du : Brandy tao , Brandy man..Cognac va Armagnac
la 2 loai Brandy chat lng cao cua Phap.
- mien Tay nc Phap,cach Bordeaux ve pha Bac khoang 70 km co 2 a
danh (huyen) la Charente va Charente Maritime , co the noi vung xung quanh hai
ni nay eu la th tran hoac ch Cognac , ten goi ai dien cho loai Brandy
ngon nhat the gii . Ni nay co hai cang va giao thong ng thuy thuan tien nen
may the ky nay , ay dien ra hoat ong thng mai . Ngay trc thi La Ma ,
ngi dan Charente a nam vng nghe trong nho va cong nghe san xuat muoi t
r. V the en thi Trung Co , ngi Ha Lan , Na Uy , Anh a dung tau ch tieu
mach , muoi va ru nho cua Charente en Chau Au va cac ni khac. Ban au
ngi ta ch ru nho bang cac tau buom , the nhng ban than ru nho co o
chua kha cao , o ru lai thap nen kho ch i xa. Khoang gia the k 16 ngi ta
mi biet cach em ru nho i chng boc hi e lam tang o manh cua ru ,nen
co the giam khoi lng van chuyen va giam thue. Ru nho co ac khi uong phai
pha them nc .
- Mai en cuoi the k th 18 th cac tnh chat u viet cua loai Brandy lau nam
mi c moi ngi tha nhan , v the nhng thung ru nho cha tren cac con tau
lenh enh tren bien tr thanh noi tieng. Nam 1980 , cac vn nho b sau hai pha
nghiem trong nen Cognac lai cang c th trng ru manh the gii coi trong.
- T nam 1909, cac vung c phep san xuat ru Cognac phai do luat phap
qui nh . Trc het la cac vn nho , can c vao cac nhan to tho nhng , kh hau
va o chieu sang cua mat tri th co 6 khu vc c san xuat ru Cognac :
Khu ai Champagn ( Grande Chanpagn ) : Khu vc nay bao quanh th
tran Cognac , chat at ay co nhieu a voi trang , u ieu kien e trong cac loai
nho , e san xuat ru manh ngon nhat va co hng v oc ao ,nhng thi gian
e ru thanh trng hi dai .
Khu tieu Champagn ( Petite Champagn ) : Thanh phan tho nhng cua
khu nay khong nhng co iem khac vi khu ai Champagn ma ve mat kh hau
cung khac oi chut . V vay , ve mat phong cach th ru san xuat vung nay
rat giong loai san xuat khu ai Champagn , nhng thi gian trng thanh cua
ru nhanh hn .
Khu Botderies : Khu san xuat ru tng oi nho pha Tay Bac th
tran Cognac . Chat at ay co lp at set day va sau , nhng ve mat kh hau lai
giong khu ai Champagn . Ru cua vung nay co ac tnh la rat on nh nen chu
yeu c dung lam nguyen lieu e ieu chnh khi pha che Cognac .
Khu Fins-Bois : Khu san xuat ru qui mo ln co rat nhieu nong trai va
rng . at ay nhieu soi a , the nhng ru lai thanh trng nhanh.

 Khu Boms-Bois : Giap bien trong at co nhieu set , ch co mot phan

nho at ai trong loai nho e san xuat Cognac loai ngon , con phan ln e san xuat
Cognac re tien
Khu Bois-ordinaines : Mot phan at ai vung nay gan vi b bien , at
co nhieu sa thach . Ru san xuat ay thuoc loai xoang , ch dung e pha them
vao ru Brandy gia re.

II . NGUYEN LIEU
Nguyen lieu dung e san xuat Cognac la ru vang nho (c len men t dch trai
nho ) .
1 . Cac loai nho dung e san xuat ru cognac: Co 6 loai nho

French Colombard :
No la mot thanh phan chnh cua ru Special Reserve va
Quality Extraordinaire Brandy . Cac tnh chat bao gom :o
acid cao , tao trang thai va cau truc , co hng tao va v tra .

Chenin Blanc :
Co hng v thao moc va mui mat ong , mang lai chieu
sau va s tinh te cho Brandy . Khi chn , no co hng v cua
Violet , mui cua qua ph va qua hach .

Palomino :
La loai nho chu yeu e san xuat ru vang manh .

Pinot Noir :
ay la loai nho o duy nhat c s dung e san xuat
Brandy . Co hng v cua le , hoa nhai , cay t inh hng .

Muscat :
Co nhieu mui thm manh nen tao cho ru thanh pham co
hng v rieng .

Folle blanche ( Callifornia) :

ay la loai nho chu yeu e san xuat Cognac vao nhng
nam 1800 , co mui hoa hong , mui trai cay kho , mui chanh

2. Yeu cau k thuat cua nho nguyen lieu :

Cha nhieu nc
Cha nhieu ng len men c
Cha nhieu sac to ac trng
Cha nhieu acid hu c trong thc pham

3. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua dch nho:

a) ng :
- Ben canh nc , ng la thanh phan chu yeu cua dch nc nho . Khi nho
chn , ham lng ng Glucoze va Fructoze chiem phan ln , va mot phan nho
Galactoze, mannose, Celobioza, Melibiose, Rafinoze,Arabinoze, Rhamnose ,
xylose, Ribose , Fucose . Ham lng Sucrose rat nho . Tong lng ng trong nho
thng khong qua 250g/l .
- Vao nam 1976 , Kishkovskii va Skurikhin a tm thay cac polisaccarit trong
nho dang keo nh :pentosans 0.03- 2.0 g/l , Pectin 0.5-2g/l , gums 0.3-4 g/l va
Dextrin 0 1.1 g/l .
- Bang so lieu di ay cho biet ham lng etanol thu c t nho trang va
nho o thu hoach t cac vung lanh va am:

Brix
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

White juice
10
10.7
11.3
12
12.60
13.2
13.9
14.5

Red juice
Cool area Warm area
9.7
9
10.3
9.6
10.8
10.2
11.4
10.8
12
11.2
12.7
11.9
13.3
12.4
13.8
13

b)Acid:
- Cac acid hu c trong nho chiem phan ln.Trong suot qua trnh nho chn acid
tartaric la acid noi bat ieu kien kh hau am ap (2.0 8.0 g/l) . Bi v acid malic
c tao nhieu 40.5 C , acid tartaric c tao thanh nhieu 57.2 C hoac cao
hn . nhiet o lanh hn th nho c thu hoach sm hn do oham lng acid
malic ln hn acid tartaric.Trung bnh acid malic chiem 10-40% lng acid trong
nho chn .Neu thu hoach nho sm th ham lng acid malic co the len en 60%.
- Acid citric chiem mot lng nho t 0.1-0.7g/l.
- Acid ascorbic chiem 5 15 mg/l.
- Ngoai ra con mot lng nho cac acid hu c khac .Cac acid c tao thanh
bi moc tren trai nho cung chiem phan quan trong.
- Acid gluconic co ham lng < 0.5 g/l .
- Acid uronic chiem khoang 4.0 g/l .

c) Cac hp chat phenol:

- Ham lng cac hp chat phenol phu thuoc vao cach chung c o lng
trong pham vi nao.Neu chung c o bang pho ke th ham lng khoang 100
mg/l .Neu chung c o bang phng phap Folin Ciocalteau th ham lng
khoang 150 250mg/l .Phenol co trong nho trang dang Catechins ,simple non
flavonoid phenols,flavonols va flavonones cung vi flavan -3,4-diols.Vet cua
anthocyanins va cac hp chat phenol khac c chiet ra de dang t vo cua nho
o.Tat ca phenol trong nho trang c chuyen vao ru .Neu c u trong thung
th ham lng phenol nhieu hn.oi vi ru red wines va Roses th cac chat
phenol c trch ra trong vo nho trong suot qua trnh u.
d)Sugar alcolhols :
- Do b nhiem Botrytis ,trong vang nguyen lieu va vang san pham .Ham lng
Sorbitol trong Table wines la 5-194mg/l,trong botrytized fruit la 84-989mg/l.
Mannitol c tao t acid lactic va Bacteria spoilage .Sau 2 ngay nhiem Botrytis
ham lng mannitol len en 82-536mg/l .
- Ham lng Meno-inositol trong nho khoang 500mg/l .
- Cac sugar alcolhols khac la : arabitol,erythritol,trehalose chiem 25-50mg/l .
e)Cac hp chat nit:
- Chu yeu la cac amino acid vi mot lng nho protein , peptides, ammoniac,
nitrate, cac loai amin ;va amides vi ham lng nho hn lien quan en vitamins ,
cofactor , pyrimidines , purines , nucleic acid ,hexosamine . Ham lng Protein co
the giao ong 20-100mg/l va thanh phan nay la nhan to quan trong e on nh
chat lng ru .
- Amoniac trong dch nho co the dao ong t 20-300mg/l.
- Nitrate trong dch nho dao ong t 1-100mg/l.

Bang ham lng cac amino acid trong mot so loai nho:(mg/l)
Sauvignon blanc
Aminoacid
Aspartic acid
Thrionin
Serine
Asparagines+acid
glutamic
Glutamine
Proline
Alanine
Citrulline
Valine
Methionine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phenylalanin
Ammonia
Histidine
Orthinine
Lysine
Arginine

Chardonnay

Pinot noir

range
15-112
28-119
31-105
43-227

mean
42.6
67.1
65.8
130

range
10-106
28-152
26-252
27-282

mean
40.8
73
98.7
123.6

range
3-122
19-249
11-150
13-345

mean
38.2
102.3
67.9
138.9

40-744
83-2302
34-300
0-48
14-81
1-28
7-62
6-73
9-46
10-102
36-188
10-75
1-34
1-28
210-1432

207.4
431
160.3
13
40.3
8.4
19.9
25.8
23.4
35.4
94.1
38.5
10
11.5
889.9

38-1336
145-2674
33-514
0-18
15-98
3-32
3-67
0-72
9-68
7-122
46-180
9-126
0-45
0-26
186-1377

248.4
911.2
207.6
2.9
38.7
10.7
17.4
22.7
29.7
28.1
106.5
45.5
4.3
9.6
513.6

43-651
55-500
70-324
0-49
6-79
0-32
0-59
0-69
0-27
0-48
54-249
2-58
3-44
0-28
280-2808

196.8
280.1
179.7
14.7
37.7
11.5
21.1
26.9
13.3
20.5
110
28.7
14.9
9.3
972.5

f)Cac hp chat khac :

- Trong dch nho , con ch chiem mot lng nho ,thanh phan chnh la hexanol
chiem khoang 4 mg/l .Tuy nhien khi nho b ep th esterase trong nho bat au
demethylate.Neu ke ca vo th ham lng co the len en 10mg/l.
- Ngoai ra con co cac acid : palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, unsaturated acid,oleic,
pho bien nhat la acid stearic, behenic .Phospholipid cung c tm thay vi lng
ln.
- Glucolipid va lipid trung tnh ,linoleic chiem lng ln .Lipid vo nhieu hn
1.5-3 lan tht nho.
- Ion kim loai chnh c tm thay trong nho la K+ co ham lng t 4002000mg/l.Ham lng phu thuoc vao kh hau , at ai, ti tieu va loai nho . Cac
cation khac :Ca++,Mg++,Na+.Natri co ham lng nho t 10-20mg/l,Mg++ va Ca++
chiem 30-150 mg/l.Ngoai ra ,Fe va Cu vi ham lng 5-10mg/l hoac nhieu hn.

Nam men se hap thu chung trong suot qua trnh len men.Con co nhieu cation khac
nhng chung co trong ru vang nhieu hn trong dch nho.
- Cac anion chnh la SO42-(K2SO4) ham lng 1g/l ,PO43- 300mg/l va Cl- 70
mg/l . Cac ion khac co ham lng rat nho .
- Ngoai ra con co hang tram hp chat khac nhng chung ch chiem ham lng
rat nho.

PHAN II : QUI TRNH CONG NGHE

I . S O QUI TRNH CONG NGHE : (chon qui trnh cong nghe san xuat ra
ru Cognac hao hang va ru Cognac th pham )
Nho chn

Nghien- tach nc

Ba nho

Len men vang

X l thu hoi
chat tan

Men giong

Vang

Chng cat

ieu chnh moi

trng len men

Len men

Vang
nguyen
lieu

Ru Cognac
tho 27-35%V

Sp nh

Chng cat phan oan

San phamgia
(con cognac
62-70%V)

U trong thung
go soi >5 nam

Sp ay

Sp nh

Sp ay bo

Sp ay

Chng cat phan oan

Sp nh bo

Sp gia (Con
Cognac loai 2
62-72%V)

U trong thung go soi

> =3nam

Con Cognac a
u thung go

Con Cognac + Siro

K4[Fe(CN)6]

Pectin, protein

Phoi Che

Dung dch ru nc
Chat mau

Tang tr-Lam
trong

Casein, gelatin, tanin

Lam lanh- loc

__

Cac muoi tactrat

Chiet rot

San
pham

II . CAC QUA TRNH GIA CONG

Nguyen lieu e san xuat ru Cognac la ru vang nho. Do o,nho chn em xe
dap(bang may xe dap hoac bang thu cong ) va tach dch ,dch nho c em len
men san xuat ru vang thanh pham,con ba nho c tan thu em x ly va thu hoi
chat tan,sau o ieu chnh moi trng len men e len men tao vang nguyen lieu
cho qua trnh san xuat ru Cognac.
1. Qua trnh ep - tach dch nho :
a) Nhng bien oi chung :
- Co nhieu cac tach , chiet dch nho tuy thuoc vao mc o nen ep . Neu nen
manh th hp chat Phenol cung nh hp chat khac trong te bao vo va tht nho se
c trch ra vi ham lng rat cao . Nhng hp chat nay co anh hng ln en
thanh phan cua dch nho . Dch nho tr nen ang va chat , o PH cung nh tnh
acid va ham lng nit tang len . Ngoai ra , cac hp chat phenolic con lam am
mau ru vang trang .
- Tuy nhien , ep nhe khong phai luc nao cung tot cho ru . Mc o ep phu
thuoc vao yeu cau cua ru thanh pham . mot so nguyen lieu , ep va phai co
the mang lai trang thai va hng v theo ung yeu cau cua san pham. Ngi che
bien ru phai linh ong trong viec ap dung cac mc o ep khac nhau .
- Cac phan ng Maillard ( lam sam mau dch nho ) phu thuoc vao nhiet o ,
PH va loai ng . o am qua cao hay qua thap eu lam giam cng o phan ng
nay. o am toi u la 15%. Phan ng Maillard xay ra se lam giam lng ng co
trong dch nho.
- Tui hoac mang khi nen ep phai am bao mem mai va ch e lot mot t can
vao dch nho
- Neu ep kiet dch nho th se lam cho lam cho ham lng can cao va kho khan
cho viec x ly .Poster va Cow a s dung thanh cong thiet b loc ly tam giup loai
bo can . Sau khi loai bo chat can th chat lng ru nho se c nang cao.
- Lng dch nho phu thuoc vao loai nho va ieu kien trong nho . oi vi nho
trang , sau khi ep ngi ta thu c lng dch nho khoang 120-170 gals/ton.
b) Qua trnh Oxi hoa kh :
- Nhng chat oxi hoa chnh oi vi dch nho la Caffeol tartaric acid ( caftaric
acid ) , p-courmaroyl tartaric acid va feruloyl tartaric acid . Chung la nhng chat se
tao mau nau cho ru . Acid caftaric rat de b oxi hoa , trong khi hai chat kia
khong de dang thay oi . Cac san pham cua qua trnh oxi hoa la : S-glutathionyl-2,
Caffeoltartaric acid. Khi d Glutathione , cac san pham nay se khong b oxi hoa e
tao thanh o-quinon ma b oxi hoa xa hn e tao thanh 2,5-S-glutathionyl
caffeoltartaric acid .
- Neu dch nho khong co s bao ve cua SO2 e chong lai enzyme poliphenol
th no se b oxi hoa va tao ra cac mau nau do phan ng o-quinone .
2 . Qua trnh len men :

Nhom loai nam men thng c s dung trong qua trnh len men la
Saccharomyces , 2 chung thng s dung la Saccharomyces Cerevisiae va
Sac.Bayanus .
- Sac.Cerevisea :Montrachet , California , Champagn , Epernay II
- Sac.Bayanus : Prise de Mousse , Pasture Champagn
Ngoai ra con co cac chung sau : -Zygosacharomyces Bailii
-Torulaspora Delbrueckii
-Schizosacharomyces Pombe
PH cua qua trnh len men toi u la < 3.5 (PH: 3.25-3.35 ).
Thng ieu chnh PH moi trng bang acid Tartaric .Acid Tartaric c them vao
ket hp vi Kali tao thanh KHTA va H+
H2TA + K+
KHTA + H+
PH nay th qua trnh len men malolactic xay ra t hn am bao chat lng ru
c tot hn .
- Co nhieu phan ng hoa sinh xay ra trong te bao nam men trong qua trnh
len men . Farkas ( 1988) a e ngh rang khoang 10-12% ng b giam e tao
sinh khoi va cac san pham phu ( 4,2% glycerol ; 0,3% sucinic acid ; 0,1% acid
lactic ; 0,1% 2,3butanoldiol va 0,1% acid acetic ).
- e tao thanh SO2 t sulfate bi nammen th phai trai qua 4 giai oan va
oi hoi 2 phan t ATP . Sau o nam men se s dung SO2 e tong hp cac acid
amin nh: cystein, serine , methionine . Thong thng , ieu nay ch xay ra khi
thieu cac amino acid trong dch nho .

- Ru co ham lng amino acid thap se lam tang H2S . ieu nay can thiet
cho s tao thanh serine, methionine . Khi Vitamin trong ru hiem th H2S c
nam men tao ra d va c bai tiet . ieu nay co the tranh c bang cach cho
them vao Ammonia e kch thch s phat trien va sinh tong hp cua nam men .
- Amino acid c tham thau qua mang te bao nam men va c nam men s
dung e tong hp ra protein va cac hp chat khac .Neu thieu acid amin th thc
hien trao oi amin e tao acid amin mong muon :
R1- amino acid + R2 - - cetoacid
R1- -cetoacid + R2-aminoacid
Ru co the c tao ra theo cac chu trnh sau:
R1- -ceto acid
R1-andehyd
R1-alcolhol

- Trong qua trnh nay th nhieu san pham phu c tao ra ( ro bac cao ,
diacetyl , acetoin , 2,3 butylenglycol ) , chung tuy t nhng neu lan vao ru etilic
se anh hng xau en mui v cua ru .
Thuy phan acid amin tao ru , NH3 , CO2 :

* Thanh phan cua vang nguyen lieu :

- Cac ru co trong vang nguyen lieu : etanol , propionic , butanol , iso butanol
- Cacbonyls : Cac hp chat acetaldehyl, acetoin , diacetyl co ham lng nho
.Ngoai ra con co hp chat Hydroxy methyl Fufurol co ham lng < 3 mg/l.
- Esters : etylacetat , n- propylacetat , iso butylacetat , iso amylacetat co rat
nhieu hp chat ester c sinh ra .
- Cac hp chat phenol : Anh hng en mau sac va mui v cua ru vang.Tong
lng phenol trong ru vang trang la 50-1000mg/l va trung bnh 200 mg/l.
- Cac hp chat cha nit : Amino acid , biogenic amines , Anfa aminonitrogen ,
nitrate .
- Cac hp chat vo c : K+,Na+,Mg 2+ , Ca 2+,Br-,Cl-
Fe2+,Cu2+ giup on nh ru .Pb : do b nhiem v cac thiet b cu.
- Cac hp chat hu c : tartrate ,malates , succinates , lactates , citrates
Tartrate va acid tartaric co ham lng khoang 2-8 g/l .

Malates va acid malic co ham lng khoang 5 g/l hoac cao hn oi vi nho c
trong ieu kien kh hau lanh hoac nho cha chn .
Citrate va acid citric co ham lng < 1 g/l.
Succinate co ham lng 1.5-7.5 g/l .
L(+) acid lactic c tao thanh t qua trnh len men malolactic, co khoang 3-6 h/l.
D (-) acid lactic co 0.1-1 g/l.
-Cac hp chat khac :
Cac hp chat protein-phenol , cac hp chat nit khac ,lipid , cac peptic cung nh
cac san pham khac cua nam men.

3 . Chng cat lan 1 :

- Muc ch :thu ru Cognac tho co nong o 26-32%v,loai bo can men va cac
tap chat.
- Ru nguyen lieu c un soi trong 3 gi va gi nhiet o on nh;phan
ru va hi nc se theo ong dan nh noi cat i ra en bo ngng tu,khi o thu
c ru tho goi la brouillis co ham lng ru khoang 26-32%v.
MO HNH THIET B CHNG CAT PHAN OAN

4 . Chng cat lan 2 :

- Muc ch : thu con Cognac co nong o 62-70%v.
- Trong giai oan nay tien hanh chng cat phan oan,ru tho c cho vao
noi cat A va gia nhiet ,hi bay len c dan qua bnh co vt B e vao thiet b
D . ay la san pham gia san pham chnh co nong o ru 62-70%v,tiep tuc
c dan qua thiet b ngng tu F va theo G xuong thung cha H;san pham nh la
cac cau t de bay hi hn ru va mot lng nho ru lan vao (nong o ru rat
be ~1%);san pham ay la cac cau t kho bay hi hn ru va mot lng
ru(~60%) , do o san pham ay c hoan lu ve noi cat.

 mot so ni,ngi ta thu san pham gia(62-70%v) e san xuat loai ru Cognac
hao hang;con san pham nh va san pham ay c tron chung roi em chng cat
phan oan lai e thu loai ru Cognac th hang.
THIET B CHNG CAT

PHAN XNG SAN XUAT RU COGNAC :

5. U(thanh trng):
- ay la giai oan quan trong,anh hng nhieu en chat lng ru Cognac.
- Muc ch :tao mau sac,mui,v ac trng cho tng loai Cognac ; cac chat trong
con Cognac tiep tuc chuyen hoa e hoan thien san pham.

- Ru Cognac mi cat xong phai cho vao thung cha lam bang go soi lay t
rng Limosin hoac Troncais.Cac thung bang go soi nay phai e ngoai tri khoang
4 nam e chat tanine trong go giam bt.

THUNG GO SOI

- Trong nhieu xng san xuat Cognac ngi ta s dung thung mi e cha
loai ru manh va cat xong ; nh o ru manh ma chong lai c chat tanine,
ong thi co the hap thu c mau sac cua go soi cua thung . Sau mot nam th
chuyen en cac thung cu hn e ru ngng hap thu mau sac va v cua go.Cuoi
cung ru c chuyen en cac thung ln rat cu.
- Cognac mau trang nhat,v ru em du co the phat sinh hng v khi c
thanh trng lau nam thung go soi a cu. Thi gian cho ru Cognac thanh trng
dai hay ngan tuy theo chat lng yeu cau cua Cognac san pham, toi thieu khoang
18 thang, toi a th vo ke, co khi lau ti 50-70 nam.
-Trong khi thanh trng trong go soi,ru hap thu oxy qua go,con go hap thu
ru, nh vay ma mau ru bien thanh mau ho phach rat ep,ong thi mang
them hng v thao moc rat am a.Cung co khi cho them ng ma hoac ng
chuoi e am bao o ngot.
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