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A = 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 2
0 0 1 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 3 1 0 1
3 3 0 0 1 3 1
1
L1 L3

0 1 0 1 0 1 0
L1 3L2 +L1
3

0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1

0 0 1 0

1
1
0
3
3
0 1 0

0 0 1

rank(A)=3. V
dimV=7-3=4.
, 4 (d, e, f, g )
:

1
1
1
1

a + d + 3 e + 3 g = 0
a = d 3 e 3 g

b = d f

b + d + f = 0
c + g = 0
c = g

1
1
(a, b, c, d, e, f , g) = ( d e g, d f , g, d, e, f , g)
3
3

7 4
(d, e, f, g).
(d, e, f, g) (1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0),

( & )

(0, 0, 1, 0) (0, 0, 0, 1)
. 1
0 , 4 , ,
, :
(1, 0, 0, 0) -> (-1, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0)
(0, 1, 0, 0) -> (-1/3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
(0, 0, 1, 0) -> (0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0)
(0, 0, 0, 1) -> (-1/3, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1) , :

1=V-1-1 ,
1/3

2=V-1/3h , 3=-1 , 4=V-

Backingham f : f(1, 2, 3, 4)=0.

V, (3)
.
1, 2, 4 ,
, V, (
V-1/3) . .

V 1 1V 1 / 3g 1 E s
E s
1 4
1
(
)
V
= ( 3 )
=

=
V 1 / 3 h
2
gh( 1)

( & )

t . t ()
. l.

.

x
k =
.

t, ,
/ .

,
:
L , , .
:

s
0 1 2
t
[F]=[m ]=[m ] = [m ] = [m 2 ] = M LT
t
t
t

[E]=[F s]=(1) MLT-2L=M1 L2T-2

[]=M0 L0T0
:

(1)

(2)
(3)

F.S
m..S ( 2) ML2T2

[ ] = [ ] = [ ] = [ ] = [
]=
= M0L1T2 . (4)
3
V
V
V
L
E
2 2
E.l
( 2 )( 3)( 4 ) L T L
S
.
t
[] = [ ] = [
]=
= M 0 L1T 3
2
:
. (5)

S.t.
LT
l
:
t l()() .
, , L , :
[t l()()]=T0 M0 L0
T L (L-1 T-2) (L-1 T-2) (L T-3)= T0 M0 L0
-2-2-3 L--+ ++ = T0 M0 L0

2 2 3 = 0

+ = 0
+ + = 0

3 5 .

( & )

1 0 2 2 3
1 0 0 0 1
1 1 + 2 3
2 2 + 3
0 1 1 1 1

A = 0 1 1 1 1

1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 2 = B

0 0 1 1 1
rank()=3
:( )-rank(A) =5-3=2.
, (.. )
.
:

a = 0
=

+ 2 = 0 = 2
+ + = 0 =

(, , , , )=(, -2, --, , ) , (6)

5 5 (, , 0, 0, 0),
2 (,). ( =0 =1) (=1
=0) (6)
(1, -2, -1, 0, 1) (0, 0, -1, 1, 0) .( )
o : 1=tl-2()-1 2=()-1()1 . T
Backingham f f(1, 2)=0.
1=(2). :
tl-2()-1 = (()-1()1 ) =>

l 2
( ) 1 ( )1 .
t=

( & )

29/12/2006

, .
;

,

, .
. ,
(
,
!) .
, ,

. ,
, .

.(!) , !

:
- , .
. . .
' !
.
.
, . '
.
- , , !

29/12/2006

- , , , .

,

.! (!!)

,
,
.
, ,
, , !
, ,

.
, . (
! -
1970 .. !)
,
()
. ,
( )
! ,
. ( , ,
. , , ,
. ,
. , .

;
, .

29/12/2006

. ,
. ,
.

- ,
.

 . 1 - - Landahl
) Landahl

w(n) (56)
(57).
: Directions in mathematical psychology II.AMM
1976,pp153-1
) /
.. (57) ,

(learning curve)
) ,
;
: .
(Fractals)- 2002

Anatol Rapoport
Landahl .
, ,
, ,
.
Landahl
,
c ,
w
.
b

 . 2 - - Landahl

. ,
(c-Ew)
. , n ,
:
(n)=Ec(0)-Ew(0)+bc+w+X
c , w
( : n=c+w), b,
.
:

pw(n)=P[(n)<0]=P[X<Ew(0)-Ec(0)-bc-w]=P[X<Ew(0)Ec(0)-bn+(b-)w]. (1)
n , pw(n)

dw
dw

dn . pw(n)= dn (2).
, (1)
, w(n),
, n.

k k x
(
)
=

f
x
e , k
O Landahl
2
(Laplacian), .
(2)
b> :
c(0)=Ew(0) w(0)=0.
:

 . 3 - - Landahl
pw(n)=P[X<Ew(0)-Ec(0)-bn+(b-)w]=F[Ew(0)-Ec(0)-bn+(b-)w],
F .
:
bn + ( b ) w

pw(n)=

k k x
e dx
,
2

bn+(b-)w<0

b > b > 0
bn > (b ) w bn + (b ) w < 0 ), :
( n > w > 0

pw(n)=
bn+(b )w

k
1
ekxdx =
2
2

bn+(b )w

1
kekxdx = ekbn+(b )kw lim ekx =
x

1
ekbn+(b )kw , > 0
2
pw(n)
/2. f(x)
Landahl, ,
: f(x)>0 , x, >0
+

1
k
f ( x ) = 1 e k x dx = 1 ( ke kx dx + ke kx dx ) =
2
2 0

) (

1
1
1 lim e kx + 1 lim e kx = 2 = 1
x +
x

2
2
1, >0.

 . 4 - - Landahl
/2.
Landahl /2 /2
:

f ( x) =

k k x
e , .
2

1 bkn + ( b ) kw
.
pw(n)= 2 e
:

dw
=
pw(n)=
dn

1
dw 1
= ebkn+(b )kw = ebkne(b )kw 2e(b )kwdw = ebkndn
2
dn 2

2e

dw = e

( b ) kw

bkn

ek (b )w ekbn
=
+c
dn 2
(b )k kb

c
.
:

 . 5 - - Landahl

w(n) = 0 n = w = 0

c=

2
1
2
1
=
+ c c =
+
(b )k kb
(b )k kb

2b + b
b
c =
kb(b )
kb(b )

2ekb(b)w ekbn b+
2ekb(b)w ekbn b+
=

=
+

(b)k kb kb(b) (b)k kb kb(b)

2bekb(b)w =(b)ekbn +b+ ln2bekb(b)w =ln(b)ekbn +b+
ln2b+lnek(b)w =ln(b)ekbn +b+ ln2bk(b)w=ln(b)ekbn +b+
k(b)w=ln2bln(b)ekbn +b+ k(b)w=ln

w=

1
2b
ln
,
k(b) (b)ekbn +b+

w=

1
2b
ln
k(b) (b)ekbn +2b(b)

2b

(b)ekbn +b+

b+ =2b(b) ,

w(n) (56) .

 . 6 - - Landahl
Rapoport =0

dc
pc= dn

pc

dpc
:
dn = bpc(1-pc), b=kb.
c(n).
:

dpc
dpc
dpc
= b' pc(1 pc ) = kbpc(1 pc )
= kbdn
= kbdn
dn
pc(1 pc )
pc(1 pc)
1
1
1
1
+
=

+
dp
kb
dn
dp
pc 1 pc c pc c 1 pc dpc = kbdn
p
p
p
ln pc ln(1 pc) = kbn +a ln c = kbn+a c = ekbn+a c = Aekbn
1 pc
1 pc
1 pc
Aekbn
pc = (1 pc )Ae pc(1+ Ae ) = Ae pc =
1+ Aekbn
kbn

kbn

kbn

dc dc Aekbn
Aekbn
Aekbn
dc =
pc = =
dn dc =
dn
kbn
kbn
kbn
dn dn 1+ Ae
1+ Ae
1+ Ae
1 (1+ Aekbn)'
1
1
kbn
kbn
=

=
+

=
+
dc
dn
dc
Ae
dn
c
n
Ae
[ln(1
)]'
(
)
ln(1
)+B (3)
kb 1+Aekbn
kb
kb

 . 7 - - Landahl

0=

c(0)=0 , :

1
1
ln(1 + A) + B B = ln(1 + A) (3) :
kb
kb

1
1 1 + Aekbn
kbn
c(n) = ( ln(1 + Ae ) ln(1 + A) ) c(n) = ln
1+ A
kb
kb

, pc
,
, ()
, .
:
pc
,

, (),
!

 . 8 - - Landahl

, s
.
, .
1)

 . 9 - - Landahl

,

2) :


.
.
, ( )
,
.
3) :
,

,

4) :
.
,
. ,
,
, .. 100m, ,
500gr .
5)

 . 10 - - Landahl
,
. , ,
120 .
2-3 ,
580
.
6)
0 , ,
,
. ,
( )

,
,
( )

!
, .
,

.

 . 11 - - Landahl

,
.
.. 80
.

, ,
.( 0
!) xn
=

780,

,
.. 88, ,
.
,
() , ()
.
88 ,
80 .

, .
, 45
.

: 10
()

 . 12 - - Landahl
18 ().

.

,
.
:

dx
= x(B x)
dt

x (t ) =

B
1 + ke t

(
, ).

dpc
= b' pc (1 pc )
dn

 . 13 - - Landahl
pc ,
-,
() Landahl
.

,
,
,
.
(learning curve)
.
)
:
(
, ),
. ,

, .
, ,
.
. ,
,
.

 . 14 - - Landahl

, .

.

, .
,
,

..

,
.
,
.
, ,
. , . ,

.
, , = 3,57
.

 . 15 - - Landahl

:
. ,
= 3,57 .
Feigenbaum.
= 4,67, :


,
4,67 .
Feingenbaum . ,
,
. ,
. , ,
Feingenbaum
!

 . 16 - - Landahl

:
1<<=3 . (
)
3<_3,57
.
3,57<<4,0

 . 17 - - Landahl

2009

:
( )
Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) 1954

, ,
,
.
, , , .

.
;

.
, .
, :
,

,
6

, 4 ,
,
8 , ,
.

; ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
.

2009

ii

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