MATHEMATICA

KAI

EAPMOE
IA MAHMATIKOY, YIKOY KAI MHXANIKOY

E-BOOK

ANEITHMIAKE E KOEI K PHTH

I E A
H 2011

 ANEITHMIAKE E KOEI K PHTH

IPYMA TEXNOOIA KAI EPEYNA
H K, T.. 1527, 711 10. T. 2810 391097, Fax: 2810 391085
A: 3, 106 77. T. 210 3849020-22, Fax: 210 3301583
e-mail: info@cup.gr
http://www.cup.gr

EIPA: ANEITHMIAKH BIBIOHKH ETIKN EITHMN / MAHMATIKA

: T

2001
:
:
- :
T
:
:
E:
:

E K
2001
2004
(.E.K.)
, (.E.K.)
(.E.K.)
YXNO
B A

ISBN-10: 960-524-141-2
ISBN-13: 978-960-524-141-4

EPIEXOMENA

xiii

. MATHEMATICA
1.
A 3
: T Mathematica 03
0. : E
Mathematica. 04
1. : N 08
2. O, :
Integrate, Differentiate Sum 13
3. : Plot
ParametricPlot 17
4. A :
Solve DSolve 22
5. A : NSolve, NDSolve,
NIntegrate .. 26
6. P : FindRoot
FindMinimum 30
7. : = := 32
8. A : Simplify
FullSimplify 35
9. : Table
ListPlot. H 36
10. : O
TrigExpand, TrigReduce, Factor, Expand, Series .. 42

EPIEXOMENA

viii

2.
49
1. M Mathematica Mathematica :
49
2. M : T
54
3. X : 61
4. 65

3.
73
1. A .
Mathematica : Do 74
2. : Det[A], Inverse[A],
Eigensystem[A], MatrixPower[A,n], MatrixExp[A] 81
3. T : If Which 85
4. : ImplicitPlot,
ContourPlot, Plot3D ParametricPlot3D 88
5. :
PlotVectorField PlotGradientField 93
6. : 97
7.
Solve. M 107
8. .
Mathematica 118

B. MH PAMMIKA AINOMENA

MATHEMATICA
4. .
A 129
1. : E
130
A. 130
B. Mathematica 131
2. : K

138

EPIEXOMENA

ix

A. 138
B. Mathematica 140

3. Van der Pol:

145
A. 145
B. Mathematica 149

5. . M
157
1. :
158
A. 158
B. Mathematica 160
2. : E
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A. 164
B. Mathematica 173
3. : M
185
A. 185
B. Mathematica 188

6. `` . T
195
. : 195
. Mathematica 198
E : : T
207

. MAHMATIKE MEOOI

MATHEMATICA
7. Fourier.
219
. 219
. Mathematica 223
1. Fourier 224

EPIEXOMENA

2. Fourier 228
3. M FourierTrigSeries:
Fourier 231
4.
234

8. . H
243
. 243
.1. 243
.2. 246
: Mathematica 250
.1. 250
.2. 257

9. . M
271
. 271
. Mathematica 274
1. 274
2. 276
3. Legendre 280
4. Bessel 283

. H MATHEMATICA

A POPAMMATIMOY
10. .
291
291

: 295
1. : Function 295
2. :
Nest, NestList FixedPoint 297
3. Map Apply:
299

EPIEXOMENA

xi

4.
301

: 308
5. : Table Range 308
6. : Length .. 309
7. : Part s[[n]] 309
8. : Flatten 311
9. :
Union Count 312
10. : Sort 314
11. : Random 314
12. : Select 315
13.
Solve. 317
14. : Append 319

11. , , .
325
1. (;) :
CompoundExpression 326
2. : If, Which
Condition(/;) 327
3. 327
4. : , Do, While
For 329
5. :
Module 335

12. M .
339
1. _
339
2. :
Cases 340
3.
: x_Head
x_/;condition 343

xii

EPIEXOMENA

4.
: 347
5. :
350
359
Mathematica 361
Mathematica 365
368
369

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10

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Pi

Infinity

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Out[1]= 0:389418
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Out[2]= 0:405465
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9937510582097494459230781640628620899862803
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Cos =5

p
2 50



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12

1: - -

In[9]:= N[Cos[Pi/5],50]
Out[9]= 0:80901699437494742410229341718281905886015458
990288
In[10]:= N[2^(1/2),50]
Out[10]= 1:4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718
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14

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 2: INTEGRATE, DIFFERENTIATE SUM

15

x (
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P
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In[7]:= Sum[1/n^4, {n, 1, Infinity}]


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Dfx; x; x  Dfx; fx; 2g.

16

1: - -

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 2: INTEGRATE, DIFFERENTIATE SUM

3.

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Mathematica.

Plot[f[x], {x, a, b}]

fx x a b.

In[1]:= Plot[(Sin[x])^2, {x, 0, 4Pi}]

sin x2 .

Out[1]=

Graphics

18

1: - -

Plot
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 3: PLOT PARAMETRICPLOT

19

fx e 10x
0 < x < 1 PlotRange.
In[3]:= Plot[Exp[-10x],{x,0,1}]

Out[3]=

Graphics

In[4]:= Plot[Exp[-10x],{x,0,1},PlotRange -> All]

Out[4]=

Graphics

Out[3], Plot

e 10x ``''
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20

1: - -

Plot [{ f[x], g[x],...}, { x, a, b}, + Epilogw]

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21

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22

1: - -

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23

4: SOLVE DSOLVE

1. x3

3x2

x 3 0.

In[1]:= Solve[x^3 - 3x^2 - x + 3 == 0, x]

Out[1]= ffx !

1g; fx ! 1g; fx ! 3gg

2. y00

4y0 5y 0.

In[2]:= DSolve[y''[x] - 4y'[x] + 5y[x] == 0, y[x], x]

Out[2]= ffyx ! e2x C2Cosx

e2x C1Sinxgg

3. y00 y x
y0 1, y0 0 0.
In[3]:= DSolve[{y''[x] + y[x] == x, y[0] == 1,
y'[0] == 0}, y[x], x]
Out[3]= ffyx ! x Cosx

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24

1: - -

, ..
( )
x_ F x; y;

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x0 a;

y0 b

Mathematica
DSolve[{x'[t]==F[x[t],y[t]], y'[t]==G[x[t],y[t]],
x[0]==a, y[0]==b}, {x[t], y[t]}, t]

x_ y;

y_

x;

x0 1;

y0 0

Mathematica
In[4]:= DSolve[{x'[t] == y[t], y'[t] == -x[t], x[0]==1,
y[0] == 0}, {x[t], y[t]}, t]
Out[4]= ffxt ! Cost; yt !

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25

4: SOLVE DSOLVE

In[5]:= DSolve[{x'[t] == y[t], y'[t] == -x[t], x[0] == a,

y[0] == b}, {x[t],y[t]}, t]
Out[5]= ffxt ! aCost bSint; yt ! bCost

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26

1: - -

2.

, Mathematica,

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5: : NSolve, NDSolve,
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..

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Out[1]= ffx !
fx !

2:76929g; fx ! 0:115354

0:115354 0:589743Ig :

0:589743Ig;

 5: NSOLVE, NDSOLVE, NINTEGRATE ..

27

In[2]:= NIntegrate[Exp[-x^2], {x, 0, 1}]

Out[2]= 0:746824
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28

1: - -

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29

5: NSOLVE, NDSOLVE, NINTEGRATE ..

%,
Out[n], .. y[x]/.Out[n]
y[x]/.%n, (.. sol( solution))
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sol=
= NDSolve[............]

, sol %
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sol Out
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Plot [y[x]/.sol,{x, 0, 2}]
y[a]/.sol
a .
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x f0:; 2:g ,
<> y
. .
.

1.

:
Z 1
Z 
x
ecos x dx
)
ee dx
)
0

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)

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)
2.

sinsin xdx

x4

dx

Z
)

1
X
1
3=2
n
n1

sin x e

x2

dx

cos x
dx:
cosh
x
1

1
X

ne

n1

:
) x5 2x2

4.

:
)

3.

50

) x7

3x6 4x3

7 0:

30

1: - -

) y0 sinxy, y0 1, 0 < x < 10

) y00

5.

y3 ,

y0 1, y0 0 0, 0 < x < 10:

() ( )
. ; ``'' ,
y0 a .
Mathematica

x_ x4

3y;

y_ yx

1;

x0 2;

y0 3

5
0 5
t 5, xt
yt x y
x xt y yt.

6: :
FindRoot

FindMinimum

(' )
( ) fx FindRoot
FindRoot[f[x]==0, {x,x0 }]

x0
Newton: x0 ,
x ``'' fx.
fx
``'' x, x1 , '
.
( fx),
x0 ; x1 ; . . . xn ; . . . '  .
fx ,
, ,
x0 . Plot fx ,
`` '' ,
.



, xn
xn1 xn
fxn =f 0 xn , lim xn x,
n!1
,



xx
fx=f 0 x ) fx 0, x fx.

 6: FINDROOT FINDMINIMUM

31

() cos x x
x cos x

In[1]:= FindRoot[Cos[x]==x,{x,1}]
Out[1]= fx ! 0:739085g

.

fx , , f 0 x ,
, FindRoot.
Mathematica
FindMinimum[f[x],{x,x0 }]

fx
x0 ( ,
FindRoot).
() , , ,
(FindMinimum) fx fx.

2
fx xe x x > 0,
Plot[x*Exp[-x^2],{x,0,3}]
x  0:7. x 1
FindMinimum :
In[2]:= FindMinimum[-x*Exp[-x^2], {x, 1}]
Out[2]= f 0:428882; fx ! 0:707107gg

. ,
( )
. : ,
Mathematica .

1.

,
:

32

1: - -
x

) x; e
) x2 ; e

) x; 3 cos x ()

x > 0
x

) x2 ; sin x x > 0

x > 0

) 2x; cos x ()
2.

) 2x; tan x

x > 0:

:
) xe
3

x2

;
x

) x =e

1<x<1
1;

x>0

x2

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) x

1<x<1
2

1=x 1 ;

1 < x < 1 :

7: : = :=

Mathematica .. Integrate, Plot,
FindRoot .. ,

.
 :

fx
fx :

:
`` '' .. , ,
, (
), .

. ,
, ``''
In[1]:= f[x_] = Sin[x]*Exp[-x^2]*(1 + x^2)^(1/2)
p
2
Out[1]= e x 1 x2 Sinx

, .., x
x 3. ,
.

 7: : = :=

33

2 p
fx sin x e x 1 x2 , ,
fx.
, .

x x

, ,
.
, ``''

. '
,
..

,

Clear[f]

, , f : f . . . . Mathematica

.
?f ( : f;)

,
In[2]:= ?f

Global f
nnnn

f[x_]= e

x2

p
1 x2 Sinx

`` '' f
In[3]:= Clear[f]

f;
Mathematica Global f,
f f
Mathematica. ( `` ''
nnn

34

1: - -

'

Remove[f].)

. . .
.

1.

( = :=)
:
sin x
) fx p
1 x2


sin x
) fx D p ; fx; 5g
1 x2
) fx; N

N
X
k0

2.

1
sin 2k 1x .
2k 1

f[a_]:=NIntegrate [Exp[-x]*Sin [a*x]^2, {x, 0, Infinity}]

0 < a < 2.
3.

``''

p[n_]:=Plot[Tanh[n*x], { x, -3, 3}]

, n 1; 2 3;
`` '' ;
.
4.

fx Mathematica
f[x_]=Sin[x]*Exp[-x]

, f0 x Shift+Enter;
f00 x, f000 x ..
;

 7: : = :=

35

8: :
Simplify

FullSimplify

Simplify ,
,
Mathematica ..,
, ,
.
In[1]:= D[x^x, {x, 5}]

Out[1]
.
In[2]:= Simplify[%]

% , ,

Out[2]= x

4x

6 5x2 10x3 x4 5x2

x 6x2 x3 Logx

10x2 1 3x x2 Logx2 10x3 1 xLogx3

5x4 Logx4 x4 Logx5

.
FullSimplify
,
.
Simplify FullSimplify

,
:
In[3]:= Integrate[(x^3)*Sin[n*x], {x,0,Pi}]
Out[3]=

 6 n2 2 Cosn 3 2 n2 2 Sinn

n3
n4

In[4]:= Simplify[%3, Element[n,Integers]]

Out[4]=

1n  6 n2 2
n3

36

1: - -

Element[n,Integers] ( n
) Simplify
, n 2 Integers, '
2

``''
``''
( 2.3).
(n 2 Integers) Simplify
x 2 Rationals, x 2 Primes, x > 0, x < 0, x 2 Reals, x y
..,
.

1.

) D[x^3*Sin[x^2], {x,5}]
) D[Exp[-x^2]*Cos[x], {x, 6}]
Simplify
.

2.

) Integrate[x^4*Sin[n*x], {x, 0, Pi}]
) Integrate[x^6*Cos[n*x], {x, 0, Pi}]
n .

9: : Table

ListPlot.

(.. ) n.
Table
Table[f[n],{n,1,N}]

ff1; f2; . . . ; fNg

 9: TABLE LISTPLOT

37

() fn
n. ListPlot ( )
:
ListPlot[Table[f[n],{n,1,N}]]

fn n.
:
In[1]:= Table[n!, {n, 1, 10}]
Out[1]= f1; 2; 6; 24; 120; 720; 5040; 40320; 362880; 3628800g

In[2]:= ListPlot[Table[n^2, {n, 1, 20}]]

, Out[2],

Out[2]=

Graphics

, ListPlot '
y1 ; . . . yn
x 1; 2; . . . ; n; . . ..

ListPlot[{y1 , y2 , . . .}]
}]

Table.

, Table

38

1: - -

Table[f[n], {n,nmin ,nmax ,dn}]

fn nmin nmax
dn. dn
Table[f[n], {n,nmin ,nmax }]

.
:
In[3]:= Table[n^3, {n,1,10,3}]
Out[3]= f1; 64; 343; 1000g
In[4]:= Table[n^3, {n,4,8}]
Out[4]= f64; 125; 216; 343; 512g

n3
4 8 ListPlot[%] ,
, ListPlot[{64,125,216,343,512}] ,
, ListPlot
Out[4] ' ,
. , , n
.
n 1, n 2, n 3 ...
,
fn fnmin ; nmax g,
ListPlot
fn n .
fn; fng n
. , , Mathematica
ListPlot
Table .
ListPlot[{{x1 ,y1 }, {x2 , y2 }, ..., {xn , yn }}]

``'' xi ; yi , i 1; . . . ; n,
Table[{f[n],g[n]}, {n, nmin , nmax }]

ffn; gng n.
fn
fnmin ; nmax g

 9: TABLE LISTPLOT

39

ListPlot[Table[{n,f[n]}, {n, nmin , nmax }]]

.
Table
fx; n
. ,
,
Plot[Table[f[x, n], {n, 1, N}], {x, a, b}]

f1 x  fx; 1 . . . fN x  fx; N.
: Table 
Plot Table fxi ; n; fn; 1; Ng
xi a; b
. Table ,
ffx; 1; . . . fx; Ng
`` '' . '
Table Evaluate :
.
:
In[5]:= Plot[Evaluate[Table[Tanh[n*x],
Plot[Evaluate[Table[Tanh[n*x], {n, 1, 5}]],
{x, -2, 2}]

Out[5]=

Graphics

40

1: - -

In[5]
Plot[{Tanh[x], Tanh[2x], Tanh[3x], k:lp:},{x, -2, 2}]

Evaluate Table.

,
.
, , (List)
Mathematica.

``'' .. fa; b; c; . . .g
. , .., a; b; c; . . . , Sin fa; b; c; . . .g
a; b; c; . . . ( ),
x, Integrate [{a[x], b[x], c[x],
...}, {x, xmin , xmax }] D[{a[x],b[x],c[x],...}, {x,k}]
ax,
bx, cx .. Table
[f[x,n], {n,1,N}] ffx; 1; fx; 2; . . . ; fx; Ng
, ,
Integrate [Table[f[x,n], {n,1,100}], {x,xmin ,xmax }]

``''
fn x !
,
.. . , ,
A={{a,b},{c,d}}

 
a b
2  2 A

c d
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.

, ,
x ! a, x ! b ..
Solve. Out[1]
4 (. 23)
{{ x ! -1}, { x ! 1}, { x ! 3}}

, .
-

 9: TABLE LISTPLOT

41

( ) fx ,
, /.
:
In[6]:= f[x]/.{x -> a}
Out[6]= fa
In[7]:= f[x]/.x -> a
Out[7]= fa
In[8]:= f[x]/.{{x -> a}, {x -> b}}
Out[8]= ffa; fbg

'
.
, y[x]/.% y[x]/.sol
DSolve NDSolve
. % sol
Out
{y[x] -> f[x]}, f[x]
y[x]/.sol  y[x]/.{y[x] -> f[x]}

y[x]
.
:
y[x]/.sol y[x]/.% sol %
Out,
, , . '
3.7.

1.

Mathematica
) .
) fx xe x
0 < x < 4
x 0:1.


Out
( 3.7),
.

42

1: - -

2.

fn n3 n 4 n 8.

3.

4.
5.
6.

) fn x exp nx;

n 1; . . . ; 5;

4<x<4

) fn x sin nx;

n 0; . . . ; 3;

1 < x < 1.

1().
R1
4
0 xn e x dx n 1
10.
Mathematica , ,

. ,
  .
Mathematica ,

, A ffa; bg; fc; dgg 2  2


A ac db .

Mathematica
.
, s f2; 5; 9g
: ) Sin s, ) s2 , ) Log s.
fx fExp x; x  Exp xg Integrate [f[x],{x,0,Infinity}];

10: :

TrigExpand, TrigReduce, Factor,

Expand, Series ..

, ,
, .
``'' .. Mathematica,
Integrate[f[x], x]
. ( ) Mathematica
.
``'' ..
Mathematica
.

 10:

43

TrigExpand TrigReduce,
:
In[1]:= TrigExpand[Sin[x+y]]
Out[1]= CosySinx CosxSiny
In[2]:= TrigExpand[Cos[2x]]
Out[2]= Cosx2

Sinx2

In[3]:= TrigReduce[Cos[x]^2]
Out[3]=

1
1 Cos2x
2

In[4]:= TrigReduce[Sin[x]^3]
Out[4]=

1
3Sinx
4

Sin3x

In[5]:= TrigReduce[Cos[x]*Cos[y]]
Out[5]=

1
Cosx
2

y Cosx y

TrigExpand ( x y)

, TrigReduce :

.
:
In[6]:= TrigExpand[Tan[3x]]
Out[6]=

3Cosx2 Sinx
Cosx3

3CosxSinx2

Sinx3
Cosx3

In[7]:= TrigReduce[%]
Out[7]= Tan3x
In[8]:= TrigReduce[Cos[x]^5]
Out[8]=

1
10Cosx 5Cos3x Cos5x
16

In[9]:= TrigExpand[%]//Simplify
Out[9]= Cosx5

3CosxSinx2

44

1: - -

Simplify
 (
In[7]) TrigReduce TrigExpand
.

( )
Expand Factor
:
In[10]:= Expand[(x+y)^5]
Out[10]= x5 5x4 y 10x3 y2 10x2 y3 5xy4 y5
In[11]:= Factor[%]
Out[11]= x y5
In[12]:= Factor[x^6-1]
Out[12]= 1 x1 x1

x x2 1 x x2

In[13]:= Expand[%]
Out[13]=

1 x6

Together
Apart
( ) Apart

: ,
.
:
In[14]:= Apart[(1+x^4)/(x+1)^3]
Out[14]=

3x

1 x3

1 x2

6
1x

In[15]:= Together[%]
Out[15]=

1 x4
1 x3


( 3.2),

[]  //
(In[9])
TrigExpand[%]//Simplify Simplify[TrigExpand[%]].

45

10:

fx Taylor, x0 ,
x x0 n . , Mathematica
'
Series[f[x], { x,x0 ,n}]

:
In[16]:= Series[Sin[x], {x,0,10}]
Out[16]= x

x3
x5

6
120

x7
x9

0x11
5040 362880

In[17]:= Series[Sin[x],{x,Pi/2,6}]
1
 2 1 
 4
1 

x
x
x
Out[17]= 1
2
2
24
2
720

h
 6
0 x
2

 i7
2

In[18]:= Series[Exp[Sin[x]],{x,0,8}]
Out[18]= 1 x

x2
2

x4
8

x5
15

x6
x7 31x8

0x9
240 90 5760

,
Limit[f[x], x -> x0 ]

Mathematica
,
L'Hospital
. :
In[19]:= Limit[Sin[a*x]/x, x -> 0]
Out[19]= a
In[20]:= Limit[(x^4-16)/(x-2), x -> 2]
Out[20]= 32

Mathematica
``''
' ,
. ( 9)
(Bessel, Legendre,
..) Mathematica,

46

1: - -

'
.
,
, Mathematica
, . , ,
. Mathematica
, , .
``'' ,
,

.

1.

`` '' TrigExpand
TrigReduce ,
``'' :
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)
)
)

2.

sinh 2x
cosh3 x
sinh x cosh x
sinh 3x

cosh 5x
cosh x y
tanh x y
tanh4 x.

x,
x:
) cos4 x
) sin4 x
) tan3 x

3.

)
)
)
)

) sin x cos x
) sin x cos3 x
) cos x tan3 x.

x
x:
) sin 6x
) cos 4x

) tan 5x
) tan 6x.

() () Out


`` '' . ;
4.

`` '' .

 10:

5.

47

:
) x8

) x5 x4 x3 x2 x 1

) x3

3x2

x3

) x4

'
. ();
6.

Mathematica
:
) x3 =x3
) 1=x

) x6 1=x6

) x =x

'
.
7.

:
) x ln x;

x!0

sin x
; x!0
ex 1

) x ln x;

x!1

sin x
; x!
sin 2x

)
8.

cos x
; x!0
x2

) e x cosh x; x ! 1.

, , `` ''
Mathematica :
TrigToExp [expr]: .
ExpToTrig [expr]: .

) eix e

) sin x cos2 x

) sin3 x cos 2x

) e2ix 1

ix

22

) tan x

) cosx 1

.
9.

; , :
) ex 2e

) sinh2 xcosh x

) cosh3 x
) tanh2 x

48

1: - -

10. ``''
fz z x iy
fz ux; y ivx; y,
. Mathematica

ComplexExpand[f[x+iy]]

(1)

x y .

ComplexExpand[f[z],{z}]

(2)

z ,
f
Re z Im z. (1) (2)
:
In[1]:= ComplexExpand[Sin[x+I*y]]
Out[1]= Cosh[y]Sin[x]+iCos[x]Sinh[y]
In[2]:= ComplexExpand[Sin[z],{z}]
Out[2]= Cosh[Im[z]]Sin[Re[z]]+iCos[Re[z]]Sinh[Im[z]]

(1) (2)
(1)
z:
)
)
)
)
)

z2
z3
ez
cos z
sinh z

) tan z
) tanh z
) ln z
) z tanh z
) cosh z2 .

11. ``''
?Apart, ?Together, ?Expand, ?Factor

Shift+Enter
?.

??

Plot
. ? ??;
1 .

2d.

..........

-- - -- ... .... .

.




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1: Mathematica Mathematica:

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Mathematica.