Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Almond Verba 1963 Civic Culture CAP 1

    Uploaded by

    Gustavo Medina
    10 views24 pages
    Almond Verba (196)3 Civic Culture Cap. 1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Almond Verba (196)3 Civic Culture Cap. 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    10 views24 pages

    Almond Verba 1963 Civic Culture CAP 1

    Uploaded by

    Gustavo Medina
    Almond Verba (196)3 Civic Culture Cap. 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 24
    As GARR A, ALMOND ¥ SDNET UERBA, The cic outture, Pou Rcel ettitodes cud clawccrocy ik Rue uctous , (Newbury chapter x Pare Sepa, BA CEEA]). Cop 4 Profiles of Nations and Groups oor Notional atoms Other demographic pts Chapter Xin os ete ‘An Approach to Political Culture : tlture and Democratic Stability 337 Paver en exons, Norm, peep and activity. ‘The management of eat a Index, 375 -mocracy in the West; and we still cannot be certain that 2 4m Approach to Political Cultre desis what conten thi merging word clare wil hae ‘We already havea paral ane to tis question and could ave pete tom out Knowledge of he roe fear {ual iflsion Physi goods an hit mode of predation Seem to present che lent dif ty dfn, Hs apparent that thee aspecs of Wentern cle ae diuing "apy, Along withthe technology upon which they depend. Since feanomie modernisation tnd gaanal unison requ a tinge social overendInvettnent in transportation, commun Caton, and edvation, an snce thee tn cl fos tation, equation, and admnieraton, the mole of tational bu Fesucacy tho dif slave ely. The lea ofa een, brrenueracy ht machin comton withthe ie of ton technology. Luclan Pye eles to modern socal opaon ab ting bated onan organisational tecinolgy It ha a en enh ining an coy + mst of atonal ft authority. Engiecing i the appction of raonali fe authori wo mater things modern socal onion thee aplion to human beings an soil roupe. Though thenon: Western world nae rom having secellyGeveoped san Indostiattechnoogy ad. an efieat burenvtay, che Gan be litle queton that Ie wane thes nattone and has tome underanding of them ‘What problematical about eh content ofthe emerging word eure sits pall character Although the move tment toward tcctnology abd rationality of ganization ap. pears with grat ullornity thoughout the worl the de tion of pole ehage isle cet tome prt of thie ‘ey wot pole eltne Is daceribe. it wl be a po. ie ate of pation tre palit ee tion ging on throughout the word Ici wat might be tale the parcipationexploon. In all the ew atom of the wold the bal tha the ondary mani polity ree vant tat he ought to e an inti partcpant in the po lea gstem™—is wdesprend. Lage groupe sf people who {Ra at he Sy of Man A ein, No a, 86, [Memorandum on the Cone of Moderna Nove 801. An Approach to Polieal Culture 5 tuave been outside of polit ae demanding entrance ito the ‘ist stem. And te pols elite evar who do 200 rote commint to chi goa , “Thug ths coming word pial culture appears to be dominated by the paripaan esplsion, what the mode of patcpation wil be once. The emerging ations fre preented with two diferent modes of the modern pat fptorysatethe demecratic andthe ftaiarae, The ‘kant ter the ornary man se opportunity {Ste pur inthe poll decalonaking prec aya” a i ent entran ofr ine ae fhe “ae {Eapant mbjesu"® Both modes have pea! tothe rew a thoes znd whieh wil win ot —if indeed some amalgam of {etwodacenotemergs cannot before. he demeratic model ofthe partlpatory at wo de velop in thse new nations wl equte more than the {a isto of dency anneal fog the pe et pry, the eectve lyieare ‘These in fac ae 20 fart ofthe atarnn arpa pater, Ina fra if Tee nctnal ame emt ot of arian tm Hal sem ries ab wel pola cate consent with Bue the afr ofthe pital eltre of the West {in democratic ater to the eegingnatons encounters se fon aieaien There ve two principal resons. The fst of {hor concerns the mauve of she democrat catoe Hell {The gen Hens of democracy te freedoms a digits of the indvion, the principe of government by consent of She governed -—ate elevating ad tpi They capture the imeplnstions of many ofthe lenders of te new sats and of the modernng elder ons Bu the working pines of che doce polity anf ic cltere—the ways in which fatal ees make decions chr nore aod sods, as al ob norm ad tuts of te ordiney en i Teton to government end to hs Slow etiens—are sl Ter coltural componente "They have the mote dif prope sored to the Sumner ne on Pott Care pont by the Erte Gnp i sis ene Rets Co 4 An Approac to Political Culture ties of baie aytems of of codes of personal relations, whic the anthropologist tell wx sprend only with ext eae, ‘ndergoing ean change inthe proces "Actually, Westen social science Has only begun to codily the operating characters of the democatie polly ‘set "The doctine and practice of rational bureaucracy 28 an Ine fteumeot of the demecratic polit powers are lew than 2 fenury old. Doubts about the pasty of @ neutal be Fenueracy were expresed in England ae recently a4 the 1880s, tnd on the European continent such doubt Is Widespread to fay, The compen inraatucture of the denowstie pllty— politcal parte interes groups, and the meds of comm {tions —and the understanding of chei ier workings, op ‘ating norms, and soci prycholopealpreendions are only tow being relied in the Wert. Thu the image ofthe deat fcratie polity that is conveyed to the elites of the new mi tions obscure and incomplete avd heavily sees ideology land legal nota, What mut be lerned rbot democracy is 2 miter of ateide and feling, an thie ander o Lear, “The second. principal reson why the difewon of democ racy encounter diol among the new nations concerts the objective problems confronting these nations. They are entering history with archaic technologies and social stems, Sawn toward the gleam and power of the technological and ‘cient revolutions. Ie ent ifeat to see why they should be daw toward a teshnoeate image of the poi» pality in which authoritarian bureaucracy predominates and polite fovgenitation becomes device for human and social engineer ie Tn almest every instance, however, though in dering mene tre, the lender ofthe modernising nations appreciate the dix tortone and the risks in adopting an authoritarian form of polity, Though they cnt fully undertand the subtle ba cet of the democrat polity andthe auances of the civic tulle, they tend to teknowledge thle legitimacy a the ov pression of tn mpulte toward the humane polity. In chare- terzng thee situation, we have left out 2 eignficant element. For though iti rue that they are fascinated by scence and technology and are drawn to an impatient technocratic polity An Approach to Political Culture 5 sa means of attaiaing the new things of sis world, they te tho the creatures of their own tadiional cultures and Troutd prefer to dea gently with thee caltares i this choke vere avllable 1s as an aruwer to this ambivalence thatthe civic calture reaxmmends ie. For the civic eature not & modern os ture, but one that combines modernity with tradition, Briain ‘fers an example of how such a citare can develop, The de ‘opment of the civic ealtare in Britain may be understood the product of a series of encounters between moder tion and traditionalism — encounters sharp enough to effec, sSgnifcane change but nots sharp oso concentrated in toe de to create disintegration or polation. Party because of her isla secur, Britain came inc the era of national on fiaion and of abtouti ble to tolerate greater measure ‘lair, local, and corporate autonomy than could ow Cinental Europe, A fat sep toward secularization wae the Separation fromm the Chareh of Rome and the beginnings of toleration of religious diversity, A second step was the emer ence of a thriving and seltconSdent merchane dass and the Involvement of court and aritocracy Inthe risks and eae lavons of ade and commerce Tndependent arsocats with secure Jcal power in the cxntepide, courageous nonconformist, ich and selfconh ‘dent merchants these were the forts that ansformed the ttadion of the feudal etter ito the paiamentary trad tion and enabled Bitsin to paw through the era of abso Fs without destroying her pram. Belain thus entered the industial revolution with a politcal clture amang its lies which mae it posible w sinilate the grss and eapid ‘Shanges in social stractre inthe eighteenth sd nineteenth entries without sharp dicontnutien The arsrratc ‘Whigs found it posible to enter 2 coalition with oncom formist merchant and industrial, co exis securely the principles of parinmentary supremacy. and representation "Fhe tadtional ariaocratie and monarchle Fores asiiated enough of this civic eultre to compare withthe secularist 6 ‘An Approach o Political Cultre tendencies for popular support and, indeed, wo mitigate hee fatioaligm and impart to them a love and respect for the ‘Serene ofthe matin als ancient inatatons ‘What emerged wor third cultre, nether traisionsl nor ‘moriern but porting of both; praise culture based on ‘communication and persuasion, a culture of consenss and diversi, a culture that permitted change but moderate it “This wat the cv culture: With this civ culture already om toliated, the working clases could enter into poles and, in 2 proces of tial and error, find the language in which to folich their demands and the means to make them efectiv At was inthis calture of diversity and consensual, ration lism snd taionalism, that the sructute of British democ trey could develop: pariamentariam and repecentation, the fsgregative polideal party and the reponable and neutial Turenucray,the asottional ad bargining interest groups, and the autonomous and nevtral metla of communication “English patlamentarim incldd the ational and modern forces the party sytem aggregated and combined thems the Tueaucracy became responsible to the new politial fore and the poitial parte, intrest groups and neutral sada of fonmaniationseshed coninuowsiy with he de tere sping a chemi and with pir omen We have concentrated on Brith experience eee the wile story ofthe emergence ofthe eve culture tld in Trinh helry, where developments in the United Sate An the counts ofthe "OM Cammonweaih” began ater ome ofthe majr ates tad been wom. Actally Inthe tour of the nineteenth entry the deveopment af the de tere elle and inearutre sas eve rapid and mere request inthe United Stern in Bria, sae the Unite Sat vara new and rapidly expanding lt and {eit urtpeded by tadonalimttons Though the Base patcns esi, the cv clues of Brin ana he United utr hive somewhat diferent content rele “these differences in national histories and social structures. “s ‘On the European continent the reed ® more mixeh An Approach to Political Culture 7 “hough thle pate erin many rapes trom tose of halen bari the Scandinavian counts, Low Co ties and Svitacrland appes to fave sored out the 8 ‘enton opi cate and pracze of acommodaton Sid conprome, In Trance, Gersany, and aly the encou {th beeweor madesniing tendencies ad the taonal pow ‘Stee to hve been too manive abd (00 wnexmpromsing to perm the omgence o's shred ctr of poll ae Soakmodation. The eve cle ie pent the orm of fon, andthe democrat nfemuctre I il far fom Fring arin. “The eve ela andthe open poly, then, repretnt she peat nt peablemai gilts ofthe West The tecnology and src fe Wen have nov aedypasel ut of er nique foossion and everywhere ave dstoying snd antrsing Frattona ots tears Can the pen polity and she CBicealtwre ima’ dcney of «humane al oneal Sry to bande toca chonge and patepation spread at war “As we consider the origin ofthe open polity and ee ce caltre indeed we elder the est nthe West ere {her emergence lin dob weap fal tin to one rth of tw moods The tone of myer or ave over {proces whereby ain om ony a oma pr ofthe ents Serace mudd tard s mae and reasoned ang of Mtence and groped tower taalrmation Sato a om Irscve fst aval to al intrest As myer. it toomes aunque cura erage unnalbie ofrelgnrs “The second nod one of pestis, which seems to have replace the mood of democrat optiminm that evsted be {eke World War L ow cam seco srangements and 2 tude agi, 0 fits, and so wae be tansplaned tof hsoreal and ultra contest! Or, how cam these Stbuaie and thee humane eiqaetes survive even among Suvie ina word aught nthe gp of sence ad ted Slog) Tan wily desacie of tain and of emmvnity Int esi a i al TNE one Zan prove defitve amet to tee queions sivas voc eent we can pot the quslons in wah way | Ep 8 An Approach to Political Culture 25 to get useful answers. Though we may share the mood of ‘wonder and awe at the inwiacy of the democratic mecha nisms and the unigue hisrieal experience out of which the) ‘emerged, we are conlronted with contemporary histories challenge for which mood by iwelf hr ant inadequnte tee sponse If weare wo come closer to undeqtanding the problems ‘ofthe difsion of democratic culture, we have co beable to ‘specify the content of what has tobe dls, to develop 4p. propriate measures for i, 10 discover it quantitative ine ence and demographic distribution in. counties with ‘wide range of experience with democracy. With such know cog we can speculate intelligently about “how much of hat" must be present in'= county before democrat Ins {ution take root congruent seltndes and expectations forts to deal with this problem have wsualy Been based fon impressione and inferences from history, on inferences, Thom democratic kleology, on certain inde’ of scotogieal analysis or on psjehologea! insights Thus in our efforts to ‘timate the prospects of democracy in countries sch as Ger ‘many and Illy oF Inthe developing area of the non-Western ‘wold, we frequently ery to dt “lestons” ftom Brith and American history. Ie has been anguct, for example, tha the Tong continuity of British and Arweriean polities! experience and the gradual process of change have both contributed ta ‘ffecive democratiation. Similarly, the growth ofa vigorous nl numerous midale clas, the development of Protexantsm, ‘nd in particular the nonconformist ect, have been consi ‘red vial tothe development of sable democrat Iatiatons in Britain, the O14 Commonwealth, and the United Sate There have been efforts to derive from thee experiences some vandards as (o what attudes and behavior ue be present In other counties if they are to beam democrat ‘ven more common than drawing inferences Sogn ory has been our tendeney to derive criteria ‘of what bas to be Alfsed fom the institutional and ideological norms of de ‘moctayitselt. eis argued tha a democratic system i based fon the shang of iftence among the adult population au a ‘hole, then, if the stem ie not to be subverted the ind vidual most we his power Intligently for the good of the An Approach to Political Culture ° poly, Theor of democracy from Aritotle to Bryer have ent that democracies ace ulna’ by active citaen par tipation in ci alain bya high level of lnormation abot publica, and bya wideypend see of ce respon Arye din elu wars democratc einen soght t0 Ie Uke it heist behave scconting tothe requirements of thesptem Sills tid ype of iaveiation of dhe conditions favoring the development of sable democracy ae wudier of the ceo fimo rod social condone smocate with demectale se tems. Both Lipet and Coleman find song correlation be tween indies of mederistion and democratiaion® ‘The ‘mun problem presented by theese thatthe ealturat nl ppcelogeal coneoytenes of “moder tchnslogis dnd pens ae let to ineenc. We Know that democracies, in compari to other potieal neem, tend to ave more Iter and edeted people, that thle per capita income tnd weit are higher, Sn hat they enjoy In greser prop. tine the amenities of modern ciation. But this type af trays not only amit the pycoloiea! bse of democrat tin, ao cannot explain the sigoeane vlan ces Tht {Germany and France, which rn high onthe indi of mod: ernrntin, are clanled by Lipa ss snsable democacles Gabe and’ Venere, both of which rank high In economic development in Lata Ametien, have lon hitris of dictator Ship and inability, This Kind of dy sggeave aby. pots but dies not tell ue rely what Kind of cher af eid anole with demo. “Azother typeof approach tothe caltre sod prychology of denecray i bated on the insights of paehouniys Harold nel at gone fare in spelying the personality ch acters ofthe "democrat" * In hi lit of Gemacrate char. eter ques Facade (1) am “open ego by hich he tenn warm and Inclusive stitede foward other hams Be “Somovt Mp, Pala Mas, Neo Ys, 160, yp. ‘‘himand and fm Calman ole o he Boing Pricm Mp. {The Pla Wingy of HoraléD. Laue, leon, US, wp 05 Lael Power an Peasy, Now Yo, M6 pp HH 4) o An Approach to Polite Culture ings, @) a capacity for sharing values with others, () a sultvaled rather than a xnglewald orenttions (4) Watt fand confidence in the human envionient, and.) relative feeedom from anxiey. Though the relationship between thee characteris and democratic behavior seme to be cle, Lasiwells democratic qualities are not speifcally foie! tudes and felngs, and they may actally be encountered in grea trequeney in societies that are not democrat In Our study grows out ofthis body of theory about the char- Acternics and preconditions of the culture of democney, What we fave done amounts to seis of experiments tended to test some of thew hypohees. Rather then inferring the properties of democratic ultore from polieal instie tions or social conditions, we have aempted to specity is content by examining attades in a number of operating democratic systems. And eather than deriving. the sacak prychological precondition of desnoracy from paychologlea theory, we have tought co determine whether and to what ox tent thee tlatons actually exist In functioning democratic systems We donot argue that our study will st f spec tion and provide the preie snd tested propsitins of com plete theory of democracy, but, rather that some of thee Propositions will survive the test of empiical quantitate ‘alysis and some will no. This stage of experiment should focus and direct inguiey by providing some answers to eld ‘question and suggetng tome new questions, In sill another respect we hope to contribute to the de velopment of « scentife theory of democracy. By fat the ieatet amount of empirical reearch on democrat attitudes hasbeen done in the United Sats In out stay we have in sluded, in addon to our own country, Britain, Germany, tly, and Mexico. Why we selected these particule Gountis is discuned below. Our fvecountry sty offers ut the oppor ‘unity co exape fom this Americ pateclatiom and to dis mer whether oF not eatons found i the Ameren date are lho encountered in democratic countries whore historisl ex perience and pellcl and roi structures ifr frm one mothe, An Approach to Poliical Culture " "cur comparison ofthe pital care of ve conten pomry demecracey we employ + number of concepts and Etsifation which i wil be wet to speiy and define We speak of te politeal care” of nation rather than the “avonal character" of "al personality” and of “po Ital siltation ater sh of eld development orci fearing in genera tern, nok bocse we Felt the pscho> logeat sed sntvopologial theories tht reat pleat at tle to eter components of pertonality, or becase we reject those tes which sre the relaonship Between hd de Velopmnent in general termes the icin of the eld Inet satle oliel roles and aide, nae hs ay tould not have been made without the pron work of those Iria, cps arog sol sycologisy and payne hive bes concerned ett Iie eltonhips bomen the peyislogial. rad pital hres a ann pic hy Be ery lence bythe “ealtoeprsnaliy” or “pyeboet frat appro to he atly of piel phenomena. This fppront has developed # sacl teoretal and moe plc Kieran the ps wen five yore atin a eet, Pato tr Se YB, lee ine “iy ad Seca Sym im Cure indy), Honea of St cy combs oY bot Rap 3h tt ced oof ey oy ty 1, tin Newt nel) Basel Pychoptolg {orgy pcan teil yao is Pct rpg, Homes A eo 8 An Approach to Polial Culture ‘We employ the term “pital culate” for two reatons it fear to asceain the elaonhips Between poll fd nonpoltal ntiades and developmental pattern we veto spurte the former om the Iter ever though the Boundary between hen i nt a harp a our terminology Mult soggese ‘The crm “poles tre hus ees co te Tperifaly polities! ontenttions—aulttes toward dhe po: | Shia system and fis vious parc, and studs toward the fete of fhe sl inthe sem, We sen ofa plitea alae Jun eeanspak of m econo clare or elgos cok deeticne et ofoienaiom svard spel st of sje amd proce owe tho chon poll cee ver dan ome cher spel concep eee enables os le the com seeiPmewonts and approaches of anropology, sx Seer pncolgy Or thinking evicted hen we Bono tol ample ch eateries fsthropalogy aed py “er and polled cature Lacan W. Pye Polit, Peron, and i DeRlng tave, ae wh Bat dees + poe ery eect ett tlds an pil thst stay of Dane ‘iene ven, tt Besta Seer, Ferd St) 4) ep en acs 1; Hamre len a Keep Your Pome Dry, a, and Darl Remon, The Loney Coos, New Hoven, inherent ‘Tord utr, Ne Yt, Dhoom, The Det 6) Yon nor Pet ee Ot ie of Foi Pronh Culture Sano, 1, and Lawrence Wye, Pilge tn The An Approach to Politics! Cultare a ology a6 saclallation, culture confit, and acculturation, Similarly, our capacky to undertand vhe emergence and teatsfornation of plideal stems grows when we draw upon the body of theory and speelaton concerned with the gen ‘eral phenomena of socal strace snd proces, ‘We appreciate the fact that anibropologits wse che term culture ina arity of ways and that by broging ie ino the concept vocabulary of pliteal scence we are in danger of Inporting ks ambigutes as well a Is odvanages Here we can only ste that we employ the concept bt alte in only te of ts many meaning tat of pychologicl orientation ‘owerd socal ebjeets. When we speak of the politial culture ofa society, we refer tothe polite! system at internalized in the cognitions, feelings, and evaluation of is population. People are inducted into it jst a8 they sre soctaied inno nonpoliia role and social stems. Cones of poll cul {ares ave much in common with other cltare confess, and political aecultrative proceses ae more vndersandable it ‘we vlew chem In ce light of the restanees and the {sional td ncorporative tendencies of clteal change in genera "Thus the concept of politcal cultre helpe ur to exape foom the diflenen of sich general anthropological terme a caltual ethos and from the semption of homogeneity that {he concept implies. Ie enables wr to formulate hypotheses tout relationships among the diferent components of cul ture and to test these hypohesesemprialy. With the co ep of poltical socialisation we can go beyond the mither ‘Smple aswmptions of che peychoculral eco! regarding te lhuonships between general child development pater and ‘ult poll atade. We can relate specie adult politcal tudes and behavioral propensities to the manifest and la ‘ent poital sealationexperencts of eiichood "The politealcultre of a nation isthe particular dria: tion of patterns of erienttion toward polit objec among, the membeys of the nation. Before we ean arrive at each de tebations, we need to have some way of sytematialy tap ing invidual orientations toward politial object. In other ‘words, we need to define and specify modes of politcal orien: tation and dates of poideal objec, Our definition and 4 An Approach to Paltcal Culture 9 clasifeation of types of political orientation follow Pasons tnd Shs at has ben suggested eiewhete "Orientation" te fers to the iteralined apes of cbjete and veationships. 1 Includes (J) "cognitive orientation,” that is, heowledge of anid baie! about the politcal sytem, ie roles and. them fumbens of thee role, ite inputs, and Tes outputs: @) “ab fective ovientation” o feelings about the poli system, i roley personnel, and perlormance, and (0) “evaluational trienttion,” the jdgments and opinions sbowt poltal ob eas that ypialy involve the combination of valve standards find criteria with information an feelings. ‘in laulfpingobjecte of pola! orientation, we srt wld the “generat” poital sytem, We deal here wih the sytem ft whole and Include sch feline as patriotism or sien ‘on, such cogitions and evaluation of the nation ae “Targe™ for mall” "rong" or "weak," and of the polity a “demo ‘atig” "consitutona,” or “wcll” Atte other exteme tre dinnguish orientations toward the “sl” xr polcal se tor; the content and. quality of norms of personel poltal ‘bligaton, and the content and quality of the seme of pe onal competence ves the politl sytem, In teeing the fomponent parts ofthe plidel system we distinguish st, ‘ree broad laser of objects (I) apete voles ors uctures, such as leglatve bod, exceuies, or burenueacies; @) fncimbents of roles, such as paricalar monarchs, legislator, and adminiarator, and (3) partieslar publle policies, de Ghlone, oF enforsemente of decisions. "These structves, Ln fumbents, and delsions may in turn be cased broadly b whether they ae fvelved ether in the polital or “input proces ot inthe administrative or “outpit” proce By "po Tica" or “input” proces we reler ta the flow of demande from the society into the polity and the conversion of these demands into authoritative polls. Some structures that are predominantly involved In the input proces are poliscal Dir, Inure groups, and the media af communication. By the administrative ot ouput proc we reler to thst proves anal Phar of at Camb, i SN pp 4 Approah to Poles! Cure oe by which eothoritate polices are applled or enforced. Struc tres predaninanly involved i this proces would include Dureatcracies nd courte "We realle that any rich distinction dots violence to the cual continuity of the politcal preces and to the malt functionality of” polities structures. Much broad polly is ‘ade in bureaucracies and by courts; and structures that we Tabet as input such at intrest groupe and poltcal partis, tre often concerned with the details of administration and en “Face LL Dimes ite ination Suen Yew Ia Outputs ne Taper et forcement. What we ae refering toi a diference in empha: sy and one that fof great importance in the clsifeation ‘of pliieal caltres, The distinction we draw between par tilpant and subject polal clues turns in part on the Dresnce or sbeene of orientation toward specialized input ‘Hructres, For our laufation of politcal cultures ie ot fof great importance that these specalied put stucures trelali involved nthe peformance of enforcement func tions and thatthe spcialined administrative ones ae involved Jn the performance of input functions. The important thing for our clulcation is what politcal objects individuals are ‘vented to, ow they are oriented to them, and. whether thete objets are predominantly involved in the “apwad” flow of policy making or inthe “downsrard” flow of policy enforcement. We aall teat this preblem in greater detail ‘when we define the major cles of potitial alte ‘We can comolidete what re have thus far sid about indi vidual orientation foward the polity ina simple 3x 4 mati ‘Table tlle that dhe politeal orientation ofan individual can be tapped estematclly if we explore the following: 6 An Approach to Political Culture 1.) What knowledge does he have of his nation and of is polisial system in gonerel terms ite history, sie, lotion, GeetGoon ows “nations” curate an he ke? Wha ar sate anes Fis Teclngy toward thee systemic characteris? What are is more or less consider opinions and judgments of then? 2) What knowledge does he have of the sruetures and oes tie vavious poieal elites, and the plicy proponls that are involved in the upward flaw of polly making? What are Bie {eslings and opinion about thee aructoey, leader, and pol leyproposls? 78 Wa Knowledge does he have ofthe downward ow of policy enforcement, the structures, individuals, and decisions 1 Tavolve in thew procenes? What ate is felings end opie iomrof them? ome 12 Types ata etre ‘plone Sater “tabs ts prion (4) How does he perceive of himel a « member of his po ‘hat syaen What hnowledge does he have of his rights, powers, obligations, and of ststepies of access to intuenced ow does he feel about his epabiitin What norms of pat ticipation or of performance does he acknowledge and employ in formulating political jdgnens, or in arriving at opinion? CChatscerising the potitial colture of = mation means in effect, lng in such & oar fr a valid sample of fs popu Intion. The poitial culture beaames the Frequency of dir ‘ent kinds of cognitive, aflectve, and evaluative orientations tonatd the polltal sytem ia general, fu laput and output spect, and the sella olteal ater, LM Parechiat Folie! Culture. When this trequency of or >) emtatone 0 specalinedpolital objects of the four Kinds _) spose in Table 12 approaches 2r0, we can speak of the po. An Approsch to Potical Culture ” ligeatculere a8 » parochial one. The politcal cultures of ‘Nica tribal scite and astonomous local omamuniies {erreto by Coleman would fall into this category. In these tocitcs there ate no specialize polite! role headmanship, Giictainship. "shamanship” ate difwe politia!-economie- teligious roles, and for members of these societies the po» Ital drenttions wo thew roles are not separate. from their religious and socal orientations, A parochial oxent tion ano implies the comparative absence of expectations of change initiated by she pliteal sjstem. ‘The parochial ex pecs nothing from the palin sytem, Shalt the cen Clie? Afiean chides ad Kingdoms to which Coleman fete the pallial cates wook! be predominantly paro- ial lthough dhe development of soziewhat more speci fae roles in theve soca might mean the begining of rove diferentated politial orientations, ven legerscale hd more difereniated polis, however, may hve predomi ney parochial cultures. But relatively pure parochial & likly eo occur in simpler traitionalsstems where polit specialization ix minimal. Parochial In more dferentiated pola systems likely eo Be afectve and normative rather than cognitive. That ia to my, the remote tbeamen in Ni feria or Ghana may be avare in 2 dim sort of way ofthe ec Fence of «central politcal regine. But his feelings toward itare uncertain or segatve, and he bas noe internalized any noes o regulate is elation The Subject Political Culture, ‘The second major wpe of politial culture listed in Table 12 i the subject caltare Here there i x high frequency of orientations toward di ferenited pola system and tovard the output aspects of the system, but orientations toward speically input objects, and tovatd the wal ar am aetlve partlpant, approach 20. ‘The subjec is avare of specialled governmental authority; hei afectvely oriented wo it pethaps aking price init, pe hapa dking ft and be evaluates it elther 4 legiate oF not But the rdatonship is toward the sytem on the ger ‘rl level, and tovand the out, adiniarative, or "dawn ward flow” side ofthe politcal sjtem; iti esentlly a pas "mind we Clean, Pati of he eselping Aes, 2 ge® \ fen cit 6 An Approach to Political Cultare sive relationship, although there ly 3¢ we shall show below, limited form of competence that is appropriate in a subject, calure ‘Again we are speaking of the pure ubjetovientaion chat ly to exist in a ocety in which there is no diferentlated spat structure. The subject erenation in politcal systems that have developed democratic ination ie likely t0 be Mfetve and normative rather than cognitive. Thus a French royalists aware of democratic institutions; he simply does not accord leita them. n°. The Paniipant Pail Guitar, The hid aloe typeof politi cuture, the participant cua, is one im which the Imembers of the roiely tend to be explililyorented to the ‘gstem ata whole and to both the point and adminerative Structures and processes: in other words, to both the input nd output aspects of the polical stem, Individual men bats of the partepane polity may be favorably or unfaror- ably oriented to the various cles of polial object They tend tobe oriented ward an “activist ole of the sti the polity, though thie feelings and evaluations of such a role ‘may try from acceptance to rejection swe shall how Belo “This threfoldasifeation of politcal cultures doce not sasume thit one orlntstion replaces the others. The subject ‘culture does not eliminate dfs orientations to the pezary and intimate succes of community. To the difie orients ions to lineage groups, religious omamuniy, and village ada specialized rabject orientation tothe governmental in- iy, the participant cultae doesnot supplant the subject and parochial patterns of orientation. The tieipane culture {8 an addtional statum that may be added {o and combined with the aubjct and parochial culture ‘Tas the citiaen ofa parcipant polity isnot ony orlented toward active participation n polices, but is alo subject co law and authority and Is a member of more difue. primary roupe, “To be sure, adding participant orientations to subject anc parochial orlentations doe not leave these “stir” orient tions unchanged. ‘The patochial orlentations. must adapt ‘when new and more specialised orientations ener into the An Approach to Political Culture 8 picture, jut a both parochial and subject orientations change Ivhen participant ortenttions are acquired. Actually, some of the soe signe diferenes fn the poli cules of the five democracies included in our study turn on the extent and the way in which parochial, subjet, and pariipaneorienar tions have combined, fond, of meshed together within the invidunt ofthe pl “Another exution ir neesay. Our casiation doesnot ime ply howiogenety or unilormity of poles ealtares. Thus po Tika systems with predominandly partclpane cultures wil ven inthe limiting eae, include both subjects and parochi Sls The imperfections of the proces of politeal socialize ion, personal preference, and Kiniations in intelligence oF jn opportunisir to learn will continue to produce subjects and patohials ven in wellesablished and stable democra- ties. Simiavy, “high” subject el “Thus to aspect of culeral heterogeneity or cel ae” ba prtealar mix of participant, subject and parochial oriemations and the civic culture Is 3 Particular mix of ctiens, subject and parochial. Por the zen we need concepts of proportions, tmesolds, and con _Eruence to handle the ways i which his constellation of ate Ucipant, subject, and parochial atiudes is related to effec: tive performance. For the eivle culture, which we shal at in deail below, we need the sme concepts of proprtions, tesa, and congruence to handle the problem of what “mis of eizens, subjects, and patoclals i elated to the ef fective performance of democratic systems. When we compare the polial caltues of our fve counees we sall have the ‘cation t dsc thee questions again ‘Our tvesold clsifeation of partipans, subject and pa: ochial is only the beginning ofa elation of pois eo tures Each one ofthese major clases hs its subease, and four clsfeation has lle out entely the dimension ef po Tita development snd caltorl change. Leu look ito this latter question fs since i will enable ws to handle the pbs Tem of wubelssication with a bette st of eonceptal tool etl, chap VT an. 0 An Approach to Political Culture Polit clues may or may not Be congruent wth the suyuetue of the poll stem. A congruent politica sue {ine would be une appropri for he care: in oter word, ‘hee polled eogeto inthe popsaton woul tnd to be Mesure and where affect and évatuaon woul tend t0 be favorable in gener procs subject, prtpane ea tire wosld be most congraen wi, respective ational pollcal sures contalled aithortaransractere end a Tomocaic poll swcire. A parochial pies! caltare that ws congraen with ft struc wool! havea high ate of eopntveeietatins and igh ats of postive aleve fu hlunive orientations to the dire structures of the {Mba or oge community. asbject pleat cltore con {ruc wih lospem mou aves high'ate of egnton ad Fgh priv vate ofthe othr wo types a vientaton to the pera poli stem sa. whole and toe aminisaive er Sneput pec wheres the congruent partlpant clove ould be corer by hgh and ponte rates of vientton Toa fou clases politcal objets. Poliat sens change, and we ae jonted in asuing that ci and troctareaze often inongruent with each ‘thers Pray in thse deades of rapid cultural change, the mon numerous plieal sues nay be thot that ae ied aun congruence, of are moving fom ove lor of poly to aother. "Fo represent achematcly thee relation of congruence] sncongitene Between poe! structure and ela, we pre cont able “Any one of th tree major «pes of plies clare may be lose on the mati in Table 3. Thus we may speak af igloo” parochiah subject and par when cogutvs fed, and erate eletatlns to he Sppropetesbjcs tthe polity approach unity, or perfec tongrnce Setreen cutee an statue. But engruene Between euler and structure maybe best represented Tn the form of ssi The limite of ongrnee between elute and ferstre ae exablnbe in columes and 8 ofthe tele The 28 We Ian terre the snp “Aan” fom Rabe Lane eck Pt rlgy, New Yr Spe An Approach to Political Culture a ‘congruence is stiong when the frequencir of posve ori fentations approach unity (); the congruence i weak when auctue i cognived tt the frquency of post tive fecling and evaluation approaches Indif[erence or 20. TIncongraence between polite! culeare and structure begins when the indiference point bs passed and negative affect and “ame 15 conan ten pote care Ategjnce —_Aptiy Anton rr ‘Bale onan ; ‘ = igh Reine at roe 0 pital ojate A) ogee ‘eratuaion grow in frequency (—). We may alto think of this sale as one of stably inability. As we move toward ‘he fs column in the igure we are moving tovard an al legit situation: one im which situdes and Insitutions ‘atch; as we move toward the thd column, we ste moving toad eatin? where ade tend jet pt ie ‘But thi eeale is only beginning, since the incongraence smay take the form of a sinpe rejection of « patculat set of role incumbents (eg, 8 patcular dynaty and its boreaue ray); or may be an aspect of a rystemie change, tha i 8 it fom a simpler patern of polial culture io 2 mare ‘omples one. We have already sugested that al polital eu ‘ures (withthe exception of the simple patochal ones) are mised. Thus » participant cutie contains individuals who ae orlened a subjects and parochial; and a subject culture ‘lll contain some parochial, We use the term "sytemicaly ‘mixed pollucl cultures to reler to thote in which there ate Sigalfant proportions of both the simpler and more con plex patterns of orientations When we aay thee cultres ate ‘ystemialy mined, we dont intend to suggest that there Sect 2 An Approsch to Political Culture fn ineviable tendency for the development to complete ie fat The procs of polite eatare change may sbiine a = that le shor of congaence wiht cntalied author: Frasian structure or 4 democratic one) or the development sony take cours auch an Boltai, whee low, connie uy pate of ella change wat acompaned by ore pondingy continous changer ia arctan, Pola calles {may remain sytemily mined for very Log te Hnded, Ss wineed by the exptece of rane, Germany, sn sky in the nineteenth an present enone When the do real tae however, there ae heviable sales between alto fd wtractre, ands sharactert endency tov sect inaabiiy if the three tyes of pla clere repented in Table 12 ate the pre fom of oll etre, e may diaguih tivee types of sytemialy iced pola cles () the parochisaubject cltne, @) the sbjeeposipant ase, nd) the pateeiakpacpantcaltre ‘The Peechia Subject Culture, Ths is type of poll culture in which saan portion ofthe Population has {ejected the exclave cme of ioe tial vilage o feu 4 author and as developed legiance ove omplee pleat stem with speialied.cental “gore inenl strc. This the cai ene of Hinglomt bul ing ow of tlatvely undiferennted unit. The chvoces and hina of most aor Snead thi ert stage of shit from lel parochsiam to ceralied suri. Bat the sh smay waive ata pine that falls shore ofa fll developed Subject caltre "The loosely ariculitedAfsica Kingdans, and evn the Otoman Empire ate examples of stable mined ‘ubjecypardha altars where the later preosiater and ental nahi tke the fon april exo Aimy copia st of politcal abject. The problen'of ca ter change from parol to sje pate i ies one and ute moves back tn fot ae cmon ithe iy hitary of mone eno tan he Sa le brea ey Ie of al nae thon Reo yng"yftermadeS An Approach to Political Culuse 2 What we ate suggeing ie thet the compositon of his cay ay be evel svat range o 2 conn ‘Aone tatreme we might pace the pala) cate under lum, whch ene ate arm sppresiog se Focal oientaion, wth tes, the pole toe i the Dttoman Epi, wich never went father tan an extae tive era ration tt conmten,nore of 1p {och un Te ona between Praia ahd Beh Ini an imereing one frm thi point we. We fave ated) mae the Poin hat xen “high pola ea furs are mite ad tha he india alent compris ‘hm nea mes Pawan the pe Tal ta yey sume tha the net af the subject venta tio yas much srnger than that ofthe proc wile in Ivan we men here av greater bane, and the toe the pete and wij ta wee more congruent Tos porns! mice may expan the conto beeen theefghventhceiury Ponta an Bis authority images the fin of hadwcergekonom; the ero ofthe seconde, iP een, county equ, merchant, and jeoman Sin Ii thet ara roby el ne a iataton between» persatng parol subealae ex Enplife in te exten ve by ube psu on the Bast eon ees > je ie sang oe up mot aed by the tpt of rain aoa fre benz dw fo ie Tete a the Ieee Ye hat ti ry mae gh hee i of he Scie Eta ee ‘rec he ne npg te sine tt Ehhacoe ae ee fe a An Approach to Political Culture ingly tare progorton of Prion manpower anderging the ‘Prussian army experience. es "Thus ange rom parol to a subject po ealtore say sable atx numer of points on the contauoe and proce diferent pole toto, and alta! mine ‘We a soget that the Hind of tat rls har gest Sigiance or the sabi and pafommance ofthe ple oem “The Subjec-Pantpant Culture. The way in whieh the shit om n parca tse are reed pty a fects th wy in which he sit from a subject pagan cnttte the place. As Pe ponte out the inclion ot sense of nalonallojly and Meniaton, snd of trot Pest obey th regulations of cently, het Pty eolom nthe energing nation In dh ie om et toa pertipan clie the pci len {nomi if hey susie may conve fo the development ft democratic infasacrre,Ceinly this is wh hep: pened inthe Brith case. Lael authori, munca corp sign omit, sl che on ch the uation of gud reams sil persed bece the Bt Interest groups inthe developing Bish democracy. ‘The le son a digest one. Presey beste the development of ‘bj car tn England oped toto daoying el and parochial stucurer andres, the could tecome trate at ter in ad nme farm on nee etwork tht cull rit Britons ay compe ce Co thee goverment. The more masiveinpac of the Pron tute authority drove parol aslo nt peg, of tise hn te arty." thew dann tiation in Germany beg wih gat gap been the pr vate and public per and the infetcre the emerged {ald to fre acs tom tnivdul ami ad commas {0 the nataons of governmental eit a the mized sbjecepatipan etre a abana part sf the population has seuiedspeclaed npaterlenaons nd anaes set of sforientions, while met of there {Fy ai, Peay ant Hon Dang An Approach to Political Culture 2% np smlnder of the population continue to he oriented toward 2m Ehortarin governmental ercore and ave a rlaivaly fasive sto telorienaions. Inthe Western Esropean = Stops of hi typeof plies clare France, Germany, fn aly Inthe Meet and presen centres == thee at a shards pattern of csr it salen teslon of suthoriarian and dmocale governments But more than tal Inably rela fom hit Bind of ea {Glas The eral pate themselves ate Inuenced by the stuctutal lob andthe call salamat, Beebe ‘prtcpane orientations have spread among only part of the population, and because thelr legitinacy is challenged by the pen ng tabjectsubenleure and spended during author Interludes, the patticpantoriened stratum af the populcin cannot become a competent, selfconfident,experi- fenced ody of eltvens, They tend to remain democratic a. Piranc. That iy they accept the nots of 2 pateipant cule ture, Dut their sense of competence isnot based on experience ‘or on a confident sense of legitimacy. Furthermore, the strue- {oral instabiiies dat fequendly accompany the mixed sb- jectpartcipant caltre, the fequent inefecivener of the Aenecraic infrasiuctore and of the governmental stem, tend to produce allenative tendencies sinong the democrat: Telly oxtented elements of the popiation. Taken together, this kind of « pollial caltual talemate may produce a syadrome with components of ieala-aspiaton and aliens tion fom the political stem, including the infasuucture of artis, imterest groups 2nd prs “The mixed subjecprtctpan cota, it pers over a long petiod of time laa changes the character ofthe wbject subedtere. During the democratic interludes the author famorieted groups must compete with the democrat ones within formally demoeate ramenark. In other words, they rust develop a defensive political infrastructure of ther own, Although tis does no transform the sec subculture Sato ‘democratic one, i certainly changes it often to a significant Aegse, Tee not accidental that authoritarian regimes that arse in political seems with saixedsubjecepariipant cule wet Poe qeakert % An Approach to Polis! Culture sted th ie oven nd ne moe {zn prod oaaranian ise egies ve een aod ‘tedenocrt in rot je Porch Paipant Cute, 1 the pach he contemporary presen of tush development in many ofthe emerging hao Tn me ‘ofthe eames the polite cuter Predominantly par The sretral noms tat have bee node te iy patant for cngrence, seer, ey requte Fariipntcaltre, Ths the problem ito develop speci fd ip an pt eet sano. mot spring that most of thee pial syne, aay these ned by parochial eagmenation, tener ke arsbats on tightrope, ening precrouly a one tine tower suthot- tani arora. Th ee neither side ofan on, neither «buena esting Upon Joyal subjects, not an nisratore ating ro reopens smut competnt zene. "The problem of evelpmen om parochial to paipant care sens, on ft looky to be 8 hopes one but we remember hn most parca atom cme and Toye survive, we ay fe a) sha the de Yelopment of paipant cate i sme of she emerging Maslow has no ye been pede, The probleme ae to Fee State the parodia! sans without deioying them onthe unput site, std Co afr them Uno Tater groups on thetnpa se, ‘We have already made the point that mot political cu tures ae heterogencote, Even the mow ally veloped pa ticipant calves will eocain suriving strata of subjects snd toca, And even within that part of the culture that is ‘oriented toward pardcpadon there will be periteht and signifcanediterences in political orenstion. Adapting the terminology of Ralph Libton to our purpoes, we use the term “subculture” to refer to these component parts of po iia eeres!© Bur we have to distinguish a eat evo types of subcultural cleavage. Fst, the term may be wed to reer ‘Raph Line, The Catal Radgrend of Pena an Approach to Polieal Cultre a to population stata that are pesistely oriented in one way towatd policy inputs and ovipas, but are “alleganty” fnted toward the polities! structure. Thus inthe United ‘States the left wing of the Democratic party and the right ing ‘ofthe Republican party accept as legltinte the suructures of ‘American. polities end government, but differ persistently from each other on a whole ange of domestic and foreign policy lave. Wereter to these policy subculture ‘But the kind of cleavage we are mest interested in is that which occas in ytemically mixed systems. Thus in a mixed Derochlalubjectealtare one part of the population would be ved toward dle wradidonal authorities, and another ad the specialised strctre of the central authoritarian ‘gstem, A mixed parochalsubjeet ealtuze may actally be hatacteried by a verti” 2s well a5 2 horizontal leavage ‘Thos it the polity inciodes two or more woditional com ponent, then there will be, In dditon to the emerging ub Jor sbcoltare, the pesting separate cultures of the for smaly merged tradlonal unit “The mixed subjectpasticipant culture le 2 more famine snd even more contemporary problem inthe West. A succes {al shit trom a eubjet to 4 paticp the Aifrion of positive orientations toward democratic ine Irasrcture, the acepeance of norms of civic obligation, and the development ofa sense of cvie competence among 2 sub These oienatons may lemons, oF they may id present centriet tmoved toward and ataned polit eultre that combined these oriemtations. It is tue, of course, that the Radicals in {he fist part of the nineteenth centiny and the Socialist sud Labour leftsing groupe at Iter time were opposed the monarchy and the House of Lords, Buc these tendencies 1e- sulted in the wansformaton, not the elimination, of theve ine sicutions,Poltealsubeultares In England, consequently, are fxample of our fit type of cleavage, dhe one bused of pe tient polley dlference rather than vpon fundamentally af. ferent orientations toward plitial structure. Trance fe the clasie eave of the wrond type of poll. 8 4x Approach to Political Culture cultural heterogenity, The French Revolution didnot rene ins homogenco otiniten toward a republican poll sractre! ead, ie polaeed the Trench population in {wo sbeltre, one of prtipnt aspiration and one dom ‘ated by abject and patohial orientations ‘The seca of the French politcal stem has been te ever snc that time and what was ta biplaatin of politi eltre sas followed by forthe fragmentation, the Soil fl lowed the Jacobinn snd the Comment the Socalss, and the rightwing dvied into a "ral and anu ar In many oer European counties the fare of the fominan ees to repond to the morerate Jensnds for Structral ad policy anges put forward by hell in the fa al of the inser entry Ted othe development of the nracaraly alienated, revolutionary socal, soci td anarchist of the second al o the nineteenth cen oy. Tn Hogan he Old Commons the United Sats, and the Sandinvian counties, the fiver of poli acne were rane inthe coute ofthe ncceth and eal ven thet enti what emerged. were homogeneous pole] falta in the vente of srctural elena. ‘he sebeul tort phenoment in thee sountie tm on periten ple Aizen ete and igh both tend to sep the exiting polit strate and difler oly on the substance of poly fd pole! pesonnel What it mont interesting fy tat in thi group of counties inthe Iw decades the poly ier ences ta tended fo become lee say and thet Inger omen boty of agreement. In other wor suber leavage bas atemsted and clara homogeneity hat ex ‘ene from wrote rinaton int pleycrentain, ‘This brief discusion of political eubsultute serves ony to Introduce the concept. Some of is inplication and cone. ‘quences wil be onsdered at later points in te book, But we ould mislead the reader IC we were to suggest that our tad {teats proportionally each sapect of poital culture, Our study stesesorlentation to polit saucture and proce ‘ot orientation tothe substance of political detands and out An Approach to Politzal Cultre » puts We need not apologize for thi emphasis, but must point out flow thi choice may tend to obscure significant ds ‘ensione of plies culture, ad signiiant relationships be tween general paychoculturl patterns and the substance of policy and publ policy, A stdy that stresed orientation to Public pli would regres lest as much ofa major efor the present one, Te would have to relate sjstematicaly ‘Spe of pbc policy ovientation to types of social structure find culeral values, a4 ell as to the solalaation processes with which they are elated A similarly rigorous separation ‘of public policy orientation, general culture ovienaton, and foclalination pattern would also be necevary, fm order for us to disover the ren character and direction of relationships ‘nong thse phenomena, ‘At an earlier point we dncued the historical origin of the vie culture aod the functions of that eulere in the proce ‘of ech change. Much of this book will oer an analysis and Aescrption of the culeue and of the tole it playr in the tnaintenance ofa democrat politcal rate. 1 wil be uslul therfore to spell ou if only bee some af ts main charac "The evic culture isnot the polis caltre that one finds esr in eivies textbook, which preeibe the way in Which cirens ought t0 act in 8 democncy. ‘The notms of Site behavior found fa thee txts ses the poticipant specs of political coture, ‘The democratic citen ie Dested co be active in politic and to be involved, Further. ‘ore, he ie suppored to be rial in his approach to po tis guided by reas, not by emotion. He is supposed to be well informed and to mike decisions —for inane, hit de. ron om how to vote-—on the bass of careful eaeultion 4 to the interns and the principles he would like to se luster. This cultre, with ie sires on rational pata tion within che Input scturs of pli, we can label the "rtionalityativit” mode of polities clture. The civ ca: cure shares much wih this vationaityaclvise model i in faa, such a eultre ple comething ele edocs see the pa. 0 An Approach to Political Culture ticipation of individuals in dhe pol input proces. In the eles daibed in ths volume we hall nd hgh fre auences of poten activity, of expire to plies! com Iuniations of polit dieson, of concern with polio Mir Bat hte something ee Inthe fst pace, the ci alte He an alleiant pri pant cultre Individuals are not only ovine to police Pu, they al are oriented poively tothe input suctres fo help proce, In oer ort we he ems ne ced eae, the ve ealtore ta patant poll eae tire in whlch the place and pelea Srctre me congrnt ‘More imporane. nthe cvc culture partepan politcal venation combine with and do not teplce subject and pod polltea! exentations. India become pri Pant in dhe politcal pre, but they do noc ge up Crietains av ejects or ss parece: Furthermore, not tony ae these eater orematiny msinnined, alone the Ftcpane piel eventation, bu the sje aed preci Erietations ae alo congruent wih the prtcipent polite evietationn The nonpardpen, mote tlinal polite evintatons ten ii the dea cmmtment to pol ii and o make that commitment mide, Tn 3 tne he subject and parochial orinttons "msnage™ or heep in place the pint pola olen ‘Then atte {avoable ro pariipation within the pial stem play & tj tol inthe cvs cle butte doch noopltet Studs‘ rs in oer people and eval pertain In several. The malmenane of thee more tadionalauitdes {nd thet fon with the partpanterlettos lea to 2 Ilnced poll ele fh whic peal acti notre ‘ment and rationality exit but ave lance by poss Aivonatity, and comment to parochial alee Deans in so nse sethos in recent decades ive enabled ws to penetrate more deeply into the motive ‘onal basis of the polite! attudes and behavior of ind dn Approach to Palical Culture au viduals and groups, A substanda iterature hs accumulated, Iwhlch indudes sdies of electoral auicades and behavior, Unatycs ofthe relations between ideological and public pol ey tendencies and deeper atitude or penalty character tc, poyeopolical biographies of poiial leer, stu fof pollical attitudes in particular social groupings, xd the Ike, Rotkan and Campbell reler to this focus on the indi vidual, hit politcal atitodes and motivations, wheter a i {vidual ora» a member of «simple of lager population, {"miropoite” datngulshing it as 2 research approach ftom “macropoliticy” or the mote tadltonal concern of the ladent of pity withthe structure and function of polit fealsycems, insutions, and agencies, and their eects on publi pole “Although the relationship between individual politcal py chology andthe behavior o pols! estems and subsytems {Belear in principle, much of the micopolticl Kteature is fontent to autre thie relationship in general terms. The im pletion is given that since political stems are made up of Individuals, te may be taken for granted that paula psy: Chcogieal tendencies in Individuals or among social groups tre impostant forthe fenetoning of polite stems and ‘heir outputs This may indeed be the cae when the re tenrcher concerned with the psychological conditions alec: ing the behaviog of @ partiolar role Incumbent or Incune ‘ents, sch a4 particular politcal decsionmaker at one fextieme, or an electorate a the other. On the other band, tnuch ofthis literature fails to make che connection beween the popehologieal tendencles of individuals and groups, and polities! suetore and proces In oder words, te eutency of polital pychology, thoogh ie ha undoubted value, i not fade cxchangenbe in ters of polities! process and perform ‘ot Ane” In tnterntioal Soil fone Joursal, Vo. XIL No 1, #96, piston aed govern so, se WO. Key, ble Opn and rien bencray, Ne York ps XV 2 An Approach to Political Cultiae ‘We would ike co sugges at thie relationship between the ves and mativalions of the dierte incviduals. who up polite! sjtems and the character and performance ‘of polite systems may be uiscoveed systematically dough the concepts of poltal altar that we have sketched out above. In other wordy the connecting Ink between micro: tnd mectopolits Ie politiealcultne, At an earlier point we stresed thie nividual polis orientations min be separ rated analytically from ther kinds of prychologia oventa- tions, in order for us to test hypotheses abot the elatonship (ween pollcl and other attudes, We alo defined the por Iida culture asthe particular Incidence af patterns of po litical orientation inte popalaton of poli! system. Now. tough the concepts of poitieal subculture and role elle we can Toate speialatltudes and propensites fr pola Behavior among pact of the population, or in priiclat roles, structures, of subsystems ofthe pail sem. These fonceps of polteal eltare allow vs to exblinh what pro Densities for politcal behavior exist in the polteal stem at 2 whole, and in is various pots, among special orientation troupings (ke, subcultures) or at key point of inittine ot Aecislon in the poleal structure (Le, role cules). in buler words, we can relate pole psychology to politeal se tem performance by lcating atitinal and behavioral pr. Penstes in the pote seueture ofthe ase. “Thus any polity may he described and compated with ote polities in teams of (I) is structorabfonctional charac terns, and @) it cultural, subealtral, and rolecultaral ‘haracteritic. Our analysis of types of politcal culture isa frst fort ac weating the phenomens of individual polite orientation in such a way a to telat them sjstematically to the phenomena of poles! sractore. Ie enabler us to cape foom the oversinplications of the pychocalturalUteratare ‘in evo significant way. By separating poltal orientation fom general peychotogcal orientation, we can avoid the a ‘sumption of dhe homogeneity of erentation, and look at tis instead a6 a researchable relatlonship. And by examining the telationship beeween pois caltaral tendencies ant fea sretural paters, we can aval the assumption of eon an Approach to Polical Culture ss ce between poll clue and polit suctre. The {ehtionship beeen pola clture and poll aeocture como of the mon sont rable mpc of the problem of poll aby and change. Rater than a ttn cents west ver the Set td tae {er ofthe cogriensoriconruenee and the ends po- tke clara and sacral development thxe may afc the “fe beeen utr and arate We soggee that this rear ree he fll eae potent the choca! apron othe uly of oni our own fypetheis thet mach rare ll shew tha the inportance of sec learn of rentatins to iis and oj exprienc withthe pita yt a been fr ly undarerphased, Suck ering ot ony nga in Qari, but ao involves pole! Teling, expectations, fn rlutions that res lel from pla experiences ‘athe than frm the simple projection Ino polite okt tion bac nts and stad that are the product of eld. fond ein, : Th il another respect our teary of piv culture may serve to mae the payacltarl approach sore dey ‘van tothe dy ofthe polit sytem In our disci of {ype of pia clare and the problem of eongroence be teen culture and struct, we fave pointed ost that com rence iw reltonip a atecine snd evaluative lean beoveen cate and stractre. Each hind of pis —tp tional, authors, spd democrale-has one form of ek ture dat i eongracne wih fe own structure Sating om the orenation and. paychologielrequtements of dierent ‘ype of poiteal suture, we aze In a beter poston to hypotheses show th hinds of personality tendon sodtialon practices that ate ihely to produce congruent pola cultures and sable pollen That In the {Sie the eve alte, we mayan tata pattern of sci. {ton which enables he India o manage the iene disonancer smong hie dire primary, hi obedient ow, fd sv input roles supports a democratic palit. We can then Took a feiaton pater and pennay tendencies beeen pseaea) “ An Approach to Political Culture and atk jst which of chese quale ae crucial, to what ex: tent they must be present, and what kinds of expevience are ‘mot key to produce this expat for dionant folic role management. Our Badinge will show that the clic orienta. ‘on is widespread in Brita and che United States and rec tively infequent in the other three countries, but we would be most hesitant to attribute these gest difrences In polit fea calture tothe relatively alight diferener in childhood ‘ocialization brought to light fn our nding. They sem ore ‘leary tobe related to charctertcs of the socal environ ‘ment and patterns of soca interaction, to specifcalypoltal ‘memories, snd to dferences n experince with polital struc ture and peeformance. The inst productive teseach on po- lial psychology In dhe Este wil tet childhood social tion, modal personality tendencies, politcal rienaton, and politcal sructre and procs seperate vatiables in com plex multidirectional sytem a exes, Jn one clas of pottcal contexts owever, the eelations be tween polite! stucture and culture, om the one hand, and ‘laracter and pertnaliy, on the oer, ate relatively clear and dramatic. This i nour category of mixed. politi cl ‘ues. Here, in the putochalaubjet the wibjctpartelpant, and the parochial participant cultures, we are dealing with focities that are ether Undergoing rapid systemic cultra. structural change ar elee have sable in condicon of sub. cultural fragmentation and structural iaablity. Fragen: ion of poitial culture is ao sociated with general culutal fragmentation (eg. the sharp diviion between the modern- ‘ning urban society and the traditional countryde; beoween the industrial economy and the tutional agrarian eon omy). We may assume that Sn there rapidly changing. end feagmented societies, ealtaal heerogenelsy and the high idence of discontinuity in sociation proce a high inet dence of psychologic confusion and maabity. Nowhere Would tht be more marked than in the parochial pitcpant ‘lure ofthe emerging mations of Asi and Afric. Lacan Pye in Politics, Personality, and Nation Building, es provided ‘swith a dramatiestudy ofthis kindof dicontinaty i eultre and socialization, its consequences for penonalty development An Approach to Poliial Culture % and forthe characteristics and performance of the Burmese po- Tite system ‘Our comparative say of poll cltre ieudes ve democracies the Unitek Sate, Gret Bian, Germany, Tay, ad Monco—sdeced bens they represent wide range of pollieatiorial exerienas At one exteme {ete he Unie tats and ita, buh representing le they uecesul experiments in democratic goverment. An nls thee to eves wl tll wnt Hinds of ade are society way fancoing desea systems, she Ghuanttaive inckence ofthese antes, and te sib among titerent supe tte popatin. ‘Ae the sme tine comport of Brin and the United Sues mign be weil art test of sme of the speclation thou ie ferences between thee two often Ponents Democratic aspirational tendenles sve sb present, Primarily concentrated on the let, but thee ae relatively teak in comparion with the widespread mood of rejection that alfecs the ates of the great majority of Halians to ‘ward tei polite sytem in al is aspect ‘We selected Mexico as our ith counry in order to have at least one "non-Ailantle community” democracy. Mexico ean hardly be viewed as representing the emerging nations of Asia and. Aiea, you no single country could posbly repre: sent the varey of sciospliteal structures and histor ex evinces of the emerging nations It hat common with ‘any ofthese nations a high rate of induvtrialzation, urbane Hrtin, and increased ltescy and eduation. Before the rev ‘lution, Mexican government and poltce were exentilly allen, exteactive, and exploitative structures resting unesly fon 2 wociety made up esetially of Kinsmen, villages, and cnc and satus gouge. Inthe las they o forty ens, Bow ver, the Meiean Revolution has deeply aifected the scil fad polled structure and has simulated moder and demo ‘cticasiraioneand expectations" dead © Bake The Mol Ba of «Beshurd Sd, Clee, 1 988 pp. An Approach to Political Culture » mn contrat to Tay, where @ large portion of the popula: tion tends to view the pla stent at an allen, exloite tive free, many Mexican tend to view their revolution as an instrument of ultimate democratization and economic. and toclal modernization. At the same time, the Mexican demo ‘atic infrastructure ft relavely new. Freedom of political ‘ongenzation is more formal chan real and corruption is wide: fread throughout the whole politcal sytem. These cond one may explain the interesting, ambivalence in Mexican politcal caltre: many Mexicans lack polite experience tnd ail, yet their hope and confidence ste high: combined Wwith thee widespread. participant aspirational tendnctes, however, are eyicim about and alienation trom the politi inrasretare and buresveacy. In addition, Mealea is the Tea "modern of ur five counter dba here is stil 2 relatively large taitonovieted village population and a high iteracy rate, Perhaps the Mexican case wil prove ‘weal leads about the chracteities of poitial culture In ‘on Western counties undergoing, slr experiences in toderniation ad democratization, "in the biel comparison of the plital istrical experi ence of our five countries, we have been formulating hypo ‘eer about the diferences in politcal culere we might expec {o find among them, However, infects about poitial cul tore drawn frm history Tenve unanmered the question of how mach ofa country’s historical experience lives on in the memories, flings, ad expecations ofits population, in tthat foro it can besa to live on, which elements of the popaltionaze the bearers of which hori merores, and th what intensity. Here newer sense methods an com ine withthe more editions nour seareh for living history inthe poli cltures of people, Our survey sal ansate the rather simple and. masive expectations Inferred trom history into quantities, demographic dstiow- tions, snd regulates or relations. Thee is no necessary o Ait beeween the methods of ivory and thse f the Behav fora selene: they ar actually supplemental and mutually ssppontve ” An Approach to Poliial Culture "The present work attempts o apply some of the methods developed in the Bell of sptematie survey resezch 10 the ody of comparative politic, Unlike most other studies of poli atid, ou ‘Mose survey studies of foting behavior or of other polleal atides have taken place within a sngle nation, the balk of them in the United Btateu2 Our study it multicontextual—2 study of five tions, Throughout this baok we aall concentrate on those nd their diferences. Beene Cf onr comparative approach, we sous regretallybypas {ereting problems within the fadividval counise. "The present books bated upon about one thousand inter viciscrtied on in each of five nations (about fie thousand Tnverviews in all), In each care am attempt was made to ob tain s national ecustction sample The interviews ranged fn engi om about forty sinus co vrmewhat over an hour, {ough in sme cases they lasted. much Tonge. The inter ‘ews were lonely strutted, with about ten per cet of the {questions open ended in form. In each nation 2 small pro Portion ofthe respondents ineriewed ax pare of the national Ersssection were reinerviewed witha longer and les suc tured interview, which ateropted to elie more material of the att dete with inthe erostaetion interview, a2 well a 0 tbiaina desertion of what we eall an iadvidul’s “potted Tihany.” "The eressection interviews were carced on in Jone and oapcpoce mtg Juton id Sly Ste te ren baa Rese: ie dy” Jorma Sa ur (OSH. Se Iho Rattan, “Compara Got Radon Rear 1 Dig Tap nla Sc ene Bat, VL (Sp et a sen th api a te 1090 o mote plan Toil n'ai mc ier tc my. umber af nerve aay coupled wes Usted Sit, 8 Dnt inn may 18 ay, a Mee, ‘An Approach to Politics Calere a July of 1959 in all of the nations exept the United Stats {he interviews inthe United States were carried on in Matel Ti60, th mot eases the follow-up interviews took place about six mont toa yar after the iat interviews? “The present work is partly «study in what has been called “aierpoltiey” Ie deals ‘with the pollal orientations and behavior of a erossection sample, ‘The one thousand or 10 respondents in each country are viewed inthe fst instance Srindividvale They have n9 relationship to one another; one Fespondent hat ne Knowledge ofthe ater respondents and ho interaction with them —ceraily none that i explored in four study, Yer we ate interested the respondent, not as Individuats, but at members of complex soll systems. We wih 19 make statements, bated on thse separate interviews, bout the generl state of atlas ia these ations. And we ‘wih to make statements about the rations between these tudes and the way im whieh the poitial systems operate. hn patil, we ae dnteroued in understanding democratic pole ayteme; and these nystana consist of much more than the individual or collective attades of their members. ‘They conse a well of formal structures of goverment, po Tiel partie stress of power tnd influence, saved nor patter of polly, communieaton, iateraction, and so orth ‘The major problem of anal i thereore, how to we re sponte fom one thousand Individuals who have never met to annver questions sbout the characteris ofa political 5 tem. Ie iss if that aytem were a large map on the wall of @ arkened room, and all-we know of ie ie what is revealed by one thowand separate pinpotnts of light. These points of Light (out inerviem) illuminate the spots on the map that they touch. But they light up only 2 stall part ofthe map 2 ‘An Approach to Focal Culture and leave the area between the dous completely dark, We ‘want to'my vomething, not merely about the pols that ‘Muminated, but about teenie map el ‘There area number of ways in which one may we the ine

    You might also like