7.5. Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method In Sec. 7-4 we discussed the action of lateral loads on portal frames and found that for a frame fixed supported at its base, points of inflection occur at approximately the center of each girder and column and the columns carry equal shear loads, Fig. 7-8. A building bent deflects in the same way as a portal frame, Fig. 7-12a, and therefore it would be appropriate to assume inflection points occur at the center of the columns and girders. If we consider cach bent of the frame to be composed of a series of portals, Fig. 7-125, then as a further assumption, the interior columns would represent the effect of vo portal columns and would therefore carry twice the shear V as the two exterior columns. = inflection point @ 4 fi) 1 4 ® Fig. 7-12In summary, the portal method for analyzing fixed-supported building frames requires the following assumptions: 1. A hinge is placed at the center of each girder, since this is assumed to be a point of zero moment. 2. A hinge is placed at the center of each column, since this is assumed to be a point of zero moment. 3. Ata given floor level the shear at the interior column hinges is twice that at the exterior column hinges, since the frame is considered to be a superposition of portals. These assumptions provide an adequate reduction of the frame to one that is statically determinate yet stable under loading.Determine (approximately) the reactions at the basc of the columns of the frame shown in Fig, 7-13. Use the porial method of analysis. (b)SOLUTION Applying the first two assumptions of the portal method, we place hinges at the centers of the girders and columns of the frame, Fig. 7-13a. A section through the column hinges at f. J, K, L yields the free-body diagram shown in Fig. 7-130. Here the third assumption regarding the column shears applies. We require BUF.=0; 1200-6V=0 VV =2001b Using this result, we can now proceed to dismember the frame at the hinges and determine their reactions. As a general rule, always start this analysis at the corner or joint where the horizontal load is applied. Hence, the free-body diagram of segment JBM is shown in Fig. 7-13c. The three reaction components at the hinges [,, M,, and M, are determined by applying ZMy = 0, ZF, = 0. ZFy = 0, respectively. The adjacent segment MIN is analyzed next, Fig. 713d, followed by segment NKO, Fig. 7-13e, and finally segment OGL, Fig. 7-13f. Using these results, the free-body diagrams of the columns with their support reactions are shown in Fig. 7-13g.If the horizontal segments of the girders in Figs. 7-13c, d,¢ and fare considered, show that the moment diagram for the girder looks like that shown in Fig. 7-13h. M, = 1501 B_ st w 1501b boi we Me 1000 1000 Ib 4 N= 600 Ib ot N 20016 -| 1 150 1b 4 © Oy15016 t 400 Ib + 200 Ib 6 ft! 6ft le a: ot wom S Pie it wo M (kf) x(t) (nyDetermine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame shown in Fig. 7-142. Use the portal method of analysis. 20kN: @$y Sm ¥ | a sok 3m 1 _ v v 3, L, o Fig. 7-14 SOLUTION First hinges are placed at the centers of the frame, Fig. 7~14a. A section through the hinges at O, P, Q and J, K, L yields the free-body diagrams shown in Fig. 7-140. The column shears are calculated as follows: Azr,=0; 20-4V=0 V=SKN SEF = 0; 20+30-4V'=0 VV’ = 125kNUsing these results, we can now proceed to analyze each part of the frame. The analysis starts with the corner segment OGR, Fig. 7-14c. The three unknowns O,, K,, and R, have been calculated using the equations of equilibrium. With these results segment OJM is analyzed next, Fig. 7-14d; then segment JA, Fig. 7-Lde; RPS, Fig. 7-14f; PMKN, Fig. 7-14g; and KB, Fig. 7-14h, Complete this example and analyze seg- ments SIQ, then QNL, and finally LC, and show that Cy ~ 12.5 kN, Cy = 15.625 KN, and Mc = 37.5KN-m, Also, use the results and show that the moment diagram for DMENF is given in Fig. 7-14i. 3.125 kN S,~ 3.125 kN 4m SkN 1SKN 20KN. © @25EN M,=22.5KN , 125kN J, = 15.625 kN (4) 1p 15.025 kN. 7h 125KN KI KN am 3m a a 4, 125kN Bp =25kN Ser My = 375 Nem Soi aasen-m YA, ~ IS@Q25KN = © ay)7.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method The cantilever method is based on the same action as a long cantilevered beam subjected to a transverse load. It may be recalled from mechanics of materials that such a loading causes a bending stress in the beam that varies linearly from the beam’s neutral axis, Fig. 7-15a. Ina similar manner, the lateral loads on a frame tend to tip the frame over, or cause a rotation of the frame about a “neutral axis” lying in a horizontal plane that passes through the columns between each floor. ‘To counteract this tipping, the axial forces (or stress) in the columns will be tensile on one side of the neutral axis and compressive on the other side, Fig. 7-150. Like the cantilevered beam, it therefore seems reasonable to assume this axial stress has a linear variation from the centroid of the column areas or neutral axis. The cantilever method is therefore appropriate if the frame is tall and slender, or has columns with different cross-sectional areas. P beam @ builng frame ®In summary, using the cantilever method, the following assumptions apply to a fixed-supported frame. 1. A hinge is placed at the center of each girder, since this is assumed to be a point of zero moment. 2. A hinge is placed at the center of each column, since this is assumed to be a point of zero moment. 3. The axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from the centroid of the cross-sectional areas of the columns at a given floor level. Since stress equals force per area, then in the special case of the columns having equal cross-sectional areas, the force in a column is also proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column areas, ‘These three assumptions reduce the frame to one that is both stable and statically determinate. The following examples illustrate how to apply the cantilever method to analyze a building bent.Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns om ¥y) = of the frame shown in Fig. 7-16a. The columns are assumed to have 7 equal cross-sectional areas. Use the cantilever method of analysis. ISN: ro} og —— (by @ Fig. 7-16 SOLUTION First hinges are placed at the midpoints of the columns and girders. ‘The locations of these points are indicated by the letters G through L in Fig. 7-16a, The centroid of the columns’ cross-sectional areas can be determined by inspection, Fig. 7-16b, or analytically as follows: EA _ 0(A) + 6(A) =A AtAThe axial stress in cach column is thus proportional to its distance from this point. Here the columns have the same cross-sectional area, and so the force in cach column is also proportional to its distance from the centroid. Hence, a section through the hinges H and K at the top story yields the free-body diagram shown in Fig, 7-16c. Note how the column to the left of the centroid must be subjected to tension and the one on the right is subjected to compression. This is necessary in order to counteract the tipping caused by the 30-kN force. Summing moments about the neutral axis, we have WEM=0; ~30(2) + 3Hy + 3Ky The unknowns can be related by proportional triangles, Fig. 7-16c, that is, Hy Ky 33 Thus, Hy = Ky = 10KNIna similar manner, using a section of the frame through the hinges at Gand L, Fig, 7-16d, we have (42M -30(6) — 15(2) + 3G, + 3L, Since Gy/3 = Ly/3. or Gy Gy = Ly = 35kN Each part of the frame can now be analyzed using the above results. Asin Examples 7-5 and 7-6, we begin at the upper comer where the applied loading occurs, ic., segment /CI, Fig. 7-16a. Applying the three equations of equilibrium, 2M, = 0, =F, = 0, EF, = 0, yields the results for Hy, J, and J,, respectively, shown on the free-body diagram in Fig. 7-16e. Using these results, segment [DK is analyzed next, Fig. 7-16f followed by H/G, Fig. 7-16g: then KJL, Fig. 7-16hr and finally the bottom portions of the columns, Fig. 7-16i and Fig. 7-16j. The moment diagrams for each girder are shown in Fig. 7-16k. 0 then @won tse lt 6,=225kN ashy MON) Monn) =(m) © (a)Show how to determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame shown in Fig. 7-17a. The columns have the eross- sectional areas shown in Fig. 7-17b. Use the cantilever method of analysis. 8k Pp 2 R aie Bee Ny 6 in’ offto in: Bin? Win? i oe: ,r z ie Laan—Lasy | asa —J —— (@) (b) Fig 7117 10kSOLUTION First, hinges are assumed to exist at the centers of the girders and columns of the frame, Fig. 7-17d and Fig, 7-17e. The centroid of the columns’ cross-sectional areas is determined from Fig. 7-17b as follows: SYA _ O(10) + 20(8) + 35(6) + 60(10) ZA 10+8+6+10 8.53 ft First we will consider the section through hinges at L, M,N and O. Sky < 538) 6478 |-—2853 —-—s147tt @ sssit sarit +2853 —-——s147n —| ©In this problem the columns have different cross-sectional areas,so we must consider the axial stress in each column to be proportional to its distance from the neutral axis, located at ¥ = 28.53 ft. Wecan relate the column stresses by proportional triangles, Fig. 7-17c. Expressing the relations in terms of the force in each column, since ao = FIA, we have _ 853 _ ou * 28.53 Co ) My = 02391, _ 647 _ © 23538" 6 int xa(ay) Ny = 0136Ly S147ft ual Ly ) 28.53 \10 in? 28.53 007! 1BLy eo =Now that each force is related to Ly, the free-body diagram is shown in Fig. 717d. Note how the columns to the left of the centroid are subjected to tension and those on the right are subjected to compression. Why? ‘Summing moments about the neutral axis, we have (42M =0; 8k (ft) + Ly(2853 ft) + (0.2392,)(8.53 ft) + (0.1362,)(647 f) + (1.108,)(31.47 ft) = 0 Solving, OI74k =—-Ny = 0.0987k Oy = 0.800 Ly=0.725k My ‘Using this same method, show that one obtains the results in Fig. 7-17e for the columns at E, P,G,and H. ‘We can now proceed to analyze each part of the frame. As in the previous examples, we begin with the upper corner segment LP, Fig. 7-17. Using the calculated results, segment LET is analyzed next, Fig, 7-17g, followed by segment EA, Fig. 7-17h. One can continue to analyze the other segments in sequence, ic., POM, then MJFI, then FB, and so on. 307K A ch 270k sit A A= 270k SP Meo haben A,~ 307k hy