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Study Paper On Scalable OFDM Access (SOFDMA)
Study Paper On Scalable OFDM Access (SOFDMA)
1.0
Overview
There may or may not be a direct line-of-sight path between the transmitter and the
receiver and electromagnetic waves from the transmit antenna travel via several different
paths until they reach a receiver. The propagation through these multiple paths are
referred to as multi path propagation as shown in Figure-1.
NLOS
LOS
Mobile
Station
Base
Station
NLOS
Multi path presents a challenge for any communication system and results in additional
complexity of system design. The length of each path is different and so the signals
coming to a receiver over each path experiences different time delays, resulting in delay
spread. The wireless channel is thus characterized by the delay spread which depends on
the terrain type, environment (e.g. urban, suburban, rural), and other factors.
2.2.1
Channel Fading
Delay Spread
The received radio signal from a transmitter consists of typically a direct signal, plus
reflected signals. The reflected signals arrive at a later time than the direct signal because
of the extra path length, giving rise to a slightly different arrival time of the transmitted
pulse, thus spreading the received energy. Delay spread is the time spread between the
arrival of the first and last multi path signal seen by the receiver. In a digital system, the
delay spread can lead to Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). This is due to the delayed multi
path signal overlapping with the following symbols. Fig.3 shows ISI due to delay spread
on the received signal. As the transmitted bit rate is increased the amount of inter symbol
interference also increases.
OFDM Basics
The nature of WLAN applications demand high data rates. The systems have to deal with
unpredictable wireless channels at high data rate. The channel distortions at high data rate
is significant and it is not possible to recover the data with a simple receiver. A Complex
receiver is needed to correctly estimate the channel to recover the originally transmitted
data. The idea of multiple carrier transmission is used for combating the hostility of such
channels. OFDM is a special form of multi carrier transmission. To understand how
OFDM, OFDMA and SOFDMA works, it is useful to start with FDM (Frequency
Division Multiplexing).
3.1
In FDM system, signals from multiple transmitters are transmitted simultaneously (at the
same time slot) over multiple frequencies. Each frequency range (sub-carrier) is
modulated separately by different data stream and a spacing (guard band) is placed
between sub-carriers to avoid signal overlap.
Frequency
Figure 4 (a): FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
3.2
OFDM is a multiplexing technique that divides the bandwidth into multiple frequency
sub carriers. OFDM also uses multiple sub-carriers but the sub-carriers are closely spaced
to each other without causing interference, removing guard bands between adjacent subcarriers. Here all the sub carriers are orthogonal to each other. Two periodic signals are
orthogonal when the integral of their product, over one period, is equal to zero. The use
of OFDM results in bandwidth saving as seen in the figure 3.
Frequency
Figure 4 (b): OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
FDMA Spectrum
Frequency
Saved bandwidth
OFDM Spectrum
Frequency
Power (W)
OFDM Principal
Transmitted
signal
Channel Orthogonalization
QAM
Modulation
FEC
OFDMA
Symbol
Mapping
Sub-carrier
allocation
IFFT
Carrier
Radio
Channel
Received
signal
Pre-FEC
Demodulatio
Channel De-Orthogonalization
OFDM in its primary form is considered as a digital modulation technique and not a
multi user channel access technique. It is utilized for transferring one bit stream over one
communication channel using one sequence of OFDM symbols. However, OFDM can be
combined with multiple accesses using time, frequency or coding separation of the users.
OFDMA employs multiple closely spaced sub-carriers. The sub-carriers are divided into
groups of sub-carriers. Each group is named a sub-channel. The sub-carriers that form a
sub-channel need not be adjacent
Frequency
Figure 7: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
Sub-carriers with the same color represent a sub-channel.
OFDMA provides multiplexing operation of data streams from multiple users onto the
downlink sub-channels and uplink multiple access by means of uplink sub-channels.
The multiple access is achieved by assigning different OFDM sub - channels to different
users. In the downlink, a sub-channel may be intended for different receivers. In the
uplink, a transmitter may be assigned one or more sub-channels.
3.4.1.
The increased symbol duration in OFDMA improves the delay spread while the Inter
Symbol Interference (ISI) is completely eliminated by introduction of a Cyclic Prefix
(some data). CP is a repetition of the last samples of the data portion that is appended at
the beginning of the data payload. The ISI is completely eliminated as long as the CP
duration is longer than the channel delay spread.
A drawback of the CP is that it introduces overhead, which effectively reduces bandwidth
efficiency. Since OFDM signal power spectrum has a sharp fall off at the edge of
channel, a larger fraction of the allocated channel bandwidth can be utilized for data
transmission which compensates the loss in efficiency due to the cyclic prefix. The
concept of CP in OFDMA is explained in figure 8.
Ts
Cyclic
Prefix
Data Payload
Tg
Tu
Figure 8:
3.4.2.
Total Symbol
Period
Useful Symbol
Period
Tg
Cyclic Prefix
Both OFDM and OFDMA symbols are structured in similar way. In OFDMA each
symbol consists of sub-channels that carry data sub-carriers carrying information, pilot
sub-carriers as reference frequencies and for various estimation purposes, DC subcarrier as the center frequency, and guard sub-carriers or guard bands for keeping the
space between OFDMA signals as shown in figure 9..
Pilot Subcarriers
Data subcarriers
DC Subcarriers
Guard
subcarriers
Channel
Sub-channelization
Active (data and pilot) sub-carriers are grouped into subsets of sub-carriers called subchannels Sub-channelization defines sub-channels that can be allocated to subscriber
stations (SSs) depending on their channel conditions and data requirements. Using subchannelization, within the same time slot, a BS can allocate more transmit power to SSs
with lower SNR and less power to user devices with higher SNR. Sub-channelization
also enables the BS to allocate higher power to sub-channels assigned to indoor SSs
resulting in better in-building coverage. Sub-channelization in the uplink can save a user
device transmit power because it can concentrate power only on certain sub-channel(s)
allocated to it. This power-saving feature is particularly useful for battery-powered user
devices. The concept of sub-channelization is explained in figure 10.
OFDM
OFDMA
Subcarriers
Subchanne
Time
Figure 10 : Sub-Channelization in OFDM and OFDMA
Time
4.0
Scalable OFDMA is the OFDMA mode is used in Mobile Wi-MAX defined in IEEE
802.16e. Scalability is supported by adjusting the size of FFT size while fixing the subcarrier frequency spacing in 10.94 kHz. It supports channel bandwidths ranging from
1.25 MHz to 20 MHz. SOFDMA adds scalability to OFDMA. With bandwidth
scalability, Mobile Wi-MAX technology can comply with various frequency regulations
worldwide.
4.1
Basic Principals
In SOFDMA,
Sub-carrier spacing is independent of bandwidth.
The number of sub-carriers scales with bandwidth.
The smallest unit of bandwidth allocation, based on the concept of sub-channels,
is fixed and independent of bandwidth and other modes of operation.
The number of sub-channels scales with bandwidth and the capacity of each
individual sub-channel remain constant.
4.2
Smaller FFT size is given to lower bandwidth channels, while larger FFT size to wider
channels. By making the sub-carrier frequency spacing constant, SOFDMA reduces
system complexity of smaller channels and improves performance of wider channels. In
order to keep optimal sub-carrier spacing, the FFT size should scale with the bandwidth.
This concept is introduced in Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA).This results in the property
that the number of sub-channels scales with FFT/bandwidth. Various scalable parameters
in SOFDMA along with the fixed parameters are given in the table below.
PARAMETERS
System Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
Sampling frequency Fp in MHz
FFT Size (Nfft)
Number of Sub-Channels
Sub-Carrier Frequency Spacing
Useful symbol Time ( Tb=1/f)
Guard Time (Tg=Tb/8)
OFDMA symbol duration (Ts=Tb+Tg)
Number of OFDMA Symbols (5ms Frame)
VALUES
1.25
1.4
128
2
5
10
5.6
11.2
512
1024
8
16
10.94KHz
91.4 microsecond
11.4 microsecond
102.9 microsecond
48
20
22.4
2048
32
and UL, as well as other OFDMA default features such as a variety of sub-carriers
allocation and diversity schemes. Discussing these features is beyond of the scope of the
paper.
4.3
There are two types of frame structure, FDD and TDD. TDD has many advantages over
the FDD. The figure below explains the OFDM frame structure for a TDD
implementation.
OFDM Symbol Number
0
1
Subchannel
Logical
Number
s-1
s
s+1
1
FCH
UL
MAP
(conl)
M-1
Burst 1
DL Burs#2
Burst 2
DL
MAP DL Burs#1
Burst 3
DL Burs#4
ACKCH
DL Burs#3
Preamble
N-1
Burst 4
DL Burs#5
UL
MAP
N
DL Burs#6
Burst 5
Ranging
Fast feedback (CQICH)
DL Burs#7
Downlink Subframe
Guard
Uplink Subframe
Description
5.0
5.1
Advantages
Spectral Efficiency
5.2
5.2.1.
5.2.2
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is proportional to the number of sub-carriers used
for OFDM systems. An OFDM system with large number of sub-carriers will thus have a
very large PAPR when the sub-carriers add up coherently. Large PAPR of a system
makes the implementation of Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) and Analog-to-Digital
Converter (ADC) to be extremely difficult. The design of RF amplifier also becomes
increasingly difficult as the PAPR increases.
6.0
Conclusion
It may be concluded that OFDMA is a very efficient technique for broadband data
transmission over radio frequencies. It can be implemented digitally with simplicity and
at low cost. Therefore, it is being adopted in almost all the new wireless technologies.
7.0
References
1) http//www.wimaxforum.org/
2) IEEE 802.16e standards
8.0
AAS
ADSL
AMC
CDMA
CP
Cyclic Prefix
DAB
DL
Downlink
BPSK
DPSK
FEC
FDM
FFT
FDD
H-ARQ
ICI
IEEE
IFFT
ISI
LOS
Line-of-Sight
MIMO
NLOS
Non-Line-of-Sight
OFDM
OFDMA
PSK
PAPR
QAM
QPSK
SNR
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
S-OFDMA
SS
Subscriber Station
TDD
UL
Uplink
Wi-MAX
WLAN