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Carbonate
Components

Principal Types of
Skeletal Grains

Molluscs
(aragonite)

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Corals
(aragonite)

Foraminifera
(calcite)

Bryazoans
(magnesian calcite)

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Brachiopods
(calcite)

Coccoliths
(calcite)

Green Algae
(aragonite)

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Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)

(non-calcifying)

How Does One Distinguish

Molluscs from Brachiopods?

Summary

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Environments of
Dissolution

Lysocline

Lysocline

The ocean depth at

which the rate of
calcium carbonate
dissolution
increases rapidly
with depth.

Carbonate Compensation Depth

The ocean depth below which calcium carbonate is not
part of the sediment record.

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Chalk Reservoirs

Surface Dissolution: Karst

Surface
Dissolution:
Karst

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Surface Dissolution: Karst

Surface Dissolution: Karst

Subsurface Dissolution: Vuggy Porosity

Beavington-Penney et al., 2008

Clyde H. Moore photomicrograph

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Subsurface Dissolution: Stylolites

Summary

Icehouse vs.
Greenhouse Earth

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Aragonite Ooids

Tangential Texture

Magnesian Calcite Ooids

Radial Texture

Aragonite Marine Cement

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Magnesian Calcite Marine Cement

Scholle and UlmerScholle

Inorganic Carbonate Mineralogy and Icehouse

vs. Greenhouse Conditions

Icehouse Conditions
Primary Marine Precipitate is Aragonite
Cool Temperatures, Continental Glaciers
Low CO2 (low volcanism)

Greenhouse Conditions
Primary Marine Precipitate is Magnesian Calcite
Warm Temperatures, No Glaciers
High CO2 (high volcanism)

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Icehouse Conditions

Cin-Ty Lee

Greenhouse Conditions

Cin-Ty Lee

Secular Changes in d18O and d13C of Marine

Carbonates during Phanerozoic Time

Kygar C. Lohmann

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Stable Isotopes, Icehouse vs. Greenhouse Conditions,

and Sea Level

James and Choquette, 1990, after many others

Summary

Carbonate Rock
Components

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WentworthUdden
Sediment
Size Scale

Matrix: Micrite

Matrix: Spar

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Alochems: Intraclasts

Alochems: Ooids

Alochems: Fossils

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Alochems: Pellets

Just to make this as

confusing as
possible

Micrite May be Either Muddy Sediment

or Cement

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Spar may be Either Cement

or Replacement Crystals

Pellets May be Either Faecal Matter

or Micritized Grains

SEPM

Summary

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