Aaharasazaung Issue 87

trSwfpOf-87 arv-6-2008
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2
3
rmwdum
4 cspfaomrdwfaqGnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;odkU
uAsm 27 armif o pf q if ;
6 cd k i f a tmif a usmf a±S@a&;aqG;aEG;c%f;
29 a±S @ aersm;aumif p D
jrwfAk'<w&m;ææ
7 armif v G r f ; %D zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'---
32 ZGefr_dif;
ref;awmif&dyfidk
8 csrf ; jr ±d;_ ydx
k w k vf m+yDæ æ
34 rD ; rD ; cg;vf
tarod@k wrf;csi;f 12---
9 udkaomf PRMG b0qdkwmææ/
39 +id r f ; a0
=uufajccwf y‘
10 July aumif; 'Dvefawmrwfpf æ æ
42 armifpdk;csdef
om"kac:ygtar
11 xG e f ; jrif h a tmif wyfO;D od@k tw d zf iG ahf y;pm(60)
48 tm[m&0d k i f ; awmf o m;wOD ;
igwdk@acwf&J@=u,fwm&m---
12 &J & if h o uf Z G J tm[m&pmtkypf if
49 a±$ u l a rES i f ;
uef@uGufrJ
13 &efEdkifxGef; pnf;urf;vdu k ef mjcif;/
Edk;
13 auwD 0w
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Kwkd
±Sufa=umjywfolrsm;---- 45 uk d a qG
,ifaumif
tawG;tjrifESifhokw?&o
aqmif;yg;
yg;// o½kyfaz:yHkrsm;
14 atmif ' if
armifatmifvD (tm[m&pmapmif)
+ydKifw[ l ed ;f rS+cdr;f r,frh ;kd
18 cG g nd K armif t m[m&
at;twlyltr#ææ 41 armifatmifvD ( tm[m&pmapmif )
21 aqmif ;
b0qnf;qm--
23 atmif r d k ; 0if ; twGif; VOTE NO o½kyfaz:yHk
opPmqdkxm;olawGææ 3 EG , f E G , f 0 if ; (em*d k , m)rS a y;yd k @ ygonf ?
4
etz&J@ ppftm%mwnf+rJa&; &moufyef ppftm%m&Sipf epf wnfaqmufa&;ponfh &nf&, G cf surf sm;jzifh a&;qGJ
xm;wJh zG@J pnf;ykH tajccHOya' qENc, H yl }JG uD;uawmh &ufyidk ;f twGi;f jyKvky=f uawmhrmS jzpfygw,f? jynfol awG&@J oabmxm;
trSwo f m;awGukd jywfjywfom;om; azmfxw k jf yo&awmhrmS jzpfygw,f? jynfoal wG&@J oabmxm;trSeaf wGukd jywfjywf
om;om; az:xkwjf yo&awmhrmS jzpfygw,f? etz&J@ ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk csKyf+ird ;f oGm;atmif vkyaf qmifjy&rnfh tcsed t f cg
vnf; jzpfygw,f?
1990 rSm jyocJ=h uwJh jynfoal wG&@J jywfom;wJh oabmxm;vkyd J xyfrjH yo=ubk@d vydk gw,f?jynfoal wG&@J &ifxu J
xGuaf y:vmrnfh oabmxm;trSeaf wGudk odwhJ etz[m jynfwiG ;f jynfyrSm enf;rsKd ;pHo k ;Hk +yD; aumufusppf Of;vJpmG eJ@ rJt
Ekid &f =ubk@d vkyaf qmifae=uw,f? }udKwif qENraJ wGukd =unf&h ifvnf; jynfya&muf jrefrmEkid if o H m;trsm;pk[m olw@dk a&;
qGx J m;wJh Oya'eJ@ uku d n f w D mawmif rJay;cGihf r&=uygb;l ? jynfwiG ;f rSmqk&d ifvnf; olw@dk owfrw S xf m;wJh rJ&aHk qmufciG rhf
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bk@d enf;rsKd ;pkeH @J pnf;&k;H =urSmyg? owif;pmawGxrJ mS &kyjf rifo=H um;xJrmS jynfoal wGudk axmufcrH aJ y;bk@d pnf;&k;H ae=uovkAd v dk f
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H ajccHOya'ukd twnfjyKEkid af &;twGuf tumtuG,af y;xm;ygw,f?olw@dk &@J aumuf
usppf Of;vJra_ wGudk pk;d &drw f t hJ wGuf Ekid if w H umu awmif;qkw d hJ tajccHOya' qENc, H yl uJG Edk idk if w H um tuJcwfrsm; avhvm
apmif=unfch iG hf &a&;ukv d nf; y,fcsxm;ygw,f? jynfov l xl u k dk uef@uu G rf aJ y;=uzk@d pnf;&k;H ae=uwJh trsKd ;om;'Dru dk a&pDt
zG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifawG jynfo@l vw G af wmfu, dk pf m;vS,af wG 88 rsKd qufausmif;om;vli,f acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; etz&J@ vuf
ukid 'f wk f a=u;pm;awGjzpfwhJ }uzhH @HG awG pGr;f tm;&Siaf wG&@J aESmuf,u S &f u dk Ef u
S f wku d cf udk rf a_ wGukd Oya'rJph mG vkyaf qmifccH &hJ zrf;qD;
cHc&hJ jcif;rsm; =um;xJu ZGeJ bJe@J uef@uu G rf aJ y;=uzk@d jynfov l x l u k dk pnf;&k;H ae =u&ygw,f? etz[m olw@dk &@J ppftm%m
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oGm;r,fq&dk if olw@dk vyk cf sio f vkd vkyaf qmifciG hf &=urSmr[kwyf gb;l ?
jynfwiG ;f jynfyrSm&Sad e=uwJh 'Dru dk a&pDta&;v_y&f mS ;ae=uwJh tzG@J tpnf;rsm; ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; jynfol
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}udK;pm;apumrl Ekid if w H umu todtrSwjf yKrSm r[kwyf gb;l ? usaemfw@dk tm;vk;H wnDw!Gww f nf; }udK;pm;=ubk@d vkt d yfyg
w,f? 1990 a&G;aumufy&JG vm'f trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J Ekid if aH &;
tusO;f om;vGwaf jrmufa&; ponftcsurf sm;ukd rsuu f ,G jf yK cHv@dk r&yg? rsuu f , G jf yKjcif;cHvu dk &f wmESihf ppftm%m&Sif pepf
ukd woufwmvk;H &ifqidk o f mG ;&rSm jzpfygw,f? t&Sed t f [ket f jrifq h ;Hk umvawGudk a&muf&adS e=u&yg+y?D etz&J@ ppftm%m&Sif
pepfe@J tkycf sKyfomG ;wmudyk cJ =H u&rvm;? ppftm%m&Sipf epfuydk J csKyf+idr;f atmif zsuo f rd ;f Ekid rf vm;? b,fvrf;ukd a&G;=ur,f
qkw d muawmh usaemfw@dk &@J }udK;yrf;r_ pnf;&k;H r_ pnf;vk;H r_w@dk tay:rSmom rlwnfygw,f?
pnf;vk;H =upk@d / pnf;&k;H =uygp@dk ?
tm[m&0dik ;f awmfom;rsm;?
5
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Ð ÁapP0H yÉdoaE<&,fr@dk
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wnfwHh umuG,f apmifha±Smufor_ðy=uygaygh
om"ktEkarm'em y&d,wWdpmcsum&,f
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a0'em tedpPawmjzpfwmrkd@
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jynfwcGif uGef@jrL;aeorkd@
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taotcsm tmrbaE W&,fvkd@
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wGufppfum cGef;csKdoDukH;ayrifh
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ouFef;ukd±Hk axmifeef;ukd pHcJh&w,f
b0=urRm ,kd;r,fzGJ@&ava&mhovm;
apmjrwf&Sif ukd;pm;cJh&w,f ckid af tmifausmf (ppfawG)
xifu&— pcef;———? (rpk;d &drq
f &mawmf t&SiOf ;D aum0d' tm;
&nfrSef;I *k%fðypyfqkdjcif;)
6
ref;awmif&dyfidk
jynfyu
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tm;udk;ygw,fvdk@ ajymoGm;wJh
tar ajymoGm;wJh pum;twGuf
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jreENmeJ@
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wrf;wrf;qGwfqGwf
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tar&,f pmay t+idrhf obif
rE Wvmudk/ jrefrmjynfudk rjrif&ufawmhblvm;tar?
vlxkudk/ atmifqef;pk=unfudk +rdK@±kd;jy\'f
rif;udkEkdifwkd@udk/ ta0;a&mufom;orD;awGudk usKH;wywfrSm
tm;ud;k ,H=k unfw,fq?dk ? qHk;jzwfoGm;cJhwmvm; tar? ?
csif;wGif;/ {&m0wD tar jrifcsifwJhacwf
±dk;rwa=um/ aomv_yfrkefwdkif; tar awG@csifwJhpepf
vdi_ ;f awG ckeaf yguaf e=u+yD? ? usaemfwkd@ cspfw,f
awmifav;vHk; usaemfw@dk acwf/ opfukd opf&r,f
awmiforef/ r,fZ,fyifwef; jzpfukd jzpf&r,f
idkcef;awGtcef;quf/ &ufpufwJh Zmwfvrf;&Snf a&mufukd a&mufap&r,f tar? ?
a=uuJv G @kd rqH;k / ppfrek ;f pdwu
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aoG;ajrus oHCmawmfawGudk
vku d v f H ylaZmfaewmvm; tar? ?
armifvrG ;f PD
(7-4-08)
7
tarodk h wrf;csi;f
(12)
tara& æ
usaemfh tdrfoloufxm;uajymw,f
usaemf[m t&H;_ tEdik f odyw
f uG w
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tJ'g qd;k vm; tar?
tara& æ
r=umcifrSm usaemfwdk@ jynfolawGvnf;
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jynfolawGudk odod}uD;eJ@
tvkyf±_yfatmif rJay;cdkif;wm
bm oabmvJ awG;rdaew,ftar? tara& æ
t±H_;tEdkif rwGuf&&if raeEdkifwJhom;u
tara& æ jynfolawGudk 'Dwcgawmh
[dk 90 wke;f uvnf; atmifhtD;+yD; qef@usifrJav;awmh xnfhcdkif;rSmaemf
jynfolawGajymcJhwm olwdk@rS em;raxmif tar?
tckvnf; em;raxmif&if rcufcsnfbl;vm; tar?
tara& æ
tara& æ usaemfwdk@ ±_H;&ifvnf;
jynfoq
l EN olw@kd *±krS rpdu
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pd;k &drw
f ,f tar?
tara& æ
'Dwcg usaemfwdk@Edkif&ifawmh
usaemfh tdrfoloufxm;udk
iguGvdk@ ºuGm;ypfvdkufrSmaemf tar? ?
csr;f jr (2 {+yD 2008)
8
ordkif;qdkwm unpfwHeJ@a&;cJhwmr[kwfovdk
cJwH/azmifwdef/abmyifeJ@a&;cJhwmr[kwfvdk@
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jznfhpGufcsifovdk jznfhpGuf/
azsmufzsufcsifovdk azsmufzsufypfvdk@ r&bl;?
ajymrSod/xdrSem/omrSae/aorScifwwfwJh
vlawGrusifh}uHtyfwJh udpPawGudk
ae@w"l0 pOf;pm;vdkufem usifh=uHaewJh
vl@rdp>mppftm%m±Sif aomuf¶l;awG
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waxmifhudk;&mudk;q,fhudk;&vm'fudk wHawG;pGwf+yD;
zsufcsif&atmif 'g[m ausmufoifykef;ay:u
ausmufwHeJ@a&;xm;wJh &vm'ftajzr[kwf EdkifiHawmftajccHOya'rl=urf;qdkwm
jynfol@qENtrSefeJ@ xkqpfcJhwJh rw&m;tm%modrf;+yD;
orkdif;wGifwJhausmufpm? 'DyJ,if;EdkifiHawmfvkyf}uHr_udk
yufyufpufpufusL;vGefcJhwJh
ppf&mZ0wfaumifawG vkyf&rJh tvkyfr[kwf?
jynfolawG a&G;aumufcJhwJh
NLDeJ@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG vkyf&rJhtvkyf?
jynfolawGwm0efray;yJ ZGwfvkyf&ifawmh
jrefrmhorkdif;pmrsufESmay:rSm
acG;xufrdkufolawGtjzpf
=uufajccwfawGyJ xifusef&pfvdrfhr,f?
udkaomf (PRMG)
etz&J @ zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'(rl = urf ; )tm;
Political Refugee Music Group
(PRMG) tzGJ@ (*syef)rS jywfjywfom;om;
qef @ usif uef @ uG u f o nf ?
9
om "k ac: yg t ar
ocF g&udk em;vnfayr,fh

tarhudk &Sdaeapcsifao;wm
wu,fh r[mqENyg/
tar&Sd&if jynfhpHkw,f
tar&Sd&if tm;&Sdw,f
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om;wdk‹wawG rSwf,lwmudk æ
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r=um;csifvSwJh owif;qdk;u
tarh&ifcGif[m pdrfhprf;a&om tkdatppfyg/
twif;wdk;0if om;&JŒ&ifudk æ
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‘tarqH;k +yD’ wJ?h
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tar jrifawG‹csifovdk om;wdk‹wawG
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atmifyGJeJ‹twl tjyefvrf;xuf
a&muf&mbHkb0u om"kac:yg?
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ESpf&Snfvrsm; apmifhar#mf&mu
ta0;a&mufom;
om;wdk‹tvm rapmifhEkdifawmhwmudk æ
ajzp&mawG;r& July aumif;
0rf;enf;vSw,f tar&,f? (12/ 4/ 2008 - o}uFet
f óudae@)
10
igwk d@acwf&J@ =u,fwm&m vlxka':trm

xGef:]rifhatmif
88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm;
2008 ckEpS f {+yDv 8 &uf
vlxak ':trm
tar[m oauFwwck
touf&w dS hJ edrw
d yf Hk
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tm%mqef@usiaf &; jynfov l w G af jrmufa&; 88 rsKd ;qufawGrajymeJ@
ausmif;om;oydwf 2007 AuorsKd ;qufawGe@J awmif
jynfo@l pmay pum;vufqu Hk svudk af o;
tar bmeJ@rv S rJ pm;cJb h ;l ? nD!w G af &;
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yljcpfaf wmufavmifaewJh zke;f qk;d ajrrSm tar wzGzaG jymcJw h phJ um;
taru usaemfw@dk &@J ESv;Hk om;rSm
tarb0ukd ausmufom;ausmufqidk v f dk oabmxm; ausmufom;twd jzpfaerSmawmh
avmu"H&@J txktqpfudk }uH}h uHch H tar pdwcf sae+yDayg?h
acwfumvrsm;&J@ Zmwf0ifaw;*DwawGufkd
pnf;0g;yDovmapzk@d usaemfw@dk
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ajymajymjyaewJh tarha&S;pum; ppfzed yfxu J jrefrmjynfudk
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11
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vl @ tcG i f h t a&; qH k ; &H _ w J h b 0awG r sm;pG m
tJ ' D x J r S m rS æ
toJ = um;u rJ w jym;ud k
qH k ; ±H _ ; &yH k r sm; urB m ra=up&m æ
t&H _ ; awmh r ay;bl ; a[h

rsm;rsm;vmwJ h urB m ra=up&mrsm;twG u f
igwd k @ &J @ toJ = um;u rJ w jym;[m
igwd k @ &J @ vuf e uf o mjzpf w mrd k @
ord k i f ; wauG @ ar (10)&uf a e@rS m
r[myx0D a jr}uD ; eJ @ aumif ; uif w cG i f
jynf o l v l x k } uD ; u
uef @ uG u f r J a wG e J @ tvS q if = uvd r f h r ,f æ?
&J&ifo
h ufZJG
12
&Suf 88 &JŒ aoG;awGu rajcmuf

a&$0ga&mifu rsufpdatmufrSm
jrefrmtod urBmtod
vky&f uf=uygbd æ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf
a-um tjrifwdrfwdrfeJ‹ rvkyfygeJ‹
ajAmifvdrfzdk‹ róud;pm;eJ‹
+idrf;csrf;olawGu toufay;
oHCmaoG;awG ajrudkc
ouf}uD;tdkawG idkaºuG;=ueJ‹
±SufwwfcJh&ifaygh? urBmht}uD;qHk; tusOf;pcef;jzpfatmif
jywf ajymwwf=uygh 'if;wdk‹u

jynfytm;udk; ykqdef±dk;wJh/
'if;wdk‹awG }uHaqmifcJhwm æ
tjrifwdrfwdrfeJ‹ r}uHygeJ‹
'if;wdk‹us =unfhprf;ygOD; ajAmifvdrfzdk‹ róud;pm;eJ‹
w±kwu f kd tazac:
ol tdENd,udk yaxG;awmf
±k±Sm;udk a,mufzvdkar#mf æ
±SufwwfcJh&ifaygh æ?
auwD
tjrifwdrfwdrfeJ‹ rajymygeJ‹ (e0a';)
rsm; ajAmifvdrfzdk‹ róud;pm;eJ‹
±SufwwfcJh&ifaygh?
13
+ydKifwl[def;rS +cdrf;r,fhrdk;
atmif'if
1 - usaemf w d k @ tm;vH k ; NO
&J a bmf r sm; rd w f a qG r sm;cif A sm;
2007 ckEpS &f @J =o*kw/f pufwifbmvrsm;u tpjyKcJw h hJ jrefrmEdik if jH ynforl sm;&J@ a&$0ga&mif awmfv f eS af &;
}uD;u 'Duae@txd t&Sed t f [kwjf rifrh m;pGm eJ@ csw D ufaeqJygy?J ppftm%m&Siaf wG&@J t=urf;zufw@kH jyefrr_ sm;atmufrmS 'l;r
axmuf OD;rnGwyf J vrf;cGcJ &hJ wJh &Jabmfrsm;udk a=uuGpJ mG E_wq f uf/ tdyrf uftopfawG arG;zGg;/ tem*wfukd wnfaqmufrhJ
cifAsm;wd@k &@J vufrsm; [m oefrmaeqJ/ cifAsm;wd@k &@J &ifcek o f aH wG[m &J&ifah EG;axG;aeqJ cifAsm;wd@k &@J ar#mv f ifch surf sm;uvwf
qwf awmufyaeqJ jrefrmEdik if H 'kw, d vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf &JG @J atmifyef;udk r=umcifrmS cifAsm;wd@k qifjref;Edik =f uawmhr,f
usaemf ,H=k unfryd g&@J ?
1988 ckEpS u f pcJw h hJ t=urf;rzufwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_}uD;[m tESpf 20 xJukd a&muf&v dS movkd vlxk
wku d yf &JG @J yHo
k ¾ef[mvnf; ajymif;vJcyhJ g+y?D 'Duae@'t D csed rf mS usaemfw@kd [m 'Dru kd a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D &J@txGÉt f xdyw f u dk f
yGu J kd a&muf&adS eyg+yD?
ppftm%m&Siaf wGu wkid ;f jynfukd &moufyef tkycf sKyfEikd zf @kd twGuf olw@kd pw d w f ikd ;f us a&;qGx J m;wJh jrefrmEdik if H ppf
u|ejf yKa&;Oya'udk wzufowfjyXmef; twnfjyKz@kd }uKd ;pm;aeyg+y?D 'DyrJG mS olw@kd atmifjrifc&hJ if usaemfw@kd &@J 1990 a&G;aumufyJG
&v'f xm0& qH;k &H;_ &awmhr,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epf[m jrefrmEkid if rH mS w&m;0if jzpfvm+yD; usaemfw@kd jynfoal wG om;pOfajr;
quf ppfu|eb f 0 a&muf=u&awmhr,f? 'Dru kd a&pD/ vl@tcGit fh a&; eJ@ wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkta&;awG[m ppfzed yfatmufrmS
emusi=f u&awmhr,f?
pum;wck =um;zl;ygw,f? “wku d yf yJG o
kH ¾efukd &efou l zefw;D +y;D wdu k yf &JG @J t&Sed tf [keu f nDnw G rf u
_ kd wnfaqmuf
ay;w,f”wJ?h b,fob l ,f0gu ajymcJo h vJ rrSwrf ad wmhyg? 'gayr,hf usaemfw@kd twGuf odyu f kd rSeu
f ef wJh pum;ygy?J etzu
ol wzufowf a&;qGx J m;wJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk vlxq k ENc, H yl eJG @J twnfjyKr,fv@kd aºu;a=umfvu dk w f m[m 'Dru kd a&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf wku d yf yJG o
kH ¾efukd zefw;Dd ay;vdu k wf mygy?J
“jrefrmjynfukd &moufyef tkycf sKyaf wmhr,f a[h”vd@k ppfbv D ;l rsm;u aºua=umfvu kd w
f m[m jrefrm jynfov l x l u k kd
ppfa=ujimvku d w f mygy?J pdeaf c:vku d w f myg yJ? 'Dped af c:r_ukd usaemfw@kd &ifq f ikd v
f u dk yf gw,f?
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd vH;k 0(vH;k 0) tvdrk &Sb d ;l vd@k jrefrmjynfoal wGu 1990 a&G;aumufyrJG mS jywfjywfom;om;a=u
jimvku d w f mygy?J tckvmr,fh arv vlxq k ENc, H yl rJG mS vnf; xyfrH jywfjywfom;om; a=ujimrSmyg? etz&J@ ppfwyftusKd ;jyK
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk jynfov l x
l u k jywfjywfom;om; uef@uu G =f urSmyg?
'Dwu dk yf }JG uD;&J@ t&Sed t f [keu f }uD;rm;vGe;f +yD; usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynf&@J uH=urRmudk tqH;k tjzwf ay;&r,fh tajctae
rsKd ;rd@k usaemfw@kd nDnw G v f m=uyg+yD? usaemf wd@k tm;vH;k jynfwiG ;f jynfy b,favmufyJ a0;a0; ta&mifawG b,fvykd u J u JG /JG
tzG@J tpnf;awG b,fvykd J rsm;rsm; ppftyk pf &k @J rdpm> acsmufurf;
14
yg;}uD;xJukd usz@kd wnf;wnf;av;jzpfwhJ usaemfw@kd trdajr wcsdefrSm jyefjyifr,fqdk&if v$wfawmfrSm 75µ ausmf
ukd u,fwifz@kd usaemfw@kd nDnw G v f m=uyg+yD? axmufcrH eJ @J vlxk qENc, H yl rJG mS 50µausmf axmuf cHrJ vdk
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm usaemfw@kd tm;rvkt d m;r& jzpfc&hJ rSmjzpfayr,fh 'Dz@JG pnf;yHu k kd vlxq k ENc, H yl rJG mS twnf jyKzd@k t
wJh trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy&f @J acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;uvnf; wGuaf wmh rJay;ydik cf iG &hf o dS l tm;vH;k &J@ 25µausmo f m vdt k yfrmS
'D tjrifrh m;qH;k wku d yf rJG mS &J&&J if&h ifh a&S@wefu&yf vd@k 1988 jzpfygw,f? 'Duae@ jrefrmEdkifiHvlOD;a&udk 56 oef; vdk@
aemufyikd ;f rSmrS arG;zGm;=uwJh vli,fausmif;om;uav;awG cef@reS ;f +yD; rJ ay;ydik cf iG &hf o dS l 32 oef;vd@k cef@reS ;f wJt h wGuf 'Dz@JG
utp vufEpS zf ufukd =uufajccwfv@kd Xmeqdik &f m 0efxrf; pnf;yHu k kd rJ ay;ydik cf iG &hf o dS l 8 oef;ausmu f axmufc&H ekH @J t
rsm;eJ@ wyfrawmfom; rdom;pk0ifrsm;utp “ NO ” vd@k w wnfjyKrSmyg?
zGzaG &&Gw=f uvd@k wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;uvnf; “ NO ”/ qENc,H yl rJG mS uef@uu G rf aJ y;rSm aocsmoavmuf
jynfya&muf jrefrmrsm;uvnf; “ NO ”/ q&mawmf oHCm &Sw d hJ Edik if o
H m; awmfawmf rsm;rsm;[mvnf; rJay;cGihf r&=u
awmfrsm;uvnf; “ NO ”emrnfausmt f Ekynm&Sirf sm;u ygb;l ? tckjyKvyk cf hJ jyKvyk af eqJjzpfwhJ xdik ;f / puFm yl/ rav;&Sm;/
vnf; “ NO ” usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;&J@ wnDwnGwfwnf; tp&dw S hJ jynfyEdik if rH sm;rSm&Sw d hJ jrefrmoH&;kH rsm;u }udKwif rJ
aºu;a=umfoH u “ NO ” ppfwyf&@J zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' qENay;yGrJ sm;udk avhvm=unhrf ,fq&kd if jynfya&mufjrefrm
udv k nf; “ NO ” ppfwyfuv kd nf; “ NO ”rw&m;wJh tkypf ;kd Edik if o
H m;trsm;pk txl;ojzifh xkid ;f Edik if rH mS qd&k if woef;ausmf
r_reS o f r# udv k nf; “ NO ” 'Dxuf &Si;f wm r&SEd ikd af wmhygb;l ? [m rJay;cGihf qH;k &H;_ aewm awG@ &ygw,f?
(2) etz&J @ ajcvS r f ; rsm; jynfwGif;rSmvnf; olwdk@udk,fwdkif jyXmef;xm;wJh
Adv
k o f ef;a&$acgi;f aqmifwhJ etz ppftyk pf [ k m rw qENc, H yl OGJ ya'udk csKd ;azmuf+yD; 0efxrf;awGukd oufqikd &f m
&m;r_rsm;eJ@ wnfaqmufz@GJ pnf;xm;wJh rdpm> awGyg? wcsKd @u XmeawGrmS q&m q&mrawGukd oufqikd &f m ausmif;awGrmS
“Adv k o f ef;a&$ u qENc, H yl u JG dk aoaocsmcsm wGuq f +yifqif rJ&akH qmufciG hf r&Sb d J rJ&akH qmuf+yD; }udKwifrJ ay;cdik ;f aewm
jcif;r&Syd J ac:,lvu dk w f m” vk@d wGuq f =uygw,f? b,fvkd [m }u;D rm;wJh rw&m;r_ygy?J zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk a0zef&if
yJjzpfjzpf jynfol@qENcH,lyu GJ dk 2008 ckESpf arvrSm ac:,lzdk@ axmif'%fwouf wu|ef;/ qENcH,lyGu J dk aESmuf,Suf&if
a=ujimwmeJ@ wjyKd iw f nf;rSmyJ a&G;aumufyo JG pfukd 2010 rSm axmif'%f 3 ESpf pwJh Oya'awGe@J vnf; zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
usi;f yzd@k a=ujimwm[mjzifh 'D twkta,mif zG@J pnf;yHt k ajc twnfjyK Edik af &; tumtuG,f ay;xm;ygao;w,f?
cHOya'udk twif;t"rR twnfjyKzd@k ppftm%m&Sirf sm;u 'gtjyif EdkifiHwumu awmif;qdkwJh EdkifiHwum
ydik ;f jzwfxm;a=umif; odomxif&mS ;wJh taxmuftxm;ygy?J tuJcwfrsm; qENcH,lyGJudk avhvmapmifh=unhfcGihf&a&;/
ppftyk pf [ k m 2008 ar qENc, H yl rJG mS b,fvekd nf;eJ@jzpfjzpf t awmif;qdck suu f v kd n;f etzu jiif;y,fxm;ygao;w,f?
Edik &f atmif }udK;pm;rSmyg? t}uD;rm;qH;k vdrn f mr_awGuawmh qENc, hJ yl JG usi;f ywJh ae@
ae@pOfxw k f owif;pmawGrmS a&'D,ekd @J &kyjf rifoH ar 10 &ufe@J aemuf&ufawGrmS jzpfrmS yg? etz&J@ qEN cH,yl JG
=um;rSm jynfov l x l uk kd axmufcrH aJ y;=uzd@k t}uD;tus,f Oya't& rJ&akH wGrmS rJpm&if;tEdik t f &H;_ ukd xkwjf yef a=ujimcGihf
pnf;&H;k aeygw,f?ae&ma'o tES@t H jym;udo k mG ;+y;D +crd ;f ajcmuf r&Syd gb;l ? qdik &f m rJ&rkH sm;&J@ rJpm&if; tEdik t f &H;_ udk oufqikd &f m
vdu k /f vSnzfh sm;vdu k /f vmbfx;kd vdu k f vkyaf ewmuawmh r +rKd @e,faumfr&Siu f vufcH pkaqmif;+y;D oufqikd &f m jynfe,f/
=um;csirf S tqH;k ygy?J wcsed w f nf; w+ydKifwnf;rSmyJ jynfol wdik ;f aumfr&Siu f rS 'Dued ;f *%ef; udk aygi;f +y;D tEdik t f &H;_ a=ujim
vlxu k kd uef@uu G rf J ay;zd@k OD;aqmif pnf;&H;k aewJh tzG@J csKyft rSmyg?
zG@J 0ifawG/ 88 rsKkd ;qufausmif;om; awG/ jynfo@l v$waf wmf tm;vH;k odwt hJ wdik ;f qENc, H yl u JG si;f ya&;A[dak umf
ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[mjzifh etz tiSm;xm;wJh a=u;pm;vlru kd f r&Si&f @J OuUX OD;atmifw;dk [m trsKd ;om;nDvmcH usi;f ya&;
rsm;&J@ wku d cf ukd rf a_ tmufrmS emusi=f u/ '%f&m&=u tzrf;t aumfvyk if ef;aumfrwD&@J OuUXvnf;jzpf/ zG@J pnf; yHt k ajccHOy
qD;cH=u&eJ@? a'rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfr&Si&f @J OuUXvnf; jzpf+y;D / aumfr&Sif
etzu 'Dz@JG pnf;yHt k ajcchOya'udk vG,v f , G f ulul tzJ@G 0ifawG[mvnf; etzu pdww f ikd ;f us a&G;cs,x f m;wJh
twnfjyKEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfwhJ axmufcHrJ yrm%udk vlawGyg? A[dak umfr&Siu f tqifh qifh wifjyvmwJh rJpm&if;
vnf; jrifjh rifrh m;rm; rowfrw S x
f m;ygb;l ? 'Dz@JG pnf;yHu k kd aemif rsm;udk aygi;f pyfa&wGu&f mrSmvnf; rnfou l rS apmih=f uyfavh
vmEdik rf mS r[kwyf g?
15
'ga=umifh t}uD;rm;qHk; vdrfvnfr_}uD;[m qEN etzu 'DzGJ@pnf;yHkudk b,fvdkyJ vdrfvnft
cH,lyGJt+yD; aemufwywfcef@t=um =uyfajy;aejynfawmf wnfjyKjyK/ jynfov l x l uk vufrcH&if/ Edik if w H umtpd;k &awG
A[dkaumfr&Sifu rJpm&if; xkwfjyefa=ujimwJhtcgrSm jzpfyg u vufrcH&if/ b,fvrkd S 'DOya'udk toufoiG ;f vd@k r&Edik yf g
vdrrhf ,f? uef@uu G rf aJ wG b,favmufyrJ sm;rsm; zG@J pnf;yHt k bl;?tckupvd@k qENc, H yl JG vkyw f ahJ e@utxd vlxk v_y&f mS ;r_
ajccHOya'udk tEdik af y; twnfjyKrSmyg? awG[m etz&@J rormrmr_awGukd az:xkw&f if; xlx&k @J vuf
qENcH,lyGJ usif;ywJhae@ naezuf rJ&HkydwfcsdefrSm rcHra_ wGukd xkwaf z: jyoaewmyg?
rJ&rkH LS ;eJ@ tzG@J u rJy;kH xJu rJawGukd a&wGuyf gvrd rhf ,f? O ya' tJ'aD emufrmS awmh etz&J@ zG@J pn;fyu kH kd Edik if H wum
t& rJa&wGuw f hJ tcsed rf mS tenf;qH;k 10 OD;xuf rydw k hJ rJay; u odtrSwrf jyKa&; quf+yD;v_y&f mS ;=u&rSmyg? puwnf;u
cGi&hf o
dS al wG a&S@arSmufrmS a&wGu&f rSmjzpfayr,hf }uH@z@JG e@J pGr;f usaemfw@kd u 'Dz@JG pnf;yHu k kd ruef@uu G cf bhJ ;l ? rjiif;cJb h ;l qd&k if
tm;&Siaf wGom tJ'D 10 OD;jzpfrmS yg? 'Dz@JG pnf;yHk twnfjyK+y;D oGm;wJt h csed rf mS 'Dz@JG pnf;yHk touf0if
a&wGuf+yD;wJhaemuf rJpm&if;udk oufqdkif&m vmr_ukd jiif;qef uef@uu G Ef ikd af wmhrmS r[kwyf gb;l ?
&yfuGuf/ aus;&Gmaumfr&SifxH wifydk@&rSmyg? &ufuGuf/ tckq&kd if 'Dz@JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'&J@ rw&m;r_awGudk
aus;&Gm aumfr&SifawGu olwdk@xHa&mufvmwJh rJ&HktoD; usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k u jrefrmjynfoal wGa&m urBmh jynfoal wG
oD;u pm&if;awGudk pkaygif;+yD; +rdK@e,faumfr&SifawGxH wif a&m tm;vH;k odatmif xkwaf z: jyoEkid =f u ovkd 'Dz@JG pnf;yHk
jy/ +rdK@e,faumfr&SifawGu aus;&Gm/ &yfuGufaumfr&Sifrsm; twkta,mifukd vH;k 0 vufrcHEikd b f ;l qdw k hJ jrefrmjynforl sm;
u wifoGif;wJh rJpm&if;awGudk xyfaygif;+yD; oufqdkif&m &J@ qENawGuv kd nf; urBmuod atmif jyEdik =f uyg+y?D qENc, H yl JG
jynfe,f/ wkid ;f aumfr&Siu f w kd if/ jynfe,f/ wdik ;f aumfr &Siu f &ufawmif ra&mufao; ygb;l ? puFmyl/ *syef/ xdik ;f /rav;&Sm;/
oufqikd &f m +rKd @e,fu wifjyvmwJh rJpm&if;rsm;udk xyfaygi;f t*Fvef/f jyifopf pwJh jynfya&muf jrefrmrsm;u olw@kd &@J qef@
+yD; =uyfajy;aejynfawmfu A[dak umfr&Siu f kd wif/ =uyfajy; usirf u _ kd Edik if w
H umtpk;d &rsm;/ jynforl sm;odatmif xkwaf z:
aejynfawmfu A[dak umfr&Siu f jynfe,f/wkid ;f aumfr&Sirf sm; jyo+yD/ jy oae=uqJyg? 'Dt&Sed t f [ke[ f m qufvufjrifrh m;
u wify@kd vmwJh rJpm&if;rsm;udk xyfaygi;f tJ'gurkd S t&if& ae+y;D ar (10) &ufae@rmS awmh jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f u jynfol oef;
&Sx
d m;wJ }uKd wifrrJ sm;udk xyfraH ygi;f pyf+y;D aemufq;kH rJpm&if; aygif;rsm;pGm&J@ vlxkqENcH,lyGJ xkwfaz: jyoyG}J uD; jzpfvm
udk a=ujimrSmyg? awmhrmS yg? etz[m qENc, H yl JG &v'fukd vdrv f @kd &ayr,fh
'ga=umifh rJ&Hkydwfwhn J aeuae p+yD; rJ&HkrSL;rsm;eJ@ jrefrmjynfov l xl &k @J uef@uu G rf /_ jiif;qefru _ kd b,fvrkd S zH;k
aumfr&Sif tqifq h if&h @J vdrv f nfy}JG uD; pyg+yD? rJ&rkH LS ;awG t uG,v f @kd r&Edik yf gb;l ?
qifrh mS vdrv f @kd cuf&ifawmifrS tJ'D rJpm&if;awG aus;&Gm/ &yf wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ qENc, H yl JG usi;f ya&; vkyif ef;pOf&@J
uGuaf umfr&Sif ta&mufrmS pwifvrd v f @kd &yg+yD/ tJ'aD emuf rormr_awGukd usaemfw@kd az:xkwcf /hJ az:xkwq f /J az:xkwf
+rKd @e,faumfr&Siaf wGu xyfvrd /f +y;D awmh jynfe,f/ wkid ;f aumf ae=uwmyg? rw&m; jypf'%f/ rr#wwJh pnf;&H;k r_/ +crd ;f ajcmuf
r&Siaf wGu xyfvrd ef @J =uyfajy;aejynfawmf A[dak umfr&Siu f r_/ t=uyfuikd rf /_ vdrv f nfra_ wGtjyif oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom
}udKwifrsm;eJ@ xyfaygi;f vdrv f nf+yD;wJh aemufrmS awmh et jynfya&muf jrefrmEdik if o H m;awG udk rJay;cGihf uef@owfra_ wG/
z&J@ zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'[m axmufcrH J 100µ/ uef@uu G rf J zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rl=urf;udk avhvmcGihf r&r_awG[mjzihf
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18
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ed * H k ; Adkvfae0if;vdk vlrodolrod
1988'kw, d t}udrf vlxq k ENc, H yl rJG mS yDEakd cs; &J@ tkypf ;dk r_ukd qufvufr tokb cs&wJh tjzpfrsdK;
vkcd siaf wmhwhJ jynfov l x l k u “Ed;k ”rJta& twGuf 56 µeD;yg;xnh+f yD; tajzay;cJh }uH K csif o vm;/
w,f? vlaygif; axmifcsD+yD; owfch&J ayrJh csDvDjynfolawG pdwfravsmhch=J uygbl;?
“aysmf &$irf a_ wG vmae+y”D (Joy is Coming) qdw k Jh oDcsi;f awG qef'aD &*d;k +rKd @xrJ mS
ae&mtES@H pD;arsmaew,f? qENjyyGaJ wGuvrf;r awGay:rSm ae&m,lxm;=uovk-d xGuf Edik cf &hJ if- &Spaf v;vH;k pdw"f mwf qdk
Adv
k cf sKyfawGukd vky}f uHowfjzwfrhJ rsKd ;cspaf wmfveS af &; wyfaygi;f pkawGu wdww f wmudk wdwu d sust"dyg` ,zf iG Ehf idk =f uyg
qdwf vuf eufawG o,faqmifae=uw,f? “ek;d ”aºu;a=umfoaH wGu AH;k awGe@J t vdrrhf ,f? ud, k v hf yd jf ymukd oef@pifaq;
wl avwyfu ppfAv kd w f a,muf&@J ±;kH cef;xJrmS t&Sed jf yif;jyif; uGaJ ew,f? a=umEkid o f al wG om Armjynfoal wGukd
atmf --Armjynfu Adv k cf sKyaf wGuawmh 1990 a±G;aumufyu JG mvwke;f tvif;ay;Edik o f wJ?h
uavmufawmif owWd raumif;&Smawmh bl;? jynfou l kd vGwv f w G v f yfvyf pnf;&H;k ppftm%m&Siaf wGwckavmuf
cGifh ray;wJhtjyif uvdrfuuspfe@J rJudk vdrf+yD; ,lcsifaeao;w,f? puFmylrSm - awmh &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; odapcsiw f ,f?
*syefrmS - rav;&Sm;rSm - e,l;a,mufrmS - Edik if t H ES@H ppftyk pf ak wG t±Suu f aJG e+y-D arvu usaemfw@kd udk opPm&Sad eovdk
rJ&;_H cJ&h if t&H;_ udk vufczH @kd zdtm;ay;cJw h hJ yDEakd cs;&J@ Adv
k cf sKk yf awGavmufawmifowWd usaemfwdk@uvnf; arvudkESvHk;aoG;
&SEd ikd yf grh vm;? rJvrd v f @kd ppftyk pf u k zG@J pnf;yHt k opfukd ZGwt f oufoiG ;f vnf; vlxk xyf+yD; opPm qdx k m;w,f? ppfAv kd cf sKyf
u enf;vrf;opfawG&mS zd@k jyifqifxm;vdrrhf ,fv@kd ,=kH unfw,f? awGtwGuaf wmh arvqdw k m edrw d fr
jynfyrSm a&mufaewJt h wku d f tcHawGu "mwfjym;a[mif;awGe@J owif; aumif;Edik w f hJ tem*wf a[mude;f wck
a&mif;aewJh tqifhuae ausmfvGefvmcJh&if ordkif;aemufausm rvHkolawGe@J jzpfaeygvrd rhf ,f?
vdyjf ymroef@oal wG&@J ud, k +hf c0H ikd ;f av;awGrmS pnf;&d;k umaewJt h qifu h ae &ke;f uef (atmifrdk;0if;)
tm[m&jrwfE;kd olrsm;twGuf
tm[m&(tcrJh)pmapmifudk *syefjynfwGif;/jynfy&Sd atmufaz: jyyg pmay0goemwl cspfrdwfaqGrsm;
xHr&S ,lrmS =um;Edik yf gonf? *syefjynfwiG ;f ESiehf ,fpyfa'orsm;twGuf tcrJjh zef@csyd gaomfvnf; zH@G +zdK;+yD; wdik ;f Edik if H
rsm;rS tm[m&pmapmiftm; rSm,lvdkygu atmufaz: jyyg zkef;eHygwfrsm;odk@ qufoG,fI“wH wHqdyfacgif;zdk;”
ydk@ay;&efvdktyfygrnf?
-tdE, dN Edik if (H e,l;a'vD)æ ud&k &J ifah tmif (91-92 1330-3335) e-mail: yeyint_aung 1@yahoo.com
-xdik ;f Edik if H (rJaqmuf+rdK@)æ udvk rG ;f %D (66-5554-2104) e-mail: mglwamni@gmail.com
-puFmylEikd if H æ udb
k ek ;f rif;ZGef (65-9831-8474 ) e-mail: phoneminzune@gmail.com.
-ud;k &D;,m;Edik if æ H ud&k efEikd x
f eG ;f (82-11-9723-4773) e-mail: yannainghtun@yahoo.com
(NLD-LA)
-atmfpa=w;vs æ F cifarmifaxG; (61-421-245-452) e-mail: fkmhtwe@hotmail
-tar&duefjynfaxmifpæ k q&marmifp;kd csed /f (1-260-745-7458)
(zdk@wf0def;+rdK@) q&mra':ZifZif e-mail: zinzinjp2003@yahoo.com
-*syefjynfwiG ;f (em*d, k m) ud0k if;xGe;f oef; (090- 8556- 8164)
26
a½SUa&; (115)
Nidrf; // tr,fq&mode;f ?owif;pmBu;D udik Nf y;D NyKH ;awmf ajymaewmrsKd ;eJY w,fwq l ykd ?J tJwmaMumifY &DMu
rlvcS snv
Yf m;?bmawGrsm; oabmusp&mygvdw Yk ek ;f NyHK;MuwmwJY/
As/ Nidrf; // aeygOD;udo k ed ;f &JU? tar&dueforw bGwf p
um;ajymyHek YJ aejynfawmf twGi;f a&;rSL;(1) rdeYf
odef; // bm&,fr[kwyf gbl; udNk ird ;f &m? owif;pmvSef cGe;f ajymwm bmrsm;ywfoufaevdw Yk ek ;f /
&if; aejynfawmf twGi;f a&;rSL;(1)&JU rdecYf eG ;f zwf
Munfhaewmyg/ odef; // rywfoufygbl;? 'gayr,fY owd& rdwmav;
Nidrf; // [kwv f m;? anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcH rdecYf eG ;f vm;? udk wckew YJ ukd qf ikd v
f mvdyYk gudNk ird ;f &JU? owif;pmzwf
ode;f a& olwu Ykd awmY olwv Ykd ckd siwf YJ taetxm; &if;eJu
Y saemft Y rd af ½SUu qdu k u f m;*dwrf mS *dwx
f ;kd
r&&atmif ZGwf t"r®ukd wGe;f wdu k Nf y;D oGm;Mu wJY qdu k u f m; q&mudx k eG ;f a½T ajymzl;wm em;xJ
awmYrmS yJAsaemf? wdik ;f jynfuMH ur®m b,fvrkd sm;zef jyef Mum;vmvdyYk g/
vmOD;rSmvJAsm/ Nidrf; // qdkprf;ygOD;/
odef; // anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcHu wdik ;f jynfuMH ur®mxuf odef;/ / olajymwmu udo k ed ;f &,f? udo
k ed ;f rdYk ajym&OD;
ppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm; uHMur®mtwGuf vkyw f YJ r,fw?YJ usaemfav b0taMumif; raumif;vdYk
udpyö gAsm? odyaf MumufaewJv Y [ l m vHNk cKH w,fxif ausmif; aumif;aumif; raecJ&Y awmY qdu k uf m;
wJaY e&mudk ZGwt f wif; aoG;½l;aoG;wef; wd;k oGm; yJeif;&wmaygYAsmwJ?Y ynmrwwfwYJ qdu k uf m;o
rSmyJAs? uJ anmifEpS yf ifukd aemufrS oGm;MunfMY u rm;qdak wmY pdwt
f m;awmY i,fwmaygYw?YJ 'gay
wmaygY? tck usaemf zwfaewmu azgifBu;D rSmtm r,fY tck odyf ri,fawmYb;l wJ/Y
p&d,q&m awGukd ppfoifwef;ay;wJyY rJG mS twGi;f
a&;rSL;(1)&JUtrSmpum;qdkwm zwfMunfYaewm/ Nidrf; // bmjzpfvdkYwJYvJ/
Nidrf; // xl;jcm;wmrsm;ygvdkYvm;Asm/ odef; // owif;pm?wDA?D a&'D,rkd mS ppfwyfacgif;aqmif
odef; // [ift Y if? rygygbl;/ awGajymMuwJY rdecYf eG ;f awG? trSmpum;qdw k mawG
Nidrf; // [ifrygbl;vJqdkao;?NyHK;wkHk;wHk;BuD;vJvkyfae udk zwf&? Mum;&wJt Y cg usaemfpw d x
f J jzpfrw d mu
ao;/ aMomf ig[m b0uHacvdYk ynmrwwf qdu k u f m;
odef; // rygvdYk NyKH ;aewmq&m&JU/ eif;ae&ayr,fY olwYkd ajymwmawGavmufawmY
Nird ;f // 'g NyKH ;p&mvm;Asm/ igvJ ajymwwfom;yJ? ½GmrSmwke;f u oma&;ema&;
odef; // 'DvAkd s?tar&duefjynfaxmifprk mS vuf½o dS rw yGaJ wGvrf;awGrmS rdu k cf uG uf kd yg;pyfxJ xnfch x J m;
a*sm'Y bvsLbGwf pum;ajym&if vlawGu NyKH ;Mu ovm; rSw&f atmif rdu k ef yYJ g;pyfrjywfcv YJ Ykd rduk cf J
&DMuowJ?Y txl;ojzifY ynmwwf tvTmuaygY/ xGe;f a½T bGUJ &cJw
Y mygwJ?Y wcgwcgrsm; olweYkd YJ NyKd if
Nidrf; // bmvJ oabmusMuvdkYvm;/ awmif ajymvdu k f csiaf o;wJAY s? wcgvmvJ 'gyJ?
odef; // b,fuvm? bGwaf jymyHq k ykd [ kH efyef? av,lav aemuf wcgusawmhv'J gyJ? bmrS topf tqef;
odr;f pum;vH;k toH;k tEIe;f utpajymwJt Y aMumif; rSwo f m;avmufp&mvJ rygbl;wJ?Y usaemf bke;f
t&mtqH;k [m tar&dueforw wa,muferYJ Bu;D ausmif;om;awmif olwx Ykd uf a0a0qmqm
wlb;l aygYAsm?aus;awmom;wa,mufpum;wuf ajymwwfygao;owJY/
27
Nidrf; // tif; ppfAv kd Bf u;D rsm; yg;pyf [vdu k w f meJY bm vJ olb Y ufu, kd bYf uf tm;vH;k twGuf qifjcifp
ajymawmYr,fqw kd m qdu k uf m; q&mawmif t &mawG ay;cJw Y YJ umwGe;f ygyJAsm? rSeyf gw,f? tJ'D
vGw&f ae NyaD ygYAsm? wdik ;f jynfev YJ rl sKd ;udk csp&f efvkd acwf tJ't D cg uwnf;u rqvcrsm tajymif;
aMumif;? tvkyu f Bkd uKd ;pm;vky&f efvakd Mumif;? owf tvJav;wck ajym&yg r,ft h a&; w,fvnf;0ef
rSwcf suf jynfrh aD tmifaqmif&u G Mf u&efvakd Mumif;? av;Muoud;k As? olwaYkd jymaeus qifajcawmY½dS
wyfrawmf tpd;k &vufxuf atmifjrifrrI sm; t wmaygYAsm?Edik if w H nfNird af &;[m usewf mawGxuf
ay:remvdrk ½Iqw d Ef ikd o
f l jynfwiG ;f jynfytzsuf ydk ta&;Bu;D ygw,fv?Ykd 'gayr,fY toHrxGub f J
orm;rsm;\tzsuv f yk &f yfrsm;tm; vHjk cKH a&;owd wnfwnfNird Nf ird af v; ysupf ;D aewmu Edik if H t
jzifY apmifMY unfMh u &efvakd Mumif;? udv k ekd v
D ufopf wGuyf Nkd y;D tEÅ&m,f rBu;D aybl;vm;Asm/
EdkifiHBuD;rsm;\,Ofaus;rIt&vTrf;rdk;vmrIrsm;udk
vnf;owd½Sd½SdumuG,foGm;Mu&rSmjzpfaMumif;/ Nidrf; // tif; apmapmu udo k ed ;f ajymcJo Y vdyk J Edik if H
tEÅ&m,fxuf olwt Ykd ay:usa&mufr,ft Y EÅ&m,f
odef; // awmfygawmY udNk ird ;f &m? em;axmif&wmudak rm u ydk ta&;Bu;D aywm r[kwv f m;?uJapmapmu
vSygNyD/ udo k ed ;f zwfaewJY twGi;f a&;rSL;(1)trSmpum;udk
Nidrf; // 'gaygYAsm? jynfov l x l uk vJ tJ'gawGukd Ni;D aiGU yJ jyefNy;D trde½Yf pdS rf;ygOD;/
vSNyaD ygYAsm?bmjzpfvrYkd sm;vlrBuKd urf eS ;f odoBd u;D odef; // olwt Ykd rSmpum;qdw k mawmY xl;rjcm;em;wm
eJYajymaeMu&ygvdrfYaemf/ awG trsm;Bu;D aygYAsm? tJ'x D u J rS owif;pmxJrmS
odef; // udo k ed ;f &JU? tmPm½Sipf epfrmS vlBuKd uw f mr pmvH;k rJ eJt Y xl;az:jyxm;wJ?Y tawmfav;vJ pdwf
BuKd uw f mxuf ajym&rSmrdYk ajymae&wmawGvJ npfp&maumif; wJY tydik ;f av;ajym&&if ] q&m
ygwmaygY Asm? 'gawG[m 1988 ppfwyftmPm q&mrwdYk taejzifY trsKd ; om;a&; BuKH awGUae&
odr;f rS jzpfvmwmrS r[kwb f ?J rqvacwf u csed w f iG f rdrw d EYkd iS Yf roufqikd o f uJo Y Ykd vspv f sL ½I
wnf;u jzpfcw hJ myJ[m?vlx&k UJ aeYpOfval erIb0 xm;rnfqv kd Qif rdrEd ikd if ?H rdrv d rl sKd ;\ vGwv f yfa&;
taMumif; yGiyYf iG ;f vif;vif; aqG;aEG;vdrYk S r&cJY ESihf tcsKyt f jcmtmPm xdyg;qH;k ½H;I rIEiS t Yf wl vl
wm? 88 ta&;tcif; jzpfawmYawmif taysmY rsKd ;yg tñGew Yf ;kH oGm;Edik o f nfqo kd nfukd odjrifem;
aysmif;qH;k qdw k YJ a'gufwmarmifarmif tpd;k &vuf vnfNy;D q&m wOD;taejzifjY zpfap? ynm½Siw f OD;
xufrmS 1974ck ESpf tajccHOya'\ tm;enf; taejzifjY zpfap? Edik if o H m;wOD;taeESijYf zpfap us
csut f csKd UaMumifY vdyYk J jiif jiifomomav; 0efccH YJ &mtcef;u@rsm;\trsKd ; om;a&;wm0efrsm;udk
wmyJr[kwfvm;Asm/ trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f gwf jrifjY rifY rm; rm;..
Nidrf; // [J[J udv k ekd aD cwfu umwGe;f OD;b*sr;f &JU &aoY Nidrf; //wm0efood ?d opöm½S½d jdS zifY Ed;k Mum;wuf<upGm xrf;
Bu;D OD;azsmufqw d f umwGe;f vdak ygYAsm? waeY OD; aqmifay;Muyg[k wdu k w f eG ;f ajymMum;vdak Mumif;/
azsmufqw d f u ud, k aYf ygifukd wHawmifeYJ Buw d f odef; // tHr,f udNk ird ;f awmif tvGwf &aeyguvm;/
aewke;f 'umwa,muf a&mufvmNy;D aMomf & Nidrf; // r&b,foal eygYr,faygYAsm? 18 ESp½f adS eNyyD ?J us
aoYBu;D u ud, k aYf ygifu, kd vf eS f axmif;wJ0h g'eJw Y l aemfvJ q&mYqu kd u
f m;q&mvdyk aJ ygY? bmrSrxl;yg
w,fvo Ykd a&mfovdak jymvdu k af wmY OD;azsmufqw d f bl;? wck yJ? tar&dueforw bGwu f kd olwq
Ykd u
D
u 'gaygYumG ? ud, k aYf ygifu, kd v f eS af xmif; awmY ynmwwfawG u &DMu NyKH ;Muw,f? usaemfwq Ykd D
oufomouG? a[molrsm; aygifukd vSeaf xmif; u &,fp&maumif;vSwYJ ppfacgif;aqmifawG&UJ rdeYf
awmh a[movdu k G qdNk y;D 'um&JUaygifukd axmif; >rufcsufawGudka&m aumvdyfwuúodkvfq&mq
csvu kd w
f m tJ''D um tr,fav; tbav;]w] &mrawGu b,fvw kd ek jYf yefMur,frod/
,l&wmygyJvm;Asm/
odef; // tJ'u
D pd ö a½SUwywf qufMuwmaygYq&ma&/
odef; // tJ'u
D mwGe;f uawmY- q&mNird ;f a&- 'DaeYtxd
28
(,cif v rS tcef ; quf )
jref r mEd k i f i H a &S @ aersm;aumif p D tajccH O ya'a&;&mpmapmif

trSwf (22) =o*kwf 2005 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmifrS
ul ; ,l I tcef ; quf t jzpf a z: jyygonf ?
od@k jzpfI jrefrmEdik if w

H iG o
f bm vufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf; a&;t& wef;wlru _ kd zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOy
0ywf0ef;usiu f kd xda&mufpmG um uG,f onfh tcsed w f iG f Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf a'ESihf tnD usio hf ;kH &ef óu;d yrf;&mY tm;
apmifah &Smuf Edik af &;twGuf vdt k yf Edik f &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm; tajrmf enf;csurf sm; tajrmuftjrm; &Scd o hJ nf?
rnfh tcsufrSefor#udk xnfhoGif;pOf; tjrif}uD;pGmjzifh wkid yf ifaqG;aEG;=u+yD;rS 1974ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOy
pm;um Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;. tajccHjzpfaom jynfaxmifpw k cktjzpf zG@J pnf;+y;D pkaygi;f a'onf qdk&S,fvpf taoG;ta&mif
zG@J pnf;yHk tajc cHOya'wGif rnfo@kd xnfh ae xdik Ef ikd =f ua&;twGuf orkid ;f 0if yifvHk aemufcw H iG f ppftyk pf v k w l pkraS e+y;D jynf
oGi;f jyÏmef;oifo h nfukd jynfov l x l kt pmcsKyfukd csKyfqcdk =hJ ujcif;jzpfonf? olvlxkw&yfvkH;tay: pkd;rkd;tkyfpkd;Edkif
aejzifh oabmxm; xkwaf zmfwifjy&ef Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; usqk H ; a&;twGuf azmfaqmifay;xm;aom zG@J
tcsed af &muf+yDjzpfygonf? oGm;+yD; aemufwiG f twnfðyay:ayguf pnf;ykjH zpfco hJ nf? tusKd ;&v'ftjzpf jref
vmaom 1947 ckz@JG pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' rmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D aemufyikd ;f
(Ë) wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;. onf yifvkHpdwf"gwftajccHrlrS aoGzD pD;yGm;a&;t& acgi;f armfcahJ omtqifh rS
uk d , f y k d i f j yXmef ; cG i h f u d k zG J @ pnf ; yk H t tm;enf;oGm;cJu h m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ; urBmt h qif;&Jq;kH Edik if pH m&if;0if tqifh
ajccH O ya'ES i f h tnD u sif h o H k ; jcif ; ? rsm; ar#mrf eS ;f onf t h rsKd ;om;wef;wla&; od@k usqif;oGm;cJ&h +y;D &Spaf v;vH;k vlxk tHk
jynfaxmifpEk idk if w H cktwGuf ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu hf kd az:aqmifay;Edik f ºurG }_ u;D ay:ayguu f m 1974 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;
uk, d yf idk jf yÏmef;cGiq hf o dk nfrmS trsK;d om; cJjh cif; r&S[ d k a0zefo;kH oyfc=hJ uonf? xd@k yHt k ajccHOya'rSm ed*;kH csKyfomG ;cJ&h onf?
a&;vuQ%mowfrw S cf surf sm;ESin hf !D wG f tjyif vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d yD;aemuf zG@J pnf; tcsKyftm;jzifq h &kd v#if vlw
aom trsK;d om;vlrsK;d rsm; od@k r[kwf zG@J tkycf sKyyf t Hk ajccHOya' touf0ifvm+y;D OD;csi;f pD. tajccHvw G v f yfrE_ iS hf 'Dru dk
pnf;r_ ,lepfrsm; (Constituent Units) r=umrDrmS yif Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; vGwv f yf a&pD tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
onf jynfe,ftaejzifh jynfaxmifpk Ekid f pGm&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cGiu hf ykd g zdEydS rf r_ sm;&Sd . ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGihf tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
iHtwGi;f Y yg0ifaev#if ‚if;wd@k . Oya'ðy vmaomtcg jynfwGif;ppfrD; pwif zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESit hf nD rnfo@kd jy
a&;/ tkyf csKyaf &;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m avmif u|r;f cJ&h jcif;jzpfonf? Ïmef;umuG,f apmifha&Smufoifhonf
usifhokH;ykdifcGifhudk qdkvkdonf?ordkif; 1947 zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' [laom tcsurf mS ,ae@jrefrmEdik if v H @l
a=umif; aemufcjH refrmEkid if w H iG f wkid ;f &if; t& vGwv f yfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf tzG@J tpnf; w&yfv;kH &ifqikd af e&onfh
om;rsm;jzpf=uaom ucsi/f u&if/ u&if udk usio hf ;kH +y;D wOD;csi;f .tajccHvw G v f yf t"dujy\em}u;D jzpfonf?
eD/ csi;f / &Sr;f /rGe/f Arm/ &ckid f tp&Sad om r_rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &SmufumOya' xdt k cGihf ta&;rsm;udk tem
vlrsK;d rsm;wk@d rmS Xmaewkid ;f &if;om;rsm; pd;k rd;k a&;tajccHukd azmfaqmifay;Edik cf jhJ cif; *wf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wGif oifw h ifh
jzpf+y;D a&S;ya0o%Dya'o&mZfacwfum a=umifh tusKd ;quftjzpf wdik ;f jynfp;D av#mufywfpGm xnfhoGif;jyÏmef;+yD;
vuwnf;u uk, d b hf &k if apmfbmG ;/';l 0g;/ yGm;a&;wd;k wufz@HG +zKd ;r_rsm;&Scd o hJ nf?od@k &m vufawG@azmfaqmifEikd rf o S m jrefrmEdik if H
apmzsm ponfw@kd jzifh vGwv f yfpmG ae wGif ArmvlrsKd ; trsm;pkae xdik af om e,f onf +idr;f csr;f r_/ vGwv f yfr/_ ESihf w&m;r#
xkid vf mcJ=h uonf? wOD;tay:wOD;vuf ajra'oudk jynfrtjzpf owfrw S u f sihf wr_w@kd udk cHpm;Edik rf nf jzpf+yD; wd;k wuf
atmufcH r[kw=f uay? uk, d yf idk jf yÏmef; oH;k cJjh cif;/ pD;yGm;a&; cHpm;cGihf rsm;udk cGaJ 0 zG@H +zdK;aom jynfaxmif pkEikd if jH zpfvmEdik f
cGihf tjynft h 0&Scd ohJ nf? t*Fvyd f udv k ekd D &mY rr#rw jzpfcjhJ cif;rsm;tygt0ifvrl sKd ; zG,&f o dS nf?
29
tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef; aomfvnf;aumif;/ yk'rf 199 t& ygvD
ukd,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifhcGJxGufcGihf
oif h a =umif ; refuðyaomtufOya' Yaomfvnf;
,ae@jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wdik ;f &if;om;
vlwOD;csif;pDonf rdrd.udk,fykdif aumif; tjcm;jyÏmef; csuðf yxm;jcif;r&Sd
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ acgi;f aqmifrsm; tm;
jyÏmef;cGiu hf u kd sio hf ;Hk &mwGif wOD;ESiw hf OD; v#ifatmufYjyÏmef;xm;aom pnf;
vH;k eD;yg;onf ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGihf [lonf
rwlujJG ym;jcm;em;onf? vl@tzG@J tpnf; urf;csurf sm;ESihf tnD/ jynfaxmifpEk ikd f
udk ‚if;wd@k &&So d ifah om Edik if aH &; tcGit hf
wckv;Hk jynfaxmif pkwckv;Hk qkv d #if rwl iHrcS x
JG uG Ef ikd &f ef jynfe,fwikd ;f Y tcGit hf
a&; w&yftjzpfvufc=H uonf? ud, k yf ikd f
nDrr_ sm;omI yifjzpfay:aernf? xkrd wl a&;&S&d rnf?
jyÏmef;cGihf &&Sad &;[l I aºu;G a=umfumESpf
nDrr_ sm;udk wOD;csi;f (ok@d ) wzG@J csi;f t 202? ? TtajccHOya' tm
aygif;q,fpkESpftcsdK@=umonftxd
vkud f pepfwus pkaygi;f xm;Ekid jf cif;onf %m wnfonfah e@ rS q,fEpS t f wGi;f cGJ
wdu k yf 0JG ifv#u&f adS om vufeufuikd t f zG@J
uk, d yf idk jf yÏmef;cGiu hf kd pepfwus usio hf ;Hk xGuEf ikd af om tcGit hf a&;udk toH;k rðy
tpnf; tajrmuftjrm;vnf; &Sad eqJ
jcif;yifjzpfonf? ud, k yf ikd jf y Ïmef;cGi[ hf l &?
jzpfonf?
onfrmS cGx J u G cf iG yhf g0ifro S m t"dyg` ,f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud, k w f ikd f
ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGi[ hf al om a0g
jynfph o kH jzifh cGx J u G cf iG hf tcGit hf a&;udk uyifv#if vufcI H cGx J u G cf iG u
hf kd zG@J pnf;yHk
[m&ESihf ywfoufI Edik if aH &;e,fy,f
jynfaxmif pkz@JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wGif tajccHOya'wGif x!fhoGif;jyÏmef;cJh
wGiv f nf;aumif;/ Oya'e,fy,f wGif
twdtvif; xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef;oifo h nf? onf? xdk@a=umifh rdrdwdk@wdkif;&if;om;
vnf;aumif;/ wdusaom t"dyg` ,zf iG hf
,if;od@k jyÏmef;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh wdik ;f &if; acgif;aqmifrsm;EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifv_yf
qdrk _ r&Sad o;bJ tjiif;yGm;aeqJjzpfonf?
om;vlrsdK;rsm;rSm pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& &Sm;cGi&hf aomacwfwiG f rlv&&Sx d m;+yD;
xdak 0g [m&udk urBmu h v k or*~ yËd^mOf
vnf; vHòk crH &_ rdS nfjzpf+y;D tkycf sKyaf eaom aom tcGit hf a&;yg qH;k ±H;_ oGm;rnfqkd
pmwrf;(The Charter of the United
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onfvnf; jynf v#if roifhavsmf/ odk@jzpfI tem*wf
Nations) ESihf tjcm;Edik if w H um vl@ t
axmifpt k zG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm; cGx J u G o f mG ; jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
cGit hf a&;Oya'rsm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f oH;k pGJ
rnfupkd ;kd &dro f jzifh zdEydS rf r_ sm;vkyaf qmif&J a&;qG&J mwGif ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiw hf iG f cGJ
xm;aomfvnf;wdusaom t"dy` g,zf iG hf
vdrrhf nf r[kwaf y? xGucf iG yhf g yg0ifa=umif;udk zG@J pnf;yHt k ajc
qkrd _ rvkyEf ikd jf cif;tay: tcsKd @u a0zef
tu,fI ,if;od@k jyÏmef; xm; cHOya'wGiftwdtvif; xnfhoGif;jy
=uonf? t"du tjiif;yGm;&aom t
ygv#uf vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;u tjcm;vlrsKd ; wrsKd ; Ïmef;oifo h nf — tp&So d jzifh wifjyol
csurf mS ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiw hf iG f cGx J u
G f cGif
udk zdEydS rf r_ sm;&Sv d mygu od@k r[kwf jynf rsm;&So d nf?
hyg rygqdkonfh tcsufwGifjzpfonf?
axmifpt k pd;k &u jynfaxmifpt k zG@J 0if
ud k , f y d k i f j yÏmef ; cG i f h u d k twd t us cGJxGufcGifhudk zGJ@pnf;yHktajc
jynfe,frsm;tay: zdEydS rf r_ sm;&Sv d mygu
t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk vdkufv#if aumif;usdK; cH O a'wG i f xnh f o G i f ; jyXmef ; &ef r
rwwfomonft h qH;k wGif zG@J pnf;yHt k a
xuf qd;k usKd ;rsm; ydv k mEdik zf , G &f m&So d nf oif h a =umif ; /
jccHOya'ESit hf nD cGx J u G cf iG u hf kd w&m;0if
[k ukvor*~v@l tcGit hf a&; aumfrwD tajccHOya'wGif a&;xm;
azmfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;
u rSwcf sucf sczhJ ;l onf? onfjzpfap/ ra&;om;xm; onfjzpfap/
om; vlrsKd ;toD;oD;onf rdrw d @kd tcGihf t
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd wdkif;&if;om; jynfaxmifpt k zG@J 0ifjynfe,fwck od@k r
a&;udk Oya'ESit hf nD pepfwus usio hf ;kH
vlrsK;d toD;oD;u ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiEhf iS hf [kwf vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;onf trSew f u,f cGJ
cGi&hf Edik rf nfjzpfonf?
pyfv#O;f I ‚if;wd@k . Edik if aH &;uH =urRmudk xGucf siv f m+yDqv kd #if wm;qD;I &Edik f
1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
‚if;wd@k zmom ajz&Si;f cGihf tcGit hf a&;[k rnfr[kw?f xd@k a=umifh tajccH Oya'
Oya'wGif cGx J u G cf iG u hf kd atmufygtwdik ;f
a,bk,stm;jzifh vufcx H m;=uonf? wGif jyÏmef;xm;jcif;/ rjyÏmef;xm;jcif;
jyÏmef;yg&cdS o hJ nf?
xdt k cGit hf a&;wGif cGx J u G cf iG yhf g/ rygEiS hf rSmt"dur[kw?f ‚if;wd@k . Edik if aH &;vkd
ywfoufI trsK;d rsK;d aom,lqcsurf sm; tifqENom t"dujzpfonf? cGx J u
G cf iG hf
tcef; (10) cGJxGufEdkifaom
&Sd ae=uonf? onf tajccHOya'qdkif&m jy\emr
tcG i f h t a&;
[kwf? EdkifiHa&;jy\emomjzpfonf?
cGJxGufcGihfudk jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf; yHk 201? ? TtajccH O ya'Y
jynfaxmifp}k u;D onfcx JG uG cf siaf vmuf
30
atmifpnf; ±H;k r_òyduaJG ev#i/f cGx J u G Ef ikd f usifhoHk;cJhaoma=umifh cGJxGufvdkaom jy\emrSm jynf axmifpt k zG@J 0ifjynf
avmufonfh jynfwiG ;f jynfytiftm; pdw/f rlvuyif ude;f atmif;ae+y;D jzpf&m e,fwck odk@r[kwf jynfe,ftcsdK@u
t ajctaeay;v#iv f nf; cGx J u G of mG ; tajctaeay;o!ft h cgwiG f ‚if;tcGihf jynfaxmifpw k ck vH;k rScx JG uG &f ef óu;d yrf;
=urnfomjzpfonf? ta&;udk oH;k vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,l*q kd r_rsm; &Svd mEdik of uJo h @kd jynfaxmifpt k zG@J
om"utm;jzifh ,lEu kd f wuf vm;AD;,m;wGif “ cGJ xGuyf ikd cf iG hf ” jyÏmef; 0if jynfe,fwck twGi;f rSmyif jynfe,f&
uif;'rf; (c) +Aw d ed Ef ikd if w H iG f cGxJ u G yf ikd cf iG hf xm;jcif;r&Syd g? ,ckcx JG u
G uf ek =f uonf? &Sad om vlrsKd ; }u;D wck. }u;D pd;k r_atmufrS
udk a&;om;xm;zd@k rqdx k m;bd? pmjzifah &; xd@k a=umifh tajccHOya'wGif “ cGx J uG f jynfe,fr& &Sad omvlrsKd ;i,f wcku cGJ
om;xm;aom tajccHOya'yifr&S?d w ydik cf iG hf ” jyÏmef;jcif;onf t"dur[kw/f xGu&f ef óud;yrf;r_rsm;vnf; ay:ayguf
jynfaxmifEikd if v H nf;jzpfonf? od@k aomf cGx
J u G cf sif avmufatmif pnf;±H;k r_òyduJG vmEdik o f jzifh jynfaxmifpk }uD;ydI k r
awmiftikd , f mvefEikd if H cGx J u G cf o hJ nfukd jcif;onfom t"dujzpfa=umif; ay:vGif wnfr+idrjf zpfvm Edik o f nf?
wm;qD;Ir&ay? onf? ,if;od@k jzpfv#if jynfaxmifpk
ygupPwefEdkifiHonf tajccH ( “ OD;a&$t;kH ”a&; - wwd, jynf axmif }uD;udk wnf+idraf tmif pGr;f aqmifxm;
Oya' &S&d m cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG hf jyÏmef;rxm; pk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfodk@b,fawmhbm Edik yf gonf[k aºuG;a=umfavh&adS om ppf
acs? od@k aomf rauseyfrr_ sm;}u;D rm; vm a=umifh b,fvkd - pmrsuf ESm 90) wyfukd aemufwcg tm%m jyeford ;f &ef
I jynfwiG ;f jynfy tajctae uvnf; zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif cGJ tcGifhtvrf; azmfaqmifay;onfh o
ay;vmaomtcg cGx J u G +f y;D / vuf&dS b*F xGucf iG u hf kd xnfoh iG ;f jyÏmef;xm;v#if t abma&mufomG ;Edik o f nf?
vm;a'h&EfS ikd if H xlaxmifco hJ nf? avm csKd @vrl sKd ;a&;tpGe;f a&muf orm;rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if o H rdik ;f tawG@
avmq,f qdAk , D ufjynf axmifprk jS ynf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'udu k ikd +f y;D v_@H aqmf tóuHt& 1947ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHO
e,f (15) ckonf cGx J u G f =uukeo f nf? vmEdik o f jzifh jynfaxmifprk S jynfe,f ya'wGif cGx J u G cf iG u
hf kd xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef;
od@k aomf tajccHOya'wGif cGx J u G cf iG ahf y; wck. od@k r[kwf jynfe,ftcsKd @. cGx J u G f cJhjcif;onfyifv#if jy\em}uD; jzpfcJh
xm;jcif;onf ta=umif;&if;r[kwf? a&;twG u f v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;ay:vm onf? zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk ppfppfjzpf
jynfaxmifp[ k k trnfwyfxm;cJah omf Edik af om a=umifh jynfaxmifpk rwnfr
pmrsufem- 44 okd@
vnf; A[kcd sKyfuikd rf _ wif;=uyfveG ;f pGm +idrf jzpfEikd f onf? xd@k tjyif cGx J u
G af &;
cspfaomrdwfaqG nDtukdarmifESrrsm;okd@
Û rdwfaqGrsm;. vkdtyfaeaom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ukd

ul;,lvkdyguaps;E_ef;csKdompGmjzifh
pdwfwkdif;us aqmif&Gufay;aeyg+yD?Û
tjzLtrJ ----- A5, B5, A4,B4 wrsufESm ---- 5 ,ef;

a&mif p k H ----- A5, B5, A4 wrsuf E S m ---- 30 ,ef ;
B4 wrsufESm ---- 40 ,ef;
A3 wrsufESm ---- 60 ,ef;
pmrsuf E S m ta&twG u f a y: rl w nf I aps;E_ e f ; ouf o mpG m jzif h aqmif & G u f a y;ygrnf ?
(quf o G , f & ef )
uk d r k d ; }uD ; (tm[m& pmul ; puf wm0ef c H )
31
&dý;ydkxkwfvm_yD æ
[dwf[efawG ydkvkyfvm_yDqdk&if
(1)
ZGerf idI ;f
ae@pt JG wdtus xGuv f m+yD? ar(10)&ufae@rmS qENc, H yl JG usi;f yay;awmhr,f jzpfa=umif;/ jynfv;Hk u|wf qEN cH,yl JG
usi;f ya&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;rsm;udk jynfe,f/ wdik ;f toD;oD;rSm aqmif&u G f ae=uwm vkyif ef;rsm;tm;vk;H eD;yg; +y;D pD;ae+yjD zpfa=umif;/
jynfv;Hk u|wf qENc, H yl JG usi;f y&ef tqifoifh jzpfonft h ae txm;udk a&muf&adS e+yDjzpfa=umif;/ qENc, H yl u JG si;f ya&;aumfr
&Siu f {+yD (9) &uf ae@rmS xkwjf yefa=unmvdu k yf g+y?D etz ppftyk pf u k wu,fyJ tqifoifjh zpfae +yv D m;? axmufjya0zef=u
rSmpd;k vd@k / avh vmqef;ppf=urSma=umufv@kd wzGuw f nf; zGux f m;cJw h hJ ol@&ŒJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyf ykH tajccHOya'rl =urf;qdw k m}u;D udk
vnf; jrefrmaiG usyw f axmifEiS hf tJ'D ae@rmS yJ pwifa&mif;csjzef@csaD e+yjD zpf a=umif; owif;xkwjf yefygw,f? etz ppftyk pf rk mS
pd;k xdwaf =umufvef@aer_awG wu,fyJ ukepf ifomG ;+yv D m;? MRTVrSm/ jr0wD±yk o f rH mS “rJ±u Hk o kd mG ;=u/ axmufcH rJay;=u” qdk
wJh 0g'jzef@ocD si;f awG pwif xkwv f i$ ahf e+yD? tkypf v k u kd f oDqx kd m;wJh oDcsi;f (Group Songs) awG/ wOD;csi;f oDqx kd m;wJo h D
csi;f awG xkwv f i$ ahf e=u+y?D etz ppftyk pf [ k m ol@u, kd o f l wu,fyJ pdwcf s,=Hk unfomG ;+yDvm;? usaemfrh w d af qG pD;yGm;a&;vkyf
ief;&Siw f a,mu af jymzl;wJph um;udk trSw&f rdw,f?
“tJ'v D u l ±_;d ydk xkwv f m+yq D &kd if [dw[ f efawG ydv k yk v f m+yq D &kd if um;topfawG ajymif;pD;vm+yq D &kd if aocsmayguf
omwGuv f u kd af wmh/ tJ'v D l pD;yGm;a&;usae+yD”wJ?h
tck etz vkyaf ewJh vkyf ayguaf wGukd usaemft'J t D wdik ;f yJ tuJ jzwfrw d ,f?
(2)
“jrefrmhjynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0if a&mufpu G zf ufcs,v f , S }f udK;udik Ef ikd &f ef twGuf jynfyEdik if }H uD;wcsKŒd onf jynf wGi;f &Sd
Edik if aH &;ygwt D csKŒd tm; aemufu, G rf S tm;ay;tm;ajrm‡ ufjyKum jynf wGi;f wnf+ird rf _ ysujf ym;apa&;twGuf enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh }uH
pnfvyk af qmifvsu&f o dS nf?” wJh
tJ'aD e@owif;pmrSmyJ 'Dowif;udk pmvk;H rJ}uD;awGEiS hf xnfo h iG ;f azmf jycJw h ,f?
'D&ufrmS rS 'Dvb kd ma=umifh azmfjyvm&wmvJ? 'Dta=umif;udk 'D avmufxd bma=umifh &r,fz@JG vm&wmvJ?
“&efuek +f rdKŒ&Sd jynfyoH±;Hk tcsKŒd rS oHwrefrsm;onf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf (NLD) XmecsKyfo@kd t+rJrjywf0if
xGuf qufo, G I f Edik if EH iS hf jynfo@l tusK;d udk qef@usiaf om aqG;aEG;!$e=f um;csurf sm;ay; vsu&f &dS m 2008 ckEpS f rwfvtwGi;f
jynfyoH±;Hk tcsKŒd rS pkpak ygi;f (19)}urd f 0ifxu G cf ahJ =umif;/ 2007 ckEpS f rwfvrS 2008 ckEpS f rwfvuket f xd pkpk aygi;f (277) }urd f
0ifxu G cf ahJ =umif;”
tckvkd ta&twGuaf wGEiS hf ude;f *%ef;awGEiS hf twdtus azmfjyaewm&JŒ t"dyg` ,u f bmvJ?
olcsed yf pfwhJ y&dowf/ ol@ Target Audience u b,fojl zpfrvJ? 'D azmfjycsu&f ŒJ t"dyg` ,u f &Si;f ygw,f?'g[m ppf
tkypf v k yk af eus 1 csucf w k f 3§4 csujf ywf wdu k u f u G w f ck jzpfyg w,f?
yxrtcsuu f NLD udk tykycf swmjzpfw,f? NLD rSm ud, k f ydik rf rl &Sbd ;l / wdik ;f jynftay: vlxt k ay: rSeu f efwhJ
pdwaf pwemr&Sb d ;l ? jynfyEdik if }H u;D wcsKŒd u aemufu, G u f tm;ay; tm;ajrm‡ ufvyk w f mudck aH ew,f/ }uKd ; udik ! f e$ =f um;cdik ;f apae
wmawGukd vdu k v f yk af ew,fv@kd apmfum;pGypf v JG u kd w f m jzpfw,f?
Edik if aH &;ygww D ck&ŒJ Edik if aH &;ESihf ud, k u f sio hf v D udk apmfum;csiw f ikd ;f apmfum;vdu k w f mjzpfw,f?
'kw, d tcsuu f jynfyEdik if H }u;D wcsKŒd (ajymifrajym&Jb;l / emrnf xkw+f y;D rajym&Jb;l ? tar&duefo±H ;Hk / t*Fvefo±H ;Hk
ponf jzifh emrnfwyf+yD; rajym&Jb;l ) qdw k mawGuææ
“wk@d Eikd if &H ŒJ jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifpu G af e+yD/ u|eZf mwfoiG ;f ae+yD/ udv k ekd D vufopf0g' ESihf NLD *,fayguu f ae wd;k 0if
ae+y/D *,fayguf zGiahf y;wJh NLD udk a&m/ *,fayguu f ae twif;wd;k 0ifaewJh e,fcsŒJ vufopfuakd &m rqef@usiEf ikd &f if wd@k Eikd if H
awmh ig;yg;arSmufawmhr,f? u|ef jyefjzpfawmhr,f? tpdypf yd t f r$mr$m +yKd uGaJ wmhr,f? 'DtwGuf wd@k wyfrawmfu tajrmftjrif
}uD;}uD;ESi'hf 2d 5 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f qdw k hJ ae&mudak wmh trdt& ,lu, kd x l m;&r,f? vufrvGwaf peJ@/ vufawGcikd cf ikd w f JG xm;=u/ wdik ;f
32
jynfukd e,fcsŒJ tE &W m,fu umuG,=f u” vk@d ol@wyfukd oljyef+yD; pnf;±k;H vdu k w f mjzpfw,f?
NLD udk tykycf sa&;ESihf wyf pnf;±k;H a&;twGuf 1 csucf w k f 3§4 csuf jywf Zmwfvrf;xGiv f u kd w f mjzpfw,f?NLD
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vkyyf ikd cf iG v hf nf;jzpfw,fv@kd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; axmufjyvdu k w f ,f?
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vSe@f ajym qd+k y;D ol@bufygatmif ZGwaf &m twif; a&m pnf;±k;H aewmjzpfygw,f? wyfr awmf[m olxifoavmuf nHv h rd rhf ,f
r[kwb f ;l vd@k usaemf wGuq f rdw,f?
(3)
tJ'aD wmh 'Duae@ tajctae t&yf&yfu jynfoal wGtwGuf “tcGihf tvrf;vm;”/ 'grrS [kwf “t=uyf t wnf;”
vm;? bmjzpfEikd rf ,fv@kd ,lq csiyf govJ?
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usaemfqckd siw f ,f?
tcGit hf vrf;qdw k muawmh-
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twkta,mifjzpfa=umif;/
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aemfw@dk jynfov l x l }k u;D u wcJeufqef@ usif uef@uu G af =umif;/ etz udak &m/ etz&JŒ zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'udak &m jywfjywf
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ydik cf iG t hf & &&Sv d u kd w f hJ tcGit hf vrf;vnf;jzpfygw,f? 'gukd trdt& ,l Edik rf ,fq&kd if usaemfw@dk jynfoal wGt wGuf atmifyrJG ck s
&&SEd ikd rf mS jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh etz&JŒ npfv;Hk nmvk;H awG atmufrmS æ atmufvrf;enf;awG/ vlrqefra_ wG&ŒJ atmufrmS æ
taESmuf t,Suaf wG/ twm;tqD;awG/ t=uyf twnf;awG[m yko H ¾meftrsK;d rsK;d ESihf a&mufvmEdik af o;w,f qdw k mu
vnf; b,faA'ifrS ar;p&mrvdak tmifukd ao csmygw,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd u jyifqifr_ tm;enf;&if tm;enf;oavmuf/ jyifqifr_ rjynfph &kH if rjynfph o kH avmuf ppftyk f
pmrsufem - 36 okd@
33
b 0 qdk wm quf &Sd ae &if

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cs,pf &m tcGit hf vrf;r&Syd gb;l ? xGuaf jy; w,f? usaemhu f kd r*Fvm'Hrk mS vdu k yf @kd
a&;vrf;pOfom toifah wmfq;kH ygy?J vGwf w,f? usaemf 0ifvu kd w f ,f/ touf13
atmif ajy;ayawmha[h æ ajy;ayawmh? ESpef @J 0ifvu kd w
f m”vd‹k armifatmifZifO;D
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34
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35
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38
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39
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THE INDISPENSABLE QUALITIES OF A LEADER BY JOHN C.MAXWELL
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em;vnf+yD;om;jzpf&r,f? 'gavmufukd ajymaep&mrvdb k ;l (ck aemufyikd ;f vrf;rav#muf&bl;qdv k m;) tJ'w D ek ;f u tJ'*D syef
ayg?h pnf;urf;udk b,fae&mupjy;D oif&rvJ? vljzpfuwnf; trsK;d orD;av;udk vku d yf kd &h if; wHwm;ay:uae jrpf&c_ if;udk
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em;vnf+yD; vdu k ef mcsiw f phJ wd f arG;ay;&r,f? vdu k ef mcsiw f hJ pD;u&ufjymudk wHwm;ay:uaejrpfxcJ gcsvu kd w f m/ bmajym
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49
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a,muf um;wdu k rf j_ zpfvkd /h aygiu f sK;d oGm;w,f? (3)ae&m pnf;urf;vdu k ef mwJh vljzpfw,fqw kd m aocsmygw,f? rdrd
awmifusK;d wmwJ?h olp;D wJh ‘=um;um;’[dik ;f vyfu uGew f ifem ud, k rf rd rd nmwrf;ta&;,ljcif;jzihf pnf;urf;vdu k ef m=unhf
ud0k ifwu dk wf mwJ?h uGew f ifemqdw k m t}u;D }u;D / 'gu0kd ifwu kd f prf;ygvkd w h u kd w f eG ;f yg&ap?
p&mvm;/ um;udk b&dwrf zrf;Edik af vmufatmif/ b,favmuf
E_e;f armif;aeovJ? vrf;ab;awGrmS (30)(48)qdw k hJ owday;
a&$ual rESi;f
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