ISBN 974 - 01 -3610 - 9

,
..


nr (.) o
o 2544 nor n
or n
o on
n n } n onor
on r n 1 e 1
ooo}oroooo
n n . o nn r o
o n . no
} n n n n}rorooo
oo
o on n r o . o

( o)
o
nr


r nr (.)
oonor n 3
( e 1-3) n 4 ( e 4-6)
2544 oro
n 3 4 o
no rn 3 o
n 6 n on no r n 1
e 1 n 2 e 1 n 1 e 2 n 2 e 2 n 1
e 3 n 2 e 3 o
o
n r n o n
or n 1 e 1 o 3
nrn nonoon onon
onnnn
nno oe
o r (o) f
o
onnn}rnr n
noonno oor n
r or n

( )
or
nr

1.1

1.2

2.1

2.2

1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
5
8
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

3.1

3.2

25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
29
39
64
65
66
66
66
66
66
70
70
70
70


3.3
72

72

72

72

73

83
4
110

110

111
4.1
111

111

111

111
4.2
114

114

114
114

4.3
120

120

120

120

123

154
167

1.

2.
3.



3
4.

1)


2)

6 7
3)

5.





6.

7.

1.

2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

26

13

15

60

1
(6 )
1.1
1.2

(4 )
(2 )

... ...

...
...
... ...
... ...

1. ... ...
2. ... ...

1.1 (4 )

1. ...
2. ...
3.

1.1 1.1

1. 1.1

1.1
2.

18
18 1, 2, 3,
1 18 = 18
2 9 = 18
3 6 = 18
4 = 4 18
18
18

3 4

18

3
4 6 5
4 5 18 18 6 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 18
3. 1.1


4.
...

1.1
5. ...

6. 6 8
... 1.1 11
...
1

1.2 (2 )

1.
2.
3.
4.

...
... ...
...

1.2 1.2

1.

2 6 2 6
6 2

4
3 15 3 15
15 3
4 16 4 16
16 4
2. 1.2

3.

12 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 12
12 12, 24, 36,
4. ...

...
5. ...
1.2

... ...
6.
... ...
... ...

a b
(... a b) (... a b) = a

7. 1.2 1.2

1.1
1.
1) 17
3) 3

2) 1
4) 1

2. 1
3. 17
4. 27
5. 34
6. 12 4 5 7
7. 5 32
8. 120 13
9. 176
10. 180 5
36 180 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 18 36
5 6 , 9 ,
12 , 18 36
6
180 36
5
13 78 ... 13 18 1
11. 18
108
12. ... 1

6
1 1
... 1
2 1 ...
1

1 1
...
1

1.2
1.
1) 114
3) 3657
5) 2499
2.
1)
2)
3)
3.
4.
5.
6.

2) 377
4) 120
6) 1551

7 1 1
6
6
89
120
11
48

149
180
17.30 .

12 25
20 3
30 13
12
7. ...
...
8. ...
... ...
...

1. ... 6 10 2
... 6 10 30
2. 1) ... ... 2 30 = 60
2) 6 10 6 10 = 60
3. 2 1) 2)
4. ... 8 28 4
... 8 28 56
... ... 8 28 = 224
8 28 8 28 = 224
5. 15 27
... 15 27 3
... 15 27 135
... ... 3 135 = 405
15 27 15 27 = 405
6. ... ...
a b
(... a b) (... a b) = a b
7. ... 6 ... 72
18 24
8. 18 24 ... 6 ... 72

1.1


1.
1) 17
2) 24
3) 36
4) 125

[1,
[1,
[1,
[1,

17]
2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24]
2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36]
5, 25, 125]

2. 1
[ 1 ]
3. 2
[ 3 2 ]
4. 16 20

[1, 2, 4]

5.
1) 8 72
2) 7 91
3) 3 45
4) 13 2
5) 28 7
6) 2 3 15

[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]

6.
1) 1, 3, 4, 8
2) 1, 5, 7

[24]
[35]

7.
1) 0, 2, 4, 6 8
[]
2) 1, 3, 5, 7 9
[]

10
3) 2
4) 3
[ 12 3 12 ]
5) 1
[ 27 1, 3, 9 27 ]
6)
7)
8) 48, 112, 215
[ 215 ]
9) 302, 247, 121

[]

[]
[]

[]

8.
1) 3
[ 2]
2)
[ 9]
3) 1
[]
4)
[ 2 2 ]
5) 30 29
[]
6) 5 7
[ 5 7 1 5 7]
9.

[97]

10.

[101]

11. 40 60

[41, 43, 47, 53 59]

12. 200

[211, 223 227]

13. a b a b a b [1]

11

1.1

1. 4
[ 4 210
210 2 3 5 7]
2.
1) 189
2) 333
3) 735
4) 1,155
5) 1,350
6) 9,009

[189
[333
[735
[1155
[1350
[9009

=
=
=
=
=
=

3 3 3 7]
3 3 37]
3 5 7 7]
3 5 7 11]
2 3 3 3 5 5]
3 3 7 11 13]

1.1

1.
12 18

12
2.

3.

4.

120

150

840

600
5
480

120, 150, 840, 600 480 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15
30
8

13

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

1
2
3
5
6
10
15
30

()

()

()

()

5
()

120
60
40
24
20
12
8
4

150
75
50
30
25
15
10
5

840
420
280
168
140
84
56
28

600
300
200
120
100
60
40
20

480
240
160
96
80
48
32
16

1.1
...
...

28 36 48

1.
2.

14

1. 3
1) 1
2) 2
3) 4
2.
4

112
56
28
28

32 56

1.
2.

1. 4
1) 1 1,792
2) 2 448
3) 4 112
4) 8 28
2. 8
28

15

48 72 192

1.

2.

1. 24
13 2 3 8
2. 1
312

1.2

1. 2,

21 22 23
31 32 33
41 42 43
51 52 53

3, 4 5
24
34
44
54

25
35
45
55

16
2. 1 2
( 2 1 )
2 2 1

2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2
3. 1
( 2, 3 4
3 4 5 ) 3, 4
5 1
4.

1) 2 2
2) 2 2
3) 2 2
2 3

a a

a a ma
m

a 0 a, 1 a, 2 a, -1 a, -2 a,
-3 a a
2 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2,
2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4,

17

1.2

4 50
50
14 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,
24, 26 28
12 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21
23
10 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45
50
14 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30,
33, 36, 39 42

1. 1
2.
3.

2 5
3

1) 1

18
[ 10 20
6, 12, 18 24
5 15
3, 9, 15 21
15 30
15 ]
2)
[]

4.

10

()

19
5.
1)
2)


10 20

()

20

1.2

...

300
$ 10% 7, 14, 21,
8, 16, 24 ,
$ 1 10, 20, 30,

21
1.

2.

3. 295

1. 10% 7, 14, 21, , 280,
287, 294 8, 16, 24, , 280, 288, 296
10, 20, 30, , 280, 290, 300

1) 10%
... 7 10 70
... 8 10 2 4 5 = 40
10% 40
2) 10%
300 70 70, 140, 210, 280
300 40 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240 280
10% 280
2. 296
3. 295
7, 14, 21, 8, 16, 24,
10, 20, 30,

22

2
(26 )
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

(4
(6
(6
(4
(4
(2

)
)
)
)
)
)

()

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

23

2.1 (4 )

1.
2.

2.1 2.1

1.

2.1
3

2. 2.1

(-) -9
-3 (-)
9 3 (-)
-5, -16 -200
3.
1) 0
2) 0
3)
4) -1
5) 1
6)
7)
8)

24
5 8 2.1
5
-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

4.

1)
2)
3) 150 43 47

5. 2.1 3 4) 5)

2.3 6)

17
14
11
()
2

2.58

()

2.2 (6 )

1.
2.
3.

2.2 2.2
2.2 2.2

1.

25

0
| |

2. 2.2 1 3) 10) 2 3) 8)

2.2
6 2.2

3. 2.2
2.2

2.3 (6 )

1.
2.
3.
4.

2.3

1.
2.3

26
2.

3. 2.3 3 a 5
6

5 3) 6 3)

4.
+ =
5.

23 100

2.4 (4 )

1.
2.
3.
4.

2.4

1.

27

()
2.
()


(-3) (-2)
(-2) + 2
(-3) [(-2) + 2]
[(-3) (-2)] + [(-3) 2]

[(-3) 2]

[(-3) (-2)] + (-6)

6 + (-6)

[(-3) (-2)]

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

6
0
(-3) 0
0 ()
-6
0
0
6

3. 2.4

4. 2.4

5. 4 2.4
1 1 1 + 1 = 2 1 1 = 1

2.5 (4 )

1.
2.
3.
4.

2.5 2.5

28

1.

=
2. 2.5 2.5

2.6 (2 )

2.6
2.6

1.
2.2 2.4

a b a + b = b + a

29
2.
2.6

3. 5 2.6

2.1
1.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9) a a + 1
10) a a 1
2.
1) 0, 1, 2
2) -1, -2, 3, -3
3) 4, -4
4) 5, -5, 6
3. a
4.
-20
-25
5. -3, -6, -9, -12 -15
6. -3, -5, -7, -9 -11

-15

-10

-5

10

30
7. -12, -9, -6, -3 0
8. -4, -2, 0, 2 4
9.
1) -2, 0, 2
3) -2, -4, -6
5) -6, -10, -14

2) 2, 5, 8
4) 0, -5, -10
6) 6, 11, 16

2.1
1.
1) -4 > -5
2) 7 > -7
3) 0 < 5
4) 0 > -5
5) 18 > -12
6) 20 > -2
7) -15 < 3
8) -8 < 1
2. -15, -10, - 8, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5
3.
1) 0
2) 5
3) 9
4) 11
5) 23
6) 14
7) ()

2.2
1.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)

33
-12
-10
-25
-106

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)

33
-12
-10
-25
-106

31
3) 10) (
2.6)
2.
1) 12
2) 12
3) -12
4) -12
5) -13
6) -13
7) -32
8) -32
3) 8) (
2.6)
3.
1) -2
2) -6
3) -1
4) -5

2.2
1.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)

320
-36
0
4
-17

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)

320
-36
0
4
-17

2.
1) 9, 9,
3) 15, 15,
5) 0, 0,

2) -41, -41,
4) -2, -2,
6) 0, 0,

1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)

3.
-11
2
-1
0
1
41

-11
2
-1
0
1
41

32
4.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

6, 6,
0, 0,
4, 4,
4, 4,
-39, -39,

5.
1) 13
3) -4
6.
1) 7 + (-1)
3) (-4) + (-5)

2) -13
4) 0
2) (-5) + 5
4) 1 + (-16)

2.3
1. 11, 13, 15, 16, 20 -11, -13, -15, -16, -20
2. -11, -13, -15, -16, -20 11, 13, 15, 16, 20
3. -5, 5, 20, -20, 9, -9, 25, 100, -586, -1,079, 5,936 5, -5, -20, 20,
-9, 9, -25, -100, 586, 1,079, -5,936
4.
1) 0
2) 0
3) 17
4) 29

2.3
1.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)

8 + (-9)
0 + (-20)
(-5) + (-27)
0 + 15
(-30) + 30

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)

3 + (-16)
(-28) + (-9)
(-17) + (-2)
9 + 35
(-53) + 30

33
2.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)

6
-7
22
-9
9
15

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)

19
-19
-100
-15
0
27

1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)
13)
15)

6
-15
40
-24
100
24
-5
0

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)
14)
16)

22
-11
-47
18
1
-27
8
0

1)
3)
5)
7)
9)

0
30
-44
-18
-23

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)

32
-18
-55
18
-13

3.

4.

5.
1) a b a = 2, b = 2
2 2 = 2 2
2) a = 3, b = 1 3 1 1 3
3)
6.
1) a = -3, b = 2, c = 0
{(-3) 2} 0 = (-3) (2 0)
2) a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
(1 2) 3 1 (2 3)
3)

34
7.
1) (-2) (-8)
2) 3 12
3) (-5) (-5)
4) 0 (-a)

2.4
1.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)

108
-104
-625
0
115
1

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)

-77
252
-8,000
0
318
0

1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)

238
-45
-60
-1,000
4,560
-196

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)

238
-45
-60
-1,000
4,560
-196

2.

3.
1) -20, -20,
3) 90, 90,

2) -12, -12,
4) 0, 0,

1)
3)
5)
7)
9)

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)

4.
-1
0
6
504
350

-1
0
6
504
350

5.
1) ( -12)
3) ( -12)

2) ( 20)

35
6.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)

20
-44
15
10
36

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)

20
-44
15
10
36

7.
1) ( 0)
3) ( -18)

2) ( 49)

1)
3)
5)
7)
9)

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)

8.
36
-30
20
1
45

36
-30
20
1
45

9.
1) ( 3)
3) ( 42)

2) ( 8)

10.
1) -2
2) -1
3) -3
4) -1
5) -1
6) 1
7) -2
8) -2
9) 1
10) -5
11.
1) (-1) 7
2) (-3)(-5)
3) 2 (-12)
4) 1 31
12. a = 3, b = -2 3 (-2) = -6
1) -6 3 ab a
2) -6 -2 ab b

36

2.5
1.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)
13)
15)
17)

1
-25
-21
-2
10
39
-89
45
16

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)
14)
16)
18)

-1
5
19
-10
-50
112
5
4
-4

2.
1) -12
3) 4
5) -32

2) -3
4) -12
6) -4

3.
1) a = 2, b = -2
2 (-2) = (-2) 2 = -1
2) a = -12, b = 3
(-12) 3 = -4
3 (-12)
(-12) 3 3 (-12)
3)
4.
1) a = 0, b = 2, c = -3
(0 6) (-3) = 0 (-3)
= 0
0 {6 (-3)} = 0 (-2)
= 0
(0 6) (-3) = 0 {6 (-3)}

37
2) a = 9, b = -3, c = 3
{9 (-3)} 3 = (-3) 3
= -1
9 {(-3) 3} = 9 (-1)
= -9
{9 (-3)} 3 9 {(-3) 3}
3)
5.

1) 0 0 2 ( 02 = 0 0 = 2 0)
2) 0, 2, -2, 4, -4, 6, -6,
3) 1, -1, 3, -3, 5, -5,

2.6
1.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)

-21
0
-25
0
1
1

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)

480
0
52
-9
1
-1

1)
3)
5)
7)

0
5
9
-1

2)
4)
6)
8)

0
0
-3

2.

3.
1) m = 0

(1)
(2)

2) m = 0 1)

38
4.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)
13)

a
3
p
12
1
-1
bc

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)

a
6
5
-2
40
-6

5.
1) 6
3) -7
5) 45
7) 4
6.

2) 9
4) 4
6) 436
8) -14
12 55 = 12 (50 + 5)
= (12 50) + (12 5)
= 600 + 60
= 660
7. (5 99) + (4 199) = [5 (100 1)] + [4 (200 1)]
= [5 100) (5 1)] + [(4 200) (4 1)]
= (500 5) + (800 4)
= 1300 9
= 1291

0
1.
2.
3.
4.

0 = 0 a
()

a a
0 = 0 a
5. b 0 b = 5
6. 50 0 5
7. 2
1)
2)
0

39

40

2.1



1

.. 2544 22 2544

34
35
35
35
35
33
35
35

62
43
40
42
46
34
42
34

39
38
37
42
49
40
49
45

23
5
3
0
-3
-6
-7
-9

: 28 2544

1
[
]

41
2

.. 2543

-7
-3
-2
-1
E
E
+4
+7

(par)
18 72
-7
7
E ( even
) PAR ()

4 +4


[ ]

42

70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70

65
69
70
72
67
72
70
64
71
66

-5
-1

PAR
+2
-3

+2

PAR

-6

+1

-4

70
3 PAR

[ -6]

2.1

43
1.
1) 5 1

[ 4 1 5]
2)
(1) 2
[ 5 2 = 3 ]
(2) 3
[ 5 3 = 2 ]
(3) 4
[ 5 4 = 1 ]
(5) 5
[ 5 5 = 0 ]
2.
5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5 5
5 6, 5 7, 5 8
3. 5 6, 5 7, 5 8,

[ -1, -2, -3, ]

4.

57
56
55
54
53
52
51
0

44

51
52
53
54
55

5
5
5
5
5

1 5 1
2 5 2
3 5 3
4 5 4
5 5 5

5 6, 5 7, 5 8,

=
=
=
=
=

4
3
2
1
0

5. 5 6 -1
5 7 -2
5 8 -3
-1, -2, -3,
6. 5 8, 5 9, 5 10 [ ]

59
58
57
56
-4

-3

-2

-1

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

2
1
0
-1
-2

45
7.
-1
0
-2
-1
-3
-2
1 -1
2 -2
3 -3

0
0
0

2.1

1.
1)
-50 50 -35
2)
-2
3)
2. 4 5 15


3.
[
1)
2)
]

46

2.2

2.2

1. -7, -5, -3, -1, 1 3

2.

-6, -3, 0, 3, 6, 9 12

47

2.2

1
-3

-7
3

-5

-5

-1

-5

-1

-7

-7
1

-7

-3

-1

-1

3
-3

-3

-5

12
-6

6
9

-3
3

-6

-3

6
3

-3
12

-6
0

9
6

12
9

48

2.2

1

-12
A (-4) + 3 + (-2) + 5 + (-18) + 4 = -12
B (-4) + 3 + (-2) + 1 + (-6) + 0 + (-8) + 4 = -12

BA
-4
3

-2

-6

-18

-8

A
B
A B

-12

-4

-3

16

12

-16

-11

-10

-8

-15

-2

-2

-6

-7

-10

-8

49

B0 A
5

-3

-16

-11

-10

-2

-6

A 0 + 8 + (-10) + (-6) + 0
= -8
B 0 + 8 + (-3) + 5 + (-16) + (-2) + 0 = -8
A
B
A

-8

A0 B

-4

16

12

-8

-15

-2

-7

-10

A 0 + 16 + (-8) + 2 + (-7) + (-10) + (-2) + 5 = - 4

B 0 + 16 + (-8) + (-15) + (-2) + 5
= -4
A
B
B

2.2

3 A, B C
6
1. 2
2. 1

50
3. 0
4. -2
B 7 A
6 C 5 B

1
2
3
4

2
2
2
2

1
2
2
2

1
1
2
2

1
1
1
2

1
1
0
-2

1
0
0
1

1
2
3
4

2
1
2
3
4

1
0
5
0
3
1
1
2
1
0

-2
0
0
0
1

2+5
=7
4 + 3+ 0 = 7
6+1+0 = 7
8 + 1 + (-2) = 7

2.2

1. 0

[0]

2. -37, -38, -39, -40

[37, 38, 39, 40]

3.
1) 51 -51
2) 470 .. 470

[51]
[ -470]

51
3)
4)
5)
6)

.. -132 132
56 . .
142 . .
318 -318

[ 132]
[-56, 56]
[ -142, 142]
[ 318 ]

4.
1) 21 .. -21
[ ]
2) 21 .. -21
[]
3) -6 6
[]
4) -6 .. 6
[]
5) -7 .. 9
[]
6) -5 .. -7
[]
7) -23 .. 20
[ ]
8) 13 .. -19
[]

2.2
1.

[]

2.

[]

3.

[0]

4.

[]

5.

[]

6.
1) -21
2) 35
3) 60
4) -95
[
1) (-18) + (-3)
3) 40 + 20

2) (-12) + 47
4) (-25) + (-70)]

52

2.3


2.3

1. 1 8
1

12

-1

-5

-6

-12

2. 4

3.

1.

12

24

2.

-1

-5

-6

-12

-24

3.

-6

-1

12

12

4.

-6

-1

-12

10

5.

-5

-6

-7

4.
5.

53

2.4

1.
(-4) 5 = -20
5 5 = 25
5 4 = 20
(-4) 4 = -16
5 3 = 15
(-4) 3 = -12
(-4) 2 = [-8]
5 2 = 10
51 = 5
(-4) 1 = [-4]
50 = 0
(-4) 0 = [0]
5 (-1) = -5
(-4) (-1) = [4]
5 (-2) = ..
[-10]
(-4) (-2) = [8]
[-15]
(-4) (-3) = [12]
5 (-3) = ..
5 (-4) = ..
[-20]
(-4) (-4) = [16]
5 (-5) = ..
[-25]
(-4) (-5) = [20]
5 (-6) = ..
[-30]
(-4) (-6) = [24]
5 (-7) = ..
[-35]
(-4) (-7) = [28]
[-40]
(-4) (-8) = [32]
5 (-8) = ..
5 (-9) = ..
[-45]
(-4) (-9) = [36]
2. 1

[
1) 1
5
2) 1
4

]
3. 1 []

54

2.5

1. 6 6
1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-8

-9

10

-10

12

-12

15

-15

16

-16

18

-18

20

-20

24

-24

25

-25

30

-30

36

-36

2.

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
3. 2 1

1. 2 ()
2.

55
A B
1.
2. A
-6 -6
3. B A
-12 ( -12 -6 )
-12
B A
B
4. A
B
5. 4

2.5

56

-1

-6

11

-4

12

-4

-1

-2

-5

-3

555
5

-1

-1

-3

-9

-2

-4

10

-8

18

-3

15

-12

27

35

28

63

-14

-2

30

24

54

12

-3

11

2
-2

66

55
5

66
6

-1

2
-2

-1

-6

11
-11

-4

12
-12

2
-9

-1

1
-1

-4

3
-3

8
-8

-1

9
-9

6
-6

-33
-3

-3

6
-6

-2

4
-4

-5

2
-2

57

-5
5

-9

-2

-4

2
-2

10

-8

18

4
-4

22

2
-2

1
-1

-3

15
15

-12

27

6
-6

44

22

4
-4

2
-2

7
-7

35

28
-28

63

-14

4
-4

-2

1
-1

30
-30

24

54
-54

12

8
-8

4
-4

2-2

44

2.5

1.
-10 10

5 -2 5 -2
-10

4 -10 4 -6

2.

3.

58

2.6

3 3
1. 1 -1
1
2. 1 -1
-1

1.

2.

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

59

2.6

1.

1) (-719) + (305) (-719) + (-305)

-836
2) -836
4 -4
3) (-93)(-125) 93 125
4) (-65)(13) 65 (-13)
5) 0 (-218) 0 + 218
6) 13505110 1350-5110
7) a = -65 b = -56 a < b
8) a = 87, b = -12 c = -11 a + b > a + c
2.

1) 135 + 999
2) 135 + (-685)
3) 1246 348
4) (-2054) + (-128)
5) 12 234
6) (-5) 689
7) (-2344) 4
8) 2338 14
9) 1,000,000 2.5
10) (-10) (-10) (-10) (-10) (-10)
11) 10 (-10) 10 (-10) 10
12) 100,000,000 (-4)

60
3.
>, < =
1) 747 + 435 + 603

747 + 435 + 606

2) 350 + 350 + 350 + 350 + 350

(-5) 350

3) 70 + 71 + 72

3 71

4) 50 15

51 15

5) 350 8

350 9

6) 1500 56

1499 56

7) 2000 (-10)

(-2000) 10

8) (-15) 16 (-2)

(-2) 16 (-15)

4.
-22 C -40C

5. 100 5
()
18
12
6
0

1)
2)

61

2.6
1.
1) (-719) 227 -305
-836
2) -836
4 -4
3) -93 93 -125 125
(-93)(-125) 93 125
4) -65 65
13 -13

5) 0 (-218) 0 + 218
0 (-218) = 0 + 218
6) 13505110
1350-5110

7) -65 < -56

8) (-12) < (-11) b < c a + b < a + c

62
2.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

100 + 1,000 = 1,100

100 + (-700) = -600
1,200 300 = 900
(-2,000) + (-100) = -2,100
12 200 = 2,400
(-5) 700 = -3,500
-2,000 4 = -500
2,000 10 = 200
2.5 4 = 10
10 2.5 = 4
1,000,000 2.5 = 400,000
10)
0

11)
0

12) 100 (-4) = -25

100,000,000 (-4)
= 100
-4 1,000,000
= (-25) 1,000,000
= -25,000,000

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

63
3.
1) <
2) >
3) =
4) <
5) >
6) >
7) =
8) =
4.
18 C
5.
1)
2)

 3
(13 )
3.1
(4 )
3.2 (5 )
3.3
(4 )

an a n

am an a 0 m = n m < n
a0 = 1 a 0 a-n = a1n a 0 n

3 100 1003
3 100 100 + 100 + 100 = 300
1003
100 100 100 = 1,000,000

a m n
=
am + n
am an
am an
=
am n a 0
a0
=
1
a 0
1
=
an
a n a 0

65

1.
2.

3. (scientific notation)
4.

66

3.1 (4 )

1.
2.
3.

3.1 3.1
3.1 3.1

1. 3.1

2. 3.1


20 1 2
40 1 4
60 1 8
80 1 16
.
.
.
.
.
.

67

1
2
3
4
5
6

.
.
.

1
2
4
8
16
32

.
.
.

2
4
8
16
32
64

1
2
4
8
16
32

.
.
.

3. a n

a n = a a a ... a a n

n
a n n a n a n + 1
23 2 3 2 2 2 2
4.
( )
-3 (-3)2 -32

3
3
25 (25 ) 25
5. 3.1 3 2)

3.1
n
( 12 )
2 12 14 , 14 18 , 18 161
3.1

68
6. 3.1 9
3.1
3.1
7. 1 64
82, (-8)2, 43, 26 (-2)6 3.1

8.




a a2
b b3

1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3
1
27
27
2
23
(3 2)3

32
2
2 2

32
32

69
1
27

3a
a a
A

3a

3a
B

A a
B 3a
A a3
B (3a)3 = 27a3
B 27 A
3
27

1 1 1 1 = 1
2 2 2 2 = 8
3 3 3 3 = 27
4 4 4 4 = 64

.
.
.

.
.
.

9. 3.1 3.1

70

3.2 (5 )

3.2 3.2
3.2

1. 3.2.1

2,200,000 9,460,000,000,000

2.
3.2

22 23
32 34
53 54

.
.
.

(2 2) (2 2 2)
(3 3) (3 3 3 3)
(5 5 5) (5 5 5 5)

.
.
.

am an
(a a a a) (a a a a)
m
n
m n

25
36
57

22 + 3
32 + 4
53 + 4

am + n

am + n

.
.
.

.
.
.

71
a
m n am an = am + n
3.2
3.
3.2

4.
1)
a0 = 1, a 0
2)

3a3-2 b-23 , a 0 b 0
-6a
b

5. 3.2 1

6. 3.2
21

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

107
109
1014
1028
1049
10105
10112
10140

72

3.3 (4 )

1.
2.
3.
4.

3.3 3.3
3.3 3.3

1. 3.3


2.

A = r2 A r
E = mc2 E m
c
3.

0.005 106

5 10 6
0.005 106 = 1000
= 53 10 6
10
= 5 106 3
= 5 103

73

3 5 106 6 3
103 0.005 106 = 5 106 3
= 5 103
3.3 3.3

4. 3.3

3.1
1.
1)
3)
5)
7)

10
64
1
32
0.0016

2)
4)
6)
8)

64
-216
8
125
0.000001

2.
1) 21
21 2 21 = 2
2) 52 = 5 5 = 25 (-5) 2 = (-5) (-5) = 25
3) (-6) 2 = (-6) (-6) = 36 -62 = -(6 6) = -36
3
8 23 = 8
4) (23 ) = 27
3
3
3.
1)
25
26
24
21 22 23
024 8

16

32

64

74
(1) 26 64 26 0 64
25 32
(2) 2 21
(3) 4 22
(4) 8 23
(5) 2 2 2 2

(6) 2 n

21 22
22 23
23 24
24 25

()
4 2 = 2 = 21
8 4 = 4 = 22
16 8 = 8 = 23
32 16 = 16 = 24

2n 2n + 1

2 n + 1 2n =

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

2n

(7) 120 2 120

2 27 = 128
2)

( 12 )5( 12 )4( 12 )3
0 321 161 18

( 12 )2

( 12 )1

1
4

1
2

75
5
321 ( 12 ) 0 321
5
( 12 ) 0 161
(2)
(3)
n +1
(4) ( 12 )

(1)

( 12 )5

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

.
.
.

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

n +1

()
1 1 = 1 = 1 2

2 4 4
2
3
11 = 1
= 1
4 8 8
2
1 1 = 1 = 1 4

8 16 16
2
1 1 = 1 = 1 5

16 32 32
2

.
.
.

1

2

.
.
.

1

2

n +1

(5)

3.1
1.
1) 34
3) 132
5) 54

2) 112
4) 7 3
6) 36

2.
1) 28, (-2)8, 44, (-4)4, 162, (-16)2
2) 54, (-5)4, 252, (-25)2

1

2

n +1

76
3) (-2)7
4) (-10)3
2

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)
12)
14)

-27
81
400
0.04
13
125
25

5) (1.5) , (-1.5)
3

6) (0.3)

3

10

15

10

- 15

10

7) 109 10003
8) (0.1)5 1

10

3.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)
11)
13)

0.0001
-8
9.261
0.04
1
35
25

4.
5.
6.
7.

4
4 + 3 = 7 x = 4 y = 3
1010
(1.5)3 = 3.375
4
8. 3 24 = 48
9. 3,200
()
()

0
20

1600
10

3200
5

10.
1) 25, 36 49
2) n2 n
3) 10

77

1.
2.
3.
1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + + 2 19 = 1048575
4.
3

1
2
3
4
5

1
1 + 21
3 + 22
7 + 23
15 + 24

.
.
.

.
.
.

20

(219- 1) + 219

=
=
=
=
=

1
1+2
3+4
7+8
15 + 16

=
=
=
=

3
7
15
31

.
.
.

= 524287 + 524288 = 1048575

= (2 219) 1
(219 1) + 219
= 220 1
= 1048576 1
= 1048575

78

3.2
1.
1)
3)
5)
7)
9)

313
711
(0.2)8
(0.01)5
3 m+n

2)
4)
6)
8)
10)

810
(-2)13
(1.2)7
(0.5)6
x m+n

2)
4)
6)
8)

39
32 55
58 (-5)8
a6 b3

2.
1) 28
3) 7 27
5) 211
7) x12
3. 1020
4. 9.46 1017
5. 212
6.
1) 23
2) 33
3) 44

2
40
38

79

3.2
1.
1) 24
2) (-3)3
3)
4)
5)

4
5

7) (0.3)3
8) 4
9) 4
10) 54
11) m3
12) 1
13) a
14) 1
1)
3)
5)
3. 0
4.

1
23
1
32
1
a7

(0.5)

( 11)

(0.5)2 4
,

1
,
114

(-11)4 114

0.8

6)

2.

1
1
,2 ,
1
2
2

1
0 .5

(0.5)1

2) 3110
4) m13
6) x112

1) 1 0
2) 12
5. 59
125 = 53
(53)(53)(53)
= 59

80
6. 9 1012
7. 15
8. 57 10-5
35340
3534

62 106 = 62 105
575
= 10
= 57 10-5

1
1
1
1

107
(107)20
10140 10134 106
10134

3.3
1.
1) 7 104
3) 5.67 107
5) 4.9 1011

2) 2.1 105
4) 8 109
6) 2.45 1013

2.
1) 6.38 106
2) 1.4 106
3) 6 104
3.22 108
4) 1.2 106
1.5 109
5) 1.13 108
1.43 109

81
3.
1) 400,000
3) 1,450,000,000
5) 5,060,000,000

2) 3,800,000
4) 82,570
6) 605,000,000,000

4.
1)
2)
3)
4)

89,600,000
3,000,000,000
602,380,000,000,000,000,000,000
17,700,000,000

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

(4 105) (6 1024) = 2.4 1030

(3.85 107) (60 60) = 1.386 1011
105 9.46 1012 = 9.46 1017
1010
15 107 6.6 10 1
104000 10 = 1.04 106 10104000 106 10 = 1.04 1012

5.

3.3
1.
1) 2 103
3) 5 106
5) 8.19 108

2) 1.3 104
4) 7.6 106
6) 4.65 1010

1) 0.0005
3) 0.000012
5) 0.0000005413

2) 0.000009
4) 0.000000682
6) 0.0000000089

1) 6.4 105
3) 4.5 105

2) 5.3 105
4) 3 1019

2.

3.

4.

3 0.03
1) 100
3 0.0003
2) 10000

82
915
3) 1,000,000,
000 0.000000915
66
4) 1,000,000,
000,000 0.000000000066
19 50 = 0.95
5. 50 1000
9.5 101
6. 2.23097 103

r2
(3.5 104) (3.5 104)
5.8 103
(3.5 104) (3.5 104) 3.14 (5.8 103)
= (3.5 3.5 3.14 5.8) (10-4 10-4 103)
= 223.097 (108 103)
= 2.23097 102 108 103
5
= 2.23097 10
8
10
= 2.23097 103

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

= 22
= 22
= 2
= 2
= 2
= 2
= 2
1 29
1 219 29

83

84

3.1

74
2,401

85

3.1





20

()

20

40

60

80

100

.
.
.

.
.
.

()

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

1.
[ 1 2 20 ]
2.
[ 2]
3. 6
[26 ]
4. 3
[29 ]

86
3.1

2n

80

()

72
64
56
48
40
32
24
16
8
4
2

5
4

87

3.1

3.1 3

1.

2
2

22
4

23
8

24
16

25
32

2

[]

2.

(-2)
-2

(-2)2 (-2)3 (-2)4 (-2)5

4
-8
16 -32

-2

[
]
3.

1
2
1
2

( 12 )2 ( 12 )3 ( 12 )4 ( 12 )5
1
4

1
8

1
16

1
32

12

[]

88
3.1
n
(12 )
n
1
2

n
( 12 )

( 12 )n
1

1
2

1
4
1
8
1
16

1
64

0 1

2 3 4

5 6

n ()

89

3.1

()

1. 3.1 3.1 9

20
15
10
5
0

1600

3200

4800

6400

()

20 10 1,600 2
5 1,600 3,200
2.5 1,600 4,800

2.
-238 4,500
-238 40 5
[13,500 ]

90
3.1

()

20
15
10
5
0

1600

3200

4800

6400

()

3.1

1
1. 1 2
2. 2 4
3.

91

()

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
4
8
16
32
64
.
.
.

.
.
.

4. 5

[32 2 5 ]
5. 20

[1,048,576 220 ]
6.
[ 2n n
]

3.1


220 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
16 16 16 16 16 32 32 32 32

92
1.
1) 316 814
2) 231 810 2
2.
1) 225
2) 315
3) (0.5)10
4) (0.02)12
3. 0.01 3
3 3 2
10

3.1
1.
1) 814 81 4 34 4
2) 810 (23)10 23 10
810 = 230
2.
1) 225 25 5 32 5
225 = 325 = 33,554,432
2) 315 33 5 27 5
315 = 275 = 14,348,907
3) (0.5)10 5 10 25 5
10
(0.5)10 = 0.0009765625

93
4) (0.02)12 2 12 8 4
24
(0.02)12 = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 004 096
3. 310 33 33 33 3 = 273 3
59,049
0.01
59049 0.01 = 590.49

3.1

1. 6 106
[]
2. 0.4 (0.4)5
..[]
3. (-8)3
....[-8 3 ]
4. 7
.....[7 1 ]
4
5. (25 )
...[ 52 4 ]
6. (3a)10
.......[3a 10 ]
7. (3)5
......[3 3 3 3 3]
8.

(43 )3

.......[ 43 43 43 ]
9. (-5)4
....[(-5) (-5) (-5) (-5)]
10. (-7) (-7) (-7) (-7) (-7)
......[(-7)5]

94
11. m m m m m
.....[m5]
12. mn mn mn mn
....[(mn)4]

3.1

1. (-3)4 ..
[ ]
[81]
2. -34 ....
[ ]
[-81]
3. (-3)4 -34 ..
.
[ -34 (-3)4 34 ]
4.

(43 )2

. .
[]
[ 169 ]

5.

32 . .
4
[ 4] [ 94 ]

6.

3
4 2 . .
[ ]
[ 163 ]

7. .
.
[ ]

95

3.1

1. 9
= 33
= .
[32]
2. 9

=
=
3. 64
=
=
4. 64
=
=
=
5. 64
=
=
6. 0.001 =
=
7. 0.0016 =
=
8. 0.0016 =
=
9. -343 =
=
10. -243 =
=

(-3) (-3)
.
222222
.
(2 2) (2 2) (2 2)
444
.
(-8) (-8)
.
(0.1) (0.1) (0.1)
.
(0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2)
.
(0.04) (0.04)
.
(-7) (-7) (-7)
.
(-3) (-3) (-3) (-3) (-3)
.

[(-3)2]
[26]

[43]
[(-8)2]
[(0.1)3]
[(0.2)4]
[(0.04)2]
[(-7)3]
[(-3)5]

3.1
1.
1) 16
= (-4)n n =
2) 81
= a2 a =
3) 81
= 3n n =

[2]
[9 -9]
[4]

96
4) 0.027 = a3
5) 128 = 2n
6) -27 = an

a =
n =
a =

n =

[0.3]
[7]
[a = -3 n = 3]

2. 1
1) 36
[62 , (-6)2]
2) -125
[(-5)3]
3) 256
[ 28 , (-2)8 , 44 , (-4)4 , 162 (-16)2]
3
8
[ ( 23 ) ]
4) 27
5) 2,401
[ 74 , (-7)4 , (-49)2 492]
6) 10,000
[ 104 , (-10)4 , 1002 (-100)2]

3.2



1.
[6 ]
1) 32 34 3
2) 32 34
[36]
3) 32 34 32 + 4
[]
4) 52 57 5
[9 ]
[59]
5) 52 57
6) 52 57 52 + 7
[]
7)
[]

97
2.
1) 23 2
[3 ]
2) 32 3
[2 ]
3) 23 32
[ ]
[8 9 = 72 ]
4) 23 32
5) 53 34
[ ]
6)
[]

3.2

()

2
1
1

3
2
4

3
9

4
4
16

[25]

[36]

[49]

98

1.

[ n2 n ]
2. 20

[202 400 ]

3.2

1.
1) 36 32 3 3 33 33 3 3

[]

2) 36 32 [34]
[ 3 1 3 = 91 ]
3) 34 36 3 33 33 3333 3
4) 34 36
[ 12 ]
3
5) 54 54
[1]
6) 54 54
[ 11 ()]
7) 53 32

[ 125
9 ]

8) 53 32

[]

99
2.
1) 78 74
[74]
2) 54 5
[53]
[97]
4) 43 45
[ 412 ]
3) 910 93
5) 32 37
[ 315 ]
6) 73 78
[ 715 ]
[1]
8) 103 103
[1]
7) 64 64
9) 25 32
[ 32
10) 53 72
[ 125
9]
49 ]
3.

1.

2. 1
3.
1

4.

3.2

3 3
4

-3

1 -1

-2

1
16

1
4
1
2

16

1
8

100
1
[ 3]
2
[ 1]

1. 3
4
24

2-3

22

16

1
8

2-1

21

23

1
2

20

25

2-2

32

1
4

1 3
1) 3
1
[]
2) 4
[ 8 ]
3) 3
[]
2.
8

9
5

28

21

26

23

25

27

24

29

22

101

1) 5
[ 15]
2) 5 6
[ 5
6]
3) 6
[ 215]
4) 3)
[ am an = am + n]
3. 2

1)

2)

37

30

35

32

34

36

33

38

31

-3

-1

5-3

5-1

54

-7

57

50

57

-4

5-4

51

53

3.2
1.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

35 92
42 230
44 163
510 625
7100 49
9 950

[39]
[234]
[220]
[514]
[7102]
[3102]

102
2. m n a, b, x y

1) (2m) 2n
[2m + n]
2) (-5) m (-5)n
[(-5)m + n]
3) 4 (4) m
[4m + 1]
[(-7)n + 1]
4) (-7)n (-7)
5) (a3) (a7)
[a10]
[a3 + m]
6) (a3) (a m)
[xm + n]
7) (x m) (xn)
[(ab)m + 1]
8) (ab) m (ab)
m
n
[ xy m + n ]
9) ( xy ) ( xy ) , y 0
10) am an a2
[am + n + 2 ]
.

()

3.3

1.

2. 2 3
3.

1)

2)

103
[
]
3)

[ 104
10,000
8,848 ]

[ 10-8 ]

[ 10-8 10-13 ]
4.

5.
10-8 10-13
(A ) 1A 10-10
7000 A 7 10-7

()

10-13 10-12

10-10

10-8

10-6

10-4

10-2

100

102

104

104

1)
10

2)

1 10
1010
100
106 108
102

1
100

1
100
100

= 1

3.3

0.001
1
1000
1
10 3

0.01
1
100
1
10 2

0.1
1
10
1
10 1

10

100

1000

1
1
10 0

10

100

1000

0.0001
1
10000
1
10 4

10

102

103

10 4

103

102

101

100

101

102

103

105
1.
[ 10 10
]
2. 0.000001
1
[ 1000000
1016 106]
3. 0.000000003
10,000
[ 0.00003 3 10-5 ]

3.3
1.
1) 20000
=
=
2) 24000

3) 360000
4) 5000000
5) 1450000
6) 72810000
7) 835000000

2 10000
.

[2 104]

=
=
=
=

24 1000
(2.4 10) 1000
2.4 10000
2.4

[2.4 104]

=
=

36 10000
3.6

[3.6 105]

=
=

5 1000000
.

[5 106]

=
=

1.45 1000000
1.45 .

[1.45 106]

=
=

7.281 10000000
7.281

[7.281 107]

8.35 ..

[8.35 108]

106
2.

[ A A 10n 1 < A < 10 n A 10n 1
n 835,000,000
A 1 < A < 10 A = 8.35 10n 1 109-1 = 108
835,000,000 = 8.35 108 ]
3.
1) 3 104
=
[30,000]

=
2) 4.5 103
[4,500]

4.5 103 = 4.5 1000

3) 7.8 105
=
[780,000]

7.8 105 = 7.8 10000

=
4) 2.39 107
[23,900,000]

5) 8.102 108 =
[810,200,000]

3 104 = 3 10000

4.
[ A 10n 1 < A < 10 n
A
n + 1 ]

107

3.3

1. 0.5 ..

[ 105

2. 0.003

3
[ 1000

3. 0.003 = 3 101n n
4. 0.003 = 3 10n n .

[3]

5. 0.003 ..
6. 0.0027 ..
7. 0.0027 = 27 101n n
8. 0.0027 = (2.7 10) 101n n ..

1
]
2
3
10 3

[-3]
[3 103]
27 ]
[ 10000
[4]
[4]

9. 0.0027 = 2.7 10n n ..

[-3]

10. 0.0027

[2.7 103]

3.3
1.

1) 43 < 53
2) 25 > 43
3) (0.5)3 > ( 12 )3
4) 34 < 35
5) 23 32 > 25
6) 28 = 82
7) 92 = 34
8) 991 = 199
9) 312 = (34)8
10) 2 33 = 63

108
2.
1) 1 103
10 104
2) 105 1
105 10 106
3) 0.0005 5 104
4) 1 1,200
103
5) 3,000
3 1012

3.3
1.
1) 43 53 3 4 5
2) 43 = 22 22 22
= 25 2
3)
4)
5)
6)

7)
8)
9)

(0.5)3

1

2

(0.5 =

1
)
2

34 35
25 = 23 22 23 32 23
32 22
28 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 8822
= 82 22
92 32 32 = 34
991 99 199 1
312 3 12 (34)8 34 8 34
3 4 (34)8 3 8 4 32

109
10) 2 33 2 3 3
63 = (2 3)3 = (2 3)(2 3)(2 3)
2 3 3 3
2 33 = 2 3 3 3
63 = (2 3)3 = 2 2 2 3 3 3
2.
1)

2)

3)
4)
5)

1
103

10 103 10 = 104
105 1
105 10 106
106 106

0.0005 1 5 104 1
1,200
1,000 103
3 103
1 3 103 12
3 1012 = (3 103) 109
3 1012 (3 103) 12

110

4
(15 )
4.1 (3 )
4.2
(7 )
4.3
(5 )








6
/

1.
1)

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
2.
3.

111

4.1 (3 )

1.
2.

4.1 4.1

1.





A4

112

2.
1)

2)
3) 4.1 4.1

3. AB AB


4.

5.

1)
2)
H
A
D
E
F
O
O
C
B
G
3)

4)

R
P

O
S

A
X

113
5)

ABC

AB B D C B D ABC
C

ABC

6.

A BC 60o A BC

7.

A BC ABC m (A BC) ABC

8.

0 o 360 o
0 o
1 360 o
9. 4.1

114

4.2 (7 )

1.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
2.

4.2

1.
6

2.
AB A B
AB
AB
AB

115
C
C
A

D
D


CD AB O
3.
AB AB
AB

AB 2 4 8
1, 2, 3,
2n n

116
AB

21 = 2

1
A

22 = 4

.
.
.

()

.
.
.

.
.
.

1 1 AB 2
2 2 AB 4

10
210

4.

2 4 8

2n
n

117
5.
P
AB
P

P
AB P AB

6.
P AB

1) A P B (180 )

2) A P E 90

A P B

7.

4.2 1

118
P

4.2 2
ABC A BC
BC AD BC D B AC AC
BE AC E
A

C
E
O

119

(orthocentre) O
4.2 3 9


4.2 6 DEF
(circumcentre)
D

O


4.2 10 AB
AB

C
X

120
C BX D DC AY E
C AY E EC BX D
AE = BD

8.

9. 4.2

4.3 (5 )

1.
2.

4.3

1. 150o
150o = 120 o + 30 o 150 o = 90 o + 60 o
150 o = 180 o 30 o
2. 4.3 4.3

121

4

4.3 7

3. 4.3 8
C

O
E

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

O OA
A OA B
B OA C
3) D, E F
AB, BC, CD, DE , EF FA ABCDEF

C
D

B
A

O
E

122

4.

1) CD P AB
CD AB
P

2) CD AB AP
C

3) CD AB

3) AP B A P

A P C CD P
5. 4.3 6

7 AB CD

123
6. 4.3

4.1
1.
1) D
2) PQ
3) RST
4) EF
5) XY
6) DEF
2. AB, AC BC A, B C
AB AC BC
3. AB AC A
AC BC AC A
BC B
4. A
A
E
D

B
C

5.

6. A BC

Q A BC P R A BC

7. B A C , C A D , B A D , B A C , C A D B A D
8.

1) P A B C A Q

2) B A C , A C B C B A

3) P A Q , Q A B , B A C , C A P , P A Q , Q A B , B A C

C A P

124
9. a = d
10. ABC
DEF
PQR
11.
1) 11,000 11

11
11 11 1000 11
2) 9,500 9.5

9.5
9.5 1000 9.5
12.

K
E

AB CD E

G
C

125
1) E EK AB
F H CD G K
2) FK GH FG
KH

m(A E C) = m(B E D)

m(A E D) = m(B E C)

13.
1) 30o
3) 180o
5) 270o

2) 120 o
4) 210 o
6) 300 o

4.2
1.

a
a

AB 2a
2.

a
a

b
b

AB a + b

PR a b
( PQ a Q b PQ
R)

126
3.
a

b
C
a

4.
a

b
2

b
2

ABC
5.
A
C
b
2

a
A

a
b
2

127
6.
1)

3a

2a

2) 3a
a 2a a + 2a = 3a

3a
A

2a

7.

AE = EC = CF = FB

128
8.

9.

1) 2 4 8 16 21, 22, 23, 24,

2n n

2) 3 5 6

2n n

17.50
A B

B
1:500

AB
O
3.5 500 = 1750 17.50
10.

129
A B
C D CD O
AB

4.2
1.

A BC
2.

130

A BC
3.

R P Q A BC
4.
P
M

131

C A B D A B P Q R M O N

C A D P Q R M O N

m(C A D) = m(C A B) m(D A B)

5. A BC 180o
A
D

1) BD A BC
2) BE ABC
3) BD BE 1) 2)

[ m(D B A) + m(A B E) = 12 m(C B A) + 12 m ( A BC)

= 12 { m(C B A) + m ( A BC) }
= 12 (360o)
= 180 o
BD BE ( 99
)]
6.

132

D
F
A

C A B X Y Z

AD C A B

AE C A D

AF D A B

m(C A E) = m(E A D) = m(D A F) = m(F A B)

1) X Y Z 3 5 6

2) X Y Z 2
4 8 16 21, 22, 23, 24,
2n n
7.
a
R

133

ABC AB = a m(A BC) = m(P Q R)

m(B A C) = m(X Y Z)
8.
X

R
Y
Q

QX P Q R QY R QS

1) m(P Q R) + m(R QS) = 180o

2) 12 (180 o) = 90 o

3) m(X Q Y) = 90 m(X Q Y) = m(P Q R) +2 m(R QS)

4.2
1.
B

P
A

QA, RB PC PR , PQ QR QA ,
RB PC PQR

134
A

2.

Q
B

AR, BP CQ
BC , AC AB
AR , BP CQ
ABC

3.
B
X

C
Y

AY BC X
AX
AX = 2.7
2.7 500 = 1350
13.50

1 : 500

4.
C

D
1) CD AB O

2) A O C B O C m(A O C) = m(B O C)
3) CD AB O

m(A O C) + m(B O C) = 180o ()

2) m(A O C) = m(B O C)

m(A O C) = m(B O C) = 12 (180 o) = 90o

135
5.

C
P

1) CD AB O
2) P CD
PA = PB ( PA PB )
6.

P
E

S
Y

PQ , RS XY EF , DF DE

136
7.

F
P
B

PD , PE PF P AB , BC
AC
8.
a

C
a

ABC B A C AC AB
a b

137
A

9.

X
B

AY BC X
AX AX

AX = 2.7

2.7 1000 = 2700 27

1 : 1000
10. AX BM X BY
AN Y AXBY

AY XB AY = XB RS AY RS
AY BX
R S AY
BX

138

4.3
1.
1) 30o

(1) A BC 60o

(2) BD A BC

A B D D BC
30 o

A
D

30o
30o

2) 120o
C

(1) A BC 60o

(2) C B D 60o

A B D

A BC

C B D 60 o + 60 o = 120 o

60o
A

60o
B

3) 150 o
E
D

150 o 30 o
B

(1) A BC 180 o

(2) C B E 60 o

BD C B E C B D 30 o

A B D 180 o 30 o = 150 o

139
4) 22 12 o

C
D
E

(1) C A B 90 o

(2) AD C A B D A B 45 o

(3) AE D A B

D A E E A B 22 12 o
2.
1)

4.5 .

90o
A

6 .

140

12 .

5 .

A
3.

5 .

5 .

5 .

90o

5 .

90o

5 .

5 .

5 .

90o
A

5 .

141
4.

D
O

45 o

45o

AOB

1) m(D A B) = m(A BC) = 90o

2) AO D A B BO A BC

3) m(O A B) = m(O B A) = 902 = 45 o

4) AOB ()

5) m(A O B) + m(O A B) + m(O B A) = 180 o

()

6) m(A O B) + 45 o + 45 o = 180 o

7) m(A O B) = 90 o
8) AOB
a

5.

45 o

45 o

4 ABC AB

a A C B 90 o

142
6.

90

3.5 .
60o

60o o
45
A

45o

5 .

D A B A BC 60 o + 45 o = 105 o D C B
90o AB 5 BC 3.5
7.
X
C
A

O
D
Y

1)
(1) AB
(2) XY AB O C D

m(A O C) = m(C O B) = m(B O D) = m(D O A) = 90 o

143
2) AC , CB , BD AD
ACBD

ACBD AC = CB = BD = AD

ACBD m(A C B) = m(C B D)

= m(B D A) = m(D A C)
360 o

m(A C B) = m(C B D) = m(B D A) = m(D A C) = 90 o

ACBD
90 o
8.
E

F
o

60o o60 60oo

60 O o60
60

D
C

6 60 o
ABCDEF
9.
C

D
o o
45
o 45 o
45 45o
45oO o 45
45 45o

E
F

A
H

144

8
45 o
ABCDEFGH

4.3
1.
A
B

D
C

BC A C A D
AD BC
2.

F
3 .

1) AB
2) AD AB A AD 3
3) D EF AD
EF AB AB 3

145
X

3.

5 .

3 .
A

3 .

60o

5 .

1) AB 5

2) X A B 60o
3) AX D AD = 3

4) EY AB D A D Y X A B

5) DE C DC = 5
6) BC
ABCD

P
D

5 .

3 .
A

60o

3 .
5 .

1) AB 5

2) P A B 60o
3) AP D AD = 3
4) B D 3 5
C
5) BC DC
ABCD

146
4.

180 o 45 o = 135o

P
4 .

C
4 .

4 .
A

4 .

3 D A B 135o
AB = AD = DC = BC = 4

ABCD
5.

6 .

4 .

C
4 .

6 .

3 4
ABCD

147
6. .
6.1 PQR
P
a

a
Q

2a

2a

ABC
PQR

148
6. .
6.1

AB a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

149

1) PQRS m(S P Q) = m(R Q P) = 90o PQ

RS 2a PS QR 6a
2) PE = EF = FS = 2a QH = HG = GR = 2a
3) EH FG
4) EX = HY = 2a FV = GZ = 2a
5) XV YZ
P Q H Y Z G R S F V X E

6.2 PQR
P
a

a
Q

a
2

a
2

b
2

X
a
2

b
2

a
2

C Y

1) X B Y P Q R
2) BA BC 2a 2b
3) AC

b
2

150
AC 2a
ABC PQR

a
2
Q

a P
2
A

a
B

b
2

b
2

1) PQ RQ A B AQ = 2a BQ = 2b
2) AB
AB 2a

AQB
PQR 6.2

a
2

a
2

AB a AC AB AC = 2a

151
P Q H Y Z G R S F V X E 6.1
2a
7.
E

B
D

1) AB EF
2) CD EF
3) AB CD

m(A B E) = m(B E F)

m(B E F) = m(C R E)

m(A B E) = m(C R E)

m(C R E) = m(B R D)

m(A B E) = m(B R D)
AB CD

8.
A

152

1) CD AB
2) AEB, AFB AGB E, F G CD
3) AEB, AFB AGB

4) AEB, AFB AGB

9. ABC

F
I
A

1) E AB
2) EF BC EF AC F
3) AF = CF AF CF

153
4) AI AEF
AD ABC (AI = 12 AD)
5) EF AEF
BC ABC (EF = 12 BC)
1 AI EF
6) AEF
=
2
1
1
1
=
2 (2 AD ) (2 BC)
1 1 1 AD BC
=
2 2 2
1 (1 AD BC)
=
4 2
AEF 14 ABC

154

155

4.1

1.

2.

3.
2

3
(1 + 2)

156

6
(1 + 2 + 3)

10
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4)

2 15, 21 28
6, 7 8


n
n(n 2 1)

157

158

2
6, 7 8

.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............

159

4.1

1.
2. ()

3.
2

160

3
(1 + 2)

6
(1 + 2 + 3)

10
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4)

6, 7 8 2 15, 21 28

n
n(n 2 1)

161

2
6, 7 8

.
.

162

4.2

1.

2. O O

O

3.

A
O
B

163
O
ABC
4. O
O

A
F
B

E
O

ABC AO , BO CO
O OD , OE OF BC , AC AB
2
OE O AC
OF O AB
OE = OF
OD = OE
OD = OF
OD = OE = OF
O ABC
5.

164

165

1. P AB

1) A AP AB C
2) P C D
3) PD PD AB
2.

P

166
AP = AC = CD = DP
PD AB

ACDP
PD AB

PC APC DCP (..) A C P D P C

PD AB
3.

167