pT022/3 12903 MECH 3014 brast2 16400 MECH 3014 DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOLTON STREET, DUBLIN 1 Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) in Mechanical Engineering THIRD YEAR: JANUARY 2012 SEMESTER 1 FLUID MECHANICS Robert Simpson, MSe David Kennedy, PhD Fergal Boyle, PhD Answer four of the following séx questions All questions carry equal marks Time Allowed : 2.5 Hours Wednesday 18th January 2012 9.30am - 12.00pm For water at 20°C and 1 atmosphere pressure: p= 998 kg/m’, w=1.0x 107" kgl(m.s) For air at 20°C and J atmosphere pressure: p=1.2 kgim’, p= 1.8810" kein) e2npT [P-1.0.oro22i3 12903 MECH 2014 pTa3 12 16400 MECH 3014 1, (a) Prove, from first principles, that the hydrostatic force on a plane surface completely sulsmerged in a stale Muid with density p on one side and air at atmospheric pressure on the other is equal to P=pah (10 marks) (b) The two sides of a V shaped water trough are hinged to each other at the bottom where they meet as shove in the figure below, making an angle of 45° with the ground from both sides. Each side is 0.75 m wide, and the ‘ovo parts are held together by a cable and turnbuckle placed every 6 m along the length ofthe trough, Calculate the tension in each cable when the trough is filled to the tim (75 marks) ‘The following equations can be used without proof 1, sin8 baa I.sind hoo e201 [p.7.0.pT022/3 12903 MECH 3014 oro312 16400 MECH 3014 (a) From your understanding of the hydrostatic forces of plane of curved surfaces, prove Archimedes? principle that the buoyancy force a boxly experiences when completely immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces, (7 marks) (b) Consider a large cubic ice block floating in seawater. The specific gravities SG of ice and seawater are 0.92 ‘and 1.025 respectively. If a 10-cmshigh portion of the ice block extends above the surface of the water, determine i). the height h of the ice block below the surface, (U5 mares) i) the percentage of the ice block submerged, G marks} Sea Cubic ice block emnorr IP-ro.pT922/3 42903 MECH 3014 prost2 16400 MECH 3014 3. (a) (i). Give the goneral form of the continuity equation for a fixed finite control volume model of a fluid (6 marks) Gi) Proven the case of one-dimensional uniform fw thatthe fllowing fs eu Jo(¥.8)oa = Sypav-Yoav (4 marks) {() The open tank in the figure below is being filled with water at 20°C through section 1 and section 3, (3) Derive an equation for the water level change dlvdt in terms of the arbitrary volume flows Qu, Qo and Qs, and the tank diameter d (40 marks) Gi) Ifthe water level h is constant, determine the exit velocity Vo for the data given in the figure, (5 marks) Pali, 1 ¢ —1 0.05 m ——| V,=3 mls 0.07 m 0.01 m/s ean pirpT022/3 12903 MECH 9014 oTos12 16400 MECH 3014 4. (a) (2) Write down the steady-flow energy equation for low-speed incompressible flow, and explain in detail each ‘erm in the equation (5 marks) (8) Explain what is meant by the term infernaf energy in rotation to fluids, (S marks) (0) Water is pumped from a lake (0 a storage tank 20m above at a rate of 70 Lis while consuming 20.4 kW of clectrical power. Disreyarding any frictional losses in the pipes and any change in kinetic energy, determine 6). the overall effcieney of the pump-motor unit, (10 marks) (li) the pressure difference between the inlet an exit ofthe pump. (5 marks} Storage tank emo Pt0.7022/3 12903 MECH 3014 T0312 16400 MECH 3014 5. @) @ Derivean expression forthe acceleration oF a fd particle moving with velocity V=vi + vj+wk along sceamine in three-dimensional flow in & Cartesian coordinate sytem (6 mark) Gil) Explain, using examples, what is meant by the terms focal and convective acesteration in relation to the motion of a fluid particle moving along a streamline, (3 marks} (b) Consider steady incompressible two-dimensional flow through a converging duct, A simple approximate id for this flow is HH(U, Hbx9i—bs9 ‘where Up is the horizontal speed at x = 0. Note that this equation ignores viscous effects along the walls but is a reasonable approximation throughout the majority of the Mlow field (i). Derive an expression for the acceleration of the fluid particles. (8 marks) Gi) Derive an expression for the angular velocity ofthe fluid elements, & marks) 4_ ee ee i” ©2912 oF PTO,pTo2218 42903 MECH 3014 br031/2 46400 MECH 3014 6. (a) What are the forms of the following five dimensionless parameters: (Mach number Gi) Reynolds number il) Froude number iy) Lift Coefficient {y) Strouhal number 0 marks) (b) When small aerosol particles or micro-organisms move through air or water, the Reynolds number (based on the size of the particle) is very small (Re< —_—_-— Vv Fp — SS L-— ©2012 DIT [P.1.0.