1 - 2 2555

()
. . .

9
() . .

1 2555
8.00 - 9.00 .

9.00 - 9.30 .

9.30 - 10.30 .

10.30 - 10.45 .

10.45 11.45 .

12.00 - 13.00 .

13.00 - 14.00 .

14.00 - 14.15 .

14.15 - 15.15 .

2 2555
9.00 - 10.30 .

&

10.30 - 10.45 .

10.45 - 11.45 .

12.00 - 13.00 .

13.00 - 14.00 .

14.00 - 14.15 .

14.15 - 15.15 .

20/02/55

http://www.world-nuclear.org/education/ral.htm

http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/factsheets/factsheets-htm/fs10bkvsman.htm

(atom)

(nucleus)
ppn
npp n np
n np p
ppn n
n
nucleon

(proton)
1.007276 u
+e
(neutron)
1.008665 u
0

(nucleus)

A
zX

X =
Z = (atomic number)
=
A = (mass number)
= proton + neutron

20/02/55

(nucleus)
e

e
e

e
e

(isotope)
same Z different N nuclide

12
6C

23
11Na

16
8O

55
25Mn

(isotope)
1
1H

(stable isotope)

2
1H

3
1H

54
Fe
26

57
Fe
26

12
6C

14
6C

39
19K

40
19K

56
Fe
26

91.72%

2.1%

58
Fe
26

0.28%

41
19K

(radioisotope)

(radioisotope)
60
Co
27

5.9%

137
Cs
55

T1/2 = 5.27 y
- 0.314 MeV
1.173,
1 173 1.332
1 332 MeV
T1/2 = 30.17 y
- 0.514 MeV
0.662 MeV

20/02/55

(periodic table of elements)

Decay of Ir-192/Co-60

120

Ir-192
Co-60

Activity
y

100
80
60

Ir-192 (T1/2 = 73.8 day)

Co-60 (T1/2 = 5.27 year)

40
20
0
0

10

15

20

25

Decay time (month)

(chart of the nuclides)

(chart of the nuclides)

(Types of radiation)

(Types of radiation)
/

20/02/55

(alpha particle)

-238

4.0026 u
(6.6441027 kg)
+2e

ray
238
92 U

234
90 Th

+ 42He +

4.196 MeV

-241 (Am-241)

(negative beta particle)
negative beta
5.48104 u
((9.1091031 kg)
g)
-e
ray
Unstable nuclide
60
27Co

C-14

60
28Ni

+ e-

Co-60

20/02/55

(positive beta particle)

Na-22

positive beta
5.48104 u
(9 1091031 kg)
(9.10910
+e

+ ray
22
11Na

Unstable nuclide
22
10Ne

+ e+

(neutron particle)
n

-235

p+ + e- +
1.008665
1 008665 u
(1.6751027 kg)
0
neutron

U-235

Compound
nucleus

Fission
fragment

Fission
neutron

Am/Be

20/02/55

Am/Be

(Gamma-ray)

http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-6/p22.html

(Gamma-ray)

(Gamma-ray)

High energy EM
0
0

Unstable nuclide
137
Cs
55

-60

ray
137
Ba
56

0
e
-1

20/02/55

(X-ray)

(X-ray tube)

Coolidge X-ray tube, 1913-1923

Bremsstrahlung

(X-ray tube)

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/teachers/unit1.html

(Primordial)

(Cosmogenic)

(Human produced)

http://www.global-peace.go.jp/en/qfile/a08.html

20/02/55

(Primordial radiation)

Uranium 235
Uranium 238
Thorium 232
Radium 226

Radon 222
Potassium 40

http://www.arpansa.gov.au/radiationprotection/basics/understand.cfm

(Cosmogenic radiation)

Hydrogen-3, Cesium-137, Strontium-90

Carbon 14
Hydrogen 3
(Tritium)
Beryllium 7
Operation Upshot-Knothole
1953 - Nevada Proving Ground

Perry Nuclear Generating Station

Ohio, USA

Iodine-131, Technetium-99m

20/02/55

40K

(pCi/kg)

226Ra

3,520
390
5,600
3,000
3,400
3,400
-

(pCi/kg)

1
1,000-7,000
0.5
0.6-2
1-2.5
0-0.17

-40

-14

90 ug
30 pCi (1.1 Bq)
30 ug
3 pCi (0.11 Bq)
17 mg 120 nCi (4.4 kBq)
31pg
30 pCi (1.1 Bq)
22 ng 0.1 uCi (3.7 kBq)

1.9 ug
3 ug
0.39 mg
2.3 pg
1.8 ng
Uranium

Uranium
Granite
Sandstone
Cement
Limestone concrete
Sandstone concrete

Uranium phosphogypsum

mBq/g(pCi/g)

Thorium

Potassium

63 (1.7)
6 (0.2)
46 (1.2)
31 (0.8)
11 (0.3)

8 (0.22)
7 (0.19)
21 (0.57)
8.5 (0.23)
8.5 (0.23)

1184 (32)
414 (11.2)
237 (6.4)
89 (2.4)
385 (10.4)

Dry wallboard

14 (0.4)

12 (0.32)

89 (2.4)

By-product gypsum

186 (5.0)

66 (1.78)

5.9 (0.2)

Natural gypsum
Wood
Clay Brick

15 (0.4)
111 (3)

7.4 (0.2)
44 (1.2)

148 (4)
3330 (90)
666 (18)

20/02/55

( )

(mrad)

Los Angeles-Paris
Chicago-Paris
New York-Paris
New York-London

11.1
8.3
7.4
7.0

4.8
3.6
3.1
2.9

Los Angeles-New York

Sydney-Acapulco

5.2
17.4

1.9
4.4

10

20/02/55

(H-3)

(Potash)

1,300 mrem
Polonium-210, Lead-210

11


()

()

20/02/55

www.oaep.go.th
www.tint.or.th

www.nst.or.th
(Radiation symbol)

12

3/2/2012

1 2 2555

(Neutron Activation Analysis : NAA)

(X-ray Fluorescence : XRF)

(X-ray Diffractometer : XRD)

()

(Neutron Activation Analysis : NAA

NAA))

NAA

NAA

NAA .. 1936 Hevesy Levi

rare earth

PGNAA

George de Hevesy: 1885 -1966

Hungarian radiochemist

Hilde Levi: 1909 -2003

German physicist

Prompt -ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA)

DGNAA

NAA

absorption cross sections B, Cd, Sm, Gd
DGNAA

Delayed -ray neutron activation analysis (DGNAA)

NAA

Radioisotope neutron sources

Nuclear reaction by Accelerators
Nuclear Reactor

nn p n
p np p
pn n
p

_
p+ + e + v e
n

0n

, ,

3/2/2012

NAA

1. Radioisotope neutron sources

Source

9Be 12C

Half-life

241AmBe

3.9
4.5
5.7

1602 yr
24400 yr
458 yr

24NaBe

0.83

14.8 hr

226RaBe

1.1 Alpha-Beryllium
4He

Neutron energy
(MeV)

1n

1.2 Photoneutron

+ 9Be 8Be + 1n
1.3 Spontaneous fission

239PuBe

116InBe

0.30

54 min

124SbBe

0.024

60 days

252Cf

1-3

2.65 yr

Neutron flux 106 - 108 n/cm2.s

252Cf

Reaction
+ d 4He + n
2H + d 3He + n
D

He

Neutron
energy (MeV)
14.1
25
2.5

Neutron flux 1012 - 1014 n/cm2.s

for the neutron generator with 26 cm x 28 cm

NAA

3. Nuclear reactor

Q-value
(MeV)
17.6
33
3.3

3H

NAA

2. Nuclear reaction by Accelerators

Neutron
Thermal (E < 1 eV (0.025 eV))
Epithermal (1 eV - 10 keV)
Fast (E > 10 keV)

Fission reaction of U-235

NAA

Capture

Principal Interaction
Capture
Capture and Scattering
Scattering
Scattering

Thermal, epithermal and fast neutron

Neutron flux 1010 - 1014 n/cm2.s

(a)

NAA

Absorption cross section (barn)

Absorption cross-section

Resonance peaks

Neutron Capture Reaction

NAA

(n, )
(n, p)

a 1/v

(n, )
Neutron energy (eV)

3/2/2012

NAA

NAA

Short-term
irradiation

(Qualitative method)
(Quantitative method)

n n
n n n
Target
n
n nn
Stable isotope

Target

Gamma
spectroscopy

Radioisotope

Long-term
irradiation

(Qualitative method)

NAA

NAA

H.V.

Preamp.p

Unknown?

Detector

NAA

()

Amplifier
p

1173 keV

Unknown?

MCA

Co-60

1332 keV

Detector : High efficiency

High resolution Computer
Gamma spectroscopy

(Quantitative Analysis)

NAA

Absolute method :

(%
(%, ppm)

Absolute method
Comparative method

A(ti)
N(ti)
N0

ti
T1/2

N( t i )

N0
(1 e t i )

A( t i )

N0 (1 e t i )

NAA

= (dps) = N(t
i)
=
=
= (n/cm2.s)
= (cross section) (barn = 10-24 cm2 )
= (Decay constant) = 0.693/T1/2
= (Irradiation time)
= (Half-life)

3/2/2012

Comparative method

NAA

NAA

(Standard Reference
Material)

A ( t i ) e td

A(t d )
A( t d )

N (1 e ti ) e td

sample Ax (t d )
1

N x
(1 e ti )e

N s (1 e ti )e

td =

n n
X
n n n
n
S
n nn
X = Sample,

standard

S = Standard

As (t d 2 )

Ax (t d1 )
As (t d 2 )

N xe
N se

t d1

t d 2

t d

t d 2

NAA

NAA

R
A( t ) I t c

Ax (t d1 )

As (t d 2 )

Rx
Rs

N = Number of atom
W = Weight of interested isotope
Nav = 6.02 x 1023

Wx e td 1
Ws e td 2
Weight , Counts
D
Decay
titime

W Avogadro Number
Atomic mass

N x Wx
=
N s Ws

Rx
Rs

E = Detection efficiency
R = Count
I = Isotope abundance
tc = Counting time

Wx

Ws R x e ( td 2 td 1 )
Rs

NAA

NAA

(30-40 , F U)

(ppm)

3/2/2012

(X--ray Fluorescence : XRF)

(X
Roentgen (X-rays) .. 1895

10 0.01

Cathod ray tube

-> X-ray tube
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen
Reontgens wife hand
German physicist
( .. 1901)

XRF

(Bremsstrahlung)
(Characteristic X-ray)

()

XRF

XRF

E = hc/ = 12.4/() keV

XRF

(X-ray tube) Bremsstrahlung

XRF

(Radioactive source)
Nuclide Half life Decay
Fe-55
2.7 y
E.C.
Am-241 458 y -emission
Pu-238 86.4 y -emission

, ()

Emission
5.9 keV, Mn K X-rays
59.57 keV, Gamma
12-17 keV, U-L X-rays
Fe-55
X-ray ring source

3/2/2012

XRF

Fe-55 spectrum

(Characteristic X-ray)

XRF

Absorption Emission
X-ray absorption edge
Am-241 spectrum

XRF

XRF

L X-ray series

K X-ray series

XRF

XRF

Energy dispersive XRF spectrometer : EDXRF

XRF

Basic EDXRF system

2
Energy dispersive XRF spectrometer : EDXRF
Wavelength dispersive XRF spectrometer : WDXRF

3/2/2012

(Resolution, R)

EDXRF

XRF

E = photon energy
FWHM

charge

NaI(Tl) Photo e-

300 eV

gas

Ion-pair

30 eV

Semi

e- - h

3 eV

Wavelength dispersive XRF spectrometer : WDXRF

XRF

XRF

Braggs Law

( )

Basic WDXRF system

analysing crystal d
2

Analyzing crystal

XRF

= wavelength
d = latice space
= incident angle

WDXRF

XRF

High resolution
Not depend on the detector

3/2/2012

XRF

EDXRF vs WDXRF

(Quantitative analysis)

XRF

Properties
FWHM

EDXRF

WDXRF

70-120 eV

2-20 eV

Elements

Na - U

Be - U

Sensitivity

11-92 ppm

Trace element

P/B

poor

good

X-ray power

Low

High

Matrix effects
IIfeFe/ Icomposition
Fe-Ni
Fe-Al

Pure Fe
Fe-Ag
% Atom Fe

Element

K-absorption
edge

K-Xray energy

Fe

7.111 keV

6.403 keV

Ni

8.331 keV

7.477 keV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XRF

1. IFe
Al Al
2. IFe Ni
Ni K X-Rays Fe
Kab Fe
K X-Rays
y
3. IFe Ag
Ag
1 3 -> Matrix Absorption
2 -> Enhancement Effect
Multiple Excitation

XRF

(EDXRF),
(WDXRF)

Standardless method :

%
Thin film method :

matrix effect
Comparison standard method :

Standard addition :

XRF

: C

XRF

:
Au, Cu, Ag

XRF

: Zr, Si

:
Au, Ni, Ag, Cr
: Pt

3/2/2012

(Elemental mapping)

XRF

XRF

XRF
EDXRFs
X-ray Unit

CdTe Detector

MCA

WDXRFs

(X--ray diffraction : XRD)

(X

XRD

3
b

(Crystal)

(Amorphous)

XRD

Small crystal

Unit cell

is angle between a and b

is angle between a and c
is angle between b and c

NaCl

XRD

Braggs law;

2dsin = n
d =
=

=
n =

ab = bc = dsin

3/2/2012

XRD

X-ray diffractometer

XRD

XRD

(2 10- 90 )

X-ray diffractometer
of Bruker

XRD

SiC

XRD

(Phase analysis)
Standard XRD pattern > 30,000 patterns

(Quantitative analysis)

XRD

Data of unknown
TiO2 + CaCO3

Standard peak positioon

Intensityy

ZnO

XRD

Pure TiO2
2 (degrees)

Pure CaCO3

Mixing of TiO2 + CaCO3

10

3/2/2012

XRD
Peak positions

Peak intensities

PPeakk width
idth andd shape
h
(Resolution)
Background

XRD

Dimensions of the unit cell

Space group
Content of the unit cell
Quantitative analysis
Mi t t ((size
Microstructure
i / strain)
t i )

XRD
Fe-TiO2 Fe

XRD

Disorder, Short range order,

Degree of crystallinity, ...

XRD
XRD
Copper(II) acetate monohydride

NAA :

XRF :

XRD :

11

Nuclear Power
Roppon Picha

TINT
Friday 2 March 2012

The Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old. (from

radiometric dating of mineral samples.)

2,000 years ago, there are 10 million people.

1,000 years later: 300 millions

Today: 6.8 billions.

(OECD/IEA World Energy Outlook 2004)

Thai pop = 69 mil in 2010 (47.5 mil in 1980)

Binding energy

electrons are bound at 10 eV to

atoms.

binding energy of most

nuclei 8 MeV.

Two important discoveries: neutron by James Chadwick in

1932 and uranium in 1789 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Fission reaction

n+

235

U X + Y + ns

Fission
70 years after it was discovered, nuclear fission is now
responsible for 1/6 the total energy produced around the
world.

Mochovce power plant, Slovakia

First nuclear reactor

In 1942, Fermi and his team

built the Worlds first nuclear
fission reactor in a squash
court of University of
Chicago.

Enrico Fermi
(19011954)

Chicago Pile 1

The energy of the atoms nucleus was first unleashed.

Fuel choices
U-235 is fissile
Fermi: U-238 is fertile breed Pu-239
(fissile) at fast n energies EBR-I
(Experimental Breeder Reactor-I)
U-233 is also fissile. Can be bred from
Th-232.

First four nuclear bulbs (@ EBR-I, Idaho Falls, USA, Dec 1951)

USS Nautilus: first nuclear submarine (1953)

Research: generate neutrons from fission. Low power

level (110 MW). Neutron flux is in the order of 1013
n/cm2 /s.

TRR-1/M1 reactor at TINT (Bangkok)

Power: generate electricity from kinetic energy of fission

fragments

Power reactor in Leibstadt, Switzerland

Coming Clean: The Truth and Future of Coal in the Asia-Pacific

(World Wild Fund for Nature)

Estimated radiation doses

ingested by people living near the
coal plants were equal to or
higher than doses for people
living around the nuclear
facilities.
Hvistendahl, M. (2007). Coal Ash Is More Radioactive than Nuclear
Waste. Retrieved October 14, 2009, from Scientific American Web site:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=coal-ash-is-moreradioactive-than-nuclear-waste
McBride, J. P. et al. (1978). Radiological Impact of Airborne Effluents of
Coal and Nuclear Plants. Science, 202(4372), 10451050.

ash = bottom ash + fly ash

fly ash (U, Th) escapes to
environment

Asia:

country operating NPPs under construction

Pakistan
2
1
15
26
China
India
20
6
S. Korea
21
5
51
2
Japan
(data: WNA, Dec 2011)

country
planning to build
Indonesia
2
Vietnam
4
Malaysia
2
Bangladesh
2
(data: WNA, Dec 2011)

Korea

Seoul during Korean War (1950)

At the end of WWII (1945), power generation capacity in

Korea: North 88.5%, South 11.5%. Korean War
(19501953) put Korea in total destruction.

(eryoni@flickr)

First NPP in South Korea: 20 July 1978 (Kori-1 reactor).

Today nuclear electrical generation 35% of total.

2010
First export order UAE

Uranium is one of the most abundant elements found in

the Earths crust. It can be found almost everywhere in
soil and rock, in rivers and oceans.

Neutron cross section

Only 0.7% of natural uranium is 235 U, the fissile isotope.

Higher concentration (of around 35%) is required in a
nuclear reactor. There are mainly two enrichment
processes, both using UF6 .
1. gaseous diffusion
2. gas centrifuge

under development: laser

enrichment (photoexcitation of
isotopes)

Fuel

A typical pellet of uranium weighs about 7 grams. It can

generate energy equivalent to 3.5 barrels of oil, 480 m3 of
natural gas, or 800 kg of coal.

The uranium is encased in ceramic. The fissile isotopes

must be densely packed so that the chain reaction can
sustain itself.

Long metal tubes made from zirconium are packed with

fuel pellets. Zirconium is resistant to radiation, heat, and
corrosion. The rods are bundled together into an
assembly.

Operators can control the rate of chain reaction by using

the control rods. These are neutron absorbers.

30-MW Hanaro reactor: water as coolant, heavy water as

reflector, Hf as absorber

Pressurized Water Reactor

Current reactors
Most power reactors
use normal water as
moderator and coolant.

(Nuclear Engineering International

Handbook 2007)

Other types include

Canadas CANDU,
which uses deuterated
water as moderator,
gas-cooled reactors,
and fast breeder
reactors.

Control room
Reactor operators must go through intensive certification
process.

Benefits of nuclear power

High energy density of uranium Nuclear reactors
require small amount of fuel are needed to produce
energy.
During operation: No air pollution. Zero greenhouse gas
emissions
Does not require large natural areas such as water
resources as in hydro power production, or open plains as
in wind power.
Excellent safety record for the entire fuel cycle.

Challenges
There are challenges regarding public opinion, due to
past human errors. Real education and transparency
must be provided.

Spent nuclear fuel requires tight security in handling and

transportation.

. . . but this is true for things such as factory machinery,

x-ray devices, and radioisotopes used in hospitals.

Long-term project of typically 10 years, to form a

steering committee, select site, reactor specification,
bidding, construction.

need strong commitment and vision from the

government.

Plant Mutation Breeding

(Mendel)


(induced mutation) (spontaneous mutation)
(DNA)

(gene) (gene
mutation or point mutation )

(chromosome mutation)
1.
(point mutation)
( 1 )
103 105
2.

2.1

(duplication)
(inversion)

(translocation)

2.2


nondisjunction

aneuploidy 2n+1 2n-1

polyploidy
Polyploidy 2
autopolyploidy
allopolyploidy
2

mutagen 2
1. (physical mutagen)

2. (chemical mutagen)
ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS), diethyl
sulphate (dES), ethyleneimine (EI), ethylnitroso urea (ENH) Azides


(penetrate)

(ionizing radiation)
(ionization)

260 (nm)

1. (x-rays)
Wilhelm
Rintgen .. 1895

(filament)
(target)
H.J.
Muller .. 1927

L.J. Stadler .. 1928
2

2. (gamma-rays)


(unstable) (stable)

-60 (Cobalt-60) -137 (Cesiem-137)

2 (acute irradiation)
800
(Gy) 10 / 80
(chronic irradiation)


2.1 (gamma field)







Ohmiya-machi, Ibaraki-ken
(shielding)
-60

2.2 (gamma greenhouse)

.. 2504 .. 2505
-60 16
(Ci) -60 5.3
.. 2508 100
8 x 8 303,300
2.3


2.4
4



3.

-235
10

4.
(Electron beam)






(10 MeV)
DNA double strand break (Zhu et al., 2008)

1. (plant injury and lethality)

(physiological damage)
(metabolism)


4

(radiosensitivity)

(seedling height)50%(50%
Growth Reduction) GR50
50 % ( 50% Lethal Dose) LD50
2. (cytological effects)
(deletion) (translocation)
(linkage)

3. (sterility)

4.

Direct
Action Indirect Action

Radiolytic Product

DNA
DNA-repair process DNA DNA
DNA
DNA DNA Excision Repair
5

Endonuclease
Exonuclease endonuclease
Polymerase
DNA Lygase DNA

DNA
DNA

deletion
inversion translocation
(Mutation)

break,
bridges, inversion, translocation, deletion, micronucleus
DNA
(Oxidativephosphorylation)

1.
(acute
irradiation) (chronic irradiation)
2.


3.


1. (self-fertilizing species)


(dominance) (recessive)

2. (cross-fertilizing species)
(conventional breeding)
gene
heterozygosity (segregants)

6

3. (vegetatively propagated species)

(bulb) (tuber)
(rhizome) (stolon) (grafting)



(somatic mutation)
(solid mutant)
(chimeras)

(buds)
4-8 (In vitro culture
techniques)

- (yielding ability)
- (flowering and ripening time)
- (adaptability)
- (plant type and growth habit)
- (resistance to lodging and stem breakage)
- (shattering and shedding resistance)
- (tolerance to low temperature
drought, heat and salinity)
- (disease and pest resistance)
- (quality) % (starch) (protein content)
(oil content) (toxic substance)

.. 2473 .. 2493

2
(cereal crops)
(germplasm)

1. (direct use)


2. (indirect use)


Maluszynski and et al.
.. 2543 2,252
1,072 311 66 59 81
552 111 2,252 1,585
667
1,411



3
1. 6 105 200
23

2. 10 1 10


3. 15 105 150
4.6 %

. 4 150 300

(In vitro
mutation breeding)



1. Golden Cremon 10
Cremon
2. KU 1 15
Hongzhou
3. 10
White Sim
4. KU 1 25

.
.
. , .
. . , .
. 2523. (Vigna sesquipedalis)
(V. sinensis). . . ,
. 2543. 2 (Nelumbo nucifeca
N. lutea). . . ,
. 2546. Comet Assay :
. ,
. 2540. .
, . 34 .
______. 2544. . .
, . 8 .
Zhu H., Xu J., Li S.Q., Sun X.Y., Yao S.D., Wang S.L., 2008. Effects of high-energy-pulse-electron
beam radiation on biomacromolecules. Sci China Ser B-Chem. 51(1): 86-91.
9

10

(IAEA, 1977)
Genus
Gramineae

Solanaceae

Cruciferae
Chenopodiaceae
Umbelliferae
Liliaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Leguminosae

Species
Avena sativa.
Hordeum vulgare.
Oryza sativa japonica.
Oryza sativa indica.
Secale cereal.
Sorghum vulgare.
Triticale
Triticum aestivum.
Triticum durum.
Zea mays.
Capsicum annuum.
Lycopersicum esculentum.
Nicotiana tabaccum.
Solanum tuberosum.
Brassicanapus oleifera.
Spinacia oleracea.
Ducus carota.
Allium cepa.
Cucumis melo.
Cucumis sativa.
Cucurbita maxima.
Arachis hypogaea.
Cajanus cajan.
Icer arietinum.
Glycine max.
Lens esculenta.
Lupinus alba.
Medicago sativa.
Melilotus albus.
Phaseolus aureus.
Phaseolus lunatus.
Phaseolus vulgare.
Pisum sativum.
Vicia faba major.
Vicia faba minor..
Vigna unguiculata.

10

Useful dose range for

mutation breeding (Gy)
100 250
100 250
120 250
150 300
100 200
200 300
100 250
100 250
100 250
150 300
150 250
300 400
200 350
200 400
700 1000
150 300
150 250
100 200
150 300
200 350
200 350
200 300
80 140
120 180
100 200
100 170
150 250
400 600
500 700
400 700
50 100
80 150
60 180
20 40
40 - 80
150 - 250

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

- CO-60
-

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

.-1/1
1,200 kW
TRIGA

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Beam orientation

Vertical

Beam energy

8-20 MeV

Energy Spread

5%

Beam pulse current (nominal)

200 mA

Beam pulse duration (nominal)

14.6 sec

Repetition rate

0-170 Hz

Average Beam Current

500 A

Beam Power capability

0-10 kW

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Scan width, W

61 cm

Spot diameter, d

5 cm

Conveyor speed, v

0.1 - 5 m/min

Dose rate / pass

0.3 kGy - 25 kGy

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

-60

70 kCi

Type II (ANSI N43. 12.)

Panoramic, dry source storage
1.88

PLC

20 kGy/h

0.25 m3

Power Plus System Ltd., UK.

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

(
)

/
,

* ,

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

3/27/2012

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

10

3/27/2012

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html

Electromagnetic spectrum

3/27/2012

: nuclear medicine

3/27/2012

Radiography
(2 )

3/27/2012

Computed tomography
(CT), computerized axial
tomography (CAT) scan
(2 )

3

bone scan

cedars-sinai.edu

http://www.doemedicalsciences.org/pubs/sc0033/radio.shtml

CT brain angiographylateral view

contrasting dye

3/27/2012

Radionuclide imaging :

www.doemedicalsciences.org/pubs/sc0033/radio.shtml

3/27/2012

PET and SPECT: Advanced Imaging Systems

PET: Positron Emission Tomography (b+ g)
stationary ring of detectors usually surround the body
Most often used: fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG)

kochi-ms.ac.jp

cerebromente.org.br

SPECT: Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (g)

one or more detectors rotate the body

healthy
normal biology
the biological process of disease
the molecular errors that cause disease

http://www.doemedicalsciences.org/pubs/sc0033/radio.shtml

(stress)
(rest)

(Tl 201)

(Huntington)

(F-18 FDG)

3/27/2012

,
Radiopharmaceuticals

Iodine-131

I-131-hippuran

(8d, b)

Technitium-99m

(66h, g)

Indium-111

(2.8d, g)

Thallium-201

(3d, g)

Gallium-67

(3.3d, g)

Krypton-81m

(13s, g)

Radioisotope production

nucleus.iaea.org/RRDB/Content/Util/IsoTopes.aspx

(hot cell)
(KAERI, Rep of Korea)

Generator

3/27/2012

(charged
particles)

picsmiks.com

www.physics.uiowa.edu

yourdictionary.com

Cyclotron

lightsource.ca

Linac

3/27/2012

(radioimmunoassay: RIA)

(I-125, I-131)



(tumor marker)

users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/Biolo
gyPages/R/Radioimmunoassay.html

radiotherapy

External beam therapy

Insertion of radioactive implants (Brachytherapy)

Therapeutic isotopes

Radioimmunotherapy

3/27/2012

External beam therapy : Teletherapy

0.5 1 .

express.co.uk

prostate-cancer-radiotherapy.org.uk

medscape.com

en.wikipedia.org

: Brachytherapy

10

3/27/2012

www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/treatment/radiotherapy/3

: Brachytherapy

Iodine-125 (60 d, g)
Ceasium-136 (30y, b , g)

scielo.isciii.es

Iridium-192 (73.83 d, b)

Therapeutic isotopes

,
Radiopharmaceuticals

11

odlarmed.com

3/27/2012

Samarium-153 EDTMP (46.3 h, b & g)

lymphomation.org

medscape.com

www.prostate-cancer.org

-131

Radioimmunotherapy
monoclonal antibody
antigen
Rituximab-Y90 (64h, b) monoclonal antibody CD20
antigen non-Hodgkins lymphomas

Rituximab
(targeted therapy)

12

Radioimmunotherapy

Cryptococcus neoformans.
monoclonal antibody
antigen

Nosocomial Infections
Hospital-Acquired Infection (HAI)

(endogenous
microbial flora)

http://www.tobracef.com/tobracef_images/nosocomial-chart.jpg

Casadevall et al. 2004 Passive antibody therapy for infectious

diseases. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 695-703

3/27/2012

13

www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/GE-HAI-Chart.bmp

3/27/2012

ask.com

14

3/27/2012

??

(gamma)
-60

(electron)

15

3/27/2012

+
+
+
+
+

7 - 14

(batch)

+ :

+
+
+
+
+

7 - 14

(batch)

+
+

16

3/27/2012

1.

/
2.

3.

: medical devices
1.

&

2.
1
3.

. .. 2551

17

3/27/2012

: medical devices
1.

2.

3.

18

3/27/2012

: biological tissue

19

3/27/2012

Transfusion-Associated
Graft-versus Host Disease
(TA-GvHD)

20

3/27/2012

Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment
Boonsom Porntepkasemsan
Research and Development Group
TINT

Terrestrial Sources
of Radiation
Soil and Rocks
(U-238, Th-232, K-40)
Water
(H-3, Ra-226, Rn-222)
Air
(Rn-222, C-14)

3/27/2012

Natural Radionuclides found

in the body
H-3
C-14
K-40
Rb-87
Ra-226/228
Po-210

Methods of Uptake of
Radionuclides
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
(through unbroken skin)

Injection
(through broken)

3/27/2012

Sources of Contamination
Leaks, spills, and the opening of
piping that contains radioactive liquid
Grinding, chipping, and machining of
radioactive materials
Some radioactive gases are used in
research.

Exposure pathway

3/27/2012

Environmental Monitoring
Assessing tool which may confirm the
absence of a radiological hazard
Verifying that the release has occurred
Providing data for input into analytical
models
Defining affected areas
Estimating dose impacts to the public.

Environmental Monitoring
Short term measurements

to perform during the period of the

initial emergency response

Long term measurements

to provide detailed analyses of
radiological hazards and accident
consequences

3/27/2012

Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring facility

Directing field operations

Interpreting analytical and measured

results
Reliable communications capability to
o Monitoring personnel
o Laboratory facilities
o Emergency directors
o Weather services

Sample Collection &

Preservation

Food
Milk
Grain and rice
Vegetables & Fruits (leafy,

root )
Meat
Aquatic organism
Other foods such as
mushroom, berries
and processed food
(bread, noodle)

3/27/2012

Sample Collection &

Preservation
Environmental samples
Air
Water

o Rain water

o Surface water
o Ground water
Soil
Grass
Sediment

Sample Collection &

Preservation
Individual food items
Food selection
Retail level; otherwise
consumption level
Production point

3/27/2012

Sample Collection &

Preservation
Entry Point
Representative
Composite
Total Activity

Instrumentation
Survey meter
Gas Proportional Counter
Gamma detector
Alpha spectrometer

3/27/2012

Dose Assessment
External Exposure
Dosimeter
TLD

Internal Exposure
Ingestion

Food
Water
Inhalation

Dose Assessment
Internal Exposure
D = 365 x DCF x C x IG
D = Committed Effective Dose
(mSv/Y)
DCF = Dose Conversion factor
C = Mean value conc of
nuclide
IG = Ingestion rate of the food

3/27/2012

3/27/2012

Thank you
for your
attention!

10

()
2 2555
1

2438
2459
2496
2506
2515
2523
2526

US ARMY UK
US FDA

FAO/WHO/IAEA
CODEX
4


1.

Co-60 (5.3 ) 1.17-1.33 MeV

Cs-137 (30 ) 0.66 MeV

2.
3.

< 5 MeV
< 10 MeV

3 Mechanisms of energy transfer of EMR

1. Photoelectric effect
2. Compton effect
3. Pair production

< 0.1 MeV

~ 0.1 MeV
1.02 MeV

1. Low-dose applications ( up to ~1 kGy)

Sprout inhibition in bulbs and tubers 0.03-0.15 kGy
Delay in fruit ripening 0.25-0.75 kGy
Insect disinfestation including quarantine treatment
and elimination of food borne parasites 0.07-1.00 kGy

2. Medium-dose applications ( ~ 1-10 kGy)

Reduction of microbial load 1-5 kGy
Reduction in the number of non-spore forming
pathogenic microorganisms 2-8 kGy
Improvement hygienic quality 3-10 kGy

3. High-dose applications ( ~ 10 -50 kGy)

Sterilization for commercial purposes
Elimination of viruses
7

 Radappertization
*Appert* Napolean

Radicidation
*caedere*
Radurization
Disinfection
Disinfestation
Wholesomeness

10


D10 90%
1 Log cycle

11


Log (N/N0) 0
-1
-2
1 Log cycle

-3
-4
D10

-5

Dose

Log

N
N0

-1 D
D10
12

(Minimum radiation dose)

D10

106
1 7 Log cycles
7 D10
7-D concept
13

14

> >
>
>
>
>
15

 D10

D-10 (Gray)

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus

Nutrient broth ()
Dry ()

100
650

Nutrient broth
Nutrient broth

30
20

Liquid whole egg

Meat and bone meal
Dessicated coconut

170
500
1340

Saline

2600

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas fluorescens

Salmonella senftenberg

Bacillus subtilis (spores)

16

Radiation Resistant M.O.

Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiophilus
Moraxella spp.
Clostridium botulinum spores
Virus

17

Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophilic bacterium. one of the most

radioresistant organisms known. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum,
and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile and has been listed
as the world's toughest bacterium in The Guinness Book Of World Records[1]

18

19


(Pathogenic bacteria)

Mesophiles, Psychrophiles, Thermophiles

20

 (Pathogens)
Salmonella :

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. cholera :

Clostridium perfringens :
Clostridium botulinum :
Staphylococcus aureus :
Bacillus cereus :

Listeria spp. :

Campylobacter :
Escherichia coli :
21

22

Approx. Doses to Kill

()
()

0.005-0.01
0.01 1
0.5 - 10
10 - 50
2.5 6.0
4.65 - 20
10 - 200
23

 (Parasites)

Liver flukes : Opisthorchis viverrini 0.1 kGy

Gnathostoma spinigerum 8 kGy
Paragonimus heterotremous 0.1 kGy
Angiostrongylus cantonensis 2 kGy
Trichinella spiralis 0.3 6.3 kGy (USA clearance 1 kGy)
Taenia sodium 6.5 kGy
24

 (Insects)
Oriental Fruit fly : Bactrocera dorsalis

Mango seed weevil : Sternochetus mangiferae

Codling moth : Cydia pomonella
Spider mite : Panonychus citri
: (order) Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
(Moth)

25

 (Virus)
Hepatitis A Virus
Rotavirus SA11

D10 = 2 kGy
D10 = 2.4 kGy

in shellfish : clams, oysters

26


1.

2.

27


Ionization

H2+ + e

H2

Radiolysis

= Radiolytic Products
H2O

OH

+ eaq + H +H2 +H2O2 + H3O+

28


1.
Oxidation, fragmentation
Oligosaccharide

Polysaccharide
Glucose

Monosaccharide

Glucose, Dextrin
Gluconic acid, Arabinose

29


2.
Oxidation

peroxide, hydroperoxide

Cleavage C-C bonds

Alkane

30


3.
Oxidation
Deamination

SH group

H2S

NH3 , aldehyde

Denaturation
31


4.
Vitamin C

Dehydroascorbic acid
B1, E, A, K
B2, Choline,Pantothenic acid, D
32

Moisture content
pH
Total titratable acidity
Total soluble solids
Total sugar &reducing sugar
Starch content
Total Chlorophyll
33


Viscosity

Specific gravity
Water activity (aw)

Softness / Hardness
Etc.
34

(Color)
(Odor)
(Taste)
(Texture)
(Appearance)
35

36


2506
2513
2516

30000
600
5
2527

2529-2535
2529
. 103 14
2532

2549
. 297
37


:

:

: -

:

:
:
:
38





2526

2528

2529

2536

2548-2550

39


1.
2.
3.

40

 .
Gamma Irradiator
carrier type
- Pneumatic conveying system
- Cobalt-60 source 500,000 curies

41


: (Dose mapping)
:
(routine dosimetry)

42


(Dose mapping)

43


(Dose mapping)

Co-60

Max.

Min.

44