THEORY AND DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS John F. Harvey, P.E. fui YAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANopr 198 Wy Van Noe Rell Copan Ts inary of Cong Cotor Cr Nome BST sae bua ‘ahs eee Ct pron of hk wer capri ©1980 ede lie rl Coarse ene Twa eof Made rs JO Am en pnd cra 0 0 = et Phe ng teping esra. anh tam etd ane not pms o te ts Bieudeseer AMER Ne anon an Nowra Rameld eeu a is, cma unary Congr Can i Pon a Honan ges senizeaen WSS0TT Bivonaiaes PREFACE “This book is intended to serve as an introduction to pressure vessel design forthe student by presenting the fundamental theory, ane as ‘lesign basis forthe pracHeing engineer by demonstrating the applica tion of this theory with ivstations and examples ofthe solution of practical problem. In each chapter, devign methods ar illustrated by fumerical problems in which the arithmetial work has been made ‘imple in order to focus attention upon the theory involved thereby {nodding the danger of {t Becoming merely « mechanical operation ‘with aa incomplete understanding of the theory and is significance ‘A considerable amount of new material and references have been ‘idded ina manner so a8 to preservean orderly presentation. Theres, fas been a complete revision and substantial increase in the sizeof ‘rginal text, including a new chapter on buckling collapse, The latter has been prompted by the rapid yrovth in undersea exploration and ‘mineral mining potential. Deep diving submersible, offshore pls forms, and deep Grilling casings have ude a priority of light weighs high strength materials in order to save weight and costs, Te results that clastic and plastic buckling instability have become incresingly important as failure modes. ‘Chapter 1 introduces the basic design considerations, analytical and experimental attest analysis methods, and the interaction of material properties and. fabrication methods. ‘The significance and Consequences of applied and residual stresses under service loading nd operating environment are emphasized. Pressure wesc crminol ‘ey i presented and basie membrane ligament theory devo "Chapter 2 covers the basic theory of membrane stress and defle sion analyse of axieymmettc vessels and its application co commonly {encountered eylinders, spheres, elipsoids, cones, and tori. An analy Sh of intersecting spheres and diaphragm vessels, upon which way ‘deep diving oceanographic submersibles are based s presente. Corre Spondingly, instabilicy in the knuckle region af lrg, shallow, dishes ‘ead is investigated because of their extensive use. Aso, an analysiswi PREFACE, of vessels for ultrahigh pressure, employing thick-all, mubilayer, ‘atcade, segmented, yoke, and wedge principles of design is presented. fan ingeeduction to steady-state and teansient thermal stresses and ‘teat ett in terms of he fll restraint thermal tess by analy eal and graphical methods is given, ‘Chapter 8 covers the bending of Mla, sold, cincula ples under uniforn and concentrated loading, and dhe effect of local lexbility Mtclamped-edge supports, Likevese, the design of stacked and built-up lates @ developed and the desig of orthogonl aad concent ren Forced and perforated plates is analyzed together with expanded and welded tubeto-tubesheet joints, Expanded tube joints, wherein anion Tr achieved through residval stress, are eated in depth. Not only is thi the oldest and most widely used joining method, but is the ‘aly one available for many pressure components employing umweld ‘ble disimilar materials. ‘Chapter 4 presents the determination by the elastic foundation method of secondary bending and direct stresses encountered in ves is ae arent of differentia dilation of thei pats. An analysis of Pimetallic joins, frequently used in the chemical petroleum and poet industry, and their optimum location sdeveloped, Likewise,an Rnroduetion t0 flange design is presented, together with a diseussion tl clastic foundation sttensation Factors and their pvt in appraising ‘he extent af secondary stestes and opening reinforcement limits vessels ‘Chapter 5 discusses the failure analysis and failure prevention of materi in their environment, for example, irradiation damage, Rydrogen embrittlement, clevated and cryogenic temperacircs, the Italtivadionus effects on fatigue if, ete. The economic rend to high rength materials, with their associated suscepibility 10 bite frac ture has focused considerable ateation to ths subject. Applicable theories of failure and fracture mechanics analysis methods ate pre ented to predict thee behavior. Tis involves a basic understanding Sf'ine structure of metals and their elastic and plastic behavior. Fa tigue isa prime catise of vee failure, but it is completely amenable te prevention: accordingly, lor and high eyee fatigue behavior, life prediction and damage accamalation are given together witha fate Reory to account for multidirectional applied and residual stress ‘ondtions. High temperatures inthe petroleum, chemical, and power Sndusties have accentuated the problem of creep and rupture.Hence, Ife and strain fraction concepts for predicting service life, methods US cstimating the telaxation af bolted joints, and the effect of the ‘heamal stress reli of residual sreses in welded vesels to enhance tafety ae developed. Ways of etblihingoprimua mal forming {operate fo abriestion ae presented sre meth eva ing mater degradation a elevated temperate High emperatres Sh al wodees oppor ercrenmeral elects fer inane they Increase the hyéroge embriemen of petroleum prosesng veel, ‘Male mitigating tt matron embntioment af nuclear ect vee Ii prods hve flaws which enginste withthe paren mst re Sule fom te fabreation method o are designe in by onstrveton etal Hence tis important to appreciate th realty aod appre te Sifcanee forthe intended sere nti rexpet, cack aceptence Stern defect sine evfuton, and design methods for stan the moore vaeiafeane due! Ghapts& coves dep cooiruéton fours an terest seometic and thermally ded sree conentation Paria Streson i pen to thse encountered understate an dysmic Condition at wear openings nose sd structural supports tad the Sven of coping wih hem to inure maximum neg. The they Ind practice of Seifoced openings for radial, nonrada andslple toe srangement are covered, signing thet hema seve Which ate salto ve Mermatahock rotction. Serene nts Ind the doign of bolted and nonboltdlorte recive extensive trement au thee of ac ret feature to negate ble fae ‘tre penal Ves support sits, and attachments nse borhstactural sad themal loading that mun be seconced wth thecal ene es, Gate eal fo esl i am and Sux type, eng and cued poumcersiey proms Thin cladding are widely used to prevent corrosion of the Base metal contamination of the med thie apprise Gupte 7 intodsecs fataton-onstoction oethods and thet subi pso inha socio ie fcourement sch a flamentwound, mulayer, wiew"spped ink Scaled, rested ste and eoncrete, and oer veel Mater tes on Uy buns cove peut of ere on pom efety fore ating anced composts high strength matt, ofthese with hanced proper sih at ha obtained tom dieciona ose Gon Tey are crm atin ct tive fats, metallurgeal Bonding and healing of internal defects by hot omate peng, teal to achieve the excel 0! Tow coat ad long pees Eleva pected. Chapter 8 invoduces the Mablty theory of plain and stifencd vse and itr application tothe desig of thin, intermediate andthick walled ones, The overall stabilizing effect of structural iff. ice Mel ar their effect in regions of high local compressive stress 3 tel from nial design, falure analysis, and repair viewpoints icone ihe basis for the development of regulatory codes and Ti fiance standards. The fabrication tolerances and construction Haar ares oncicularity, local thinning, unrinforeed openings and sere Sincentrators are” not self limiting or self-compensating In Beep ceslenomenon, and these extical effects are evaluated. Sh ike preparation of tis book, the author bas drawn from bis prvioun publications, lecture noes used in teaching 9 the Unversity Pret engineering experience with The Babcock & Wilcox Com Staycand ana member of numerous committees of te American Betay of Mechanical Engineers, and as chairman of the Pressure ‘Vessel Research Committe. Joun F. Hanvey NOTATION Gro sectional area Distance Distances Flesiral ii ‘Dimer © Modus of lacy Unit strain i Uni arin in int in, yand ¢dtectons Vila point sais Force Height, thickness Thickness Moment of nena Polar moment of inertia Siren concentration Tater Fatigue strength reduction factor Modulos of tundaon, sess Distance, span : Length, span ‘Beading moment Resting bending moment Uline bending moment Bending moment at which yielding bes Twisting moment seat Concentrated forces Presure Load per anit length entity facto Radiot ae Radu, ada of curvature Length te iting moment, temperatare Rite otra, dplacement nx diecton‘numerical coeficient Angle, numerical eoeicent ‘Seating sain Distance deflection, difference Total elongation, total deletion, distance Angle Poison’s ratio Distance, radios Unie normal sess Guewes Principal stresses Unie formal stresses on planes perpendicular femme Mo the 3,9, and 2388 om ‘pit stre at endurance limit cen Ultimate stress trie Yield poin stress : Vnit shear ates Tyvtyeter Unit shear stremes on planes perpendicular to rawtoeas Whe x.) and 2 axeh and paallel 10 the J pans axes cy, Yield point stress in shear 3 Aagle CONTENTS Prerace Noranion 1 Presume Visas Introduction Methods for Detrmining Stretcs Sires Significance Design Approach 1 1 1 r 1.8 Tenminology and Ligament Eifcleney STRESSES 1 PRUSGURE Vesens 24 Introduction 2.2. Stresses ima Circular Ring, Cylinder, and Sphere 23 Poisson's Ratio 24 Dilation of Preure Vessels 25. Intenecing Sphere, 26. General Theory of Membrane Steses in ‘Vessel Under Internal resaze 27. Tomi Under internal Presure 28. Thick Glider and Thick Sphere 29. ShrinksFit Stress in Bultup Cylinders 2.10 Autolettage of Thick Cylinders 2.11 Thermal Stesses and Their Sgnitiance 2.12 Thermal Stresses in Long Hollow Cylinders 2.13 Graphic Determination of Thermal Stes 09 ‘Cylindrical Vernet for Any Thermal Grain 14 ‘Thermal Stretes Due to Thermal Transient 15 Ulsaigh Pressure Vessel Design Principles 38 37ss CONTENTS 3. Smeses wy Flar Piamis 3.1. Behivior of Flat Plates 32 Bending nf a Pate in One Direction 355 ending of Plate in Too Perpendicular Directions 3.44 Thermal Stessesin Fates 355 ending of Circular Plate of Constant "Thicknes 4.6. Bending of Uniformly Loaded Ptss of ‘Constane Thickness ez Besng of Cenaly Loaded Cieular Plate of Constant Thickness 5:8 Bendigo a Cirelar ate Concenticaly Loaded Bb Dekettbon eta Symmetsally Louded Gircalar ‘Plteof Uniform Thickness with a Greulor Centra ole 9:10 Reinforced Circular Plates ST Tbe to ube Sheet Joints S12 Local Flesiity st the Suppers of Camped the design. For example, in the riveted joints of bridges ana! sine, normal and overloads may produce local yielding of the mele icinity of rivets. This doesnot renal in upture, however, since src ‘ual stee has igh ductility which results in a eedistibution and reCpt eos aly ich ae meen sec abaes i de ability of a material absorb energy during plastic emi, ee eM el J Sone et {Saptari a n 18) which eth total area under the sresestran dlgray, Fig: 1.6. This ene determined by a planiteter, or by approximate mods Gee Cenwenient method that is employe or many ductile waters ome ete product ofthe ulimat ses times the tan at ruptures Bto85 in ipprosimate measure ofthe area under the szese strain Secrtt, Mael of igh toughest have high seen, a el 38 eerecy, Brtile mater have lose toughness, since they have dar ct Nae dformations before rupture. Toughness a most Gye property in para, structures, or veses subject to mecha {Garth ec oe : pander type of fonghness i that measured inthe presence o a notch and elle “notch roughness.” When the noch @ = ery Shap ene a crack this matedal property becomes the bass for ee cnigg Une atewes im the ror of « cack called Fracture Mechanis, Po. 522, 1.2 Methods for Determining Stresses ‘Stress analyses can be performed by analytical or experimental cane, The avalyical method involves a rigorous satheratial sls PRESSURE VESSELS 11 tion bated on an applicable theory of elasticity, plasticiy, creep, ee 4nd itis the most direct and inexpensive approach when the problem 2uapis itself to such a solution. It requires a general solution to the ‘hulibrium equation equating internal resisting sttesies of the mas {etal and that imposed by the gradually applied static external forces. ‘When the member is a simple one such thatthe mathematical equse tion ean he reacly seriten to deerbe the continuous stain behavior ‘Of the material throughout, the ordinary equations for direct ses, P/A, bending sess, Me/Z, and torsional shear tres, 7c) 7, cas be dleveloped (orhere P is the load applied atthe centroid of the cre Section of area which is under consideration: M isthe bending mo: ‘ment applied to che cross section which has 2 moment of inertia 1 bout its neutral axis and ir the distance from this axis, and 7 sche {visting moment acting on the ers ection which has apolar most ‘of inertia J). However, when the member hat geometric shape dis continuities, sich a¢ internal holes or external abrupt croseseccion tangs bce ea wo expres the continuo ers sn istribution mathematically and obtain a particular slution o the ‘equations. When the problem i co complex and beyond analytical {olution, or when a check or evaluation of an analytical solution is desired, recourse aust be made to experimental means. Three of the mote commonly used methods fellow. 1. Shain Gage ‘This method consis of mearuring the surface strains on as acu este or structure, oF scale model, with mechanieal or electrical xe Stance strain gages Two Of the more comunonly used mechanical foxes are the Berry and Pggenbrer strain gages Fig 17. Each works fn the principle of multiplying stains by mechanical leverage. The ‘ery sain gage, Fig 7s, consis af a frame 0 whichis attaches sationary contact point, and a second movable contact point on the ‘hort leg ofa be-erank lever. The long leg ofthe lever i in contact, ‘witha dial indicator which ir used to measure the stain. The lever ‘aioe ually one to Rive; and the gage length is 2 or 8 in. A snore Sensitive mechanialsrain gage i the Huggenberger, Fig. 1.7, hic’ fbodies a ore elaborate anultplying lever spmcia to ise oval ‘sision readings? t0 0.0001 in. The gages are available in! in. and ‘Hn, gage lengths In recent yeare mechanical gages have been larly supplanted by electric resistance gages. These have the advastaze o cate of application and adaptability to difielt location, such shar (corners or the inside wall of presure vesel. The SK goie, Fig. [S the most commonly wed electric tain gage. [1 consists 9! shorsnd are di show in Fig. 1,12. Italo gives an o mand indicates region of both high tress, cenpeimae to reduce the concentration, and regions of low sess, Chere material can be removed without detriment to the gener 8. Moire Method m8 the most adaptable analysis method's for evaluating thermal, as wells mare steses, can be applica directly 40 metals in model Tea strates bene, restions imposed by smiled condition whe tin oes han tare sed msl he beh riodie rulings are made to overlap, interference patterns called luced. The simplest fore of moite pattem arise Troite fringes are produced P foun the parallel saperpo ro sets of paralel lines whe ven ue lines are not wide cru to fila space completly by a _ANU the she ‘eves the pri viding iSSURE VESSELS avhere dy isthe ydistance beowsen two interference fringes and were his che alstance between two interference fringe ‘Silay, the interference fringes ofa pid parallel withthe OT axis are the contour lines of the displacement fy rom which i fallow where dy is the sistance between two interference Hinges, a with being the y-distance between two interference fringes, From the Tice trsin'components tm en and 7 4«— ay the principal traies Shir eivecion can be determined. Figure 1.16 shows the moire pattem on aplate with a small, central circular hole subject 0 tens Pine vertical, or OT direction, The regular spacing of borizontal fGnges ip Figure 116s, ane vertical Iringes i Figuce 11 tively short distances away from the hole indicates thatthe effect of the hole it very Toca. In contrast, the clotenessof these iinges adj ent to the hale edge of ity horizontal ans indicates high stains in thisloeal area, The steep angle ofthese fringesin« crossssped region 45° to the anis denotes an aren of high shear, Art. 5.5 This method of experimental stress analytes adaptable to models ss wellas prototypes, to mechanically and thermally produced sess, tnd is particularly valuable in hgh temperature stress analysis whi fase the grid pattem ix etched directly on the metal stucture Although thee are the three mast widely wed experisental smathods others which eerploy opie. aed sounical ologragh lrasones, Xray difraction, Brite model, piste models, oa dectrie analogy, uid flow analogy, repeated ste, plastic tre frequently wed for particular applications 1.3 Stres Significance Analytical fri fr the evaluation of strewes are usualy bo fon elastic theory and elastic behavior of the rial terial whieh conforms to Hooke's law, and ie may at fist be tho thateriae vehict follow this behavior right up 10 the breaking p would be the most desirable for use, Thi is ot the case, how instance, plaster of Pars has a perfectly sraight strstr to the breaking point but, of course, i not a stable mater ructural member or presture veel, strictly because i¢ i (tal ‘laste and not partially plastic in ts behavior Tie ts ty ofthe material with ies ability to give or yield under ideal stress and so acconnmodate the applied loadin able disetbution of internal sre, thatthe moe important of a presure veed material. The elastically computed strength of most members considering the structure as shal be considerably reduced it were not accompanied by plait formation at varios relatively small portions of the mesh gh Local stresses occur Tis important not only to determine te value of to interpret its meaning oe sigaifieance—the two go “har Determination of ree sgnifteance requires a knovled LL The type and mature of the applied loeding and th sreisdistibution o pattern within the member. For22 THEORY AND DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS applied loading mechanical or thermal, of a steady (watie) vn SEs (wartable or eyelie) nature, and isthe resulting sess pattern Uniforen or does it have high peak voles? ithe ductile aod plastic properties ofthe material. For instance, are the properties ef the material such that internal yielding ot Fe SGjainenr af srain can reduce the effects of local ress concentra ere toughness or adaptaility of the material under advene working conditions orensiconmente!™ For instance, are the propertiey trike sateral sutfiient to absorb applied impact or shock loadings? The trength of a member docs net depend only on the value ofthe maxi sires oF stain in the member, but also on the external Shape readjustment that the anernber itself can make tO one more [everable than that assed in the design, andl on the plastic property ff the material to pert intern} stress adjustment. 1 Types of Loading ond The Siess Paton Structures are subject 0 bade eypes of loading: nanny saat Sade and tnteady (cable, eyeie or impo). Although Beste aly all sutures encounter variable or eye leading dose Pimmoe Euding structures any machine member, and an appr Thane erpresure vesely sich a boiler teary drums ay Be Seca oe sarily Joaded shout inirdueing seriows eon Be Sasiotc ue of ductile materials ad subject to atc lade {air gene yielding The ductility ofthe material allows a redetribu- wnat eues Dy pati How to attenuate points of high loa values so eesic qune favorable to snantmam restance. ence, the SORE sate portion or vlan are volved in de behavior f the AOSCUP fad'tnd base primary sce analy equations ae sgt nein determining thie strength and ins Tomes, wn the loading euch thatthe meer subjected 1.2 conskderabie number of tex eyles, even thowgh the material Scie apretie evr ean be inoue by comeing 2 te ‘basing ebeaton to exist in appraising integrity 06 the bass of sm Banbomalas, Under such eondions flue occars de co a cond ‘eaignowa as fatigue This ure doesnot involve suiientrmaunt Stiocta te make these foraularepeesntaiv ofthe action prevailing; fice in taigue fue i due primarily 10 a bghly localized ses ‘eile cause a ite face ehat gradually spreads ul the mes ree) Gibterca the pe of file se of particular taportance F Pressure fence for hydraulic oF pneumatic acum. PRESSURE V Innpact or shock lading can be insposed on structures, cluding ee ait by earth, explions, of collsion of mabe Cpe relies ition oi ae oP ie Vinee enerey throughout the vent, absorption ofthis eerty State wee and ited stare, and he of rates OF Saeuate wughnen “Fhe nee isution near the point of load applications, such a dee point of contact of the beam toad io Fig. Ll], or the sport Bee ono vey may vary grey from the astmed pattern on DitGh the ordinary equations are bated and these Tocl ste vales weet telatvey high Bven though the material ducile und « eclare of sess rdtibution cat orcur, these local ress ca DE ftezot on and are frequen responsible for fares nel Tey tue materials or tn dave material subjected co cyl ila, nrewes a the points of load application may contol the Senge of the member father than the stewes given by the rary Sfuutonn Tiss partculry imporeane in esl which are designed SMreebrane or eson member an eannt rest large being = Sent pespencicular to ther surface and yet for practical purbones tnt have sport aces ig ag ozs et atached ot. 2, Ista Redd Sst "The basic equations for determining stresses are based on the a sumption that the stesee fn a member are caused oaly by external Joach, and vesdual stress 4 up in the fabrication or construction proceas such a1 weld shrinkage, casting cooling, metal heat treat ‘ie, are not considered. Although these steses are secondary ‘her value is sleliniting (they are not produced by unrelenting tetera loads), they may be of grea importance in brittle materials land even in detle aterial when the material i subject to fatigue Tending Equally inportat is the danger of ereating, in conjunction with she applied loading sess, a dree-dimensiona sires pater ia ‘ick sections that is restive to the redistribution of high localized peak stress dutough yielding. Is for this reason that stres relieving Erthick vel ually requited by construction codes, is much more important than thin ones which the tate of stress is esentally 890 sdinensional 3. Shape of Membr ‘The basic assamption fr continwty of setion in a member on wii lordinary formula for direct strese and bending stess are based, 12 THEORY AND DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS quiring that plane setion remain plane after bending, ano held sar of abrupt changer in seton duc to the eescating in sence ais afer poruion on adjacent sections. Fgute 1.10 lls ducati condition. Tie sreaes inthe region influenced by thee sre ica ahape discon ae higher than predicted by the see athemasal law of darbution on vehich che ocinary Sess fda are base and are known at localized of concentation tore eevor ntdced by the ue ofthe onnary fxn for UEdeign ot members with abrape changes of csion are generally 1 see load sate and the intel ductile a 10 permit ‘Fae mesure o pls lw; hence, the member acts more nearly 2s smamed ti peactcalty of this iy attested by the saistctory behavior of imat bekdinge, eset and machines, These Tocalized eis are Rokete vst nportaot in bile materia even under state oad aoe ec tic gonitins a redieibution or tander of sees ATTA cvemerened material to adjacent lower sitesed material {ses tue ake place and eaptare ofthe member rests They are Seely entfeant when cyl Toading is inelvedy even. when the can eUjuale nee the region of high srs act as foal point fom whieh fang tore ean sem. Fhe atic evaluating localized sens invents has ase smajee Pnportance in the las decade ar engineering advancements rane eee aual presure temperatore, and environment de- rane iacstecmure vende "The petroleum and cheiical proceses sranite operating preamure in the 5,000 to 200,000 pat range. The reat ekpandingcryogenles industry has introduced ow tempers: epi lons tb mus #23°F. The muclear powerplant has give She so prea gh epee an cacy anata 1H 22 hi bring coniion Al thse requirements ave focus arateehic acento om the sess analysis materials of consiuction, Sai economics of design of vessel or thee services. 14 Design Approach “The design of mos structures based on formulas that are Ksown © sc aiGtonfnte The unknown tems, such asestent of yeding and cre Rind fates in design and vara belavior, ee considered 0 pow for bythe we of working semen that ave admiedly be- Sp twat which she member wl a Ths "Tact of salty” or “Gite of ignorance” approach although possessing ius of having Sess ein te past fr ductile sates under state loading and PRESSURE VESSELS 95 Leena a 11. Tg of Kone providing the designer with preliminary sisng dati yeing to more ‘ined analytical nd experinental methods This inproverent wl Continve ar knowlege and cogoiance of influencing design ada arn nee a ei ae tse This night be istated bythe tangle of know 7 hich indices tata aur igerane decrees ith dicory of ‘Reopniton of more ofthe factor affecting behavior and proper a Cou ate i Sng analy aie fr eon Sera Sccordingly, the potential proper ofthe material canbe more “utilized with confidence. eam f Ree tt The alety demands of nuclear reactom, deepiving submersible syace vets and chenical ears have ecient promi rowel asl Ie au ta Knot Foran, se Ice react hit extremely age, heavy section ove flanges and orale reinforcement, operating under severe thermal tenn evi aan ene, foie or able auenion on rearch inthis area whieh as been diel re Sponue for improved rater, Knowledge of their betavior i ‘pede envronmenm and new sre: analy metho "High strength materia, ereated by alloying element, manic Jing pocees or heat weatent, are developed to sas coon or cnpineting demands, such at reduced veel thickness. They. se cet ting sd oh dng i onsen i igher seni, and adaped to vouel detign as experimental nd fabrication kovisage jose tht se, The sho one perc ps sure vse aerial table for all environteny bo roster slmp sod experimental material properties w rsluble equations of elastic abe solutions, suchas the fhe clement me mportance, and ‘and analyses are the keys to Ton ction details aauresu vsel of balanced$2 THEORY AND DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS eet ee ERs, “Terma Ses i Cynder by the acinar a Sa el VS est Sr er oe ermal bon A ead #0 JT oe Me er eg a Pe rat a NL cong hems Unde eee alae een re ee 2 a sng ne Dig Hig ters cm, nny Deri ey Oem eer tea se Ml of ee es Dawe Fe satus Piers SMe rere Bent pd Me for ape dune 1976." Oak Rge Noon cee ee men os Pe ae aerate eat te det it ih de cee Seen sea eee parameter aly.” One Rege Naina Lado so se ES Ue detain” Ee re cme a en ey ube f txperimental Mechanics, Jume 1978. re 2 Ah ti Wg Da” "a" Jc, Doyle and WT. Danylah, agate tisk or Anioyen cee eM rnaa tgeiend Me hg Str, Phi Hlopagy-W Moder Tol or Sue Aa geen es PRE etn Re” Erni Me aN En nate at Gang kenge 2 Stresses in Pressure Vessels 24 Introduction Pressure veel commonly have the form of spheres, cylinders, cllipsoids, or some composite ofthese. Such composite are illustrated {nthe veel shapes of Figs 2 and 22. In practice, vesels are usually Composed of complete pressure-contaiing sell together with Sange ‘ing? and fastening devices for connecting and securing mating pars A the name implies, their main purpose i 0 contain @ media ner Dresre and temperature: however, in doing so they ate aso sabe feted to the action of steady and dynamic support loadings, piping reactions, and thermal shocks which require an overall knowledge of the streses imposed by these condone on various vse shapes nd appropriate desiga means to ensuresafe and long Ie. When venele or sells are considered to be formed of plate in whicl the thickness smal in comparison with the other dimensions, nd as sch offer liu resistence to bending perpendicular to their surface, {hey are calle “merloanes,” and the stress calculated by neglecting bending are called “inembrane stress” A piece of writing paper ‘ery retetant to forces in its plane, but can offer litle resistance © bending perpendicular to ite plane. In one tense, ths 4 desable Condition for it permits the vesel to deforin realy without incurring large beting srewes at points of discontinuity, Chapter 4. Meme brane sexes are average tention oF compression stress over the thickness of the wesel wall and are considered to act tangent (9 (5 sar face. Most vesels for boller drums, accumulators or cherieal and: clear vests fallin this category. 2.2 Stresses in a Circular Ring, Cylinder, and Sphere I. thin circular ring is subjected to the action of radial forces formly diributed along is circumference, hoop forces will be pro35 THHORY AND DESION OF PRESSURE. VESSELS acting on the semicircular ring gives the equilibrium equation wena” ‘grsin da = 2gr 22.1) Fw (222) “The unit stress inthe rng ean be obtained by diving the force by the erosesectional area ofthe He ane 23) t " Inq, 22.147 sin i the projection ofa cecumferental element onadiameter; ence the right side of Eq 221 is merely the unit force fines the pojcted Leng of the contact surface, Tr the sing is considered a ection of unit length of a cylindrical ese of thiknestf subjected to internal prestre fy 30 that in Es. 223, 9 pand d =, the hop sires ina cylindrical vesel becomes tr ane 28) “The longicudinal stress can be calelated by equating the total pres sure against the end of the cylinder tothe longitudinal forces acting on tt transverse section ofthe eylinder, a6 indicated in Fig. 24, ving ular = par 225) Et 226) ae 2 Insimilar manner, the hoop and longitudinal stresses in thin sphere subject to internal presture my be found tobe equal, ané the same 1 the longitainal sess in a cylinder. * (22.7) % "This is of particular sgaifcance inthe design of presture veses be- ‘aoe the minimum abso stress value = a= = can given by & Sphere; henee, its the deal form stesewie. Since its required thick Tam fora given se of conditions is one hal that ecesary for a eyinder thd is the sine thickness as that required forthe longitudinal tres i a evlinder, forme of wire-wrapoed, coiclayer, banded or ssultiple Tayer cylindrical veel construction can be utlized,!29 Fig. 2.5. Suck ‘cormtructions have been widely sed (n the chewsical and petroleum, industry where they perinit a material selection compatible with the Fig. 24. Longitudinal Stes in a Cylinder and Sphere a | } | Fig. 2, Vesel Constucton Employing, Banded or Mulple-Layer “Glinders and Hepes ‘contained media for dhe inner layer, and economical stength sa tetal for the media non-contact poction (see Fig. 6.3). They also Petvce a mean of inating a peesres within the vesel wall, and Actas arrestors (fast unig eracks in environments conducive (0 Irie fracure 2.3 Poinwon's Ratio Ia bar is subjected to axial tension, ics elongated not only in the axial direction, but experiments have shown that {undergoes lateral