(1) B lc thng thp:

Vi mt b lc hot ng n c th c c mt phn ng bng phng gn nh n

tn s ni 12dB mi octave
t l roll-off bt.
Phn lc thp qua s dng IC 356 l mt b khuch i m on kt c. Tn s
ct c xc nh
bi cc gi tr ca R3, R4, C1 v C2, vi mt im-3dB khong 1KHz vi gi tr quy
nh. Tuy nhin, bng cch
thay i cc gi tr ca C1 v C2 c th lm thay i tn s cut-off thc t bt k
con s mong mun
t mt vi Hertz n khong 100KHz. Thay i trong gi tr ca C1 v C2 to ra mt
s thay i t l nghch
trong cc tn s ct. V d, mt b lc u vi mt tn s ct ca 5Khz c th c
sn xut bi
gim C1 1nF (C1) v C2 470pf (C2). R rng l ni chnh xc cc gi tr cn
khng c sn,
n l cn thit s dng cc gi tr u tin gn nht. iu quan trng l gi C1
ti mt gi tr, m l gp i hoc
nh hn gp i gi tr ca C2. Nu C1 l gi tr thp hn cht t so vi iu ny t
l roll-off u tin ca
B lc s c t hn ti u, trong khi lm C1 c phn qu gi tr cao s to ra mt
nh cao trong
phn ng ca b lc ngay di tn s ct.
R1 v R2 c s dng thin v IC1, v cc xu hng hin ti chy vo IC qua b
lc in tr R3 v R4. y l nhng
t trc ca in tr b lc h khng shunt C2, s l trng hp nu chng
c kt ni
ch o ti u vo IC. Tr khng u vo ca mch l khong 5 kilohms.

(2) B lc thng cao: Phn b lc cao vt qua s dng IC 356 l mt b m t c s thng nht v
c 12dB hot ng mi lc qung tm. Ci ny
l c bn ging nh cc mch thp qua va m t, nhng cc yu t in tr v
in dung lc c

c hon. R2 v R3 thin v IC, v kt hp (song song) tr khng ca cc hnh vi

nh l mt trong nhng in tr
phn ca b lc.
Cc gi tr th hin cho mt im -3dB ti khong 1KHz, nhng n l mt ln na c
th sa i cc cut-off
tn s bng cch thay i cc gi tr ca cc yu t in dung ca b lc (C1 v
C2). Cng nh trc y, nhng thay i trong
gi tr cho mt s thay i t l nghch trong cc tn s ct. V vy, v d, mch c
th hot ng
nh mt b lc gim st mnh ca mt h thng hay gin vi mt tn s ct
khong 50Hz bng cch cho C1 v C2 mt gi tr ca
470nF (C1 v C2). Gi hai thnh phn ny cng mt gi tr hoc hiu sut ca b
lc s c
nh hng xu n.

(3) Band Pass Filter: Mt b lc bng qua, nh tn gi ca n, cho php tn s trong mt bin hp
vt qua vi t
suy gim trong khi cung cp thit hi cao tt c cc tn s khc. Mt b lc bng
qua c th c sn xut bng cch s dng
cao vt qua v vt qua b lc thp mch c m t trc , v phng php
ny ca ban nhc thng qua b lc c s dng trong mt s
cc ng dng. V d, gi s mt b lc m thanh cho mt s phn ca thit b thng
tin lin lc l cn thit, v
n phi c mt ban nhc thng qua ko di t 250Hz n 3KHz. iu ny c th t
c bng cch s dng mt b lc thng cao
c mt tn s ct ca 250Hz v mt b lc thng thp c tn s 3kHz cut-off vi hai
b lc
ch n gin c s dng trong lot. N khng quan trng qu chuyn lng mn
m b lc c s dng x l cc tn hiu u tin,
mc d mt t l phn nhnh hn tn hiu-to-noise s c thu c bng cch s
dng b lc thng cao u vo v cc
loi thp qua ti.
16
Cc phng php m t trn l hu ch nht m mt phn ng bng phng trn
mt di tn s l cn thit,

ch khng phi l mt b lc c thit k chn ra mt tn hiu mt tn s

nht nh v gim bt cc tn hiu khc.
Trng hp bng thng rt hp l cn thit n l tt hn s dng mt b lc n
gin ban nhc thng qua cc loi hnh th hin trong
Con s. Cc gi tr c ch nh cho mt tn s trung tm ca khong 1KHz, nhng
tn s ny c th c thc hin
bt c iu g t mt vi Hertz n khong 100kHz bng cch cho C1 v C2 cc gi
tr ph hp.
A t c in p ca mt t hn hai ln c cung cp ti Trung tm ca cc phn
ng b lc, v phn ng l
khng c bit sc nt vi cc im -6dB khong 500Hz v 2KHz. Tuy nhin, cc Q
ca mch c th
c tng cng ng k bng cch gim R1 1k8 v tng R2 180k. iu ny
cho php mt s suy gim tng i ca
gn 20dB ti 500Hz v 2kHz, v t c in p ca mch c tng ln n
khong 34dB (50 ln).
R rng l mt suy hao c th c s dng u vo hay u ra ca b lc nu
in p ny l khng cn thit.
Cc mch phi c cp t mt ngun tr khng thp k t khi tr khng u ra
ca giai on trc l
hiu qu trong chui vi R1 v s lm gim tn s hot ng ca b lc. Nu cn
mt giai on m
(nh th hin trong hnh 4) phi c thm vo u vo. Cc b lc c th c
iu chnh trong mt phm vi nh ca
tn s bng cch thay th R1 hoc R2 vi mt bin tr v in tr c nh trong
series, nhng bng thng ca
mch s thay i phn no nh l b lc c iu chnh ln xung tn s ( l
l do ti sao ch c mt hn ch
phm vi iu chnh l thc t).

(4) Chn di:

Mc ch ca mt ban nhc t chi lc l cho hu ht cc tn s vt qua vi t
tr ngi, nhng cung cp mt cao
mc suy gim trong mt bin hp ca tn s. Hnh cho thy s mch ca
mt b lc notch ca

i T loi, v iu ny thc s ch l mt b lc th ng vi IC1 c s dng nh

l mt giai on m ti u ra ca
mch m bo rng c ti ti thiu v b lc thch hp. R1 v R2 c s dng
thin v IC1, v C2 l mt
DC chn t in. R3, R4, VR1 v C2 n C5 l cc thnh phn b lc. C4 v C5 c
kt ni trong
song song cung cp cho mt in dung ca 20nF v n c kh nng mt phn
ca gi tr ny s c sn. VR1
c th thay th bng mt in tr 9Kfixed (m s cn phi bao gm hai thnh phn
18k kt ni trong
song song), nhng c c mt notch su n l tt hn s dng mt in tr
bin y n c th c iu chnh
ti u ha hiu sut ca cc b lc. y l loi mch c th cung cp mt mc
rt cao ca s suy gim ti
Trung tm ca notch vi 80dB l d dng t c, mc d VR1 phi c iu
chnh rt chnh xc
c c kt qu tt nht t mch ny.

(5) Thch anh lc:

B lc tinh th thch anh cung cp mt phng tin hiu qu ca vic thc hin cc
gii php lc cho nhiu hiu sut cao
i pht thanh lc tn s ng dng. Cc gi tr Q cao tinh th thch anh c th c
s dng trong bandpass
b lc s dng trong cc lnh vc nh my thu thanh. Nhng b lc tinh th
thch anh cao hn nhiu so vi nhng ngi m c th l
sn xut bng cch s dng cc thnh phn LC. Mc d h c nhiu tn km hn so
vi cc b lc LC, hiu sut ca mt tinh th
lc bandpass vn vt tri v trong iu kin chi ph m h thc s cung cp gi tr
tuyt vi cho tin.
Hm nay b lc tinh th c th c thit k vi cc ban nhc ng chuyn t tn
s trong khu vc kilohertz
ln n nhiu Megahertz - vi cc cng ngh mi nht ny c th tng ln n 100
MHz v nhiu hn na. Tuy nhin i vi cc sn phm tt nht
hiu sut v chi ph thp nht ban nhc vt qua cc b lc thng c gi di
khong 30 MHz hoc hn.