:

- :

(Harbor Craft) ,
, , ,

(Cargo Handling EquipmentCHE) , , , , ,

, container handlers .

containers.

container (
42% CHE container, 70% NOx ,
[12] ). bulk
, tanker .

3 :
(i) ( 1984)
( 1993)
(ii)
(alternative fuel engines, DPF )
(iii) LPG DOC, DPF PuriNOx.

Shore Power/Cold Ironing

, ,
, ,
. Shore power cold ironing
( ) , .

. Shore power
,
.

.
.
Shore power
, .
:

(440[V]-11,000[V])

60[Hz] 50[Hz]

, (foundation)

(due to security
or safety reasons)

( [1]):
, , shore power, 300,000[$] 2,000,000[$]
.
, :
1,000,000[$] - 15,000,000[$]
170,000[$] - 8,000,000[$]
:
()
() shore power
()

Virtual/Justintime Arrival

,
.
.
( [7]), shortsea ,
40% 44% .
'
:
/.
, Virtual Arrival,
(charterer ship-operator)

.
:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
:
, ,
, Virtual Arrival ship-operator.
ship-operator (.
) weather analysis provider (WAP)
(estimated time of arrival) virtual ETA,
.
, VA
Charter Party.
liner,
.
:
()

()
()
()
() .
:
() (. )
() , ,

() virtual

Berth Allocation
Berth Allocation Problem (BAP)
berths .
, (),
berth, berths,
, ,
(
).

, .
setup :

( ), Expected Time(s) of Arrival
(ETA) . port operators
,
, berths. BAP
.
BAP
.
. [14]


1.

,
. ,

,
.
,
. ,
, .
BAP.

,

() ' .
,
(.. berths),
.
,
.
BAP
Virtual Arrival .

1 berths

 :
(Sulphur) Emission Control Areas (S)ECA
Emission Control Areas

, IMO.
,
,
, .
ECA SOx ( )
SECA.
ECA
:

Slow Steaming
Slow Steaming
.

. 20-25[kn] 18-20[kn].
, Los Angeles (POLA) Long Beach
(POLB), Slow Steaming ,
12[kn] 40
. , 30%
25% .
, California Air Resources Board (CARB)
12[kn], 24[nm] 40[nm] California.
( [1]):

,
slow steaming 31%, 36%, 29% 29% .

Liquified Natural Gas
LNG
(. Annex VI low -sulfur fuel requirements), ECA
' . LNG
NO X PM 80%,
SO X (
[3]). , ,
GHG , .
, LNG low-sulfur

LNG.
.

LNG
. LNG ,
. ,
(safe area)
. LNG 4
,
, .


, .
LNG
.
LNG
GHG .

Scrubbers

scrubbers : wet scrubbers dry scrubbers,

.
wet scrubbers :
1. open-loop scrubbers: .
SO X
. CO 2 ,
SO X .
scrubbers.
2. close-loop scrubbers:
. open-loop scrubbers.
,
SO X ,
(. ).
( [1]) scrubbers :
(i) SO X ( 90%)
(ii) PM (30% - 98%)
(iii) NO X
scrubbers 700,000 4,000,000 [$],
scrubber. scrubber
1-3%.

. scrubbers SO X
low-sulfur fuels. ,
, Carnival, scrubbers 70 .
open-loop wet scrubbers ( ) pH
.
scrubbers pH 6.5. scrubbers
pH 3.5. ,
.

LowSulphur Fuel Switching

1/1/15,
ECAs (Emission
Control Areas)

0.1% (
[8]).
(scrubbers)

,
HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil) MGO (Marine
Gas Oil).

.
:
MGO HFO

MGO
( HFO

)

,
,

 1h, .
, .

HFO MGO

.
.

-HFO MGO-
.
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
() CO, HC,
(carbon) SO2. (SO2),

. DOCs
HC ,
. DOC

, ECA ( [10], [16]).
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
NO2 ( DOC
)
(3) ()
. , .

200C NOx 40 70%! ( [10])

, SCR
.

Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF)

( [17]).
Biodiesel
Biodiesel Diesel
. ,
, .
, C, CO,
x . Biodiesel
, ,
( [11]).

:
[1]. Preventing and Control of Shipping and Port Air Emissions in China, F. Fung, Z. Zhu, R. Becque, B.
Finamore, NRDC 2014
[2]. International Transport Forum, Shipping emissions in ports, 2014
[3]. LNG as Marine Fuels, F. Adamchak, 2015
[4]. Virtual Arrival, Optimising Voyage Management & Reducing Vessel Emissions an Emissions
Management Framework, November 2010
[5]. Virtual Arrival, a way to reduce GHG emissions, E. Ranheim INTERTANKO & G. Hallet OCIMF,
March 2010
[6]. EPA, Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Category 3 Marine Diesel
Engines, December 2009
[7]. Increased energy efficiency in short sea shipping through decreased time in port, H. Johnson, L. Styhre,
December 2014
[8]. DNV GL Preparing for low sulphur operation, November 2014
[9]. The low sulfur fuel oil issue on shipping and impact on oil suppliers Paris, France June 2012

[10]. Diesel Emission Control in Review, T. Johnson, 2006

[11]. Performance and exhaust emissions in the use of biodiesel in outboard diesel engines, S. Murillo, J.
Miguez, J. Pareiro, E. Granada, J. Monan, December 2006
[12]. Harboring Pollution, Strategies to Clea Up U.S. Ports, NRDC, August 2004
[13]. US Container Ports and Air Pollution A Perfect Storm, James S. Cannon, Energy Futures Inc, 2008
[14]. Berth Allocation Planning Optimazation in Container Terminals, J. Dai, W. Lin, R. Moorthy, ChungPiaw Teo
[15]. The Berth Allocation Problem: A Formulation Reflecting Time Window Service Deadlines,
Golias, Boile, Theofanis
[16]. https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/dpm.php
[17]. https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/cat_doc.php
[18]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1589060/air-pollution-control/286089/Scrubbers
[19]. http://cleantech.cnss.no/air-pollutant-tech/sox/scrubber/
[20]. http://www.fasterfreightcleanerair.com/pdfs/Presentations/FFCACA2004/Dunfee_Ron.pdf
[21]. http://www.joc.com/regulation-policy/transportation-regulations/us-transportationregulations/california-green-port-truck-rail-program-lauded-reducing-emissions_20150409.html