Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
Chapter 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
Chapter 6
g p
V V
t
In Cartesian coordinates:
u
p
u
u
u
gx
u
v w
x
x
y
z
t
gy
v
p
v
v
v
u v w
y
x
y
z
t
w
p
w
w
w
u
v
w
z
x
y
z
t
The Bernoulli equation derived from Eulers equations
The Bernoulli equation can also be derived, starting from
Eulers equations. For inviscid, incompressible fluids, we
end up with the same equation
p V2
gz const
2
gz
Chapter 6
z1
z2
2g
2g
The Bernoulli equation is restricted to the following:
inviscid flow
steady flow
incompressible flow
flow along a streamline
The Irrotational Flow and corresponding Bernoulli equation
If we make one additional assumptionthat the flow is
irrotational V 0 the analysis of inviscid flow
problems is further simplified. The Bernoulli equation has
exactly the same form at that for inviscid flows:
p1 V12
p2 V22
z1
z2
2g
2g
but it can now be applied between any two points in the
flow field, not limited to applications along a streamline.
Chapter 6
y z
z x
x y
It follows that in this case the velocity components can be
expressed in terms of a scalar function (x, y, z, t), called
velocity potential, as
u
, v
, w
x
y
z
In vector form:
V
3
Chapter 6
0
x 2 y 2 z 2
In cylindrical coordinates:
1
1 2
0
r 2
r r r
r 2 z 2
Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows
For potential flow, basic solutions can be simply added to
obtain more complicated solutions because of the major
advantage of Laplace equation that it is a linear PDE. For
simplicity, only plane (two-dimensional) flows will be
considered. Since we can define a stream function for plane
flow,
Chapter 6
, v
y
x
If we now impose the condition of irrotationality, it follows
u v
y x
and in terms of the stream function
y y
x
x
2 2
0
x 2 y 2
Thus, for a plane irrotational flow we can use either the
velocity potential or the stream functionboth must satisfy
Laplace's equation in two dimensions. It is apparent from
these results that the velocity potential and the stream
function are somehow related. It can be shown that lines of
constant (called equipotential lines) are orthogonal to
lines of constant (streamlines) at all points where they
intersect. Recall that two lines are orthogonal if the product
of their slopes is 1, as illustrated by this figure
u
dx along const u
Along equipotential lines = const
5
Chapter 6
dx
dy udx vdy 0
x
y
dy
u
dx along const
v
Uniform flow at angle with the x axis
d
v U sin
m
ln r
2
m
Stream function:
2
Velocity potential:
Chapter 6
m
, v 0
2 r
Free vortex ( > 0 counterclockwise; < 0 clockwise)
Velocity components: vr
Stream function: ln r
2
Velocity potential:
Velocity components: vr 0,
2 r
K cos
r
K sin
Stream function:
r
Velocity potential:
Chapter 6
K cos
K sin
,
v
r2
r2
Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows
Source in a Uniform StreamHalf-Body
Flow around a half-body is obtained by the addition of a
source to a uniform flow.
Velocity components: vr
Ur
sin
Stream function:
2
m
, v U sin
Velocity components: vr
2 r
Rankine Ovals
Rankine ovals are formed by combining a source and sink
with a uniform flow.
Chapter 6
h2 a 2
2 Uh
Body half width: h
tan
2a
m
Flow around a Circular Cylinder
A doublet combined with a uniform flow can be used to
represent flow around a circular cylinder.
Chapter 6
10
Ur
cos
Velocity potential:
r
K sin
Stream function: Ur sin
r
Velocity components:
a 2
a 2
vr U 1 2 cos , v U 1 2 sin
r
10