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Chuong3 Us&Bdang
Chuong3 Us&Bdang
= Q
tc
Qc: L nng lng s dng hu ch
Qtc: L ton b nng lng ngn la sn ra.
Hiu sut cng ln cng tt. Cc phng php hn c kh
nng gi nhit trong qu trnh hn khc nhau th hiu sut
cng khc nhau: hn bng in cc khng nng chy, = 0,45
0,6; hn in cc nng chy c thuc bc; 0,75; hn
t ng di lp thuc, = 0,75 0,9.
2. nh hng ca ngun nhit hn n kim loi vt hn
Khi hn, nhit sinh ra t ngun nhit hn s nung nng
chy mt khi lng nh kim loi ti v tr hn v truyn ra cc
vng ln cn. Trong mt thi gian rt ngn, nhit kim loi
42
10
8
(2)
1) m un n
(1)
hi
2) ng sut bn
(3)
3) ng sut chy
(4)
4)h s gin n
2
(5)
0
20
100
200
t
300
400
500
600
nhit.
5) gin dI t-
ng i
Hnh 3.1. C tnh ca thp ph thuc vo
nhit
Nh vy vng hn s c nhng phn ng ha l ca qu
trnh luyn kim cn kim loi cc vng ln cn v kim loi
mi hn ng c th xy ra qu trnh thay i v t
chc v thay i c v th tch, lm cho c l tnh ca kim
loi vt hn cng b thay i. C tnh ca kim loi thay i
ch yu ph thuc vo trng thi nhit ca n.
Hin nay ngi ta cha nghin cu y c tnh ca kim
loi nhit cao, mi ch nghin cu tng i t m v c
43
tnh ca kim loi trong vng n hi. Hnh 2.1 biu hin s
thay i c tnh ca thp ph thuc vo nhit khi nung
nng n 500 6000C. Muyn n hi E khi t nng s
gim t t, cn h s gin n nhit s tng ln: Trong vng n
hi ca thp tch s:
. E = 12 . 10-6. 2.1 . 107 250 N/cm2 0C coi nh khng
i.
Gii hn bn b thay i khng ng k khi nhit
tng n 1000C, sau tip tc nung nng n 200 3000C
th gii hn bn ca thp thng gim t t; khi nhit vt qu
5000C bn ca thp s gim mt cch mnh lit. Tnh do
ca thp biu th bng gin di tng i %. Trong khong
t 150 3000C th tnh do ca thp gim mt t, cn khi
nhit vt qu 3000C, th tnh do s tng. Khi tng nhit
n 5000C th gii hn chy ch s gim mnh cho n bng
khng khi nhit trn 6000C.
3.2. s to thnh ng sut khi hn v bin dng hn
3.2.1. Khi nim chung v ng sut khi hn
Khi hn ta tin hnh nung nng cc b v trong mt thi
gian ngn t n nhit rt cao. Do ngun nhit lun di
ng ln pha trc nn nhng khi kim loi mi c nung nng
cn nhng phn kim loi ng sau dn dn ng u v
nhit . S phn b nhit theo phng thng gc vi hng
hn rt khc nhau, do s thay i th tch cc vng ln
cn mi hn cng khc nhau, a n s to thnh ni lc v
ng sut trong vt hn.
44
l0
l
Hnh 3.2. Kho st bin dng hn
Khi hn p gia tm hay hn gip mi, hai tm hn c
cng chiu dy th s phn b nhit theo tit din nggang s
khng u lm cho s gin n ca kim loi s khng u, ng
sut bn trong khi nung nng v lm ngui cng khc nhau. Ta
gi thit s gin n ca cc di kim loi ca tm l t do v
khng nh hng ln nhau th gin n t do ca mi mt di
s l:
l0 = . T . l
- L h s gin n nhit ca kim loi (1/0C)
T - Nhit trung bnh ca di ta xt (0C)
l - Chiu di ca di ang xt
Thc ra khng th c s gin nhit t do, bi v kim loi l
mt khi lin tc, gia chng c mi lin kt phn t cht ch.
Nhng vng nhit thp hn s ngn cn s gin n kim loi
ca nhng vng c nhit cao hn. V khi hn, s phn b
nhit i xng qua trc hn nn bin dng dc thc t ca tt
c cc th ca tm l nh nhau v bng l (theo gi thuyt tit
din phng). S sai khc gia gin n nhit t do l0 v
gin n nhit thc t l l nguyn nhn to thnh ni lc v
ng sut trong tm hn.
45
s
b2
h
P/2
b1
P
b0
P/2
ch
P = ch . Fe
Fe: tit din ca vng ng sut tc dng ca mi hn
(hnh 3.3)
Fc = bn . S (cm2)
S - Chiu dy tm hn (cm)
bn - Chiu rng ca vng ng sut tc dng (cm)
V s phn b nhit theo hai pha ca mi hn l i
xng nhau nn kch thc ca vng ng sut tc dng hai pha
ca mi hn cng bng nhau. Vng ng sut tc dng ca mi
mt tm hn c th chia lm hai khu vc b 1 v b2. Ta gi b0 = b1
+ b2 v bn = 2b0. Vng b1 tip gip ngay vi trc hn gm kim
loi chy ca mi hn v kim loi c bn c nung nng n
trng thi do; c bn c nung nng n nhit thp hn
5500C nhng v nhit nung khng u nn n to tnh bin
dng nn - do v kim loi trng thi dn hi - do. ln ca
vng b1 ph thuc vo cng sut ca ngun nhit, tc hn,
khi lng kim loi chy v tnh cht ha l ca kim loi. Ta c
th tnh b1 theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
0,484q
b1 = v.S .C..5500 C
0
q - Nng lng hu ch ca ngun nhit (cal/s)
v - Tc hn (cm/s)
c - Nhit dung ca kim loi (cal/g.0C)
S0 - Tng chiu dy truyn nhit ca cc tm hn (cm)
Khi hn p vo mp cc tm th S0 = S, do :
b1 =
0,484q
v.S.C.5500 C
q
vS0
(cal/cm2)
k2 = k2 '
ch
'ch - l gii hn chy ca loi thp cn xc nh k'2
h: Chiu rng ton b vng ng sut ca tm hn. i vi
hn t ng th h khong 300 350mm, i vi hn h quang
tay h < 250 mm.
49
Ly c . = 1,25; E = 250N/cm2 0C
m - l h s tnh n cc trng thi truyn nhit, ly gn
ng m 1. Ta s c:
b0 =
h
ch.h
1
96,8 q0
3.3.2. Xc nh co dc ca vt hn
Xc nh co dc ca vt hn c th tnh theo ng
sut phn khng d 2 - l ng sut sinh ra nhng vng khng
c nung nng trc tip - di b nn dc n hi sau khi
ngui. Tr s co dc l c tnh theo cng thc:
l =
2
.l
E
P
F Fc
ch.bn .S
.b
ch n
h0 bn S h0 bn
P
P
F
h.S
50
Pa
a
b2
b1
Ma
P
Mc
b0
ch
Pc
ch n
ch n
2 = a c h b
0
n
a bn
c bn
; Mc = Pc
2
2
Ma = P a
Mmen tng s l:
c bn
a bn
M = Ma - Mc = Pa 2 - Pc 2
M = 2aS
a bn
c bn
- 2cS
2
2
Thay tr s 2 vo ta c :
ch .S .bn
M = 2(h b ) (a + bn + c) (a - c)
o
n
a + bn + c= h0 v ch . S . bn = P
M=
Ph0 a c
2 h0 bn
6 Ph0 a c
M
W 2 h0 bn Sh02
u =
3 chbn a c
h0 h0 bn
M ( x) 1 x 2
2 EJ
x - l ta ca im m ta cn xc nh vng ti vi
gc ta l ng trung tm ca ng hn v cnh ca vt
hn thng gc vi ng trung tm y.
52
f=
8 EJ 8 EJ .2 h0 bn
3 ch bn a c l 2
f=
5 Eh02 h0 bn
Khi hn p vo cnh tm th c = 0; h0 - bn = a
3 chbnl 2
f=
4Eh20
.
2
Xt mt th x bt k ta s c: x = . T . x
53
hay : dx = . T . dx
Vi phn gc quay ti th x s l:
d =
dx
hx
d =
.T.dx
x2 S2
= 2 . T
= 2 T. ln
= 2T.ln
dx
x2 S2
b
b
2S
2S
tg tg 2 1
2
2
Nu ta ly gn ng hx = S v coi gc quay l rt nh th
gc quay ton phn s l:
tg =
x
=
hx
2 . T . tg
b1
P1
b2
ch
n
2 = F F h b
c
n
P1.h
2
55
P
2
P.h
.
2
cos
P .h
2
M
W
Ml 2
8 EJ
l - l chiu di ca mi hn.
3.4.2. Bin dng v ng sut ca mi hn chng:
Ty thuc vo v tr ca mi hn, gc tng ng vi phng
ca ngoi lc tc dng v kt cu ca cc tm hn m ngi ta
chia mi hn chng ra lm nhiu loi gii thiu trn hnh(3.6).
K2
2
Trong :
b1 - l chiu rng ca vng c nung nng n trng thi
do.
b21 v b'21 - l chiu rng ca vng c nung nng n
trng thi do-n hi ca tm di.
b22 - l chiu rng ca vng c nung nng n trng
thi do-n hi ca tm trn.
S1, S2 - l chiu dy ca cc tm hn.
K - l cnh ca gc vung mi hn
Tr s ca ni lc P tc dng dc trc mi hn s l:
P = ch . Fc
ng sut phn khng 2 l:
2 =
P
F Fc
2
2 .Ttb
b
i vi thp raian.
Khi hn chng hai pha, hai tm u t do th vt
hn s bin dng nh hnh 2.12b.
3.4.3. Bin dng v ng sut khi hn kt cu ch T
v ch I
Kt cu ch T v ch I c s dng kh rng ri trong cng
nghip ch to my, xy dng v ng tu.
3.4.3.1 Kt cu ch T
58
P2
b22
Y2
b1
Y1
P1
P1
b21
b1
b1
b21
2 =
P = 2P 1 + P2
S2
) S1
2
P2 = 2 (h2 - b1 - b22) S2
Mmen un sinh ra do cc ni lc phn khng s l:
M P2 .Y 2 2P1.Y 1
M
W
o ch 2
60
P02.h2
2
P02 - L ni lc tc dng kh d ca mi hn 3 v 4
61
h2
Y0
2
f2 8EJ 1.M 2l 2 h2 .J 1
0,66)
J1
h2 J 1
Rt ra:
f1
1
f2
62