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    Permaculture Institute

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    This handbook is an outline for the standard 72-hours permaculture design

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    Permaculture Institute

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    Luciano Bertrand
    18 views29 pages
    This handbook is an outline for the standard 72-hours permaculture design

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    This handbook is an outline for the standard 72-hours permaculture design

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    18 views29 pages

    Permaculture Institute

    Uploaded by

    Luciano Bertrand
    This handbook is an outline for the standard 72-hours permaculture design

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    PERMACULTURE: INSTITUT P.O. Box 96, Stanley, Tasmania, Australia, 7331 PERMACULTURE DESIGN couRSE HANDBOOK Revised @ Upisted: 1965 pis handhook is an ontline for tha standard 72. hour peqmaculture design course; it is intended es a guide only, and instructors should greatly ligy the contents, It is not necessary to teach the course in the eequence Cc presented herein, as long as the major subjects are covered. Tesued by: The Pammsculeure Instituve Bill Mollison, Allustrations: Androw Jeeves, Reay Slay Editors: eny Slay, Andrew Jeeves At Pay. Ltd, corporate trosee Regitered in Tasmania PERMACULTURE DESTGN couRSE HANDBOOK SECTION 1, _nerROoUCTbRY Permaculture Bthii “Care of the Earth" -- snetudes ali Living and non-living things, euch es animals, Plants, land, water, andar care of Peepie* ~- to pronote seLé-neLinice and conmnity responsibility, “Give Aoay Surplus" —- £9 pass on enything surplus to our needs (Iaboue, money, information) for “ey the above aims. leplicit in the abovg és the ‘Life thc": all Living orgenimre ace not enly neene but ends, Zi stiition fo their inenmontal value to hinane a Oeetieiny Seaest cnt taers but ee oo Pormaculture is en ethical system, stressing positivism and cooperation. SBCMOU 2. PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SYSTEMS AND DESIGN Gelding principles of pamaculture design: . Dverything Ss conmscted to everything eleo + Bvory function is supported by irany elensnts + Every elenent should serve meny functiens Ret is Cosign? It ss conposed of two elenoats: aesthetics end function, Permaculture design concen trates on function, Ructional ¢esign is: (1) Sustainable — it provides for Sts own needs (2) Has god product yield, of even supe yield For this to occur, elewnts mast’ ave no product ‘unused by other elaments, and ‘ ~ have their onn needs supplied by other elenents in the system 3 Af these eriteria are not mat, then pollution and vor} Pollution is a product not uscd by Sqrathing else; it is an ovar-sbundsnce of e reseuce. Work results vin there’ is ¢ defieioes of setoutees. inn an elenant in the system does not eid another elanent. Any eysten will, been Cote Af At receives mare resources than it con productively use (e.g. too inch fort iiives een eee pollution). A Eesource is any energy storage which cssists yield. The work of tho pamaculture designer is to gedinise weeful coargy storages én eny systan on which they are working, bo st houses usben propesty, Rwal lends, of gantens. A succestful design contains enough useful seorages to senve eke noeee bf poeple. WES OF Lite Nee Of functional relationships Pesign/ Ecosystem saK Duotetty is related to stability. It is not, bowver, the nunbar of diverce elerents you can pack into a system, but zother the useful connect iéns you ein make betucen thee sleet From source to sink: ~ @iversity increase’s = energy stores increase = organizational complexity increases ‘The _Guaos or Disoniei: Principle: If resources are added beyond the capacity of the systen to produce Elvely use then, then that system becomes disordered (goes into chaos) Odum, Chaos or disorder is the ‘opposite of harmony, as competition is the apposite af eonperation, Th Ais onder, mich useful energy is cancelled out by the use of opposing enefey, thus exeating entropy of bound ‘energy. Society, gardens, vnole systems and hunan Lives are vested Jn disorder and opposition, The aim of te designer is therefore two-fo! «To use only that emount of energy that can be productively absorbed by the system 1 To build harmony, as cooperation, into the funeticnal organization of the system Vathotologies of desion Permaculture design cmphasizes patteming of landscepa, function, and species essenblies. Tt asks the question, “Hhere docs this (element) go? How ic it placed for raximm lonefit in the systen?™ Permaculture is made up of techalgues and strategies: + Techniques: concerned with how to do things (one-dinénsional) ¢.9. crcanic gardening + Strategies: concerned with how and vhon (Evo-dinensienal) e.g. Auscka system Design: Concerned with patterning (multi-dinensional} e.g. pemmaculture coaches to Dasicny, + (2) Hops ("Hhare is everything?*) (2) Roalysis of elements ("How do these things connect?") 2 (8) Sector planning ("Kheze do we put things?) 2 (4) Goservat ional 1 (5) Bgerientdal, 601) Heaps (be carefuly the "mop is not the terstory*) Sequonce of maps valusble to see cloarly wiiere to place mony elesents. + cass. + Buildings 2 Mater 2 Tepology Clear overlays to plan 4(2) iowlysis of Merents Ja snalytie eperoach: List the noeds, profucts, and the intrinsic chacacteristics of each element. Tals is done on paper. Lists are made to try to evpply (by sere other elenant in tho eyeten) the needs of any particular element. Bumple would be that of the chicken: aed are Products are: + food. water smanure —. eos I shelter | protection Phase 2 os Tdustf grit f meat feathers: Taiz! contro. ‘other chickens Intrinsic factors: breed characteristics (colour, ranging habits) wengus factors Espariment, on paper, connecting and conbining the clerents (buildings, plants, aninals, otc) to achieve no pollution (excess Of product), and minimm work, ‘Tey to have one elownt fuel) the noods of another eleneat.. (3) Sectoe Ptanning Sector planning includes (a) zones (b) sector (¢) slope, and (a) exientation {e} 2065. It is weful to consider the site as a caries of zonas, @ single pathway through the system, ctarting withthe Te Placement of claments in each zone depends on inportance, priorities, and nunbor of visits neaded for each elanent, c.g. a cheilen house is visited every day, 20 it needs tebe close (but not naccssarily next to the house). A barb garden would ‘te close to which can be concententric rings, ‘home contre and working out. Zone I. = heme conte T herbs, vegetable garden {mostly structures 1 very intensive 1 start at backsteps tone I: ~ intensive cultivated heavy malched orchard 1 velL-maintained 1 mainly grafted end velected species 1 dense planting I use stacking, storeys I sone animals: chickins, ducks, pigeon, quail J multi=popose was: collect eggs, milk, Gistribute greens & scraps. Tinoee Forest ‘Zone ITs + connect to Zone I abd IT for easy access + self-forage systen: poultry forest, ete. {ey ald goats, gees end sheep, bees + windbreaks, firebreake 1 plant hardy tress afd bush species 1 spot mulching, zough mulching : ungrefted for later selection, later grafting | treee protected with cages, strip-fencing 1 animad forage nut tree forests mv + eng tem davelopnesit + yatering minsna © 2 cider tor baitding oading mininal 1 ember for fizevend sone introduced animale: eattie, deer, pigs zone V : » wneultvated bush timer 2 rageowen hunting - onecgies (wind, evn, eysten. ‘he 2one end sector factors together vogulate the placement of partieolar plant sprcies and structures. (2) sore, Placement of an element on slopa so that gravity Q 1 et to madam eoyecity: water storages 1 mulch and other materials (iis {cola sir fal; warm air rise (a) ontErarton Placenent of en element so that it feces sun-side : By or shade-side, depending on its function end necds. a ir 916) goservat ional Free thinking of thamatic thinking (e.g. on blackberry or bracken) (2) Hote phenonaion {b) Infer (make qveceas) {c) Investigate (research) (a) Devise a strategy 9(5) Experiential ‘ Dacae conscious~-of jourself, feelings environment. Can be free-conseious of thenatically-conseious. Zasen—valking withou} thinking, unceflactive. PUTTING IT TOGENER: Use all the nethotolegics of design. Select clenents - pattern assonbly Place elerents - pattern relationship : 4 stcrigw'3. - parrern th pestcn * me world ts of events within a pattern. AL things spiral through the pattern. In pattern application, there arp two aspects: the perception of the patterns that already exist (and hov these function), and the 4nposition of pattern on sites in onder to achieve specific needs. zone and sector planning are examples of pattem application. (a) $2 effects end harmonics . Edge effect : the intacface between tho ecosystens represents @ third, moce complex system which combines both. The interface, or edge, receives more light, nutrients and so’ is acve productive. vixyorics and-erea: iycrease in Hnear effects.while the area és constrainad: Low productivity Higher productivity as shige of the pond is changed to produce more “margin” of edge. Tt mey elnost double tha nunber of plants arouvd the edge, and, as fish fe mainly merginel feedéxs; so ray be able to double the nuther of fish. ocher exemples of patterning with edge incluse: « Cizele garden rathar than Linear gargeh - saves space end water 1 trellis in 2ig-2ag pattern rather thap straight {Crops planted in strips end contours, with eompenionable crop in between strips (crops ecwive more Light for photosynthesis end yield is high for beth) - Windbreak can be planted cither to deflect wind ar to funnel st inte a gap for wind powr. 1 Gardens can moke use of "heyhole” patter to maximise space and yield. cone cased care, EoGE + pRopucrwiry ) neynoce wan Lao pari) 7 waite om \W\ Se Fetes aus moby. FN tebeesive iy Ss ‘sre Te xissinoour -Pcaxeveo suaeace pee Saypwacon mies wie Ge Paster. Low PRESSURE Wek PeEssuce flow Pasteens Spacies aige possibillties are deterinad by vhother plants/aninals are canpatible, e.g. beat planted with locerne (elfelfaf will ancvesse yield, while yicde dececane if plants tith besssice, (6) Figs pattems Q wept aboriginal trsbatsong- _Q S- river £low to scour Pattern shows a map of deep ponds, to ‘esect, with odie and = “OOS Sata "and cong ace sa ‘end gong are used up a layer of silt, together to find one's ioe as way in 9 desert land~ accumulates during = the flood phase of the iver, but troos must be planted to cateh this accumulation, SECTION 4. CLASSICAL LANDSCAPE PROFILES Nit, AL Tis Huwid Landscape, 7 Hunid landscapes (tropical ox tenperate) are gantly rounded due to forces of water on substrate. This Classical prdfite decides our whole strategy in water and structural placements, forests, soils, frost, fire, and crops. Bich Foine: = Collection area for precipitation 1 Mises and noms ate InWie bald ridges may be grazed, but narrow ridges should be forestsa + Collaction of water as riage, plateau, +" gadate dane pear Slopes: + Instability of soils greater than 18* slope or less in fragile soils 1 Forests as stabilizing mechanisn 1 Forests ag aiming systere for cold air flow + Collection of water es plateau cr contour dens, as power source ical water control point for lows slope irrigation wersion drains in to heypotat I Tevigetica canals opt from keypoint to ridges + Cultivation telow Biyposnt 2, Hinks fron keypoint, to keypoint along heyline Housing soited to tis area or just below, with forest above Clean water abou, foiled water below + sed cultivetion cies, ezeps « Terzacing and snini-terxace k evlipe system of wats Esch dan nay Divers + Contour, ridge point, and plates elgs dans in oF ost Slopes; locimipes, siphons; slope pipslines, terrace Jines; hood and teil chanels, hardware, éiversion pipes, flags, sprinkiers) (construction and contouring) \ (fypes end uses; érip ixigation) 4 Salection of keypoint in major landscape plan “efi ost ish Dyan maciple dane ora cemvete «version to Jaypote fetes righ slpbon aad cblsoatee palace « Seeleet ean Eeypsine + ized pneu ox soil xn ton in keyline wire Sousa ates «Me £0UL ae the Won water etosos ston “Eco oe congtioning on scl! ~ ais . '~ tenperature TERS, vostert > PH 7 Rlnaeata = plone Bo Bo ruinerne ‘ostint of antividun Stones ee RGD EE 1. Step an eteoy slopes: mat a poh stmctues 2 SSS Sed sey. pling salves houses Wsoscck, ley ee te ie end ridge; mulch oh shelves. 3, Very steep: Classical intensive terrace. *Gonecal schenatic Of Flow-doun and kick-down systems + Fire control. on sloves Use the ideal species as slopes descond to deep coils | Mini-eatetwent *Ridge top plantings in cool and hot clinstes Flatlands sTxrigation layouts an} techniques = Mulch on fae + Salle intercoption of run-off (geoundwater build-tp), e.g. Village llamas, Davis, California. Swoles in forest, especially off-garden. Sprial cacth benk designs ani ust of earth banks. + Flatland check dans.” Earthoanks and earthworks. Je sexe e iexe (uninos Brera sy Stbcncan BEET Gun0e) sepsereany apt Inortant desert strategy is to have many Little systens going, all designed to catch end store wster. water must be stored in ground or underground. = Placanent of huran hebitaton, animal shelter, + Floodplain treatment in deserts (Navajo! end menucial flow Zuni. techniques) «Use of sunny cLIf uites = Slopes and run-off catchment 1 checkdens; floodflow irrigation: holding banks | Use of basketry and woven milch, fences seable 1 Bvaporation loss and moisture barriers « Food run-off techniques 1 shade and shadehouse [ ualeh-treps in desest 1 Special treatment of ehowrs, water, mun-off LU hone Ghuceys 00 fewest % ss ae cee Esser ne Sut oaes we me ee cust, og SUCH rooms eet We Wews Sre ccee ¢i Ca Dinter pant afte win) GN oes races aumiys 6e00 OW fe recemares, COWECTION pans Thin Sree oF WATER Runiviver AcResE TNE CouMrTRY € 1 . Minor Landscapes + volcanic; high & low islands; coasts, wetlands, estuaries 1, oxanie unas eee eee ats cee ee es et ee soft) BPRS, ES PELE SSE panes an MES sate ce tat hifi ot tame Rage pee cs cee ee es coca ee? OS aca enc eae ‘ett eesetataae ee See, emt: GE SET Sa ees 3. Lew Islands 1 cis setmit « inicin pat gremval teanies money (uh Hime Seeing puaetage =” St rey oa rics Beer tats cqcses oe meal) _ COLES sce | SEALS Sores of EE gy sean,” eee «cote —_ CEE trenninevonttion co ist «sna recites this tek ox wry ea bet Se Satins omens See retest SSEMLALDEEIGS, epcies, cg. SEMIS Ss: IN oa fencas ce Sionis secs, oa: « Ba austin Sed Se See EES ae, cn testa tn abst) - Esteblishing plants in send: sewdust and pepuc lowers pil ant baskats to hold in moisture, 1d moistose; Chinese plant in woven 5. vietlands + Chinampa system - world's mest productive agriculture, using beaks next to woter, maximises pro- evctive edge. Scarpy or marshy land ideal for this development, Syston of water-land nuttiont exchange in hamonic effect. (tenico end Thailand) Fish ave nargiral Seadene + Reolla is a fer viuich contain Jasbeana (nitogen- fining bretaria}; can bs esoope! wp and Used ae a mateh ca land «Trellis erep over voter by eral bose + Oceasionelly streans axe dceined ant nitrogen- + Marshes and wetlavis support rich yields Eich mal scooped onto banks, of wild rice (Zizmnin nguatica), festouter mussels, fish, ani honeypeodusing species (marsh marigold) res space: can be harvested 6. Eetuseiee sous senso “hleh apocies ama (eyeters, fish, soe-srs, fesse erences follesess Boal gece) Ad » Sisgeass (BaskalGh ston snoutzeion 1 ORS ER NSer lat Yona eatening Wo Me man or rearing fish, molluscs, = « Gpettinar eaten, Cotes St taunt, goon Ei noe janie SESE SDs nutclent fron sos'ea dae? ae posogenee (Further infoonation in Saction 12. Agusculture and Haricultce) CLinNTIC DIFFERENCES ‘Taree very besic divisions: Cold/Hot/Dry or ‘Tenpezote/Teopical /Desert Tomerate: soil contains nutrionts and clenants, cultivation cautiously possible; natural mich develops. Halch (hums) either ns applied en top of soil (Snall areas) of eut/grazod in cycles for lerger areas. imount of humis in soil determines "fertility". Sralier fields with deep rooted deciduous trees ensures nuteient cycling plus new notriants, but best Strategy for cropping is "no-tillage" cultivation. Tropicals Plants hold 80-908 of nutrionts, eloan cultivation in the Casopeaa male a disester. No mitch develope under forest. Dionsee se ecitieal. Dare soll loads eo develoene of oacesecaie ieee ie 3 mntres of soil (caliche), later erosion. Strotegice: nitrogenous ground coves miy be critical pre cursoz toagricuiture (Destodiue, Sasbiana, Dolichos) c.g. barley/dotichos nixtuce is ideal, es 46 under a trep crop, Pesblons moy Ue saver of winter cy periods ant water competition, Tis by we of dip irrigation, selective grazing in advanced troe esops, t-6 Large erses/acre (2e2¢ia albida, Lavceins) in crop as nutrient=xecyeling etrategy. Essential to incomposate as fash tee efep a2 possible; othizwise, ateraulture, e.g. pasdy Fico, where natricnt ie Sound to algae end md. Riso essential to replace 1ov-nuteition piance’ (lettvee) with high-nuceition trepieal places Gangkang, edible chrysanthomms, hibiscus spp. ete.) a Dosert: Nutrients plentiful, but need humus end voter for release. Must concentrate on soil cycle, plant ‘qycle, and water eyele in aria environments. Desert strategies are basically water-comectedr Grose ‘Attention must be paid to “waste water” use in mlch, flocdflow and runoff techniques, Deep-rosted trees eed mulch plus Grip irrigation in establishment. Maich can be planted dn deserts as legues, tamarisk, Of all of these, tropics and deserts most demant care and managenent. In tenperate zones trees demand increased érganic material in the soil. . secrIoN 5. SOILS A, Soil. analydis and interpretation.~ pit scale: 2010 . ce TARALL, ap eercey aco abermacn aco fh pene: toTmes ee at sieene REE ys sie un ec Canjvenye oun ae phi ar 9 Cue eng Few Puna 3 | wr . fe aati Is SEY al euraae, é freee ; Lew panne lef eienssousre oF e048 ing ow tims paver, | af ensuite son eye ALKALINE B, Greation of hums in’ soil; can be done through addition of mulch, warpost, vegetation, feed scraps, Renures, enimal skins and bones, etc etc. May take 2-4 years to build up good garden soil. Tarus solves the probleng of too acid’ and too Alkaline ©. pitficunt Soi kaline areas expacted in deserts, coasts end allaline rocks. jeid areas expected in wetlands, bogs, igh rainfall, uplands, siliceous rocks. Species suited to alkaline areas are resquites, locusts, cerobs,sore pines. Spacies suited to ocid areas are osks, pincs, bluctun ics. Bistin soil: islands—otolls and desect coasts. 16" deep a layer of calcium triphosphate, hard as concrete. Strategy: break uo the platin layer, stuff with humus, and plant tree. ‘Tree continoes to bxeak up platin and roleasa phosphate nutrients. Golishe . tuvpiced vyuivalenc Of platin. Hills. Ferrie silicate cenposition les 1-1.5 matres below soil, often in rainforest. Bast to leave forest as is. Foncwetting: diyland erees ~-vater rolls off. Caused by algae]-Fungal association wich produces wax. Strategy: can be milched (for small areas}; mixed with clay or a commzcial gel. t gley Gcainage problem. Mix with gypsun to help Seepaee (2 matres penetration); can also use gels to hold water, SSCUIGS 6, DESIGN FoR CATASTROPHE Be trategy for design is to learn climatic and landform history of arca and site. Use commonsense in 'g howses, gardens to avoid major catastrophe, and design buildings to withstand Such extemal energies, a. FURS Griteria for fire control: « Plant firebreaks of fire-resistant plant epsoies —. Use succulent ground covers, @.g. jen plant Se plant spocies with 1ittle or no litter drop | Use foraging animals to cloay or rake up 1itter 1 Besp mulated gardens (e.g. “raked” soit of chickens) + hulen pit and'svalea systons + Fevaig OF gtane or tite; dedvesays GeHtaria for plant species to assist fire contzot Siucigg Saving a high esh content (least con. Species vhich will extinguish (by carpetition) bustibie material) grovel grasses that. flach in fir + SEisigg which devetg deast dry litter as foot _« Species that axe easy to propagate by cuttings, + Stecies which bum slowly end which aro self skeiekens, ruwers, Or offsets 30 Uae caspet tag estingutshing sracies and hedges are easy to develop + Hong zosds end aroveet houses are Jowcarpating « Spocies vhich are not eumncc econ, species + Sunrer green species, even whore rootstock or fruity parts die off’ in winter + Species which are with large water starage? low fats, oils, or thrpenes Stratecies for savin: in case of fire + Gutters Cleanod of leaves; ox type of gutter that catches water, not leaves = Fine screening on wipdows (in case of sparks) {puta tennis ball into the downpipe and £111 gutters with water ~ Ho bushes againer. 7 Whuite-painted, soadeh houses best B. FLOOD, EARTH MOVES Species which ave’preferab‘y of we as farage to bees, birds and call animals ave a tank or pond at house (all vater pipes break during a fire) — Poke up all leaves 109 fect around the blouse Fire canes up hill with greatest foree so don't locate house on the ridge (have 2 fronts to fight} ~ Keep larger, burnable-troee-apelope behind house No cure once house is pited in wrong spot. Must make sure not to site on flecd-plain (even if fools occur ‘only once every 50 yeats) and don't put houses below Geferested slopes (mai-slises), . cCrctone, Humercae - Site in sheltered place, even underground Use bantos as a shelter; bends in the wind rather than broaks D, TSN + House design very ingortant: high-pitched zoof, 45* angles, cut stud into brace + Have a back-up “faxine garden” in very atered + Site mein house and garden far snough evey from tounent axea (whieh occurs as feequant ly as owory 18 yours), but can have "terorary* shack or enaller house near beach. SECHIN 7._BUILDINGS AND sraucrURES A. The tomarate to. sub-tronica) how + Orientation of axis to sen 1 Inculation and @raft-peooting 1 itigh thera} mass 1 venedietcion I Ineulated ground under hovse Sead how (ratitudes 0°20") D. the ty + Orientetion to winds 1 Sunde on wells, Valley shade, tree shade 1 Reduction of moss 1 Venting and air flow ducts [trellis and shadehouse + Underground 1 patio structure Stadehouse 1 Insulation D. Spacian houses Hovseboat Bio-sheltar (plant house) Forth houses, E. Planting around houses sunteap 1 Windbreak [wail trellis F, Fonging types end locations «Walls ~ stone and earth + Mediges ~ Live { Gonbination ditch/hodge {Ticllis types (Linear, radial, eatenary} Jatitudes 30-60") Essential eleicnte: + Heat banks {Cold banks ord sll shesing + Attached greentouse/sheahouse hater tanks ¢ Punctien ant aspect af reene (badeoate on siode side, Living ant fore: ‘: Essential elesonts: = ax ‘scoops {tanks and eésterns J Incest. seresning + Guttering and rain catelment - Trellis + Windbreaks 1 underground water tanks + Cave house Pond housing, reflective systens + Flat land, earth-bemmd house + Shafe/heat: sunmar-winter use of deciduous and evergreen plants + Roof trellis |» Electric 2 Woven 1 Raided 20 G. Integration of functions in haves . |. Mal room end processing contre (saves-nériey for individual and conmnity) 1 cComance and Light ndustry in howe (alleviates social deprivation for many ween with young childrens Saves money in patrol; good working conditions) SUCTION @. APPROPRIATE ENERGY CONSERVING THCHSVOLOGY Li (Gor faethe infonmtion, ces "Energy Poper FI" and “Energy Paper #2" by BLL NolAseon, available from the Pemroculture Institute (Australia). 1. porestic concarvation 8f davestic energy mey be achieved by a set of strategies applied sn cenbination and suited te spocifie sites and clinates, ‘Strategy sets are: | Behavioural active fine of day, best use of natural daylight, and choice of clothing for elinate. | Hass desiay: hovsa {mist be designed for climate, utilizing energy-conserving iting, use of plants, Su woe sf strvcturef ouch ao greenhouse, shodshouse, ponds, ate, . Teethollosicel: energy generation end choice of appliances, Catesories for technological strateaies are: ~ Clirete control: spake heating + Choking end cook-stobes 1 ae weter supplies + Yashing and drying clothes {Refrigeration and cooling 2 Vater conservation 2 Electricity and lighting 1h, Climate control: seace heating and cooling . Pedant heat (heats golid objects; massive stoves: use aval sticks ¢ short burning tine) « Convective heat (cast-iron stoves) 1 ceeerhouse# shadchouse I avellis; air vents ;~~slow to heat and cool: burn fuel at nigh temperatures; + Conducted hast (usually large under-floor systens using water pipes or electrical wires connected to waste heat] 2. Cosking and eosistoves + Weod-fyeled (with hof vater supply) Bottled cas, kerosent eee 1 ybox cooking (Ansulated container) . lot wotex supplies « Hose en roof - Broad-box collector 1 s3tia cotectors + Qlingrical collectors 1S soter panes 1 Trough collectors | Flat-plate collectors D, Electricity and Lighting + Photovoltaics 2 Wind power 1 mnerey-conserving Lights + lidrowlectsic par + Ges and Kerosene Lighting £, Meshing and drying clothes + Wand-operated pressure washers 1 cosn-oparated tashing mschines shared by community, + Drying: airy ond reofed (preferably fibreglass) area + Drying in Snsulated cupboard surrounding uninsulated hot water cylinder F, Refrigeration end cooling, food dzyine «Photovoltaics = Sin chirneys 1 Ges and kerosene: 2 Fans G. Mater conservation « Mater tank off roof, ideally located winish, fron house « Hand-basin voter to toilet + Compost toilets + Dual-flush toilets 2, Hydzavlie Systons Panps and vaterLifts iydraulic rans and pirips 1 Mater wheels «Mater turbines {I iydro-pneunatics (air compression) { Momessing tide or strean flow + Gasification 1 Biogas " Retabolic heat 2 Pyrolysis 1 Ghnpost heat (the Joan Pain system) = Vegetable ois a + Swimming pools Solar chimeys 5. Wind-Powered Davice , + Fan mills Wind kettles ce 1 Blade and propeller mills Savonious rotors __ FORESTS AND TREES TREES AS EXERGY TRANSOLCERS: Wind, Sun, and Raingald Hina oy 1, 408 of incoming wind is forced through the trees, friction causes heat inside the forest {no frost}. Outside trees have thicker trunks due to wind force; inner trunks ere thinner. 2. Wind beings ia dust end insects: at edge.of forest there is fallout of these, so forest at wind edge recnives more “fertilizer*, Rein runoff alco nore plentifal at windward edge (high prossure of wind keeps the moisture in). >. GOR of wind s forced up over the trees, forms and falls as Elonan spirals. Rain is caused by spirals There 45 eny moisture in the air. Trees can caus the moisture to drop because of the upward, forced spiraling of the wind.’ The spivals change direction depending on hanispere (to the left in sauthern anisphare). Light 2. Light is absorbed, tranenittes through, or zeflected by the tree, depending on trunk colour, leaf shape ed colour, and canopy (and also depending on climate). 2, Light ebsorption is mainly cn crus for phototynthasis. A high’ Light obsseption tree de aha is meinty found in los heat conditions (tenparate climates). 2. Light reflection is also en the crom (in dence plantings) or alJ. over the tee in the fom of 41 leaves. A xeflecting tree is a light "producer" and is usually in lew ight conditions. tn trecn vinase bark 35 white, heat ia reflected eiay from the trunk, 4, Teensnittad Light is red Light, etimlates root growth. 1, Impact on crow causes séne imodiate evaporation (bot in a dense planting, thare i no inpact on the” grow, and co prevents exosion under the trees). 2, Exch leat is wetted: no water falls throug! the crow unti1 all leaves are vet--troe intevoests vein. + Throsshiall--Keter begins co drip off the leaves, towards the branches and trunk. Vater new contains noctients (ust, insects, plants nutrients). © canopy rip feeds the surface rogts: trunk drip foods deeper Inder’ or tep root systens."" Rinction of tep rosts is mainly mining. Mineral® are brought up to leaves“end then weshed off ducing rain to be used by the suctace feeding roots. S, Litter udder tref impedes water absouption (3 inches of Litter holds 1 inch water). Roots are then able to adsorb what they nood before water infiltrates the ground. 6, Infiltration-—vater coats all the soil crumbs (the tree roots can also saak the water up Crom the soil exutbs). Wen ground xeaches field capacity or saturation, water then slowly parcolates to groundwater ares, ‘Teanspiration occurs ution the process ravarses fram deop grounduaters, goes back up through che txees, tnd ere Feleased into the air as clowis. G0¢ of clouss inland (after the firct rainfall ef 1008 moisccce fron the sea) ace formed by trees. . Tre dust that rises off the trees is mae up fron bite of leaves and pollen, tho sorts of bucteria that Live on tha leaves, and certain oils and voxes'that ede off the leaves. At the centre of every rainizop Anland (nucieus) is a dust particle off trees. wore Sater that coms to earth is condensation rather than rain. Ghe tree can de as much as 20-10 acres of leaf area. Moisture is condensed at night because it is relatively cooler than the ar or wind. Trees put out negative ions (which attract positive ions, usually dust and poletion) co aix around trees is healthy. Need a lot of trees in cities to comtersct the positive iene sn the air, vhich cause depression. in forest ground water runoff 4s zero (100% vegetative cover), At O08 vegetative cover: St runof; at 508 cover: 35¢ runoff; at 202 cover: ue runofE. Severe coil locs eccure as vezetative cover is removed. N, \ wos aun apr nid xh np isu Se . aT N. XN N. NN ‘ N ast Xs OS Zs SS : Reward aaa ION ‘ RRP hap awry POTS. s S ‘TvPES OF FOREST Rel : ; + Forage + Strectural + Stelter; animal barrier 1 Food| 2 Natura, . 1 conservation 2. Rel . Excantials are that least use should be made of solid fuels; barks and leaves should be retumed to tho soil or the system will degrade. * + Liguia fuels: Speciep yielding sugars for conversion to alcohol (totdy palm, carcbs, fruit treeg), or directly to fuel (copsibs). These are permanent trees. + Solid fuels: Either as cones fram nut pines, fallen wood, thinnings, or short-term forest for soil creation (Geacia, Levcaena) = Ges fuels: Coppicing for conversion of biomass via composting for methane collection. 2. Roa + Cechards, usually intercrop (fruits, nuts) Use of food trees to support vine crop 3. Fovage ; Design forage trees nto Zones IZ, IIT, IV for swall Livestock, sheep cattle. Livestock will oat leaves, fruits, nuts o€¢ meny frees (sane néed tO be fenca off oF allowed to grow large batoce iiveatoch see eee in). Teves inclute: those thet drop frult (mulberry, Coproata, boxthocs, fig, ete.); nets (aake cheese etc.); pods (Acscia, cared, honey locust); and green leaves (oangas graser anne gran, tavceesesy 4, Srelterbelt and anivel bareier . + Mindbrezk aroud house and fam site + Shelter for animals and as protection for exop (can + Select species that provide forage, shelter, " put 208 of ground into shelter without loss of prow NO god ect as a bemvier hedge (e.g. papas: ductivity) ‘ress, Coprosra) 5. Structural Range from benboo to black walnut, and short to long term cycles. Uses f + Round pole (poplar, Locust) + Industrial use to cellulose yields 1 Sain timber (ong em and old forests) 2 Graft uses (rattan, taxboo) G, Hoturel, and conescvation 's have en intzincic vorth: beavly, nesting sites £ jin ond moisture, end soll, Prevent etonion, deflect wines, binds, crostors of oxygen, clean veer expply, ring nutrients up fro the grown. ESIMGLISE-EAT OF FOREST sotespocies of ts: on outside of clam; 20. + Pionar spacies ean esteblish oscuntial conditions for forest (nizrogen-fixation, nutrient build-vp), ‘on poor soils. E Inportant to establish trees in a clum (fod by several drippoints Lf necessary) as these will euppost fone anothar. Individual plantings tend to got ignored, and are often droughted, vind-pruned, ani smothared by grass cimpatition.. fuel, ete) and design for placement (crow beaxers and flower bearers ide). Shrubs may last nly 10 years, pioneers moy last only ‘ FOREST HAKAGRGNT = Thinning + Coppice, . Selection 1 Fire © 1 stendaras Nutrients SECTION 10. HATER TH LaNoscare Woter as a rare mineral; it is the world's most critical resource. Fresh water is only 36 of all water (fhe xest is in the cons). OF the frosh water: Ice shaats and glaciers: 75t YAvailable ground water ¢ 118 . (less than 2500" dep) * Deep groundwater ¢ aquifers + 14 ss (2500" to 12,500") * Lakes & ponds, surface + 0.3% * Soil moisture, forests : 0.068 Rivers £0,038 * Mose are storages we can influsnce locally (as below) Atmosphere + 0.035% ~ The Sioa ic to use water as many tines as pausible before St passes through the system. Duty al: To procreate Life (in growing organians) Duty 2: To develop productive water systens (aquaculture). Yield of syston imiveses as Life increases. Duty 12: To develop hycoulic uses for enecgy production (puting water, generating electricity and mechanical take-off}. as tn particular ve cant |, Increase surface stoleges 1 Reduce runoff « Deczease evaporation ‘The essential lechniques axes |. s081 storage (rehabilitation of comprassed —«.-Hilch (prevention of evageretion) and/or sealed soils) {Stall surface etozages (Gans and tanks) . Seales (soakage to high groundvater) Ah. Soil storage: vehablLitation of compressed coils mainly by Keyline methods, including chisel ploughing, for inoreasea soln dezatiot. b, salacw-lewei-groow's to hold voter marentarily to keep it from running sway rapidly downhill. vater Saale AS tia ground, and eventually ground slowly charges up with water. Trees planted either side Foe i VEniaye Hares, Davis, California exanple of diverting all surface waters into the sales Yeith Ig" rainfall )--recharged groundwater supplies to 17 feet in 4 years. c. mulching: dnitation of forest floor--reduces evaporation, prevents erosion, and builds up soil. Easier falching dn await eresc, but can algo use “mulch trees” such as Levcaena, Casuarina, pines. b. gall surface storages: tanks at houses for Ereshwater supplies; stall ponds in gardens, nurseries (tor frogs), stock ponds, steep hillside pathends. ons “Types (seS4le, valley, contour, open storage). Diversion and distribution 1 Flscerents eee Zs SS eyafocanen, bveporation stxctesy: Make 3 enabler dans (insteed of one big dan), ane chove the other. Re ee ey new), dt cote com, than punp into dan 2 and use fran thare, ‘hen do the cane for di ‘This curs the eveporation rete. 12. Float Light concrete on tep of dan (ise polystyrene pellets instead of gravel) end point Maite (ynich reflects tho sun. 3. Pour olive il or wax (cety) alcohol) cn enter to £412 the spaces in between the blacks Large roofed tenk: used in Australian deserts coun eaeese® SEF = ‘ey to catch and hold the water 2s-hich as possible. Dut runoff occurs fram sented surfanes (e.g. ronis fed cin root). Yeorens recommends Gans should take up 15t of land area. Cater for this water by swoling Gnd feyline ripping, then planting along swele or rip. IRRIGATIGH SYSTES | Drip or trickle, ceporially in dryland eitussions . SarinkKlers (not efficient, build ep salt in soil) 1 Flood incigetion (surfece and sub-surface) Unger canopy components of ixeiestion system Voter source: dens, bores, soaks, munoff, swales, pipelines, creeks, tanks, lake | Energy source: water at had, pressure with pump’ (electric, fuel, wind, hand or animal) 1 Distribution network: net and pan, pipes, channels, buckets Leiter: dripline, sprinkler, bucket Ineiggtion mules (Acid regions) | Trrigate under mulch (reduces salt problens and increases irrigation efficiency Lerigste at dusk or night if possible (put on a timer) 1 Give Jong watering every 3-5 days rather than a Little bit every day (increases leaching offoct, parti~ calacly for salt; and taka water dom--the tree's roots are bigger in the coal soil: desert strstecy| « Allow for leaching ‘0088 soil: desert: strateny) 4 WASTE WATER Clearing polluted vater (source: Max Plancke Intitute, "Contributions to Rovitalication of Waters™ by Seidel, Happel, Grave; fmm Valdwirkel 70, D 4150 Reofeld-Hulsarborg, W. Gezmany ) Water mey contain acids, heavy matals, chlorinated hytrecartons, radio-actives, E. coli, nitrates, salts, silt and soap which render it unfit for hunan consumption. ‘The following systin is reccmended for clearing polluted voter: { a var WROus CEOS ef FLIWTE USED AF CLENIETS OF Te Oe as Fuso wine feuwriod, eg. Semmes Yainus, Faenemies, ore sees, Sue nyhciSnn, Ganuey avert Use of vaste water Dischazgad to non-food forosts or nut crop, essantial oils, and banboos. Groy.ster: pipe to malched gardens or by root~Jevel deains below paths. in glesshouse for hiat production, or methane producticn. GuTIvirED BooLoGy Ai HOME GARDENS Zeng 1 needs vary careful design. particularly focusing on sccoss anf schdules. Starting from kitchen i) acini aca agen’ Ale comdinn Gamer teas costly dasneis naar eit Sia Soa cogs Sal ct ‘Typ Aston ee Lins tena; Must be clote to the houss as dt ie often ted) can stay ripe on the tree 3 tans. thyme, mers 2; Mie Elinoing bats for evel! salads: chives, parsley, mustard greens, com salad, 920 z pothside piuctiny vegstables: on: tables for salads 4 cooking Ut can Souwes polled for moths of yield, e.g. silver beet (sviss chard), Brussels sprovts, Gelary, Vale, ¢311, un (bel pezret), Vancling onions, broccoli, FIG. 3 KMRROU BD FoR CID GLENS. as 5, Karrgy bed plants: Must be able to move easily around the bed for easy harvest. Vegetables include asparagus, peas, beans, carrots, eggplant, lettuce, tomatoes. 6. Broed beds: here are planted the basic brassicas, lettuce, Foot Crops that are close-spaced, self-milchad, and ace block-planted to ba ext ever a périod, e.g. beste, tunipe, leeks, Kohl rebi, onions, melons, parssipe, cabbaje, couli low, Chirese cabbage, ‘pumpkin, globe artichola, potate, Punolarstyle S Buch eS Zape- 8, . Wine and trellis crop, e.g. cucumber, pumpicin, passionfruit, Sicete, peas end beans Laying dom the garden Deproach 1: The instant garden 2} feriide sore menure, nutrients on ground (or grass) to encourage worms to core up; water wll. 2} Gay dom thick wet newspaper, cardboard, carpet underfelt, or carpet (not With plastic backing). §) Cover with thick layer of mulch (straw, ‘old eanpost, any seedless mulch)” Vater well. 4) foc erensplanting potted plants, uncovar mulch, cut through cardboard, and fill area with a couple of handfuls of soil; transplant and water well. ) Re intee seeds broad beans, sunflowers, peas, ete.) sinply plant under the mulch end water every day. £) Grail seeds: prepare area of soil, plant, water, and lay board over the area. Renove board and eves asily. : . 9) Potatoes: simply plant undar the mulch, Aeproach 2: Rows, pipes, and mulch (for large area nazket garden) 2) Hake level beds b) Lay 374” pipe dom the bed, and drill. holes every < fect; wrap stocking around hole ¢) Mulch entire area, even the footpaths Zone 1 intensive animals: ees + Pigeons + Quail (can be in glasshouse to control insects) 1 Guines pige 1 Rabbits, 1 bees, | Morne ZONE TL. ORGINROS AND SHALL LIVESTOCK Orchard system + Food twees mixed in with non-food trees to confuse peste and encourage pest predators. + Witrogea-fixcing trees should also be included, e.g. leuesena, seaciay Conbined poultzy-ground caver planting for mafuriel resources * Ground mulch plant species + terrier pleats around trees to compete with grasses. + Fike end wind protection needed (select appcopriate species). ‘Stell Livestock for Zone If + Boos + Poultry: = Ducks = Goose = Pigs Bees + Cazefel plecenent to avoid stings, windblast — . Pollen and early honey (willow, rosematy, chive) + Mid-seasen honey (Budleia, brambles) + Late flows (leatherwood, forest trees) Pouttey. + Placerent of poultry house and xange for best + Geeens (confrey, cxalis, chicory, cleavers) adventage (ranures, scratching for insects) 2 Vines (pessionfeust ) Seed species ¢ Poits (all freits) Pod and ecom species (lucerne, Copsosma, Lycium, | “madicines" (cxalis, Cleavers, dandelion) sk, locust, carch) P Geit /sana/shel Cover from prodatozs (thom ond shelter) water + Ghoice of bread for situation (Lignt breads, + Chicken "tractor* in fatlow gazdens or fields to. heavy breeds, cologr, behaviour differences) Fomove pests, scratch out ecads, deposit manure, help in fixe'control (msking bare ground) Pigs + Forage: sunroot (J. artichoke), canfrey, lucerne Kitchen end market scraps ¢ cak/acorns OE TIT, BYTEASIVE FREE RANGE, HILOLIFE, BRONDSCALE SYSTEMS Broodscsle systens, forsee systens Fuusks ‘po-tillege’ system of soquential rotation; sustainable and soil building, + Sood to research and experiment with local exop témetables Use of Jeguninous trees (Acacia, Laycsena) as pioncor species to inprove soils for later orchard plantings . (Acacia, Lavcaena) Scif-forage for cimep, cattle Water systens development (large smpoundnents) Wandbreak systone Fences and gates a feeding cyte of beefs + Ranual grasses: + Perennial grasses + Sugar pods (sumer) 1 Carbonydeates (winter) | Minter twigs and bark arovsing eninals Like Coprosna, tagaseste, panpes grass, banna grass (Pennesetum purpureum), leucaena, Semeray, willows, poplars, honey locust and card pods. * on intensive tree forage systens, stocking rate can be up to MM aniiils per ecce, rather than 1 per 20 ecres. Macen out fer cowpection, especially on lov country in winter. Geats ent peacocks are a "no-no" on fare; if mast have goats, use fos rugosa, roses, blackberries, and bonthomn; also tagasaste. Inportant book, “Fertility Pastures and Cover Crops” by Newnan Turner, available from Bargyla and Gylver Hakeavers Peuna Valley, Calizomia 92061. Discusses herbal pastures, ‘particularly for Gairy con. Riso “Hatbal Handbooe for Fam and S:able" by J. de Barclay-Lavy, polished by Faber & Fabor, London. PANCELAND LONAGEENT Well-nonaged rangeland is very productive, contains wildlife, foddar trees, windbreaks and sheltexbelts, hortal postuces, rotated pastures, fenced’ appropriately. Hast not be overstocked. URSIN PERMACULTURE (Voce ingometion en urban strategies for land access in yzeening sections on the “invisible structures of settienants*) = Take over the lems in urban back: and front yants fox fruit tree and vagetable production, « Use diarf varieties of fruit trees, or aspallier prune against fences |. But glasshouse onto sun side of house for vegetables; quail can also be kept thare = Sr) eninals can ba hopt if local ordinances eliow it (poultry, quail, guinse pigs, bees, rabbits) = Taduce lead levels by screen planting of non edibles near roads «Plant in enall areas: window-benies, parches, near door outside, onto roof (4f Flot) + Organise with Like-minded people to plant in a Aocal community gazden RADRIY (Spaces vich bacere troublesene by occupying large areas, or occuring in great number). Plante: zoasons for remancy a to daragid or vacant niches in envixenment + Often species which are efficient & drought-resistant = To gzoaing: Jantuns, Matterson's curse, thistle 1 fo Fire: Brochtht:tés, firevesd, bracken [To chanical changse 21 coils codges, sour~ gHesses. + To exhaustion of soil: bracken, moss, picnner "8 such as blaciberry, thistle Ling with rewantsoacies with assisted evolution Jc succession plats, e.g. groundssl—vattle--gun. Hlelp succession by slashing/ferts1saing/o Of suitable spicies/ opreading seeds = ee + Interplant fruit tees and cattle grazing (extensive); gost /pig grazing (Local); carpet miich on smo22 eees (garden), e.g. blackborry/oranble Stesh end interplant, ¢.9. Jentana, especially slude species (pigeon pea, plantain, mango) and vines (choyote, passionfruit): pea. pI 901 Rampent species protect and mulch soils, provide bee forage, amd protect subsaquent evolutions /succassions TNE ARCTIONS OF ANDALS IN THE SySTEN = Ace the nobille elerents of the fovest = Ace nutrient sources. ¢.6. bat. poultry. bi « As pollinators, may ure specialized for species guano i ena (toes, sasps, butterflies, mothe, flies) fre soit aerators, e.g. wos, dung booties + Ace seed distributors (ducks: algae and sodges; emu: hard seeds; cattle, scads of cugary pods; dogs and foxes: loquat, grape, lychee; jays: oaks) ‘ Azo Fogulators:, Of foreste (wader spocies in evolution of forests) Of ether aninais (predation to regulate population} 18 PRACTICAL ESTAMLISISENT PROBLEYS. . (wesses in establishment often greatest cost to client. Design to minimise) « Water ‘(critical factor) neads first priority + Species choice, especially sn grassland competition, 1 Wind shelter may be critical sn the case of e.g. tagasaste, pines, oaks mare successful than citrus, avocado, etc. cultivated fruits + Nutrients, e.g. phosphates for young pines; + Protection needed from browsers (thom, fence, Joguninous trees recomended stone, electric barriers) + Soils: better to rehabilitate and lose a yoar than to persist in poor eoils. SECTION 12. AQUACULTURE AND MARICULTURE {Se also ‘Useful Plants of Wetlands" by BILL Hollison, available frem Pemeculture Consultency, Australia} AQUACULTURE, + Select species (plant and animals) for pond size + Set up seli-torage systens for fish Pond Sizes 7 Moptcponds in gartans: use for treading frogs, water chestnut, watercress, taro, Kenghong (water convolvulus). + 300 + sq.matre ponds: fish, prawns, meron (need fence), eals, bait fish, Tlepia, freslwater macsere (rust Eesearch habits of all--son vill eat others if pot in sare pond) . Plante; various from edge (blueberry) to reeds (water chestnut), erargent (wild e Fice), marginal (Glyceria), overhanging (milberry, willow) Self-fore0s systens + Insactory plants at pond edges atcract insects (many fall into the water) > Hint heavily acound edges to attract nesting and feading birds——these dapooit manaces ento the water, which supply detritus feeders. Ducks and fish are an excellent high-yielaing corbination on ponds: + Rreliis crop and overhanging trees inpoctent, e.g. silkworm on milbarty trees provide mance, thts oom bodies, anf bits of leaf for £ieh below. + Provide insect treps over watar fu: Cisii-feating, e.g. a yellow balicon over sater vill attract gcasshoopers: e baited fly-trap will’ provide hundreds of flies; a black-light with a fan will fan ingests dotorcee weter, etc. PaRICULTURE Mangroves end estuarie + Vengrove spp. : mulch effect will. eupply = Mangroves hold sand and start off the food chain detritus’ feeders + Estuarine ponds: controlled for oysters, millet, + Plants: Sntertidal and sub-surface useful flatéish, plants are Zostera, Spartina) + Natural food trap systens (as above and use of sea orgensens) Tidal arose f fish traps + Rack and substrate cultures (mussels, oyster, ales, Fig nets for fish; rope for sponges, octopus} mussels; plants and nost sites, + Reof cultures: tyres for fish; pipes for crayfish: + Phosphates: sea platforms, roosts, nests. pots (octopus) Fish convert algee end weeds into usable protein at high lovals of efficiency cenpared with memals. Molluscs, especially Unio fix avtcients in mud for land cycle, dry exop cycle, ana estroct colelun SECTION 13. WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING Mater and plants 2s cleansers of system pollution + Fix excass nutrients: watercress, rushes (e.g. Scirpus validus), water hyacinth + Aigoe, e.g, Soinvlina: desalinates; cleanses; roroves Fadioactives; builds protein fron nitrates and pittites; hes @ high ITU value: is 60% digestible protein; and hos low cellulose Uses of voste waters Sewage lagoons: aeration, weeds, and vaterfowl--then goes to fish and finally discharged to non-food forests, nut crop, essential oil exep, banboos. See also page 14 of this manual for more inforvation. wv SECTION 14, WILDLIFE MANAGHENT AND BIOLOGICAL PEST WILDLIFE WrAGoENT Encouragement + Species to encourage: insectiverous birds, ground birds. Provide sheltor: hedgerow, eacopenent into Forager extension of Zone 11 hardy forage eystems and sans, rockpiles, logs ana‘ 1itter, rough places picnoar sgecies, especially tagassste, cas, pines, Giosings sttip néwing for stability, male Joouses (heney ane Black) seed crop. Fecranent umm etcips needed + Provide water + Corridor into Zone I + Dire «Trap and cull systons for targeted navious species + Provide no escaparent, shelter, food, ox Increase bias toverde chosen species water PEST CONTRCL Integrated post management + Use of animals in past control, e.g. frogs (pear slog, catexpillars| ducks (snails and sons slugs); "litards (slugs and caterpillars); mosquitoes); predatory wasps (snaler insects, ogg parasition of logs). 7 . + Mixed pleating in orchards« gardens to encourage prodator species, i.e. birds, Souvd mansgerent and husbandry practiced to discourage so{l and leaf pasts. = Use of plant-derived ins: guinea foe (grasshoppers and ineects); Acagonflies & dragoafly larvae (£lies, sone species); bantam chickens (eutwome, wasps, baneficial insects. ect Spray’, ¢.g. pyrethmm, extract fran the neom tres (Azodixechta indica), Use plent competition to control land and aquitic weds + Pelease of biological fungus and tacteria to control past populations, e. Use of insect traps and behaviours! chemicals » Mstificiel feeding an attroctants to induce predator species to orchard or garden site. + Hechenical menggament and barriers: handaicking off insects and snails: sticky goo erowd trunks of Zeuit seplings to Giscourage Clising imocte; dictersceous earth around ganten beds to Aiscourase stege salty Backtius thuringichsis S208 coving py Cobsction end exchange (Hent Sood companies (buy fran saull, non-hyarieized paly systen) stock) + Fezennigiizing ennuole ~ how to sedvee tw mod. Seed egislatfon (P.V.R, in U.S.; U:P.OM, in Burcpe) Mead for specialized, parmsculture nurseries for unusual plants, ¢.9. bathoo, palm, cacti; and for forege species, e.g. paras grass, tegaoaate, PART I; TE VISIBLE STTUCTURES OF sertmens 4% 1. RECYCLING IN TE CosanutTy Enyce ceaeti7 (Tor further infomation, seo “Blucugional urganisation™ oer endeors, by B. Yollison, and “Me Fiscal Economy of a Village Conmunity” by B. MoLLisen and Rony Slay, avaflable fred Permaculture Institute, Australia. - A worthuhile goal of any comunity is to keep the money saved and earned in the comunity cycling within itself, ‘the only vay to do this is to Setablish financial and cisrcnic systens in the comunity, such as a ‘credit union, revolving loan fund, o focal currency. Community econanics falls into 2 brosd categories: = The Snfomal econemy, e.g. barter {he formal econcny, subject £0. ecountiing procedures IME INFORAL Boosey Fork groups cooperating to accomplish projects Community barter clubs operating on a systen of “debits ane eradits” for the exchange of goods and services, + Purely volunteer Jabour to the group or community. + Infooral bartering within the comunity B, THE FORME Eo + Consurer~protucer cooperatives + Conmnity savings and loans Bioregional currency systens + Earthbank + Leasing systene Asacaling, gulls, SBrity gr 1. Producer-consurer enooaratives + A ccoperative is a grou of people acting together for the benefit of manbars; principles are: + Open menbarship + Strictly Limited intexest on share capital = EAusat ion 1 Cooperation + Surplus/savings belongs to the meabers + Danpcratic organisation + producer-consuner cooperative both buy from, and sells to, the comunity. Money is circulated within, 2. Commmnity savings and loans Revolving Jean funds provide cepitel to community-based grovps as well as techica assistance; they also develep networks of lenders and borrowers. Sore evamplest S.H.A.R-E. PROGRAM (Self-Help Association for’ a! Régional Econemy, Great Bacrington, Hassachusétts) Ton-profit ersenisaticn formed to encouraga onsli businesses that are producing necessary goods and services for the comunity. Hotks in conjunction with local bank. tsnbers open a SURE account (ot Latersoe)y dons are 106 interest. Borrow must show that proposed business will be a success bys (1) refeserces Of past expurience & character, and (2) getting stgport Exon the comunity. CELT, PROGRM (Comunity Enterprise Loans Trust) New Zealand) Charitable trust which pranctes and supports cooparatives: provides advice, nuns tzeining sessions, and ects as a savings and Josns organisation. Tha borrowing criteria is (1) mst be a cooperative group, ond (2) fhe céoperative must be willing to work closaly and regularly with GLP during the lasn so'thee ie has the greatest chancs to succeed repr unto Ceodit unions must have a unifying comen bond that Links the nanbership together. They have 8 purposeful honeprofit structure and are onned by the depositors who are shareholders ard are orgergces foe te bectit of ‘the manbars, providing both the nomal banking secvices as vell as financial comocling ard guitare for menbars, Grodit unions are harder to start. ent mst comply with governmental regulations by having a camon bord (cceupational, associational, and community) and by doronstrating tho nesd for atectiny anew ceodit orion, and the support to sustain on. 2 2. Local qurrencios pixealy thare aro mony “corencies* in the form of vouchars, coupons, and tickets, These can be tradod Toc gosds end services, On a comunity level, those voschacs ox currency ean be bared en a real ascot EF dle ecnmnity, 0-6. vool, clean water; cammnity services council could peint, back up, and handle She currency, which ean be exchanged for most goods snd rervices in tho arca,, ‘Tha’ community ean then Sart comunity projecte/with the neney. Dussneceee starting up can “pre-seil” their sezvives in order fo got start-up capital. ‘the Earthbenk Society in Australie and ParthDenk Association in U.S.A. -exist to gather data on current iterative econcait and financial strategies, and to assist in setting up ethical financial systers in the region. Local earthbank societies must be started in every bio-region, For Lists of zevolving loans funds, ethical investnent banks and associations, and oumples of camunity self-help systens, subscribe to Permaculture Jourhel, Australia (for Barthbank News) and Earthsank Nows, U.S.A. (addresses in Resources section). 4, Leasing systens Any comunity, Group, or individual cen mun a leasing se-vica for others. A group may get together to porehasa en iton (1.€. vehicle, photocopier, mulch chipeer) for lease to the general cenmunity (4e. by tre kiloreter, piece, or hour). ‘The charge applied must pay for purchase, maintenance and replacenent costs (within 2 period of 2-5 jears, depending on the item purchsend) LAND MOCESS NID URBAN SySTEMS . Oxfen (land-lease) system 1 city ferme. 1 City es germ; and gleaning [rand trusts and trasteaship - Fam and garden clubs 2 Farn-Link system 2 conmomsoeks| + Gefen Qerd-leese) system 1B regional office is nected to Link landlnee people in the eity sith these (usually pencionase) vho novo 2 lazg? lot or beck-yerd that needs tending. fagional office prepares e standerd lease spocifying rental (Lf eny), goals exchenge, length and type of lease, and occeas. Office should rake a oral servica charg: for this ard meny other urban services (the Eunction of a bicregional office is to serve the community) / - City Fars Vary popular in the U.K.cvAssociations Jesse ox axe given land, aid @ nr Oy this land, the following activities are promoted: « Danongtration garens/aLlottment gardens Damestic arinais kept; used as comonstration gement group is éppointed. ‘Tool rental and access + Gleaning oparations (cee below) ‘and breeding stock {Plant nursery’ + Peeling Gintre for egsiment, building Soed, book, plant, & general retail sales materials { Seunars, denonstiation, training prescemes, « Ponly/eormnity matings and picnics ‘educational outreach 6 + Sity as Fam; Gleaning Surplus city product is collected, sorted, packaged (if necessary), and reteiled. Example is of mn in Meljoume who makes a living collecting ami selling chestnuts €fan backyards. wanes Gleaning cnerations ven teke place in country ereas near the city for distribution to comunity groups, the poor, the public, etc. Mother strategy is to provide a service (nosing, past control, ranuring, fire conteol) by ranging sheep, duck, ox geese flocks in city backyards or lots. «Fam Linke tgpcopciate to high-rise or rental fenities in an urban area, 15-20 fanilies Link co one farm in the nearby country. thus providing a famer with incare and thewelves with fresh, inexpensive fruits end vegetables, wheat and meats (Gepenting on the arrangerents mode with the Earner). The fenilies should meet quarterly (or have a reprasontative do co) with the famer to make seasonal choices. As the “Link” grows, the system can also accomodate: Holidays on the farm 1 city (fanily) help on the farm at busy periods + Educational workshops. - Fama and Ganten Clube ‘These suit fantlics with some capital to invest as shares, with annual marbarship dues. A fam is pur chased by the club or association, and a manager (if necessary) is appointed. Depending on the ains Of the association, farm con be wad for a variety of purposes: ieod geovins lay re woodict: and forest establishrant, fishing, etc. i= Pa nein! e @ + Somonivorks A farm beld by a land trust near the city arranges a caries of special leases for a variety of purposes and businesses (forestry, Tivestock, teaching, crafts, dairy, brickworks, and other cowlex enterprises). Sare of these are land (area) leasas; others activity leases, 10¢ net profit is returned to the Conmenwork Fund for land to be developed for further Leases. One auch fam in Kent, U.K. darenstrates the best model of such farm use at the highest level (seni $2 for information fzem: Cammonwark, Bore Place, ehuadingstone, Bloneclager Font 12 7A, U.K) « esstecships and land trusts 1 order to acquire Jand (without purchasing £t) for camanity or public purposes, must 2st up @ public Gieritetie or m-profit trust (nore infomation follow in ekner tectlon)s “Gnee’ the taut Se foes S255 dn a position to olvertise for, ani roselve, gifts of land an finde, emt roms - Discretionary trusts + Guaciceble trusts 1 Subscription eniste (investment trust) + Disexetsonsry ‘ust + Conducts affairs as any nomal business; only. ditference is that St does not keep any profit but Father distributes 1t to beneficiaries,” ne Canpany does not psy tow af 1 distributes des ince, Sut the beneficiaries ere isble tar parson tax, “Drust has & tout dood (etatarent of pecpose)y Soacd of Dizectors, Secretary, enfiuel general naoting, and ean ov business nance, (In the ence Of Valistess Treding ‘Trust, for esompie, 0 emne the business hance “Peareenlture Consulteny™ aod “Tagari Diblicatiere*—-nse tales tac échensris Sracing) Profit, Eavedtion, Charstsble trusts ~ Set wo for the public goxd, ney accept gists and donetions (of lands ena goods) fren the public and thor trvste (ovg, the discxeticnary tnt desaribes above). discats tim wenay tonnes Ses states Sine (a5 daoccibed in ite trust decis), Also has a Board of Directors ond musk follow the legey ules. Ie is dmre fron tevation, and noy apply elso for tax-deluctible status (Har pecsle, gifting goois end peosanty)s FREE 7 rr (onin cory aalre wag lace land fi eubes may. act gs directors of he BAST Hiradlee cnpanios Yar te ! 1 I ! J Tense, 7 oO omen) 6S ! tet ia) Teernene re Tere Teste. Fene Fy ied ee oe fe Fer temed to nest « Invostmant Trust . Groups gat together to advertise for investment funds (or even donations) fran the public in onder to invest in ethical propositions, particularly purchase and renovation of degraded land, village Geveloprents, bioregional development, and purchase Of forasted areas. The enphasis would be on rohabil{tation--both secial and envixcorental. VILLAGE DEVELOMENT (For further information, see "Outline for Permaculture Village Development” by B. fron Perraculture Institute, Australia) Forming the managenent group Location of site or formation of group Rezanging site option or purchase teme reports) Gbtaining agreenmnt from loca shize (may require extnesive planning and environmental, + Do careful sims (for roading, purchase, sewoge, water, eletricity sugply, etc.) + Prepaie a detailed and careful site plan & proposal { for the vidlege + Sell to clients by advartisanent (1 group not formed previously) « Gbtain sealed pemission for subdivisen, cluster title, strate title from local authority Villags Infrastructure = Private housing 1 School, seminar, and workshop roane, erate, /comansty area + Food procassing centre, cafe, com rercial or surples cale (opeeir, Sunday market) 1 Durastic Livestock housing (chickens, + pigs, sheep) + Como areas for recreation, woodlot, Dullding materials (poles) » Govastie and comercial exop axeas I vatar storages and ruserves 1 WILGLZe and forested conservation = Village revolving loans fund sel Enterprises ¢ Occupations = Feed provision 7 provision 1 Wonicle' ant tools 1 Financial 1 taeieat S Bsilaing 1 Sexvices (eccounting, typing, computer + fispais Dcrte iste (zorait) bes vi. Davis, Californie Stores all eurplus stormwater inte swalas for grouveter recharge + 1OL buildings face the sun end con~ tein solar devices - Skeeote mastov with fev pasking sprees (but enough) fo eve dour on heat build-up from streets . Hony bicycle paths throughout the ‘community, Camon spoces for recreation; lots sroller than usual Privacy on strect-side (ususlly fenced) ‘sith shared “public” beckyards, vsvally containing gardens and fruit trees. + Canon foa-growing nreas, particular- ly crepes, fruit trees, jujubes, = 102 of hotses aliccated for low-ine: en on-site tortilla business). 2 How CE, = Cosparatives + Strategies applicable to small businesses ge, Sep, SaSeT OF CAPTAL Bau var Ae> AVTWOYT A Vid boie. “e-an o to bsp nach snaps 2m le wehty tesieioy el vit depten at bo mtectocion coated Heme ee cod, ¢ ovbside. inuctwerd, ard to relun nomurcns to inoke ond Snibcepaca aaees conswuotion # reduced dfechenae, Beving cle, aide ts REED a cptage woke tty et Busiyy.ty feoolagiad eleries Ewcornaton . eat aa te, te pale mite vedwon, via the vilyetonk i condvolel by one families (who apparently do mst of the planting and even have + What makes a small business successful Mollison, available @ () m + Sooperatives Cooperatives are fomed to help in comunity revitalization and vorker productivity and contentment. Decentralised, wocker-ovned, end (usually) socially-conseious, co-ops abe a useful alvesmrive to singles gwership businesses. Tenous exaple {= of tho Mondragon Cooperatives in the Basque segion of Spain where 108 of profits are retumed to the cowmnity for public services; a ccopurativolgnrn teat oe sees businesses and gots them started; and there axe no redumlancies workers aie fe tramed oes so jobs found in other Expanding cooperative endeevours. Small fusiness stratagias (ineloting for conveys) + Eiesgles and plodees: Can start a busioass off. Dosis axe often “pre-sala” sa order to poy for printing Gosts. " Ghe Gxovpio Of a restuarant (Zoo-oos) printing foo vouchers redcenable up to ayear (aiseume on a meal) to buy out the original omer. Individuals contenplating a eral busines show ese see people in the community whether they would buy his/her souls or services. : ative catsloque; Individuals and businesses can get together to put out a catalogue of all SHEE gone Sa tee. le tas Sean Gene eS “the Catalogue of Wonderful Things" (crafts) with each product and address given individually. Con aiso try the idea ef © cocrecatne cinel* ‘and the filling of ordars through a co-op business set up fer such a purpose + Younss should receive losns from a local S.H.A.RE, ot C.E.L.T. group; thaze ace even goverrment agencies HSE hake low-interest loans to cooperatives (which mist dononstrate viability). + The Successful Smal) Business ‘Start mall; learn how to muy a business + Belief sn a sot of values for tie company, often + Start a business in an area in which you ace re-stated interested (not which you think will make §) = Respect and encouragenent of co-coners oc staff > Gain @ goed reputation for service and durability | use'a sinple oreanisational curiae, Sith + Aetion: once decision 3s mole, effort is nade “manoguront™ in close contact with staff & custarers quickly to adopt it = boois ahosd HO PERMACULTURE Thane OPERATE What exe Graduates of a pemaculture design course exe designated as “traines perneculture designers" and mst complete at least 2 years work in eny pernaculture fiela~ (ae dasigneted below), Evideese of tax mast gecorpeny written submission, uiely an eeconpanying letter eigred by (2) yous niviny semeceate design course teacher(s); (2) a permaculture designer who has received a Dipiena fram the Fe imetitate(s): or (3) a reputable, independent person Inown by both the designer and the Institute, + A Diploma of Permaculture Design shall be issued in the following fields (check Pecmoculture Joumal 419, page 13 for fuller description): + Site design - Syston establishnant and inplementation { Nedia and conmunications 2 Manufacturing 1 Site develosnent 2 Conrunity development 1 Education Finance + Aeministration + Research 1 mevsteeship + Diplones are issued ty the continental Permaculture Institutes (see xeferences). Higher degrees may be obteined: contact Bill Hollison at Permaculture Institute, Australia, All design course gealustes should maintain 2 subscription to the Permaculture Journal to keep abreast of ners end changes, Report~riting eng client necds 1, Clear addresses: client hone and business addreszes, your ou addzess, client's property location 2, Client needs and resources: Aifestyle; future cevelopment; muber of people and form of involvement; expenditure; other resources, chills, interests. 3. General property description: size, titles, sub-divisions; aspects, orientations, slopes; present vege= tation, sofls. Vater, access; argos defined (planning units) "Attached mops, aerial photographs if, necessary (caution: do not ever-do general. prozerty description as client generally alzeady knows st). 4) Retail of araass ug. dens 1: house and yaid duuign, dntensive cuiture; Zone 2: cultivation, animal: Zone 3: forest; Zone 4; shaded slopes, water, ete. 5. General thenes affecting the site, e.g. fice, marketing possibilities, mocquite control, aguculture, and 50 on. 6. Include useful referonces: resources people, other clients, books & publications, government assistance, financial help, organisations. 7. Documentation, e.g. plant Lists, details of retrofits, Jayeute of areas (designer may need LLlustration assistance). camoy ERnoss ution of cont Foovladge of alt faces | cenaalie ing 69, “nattatte parte "obser + Poor pattern:ng EEE boc statches + Reetptteting Depersonalized aperonch + Priorities not stressed 1 Recamendation of difficult technologies, 1 Resommending Stiseei oe cibte-to-got » SSS ae Sa nae oom sro For methodologies of design, see page 2 of this handbook. creating Mork . ; ~ Find a niche and £112 set + Start a pemeculture association or consultancy 1 Stare'to teech and dosin, even ££ its tree at dn your area (eonbine it vith earthbenk oF Eizet--paid wozk will eventually core Dioregional services) Research ond asconblo data for other designers + Offer services an help set vp camunsty sociat 1 cooperate with co-designars to farm tee services, e.g. city farms, food co-ops, teaching - ‘ and demonstration areac for parmcculture, ete, = + U2 day of essesorent; class to intleate future vork end ideas, volunteer for responeibilities, ote. + Complete cuxriculun vitaes for tha continental porneculeuse inctitutes, ~ Nore end have addzess (please notify if address changes) — Phone numbers ~ Qulifications (Education) = dob exparience = Skits = Interests = AEGiAiatione = Rility to travel = bility to lecture P.O. Box 367. Mervtorough, Victoria 3665, A mist for alt penmaculture design course 2 STINE nor, infomation, informative artislos, and the world-wide penmculture disrctoy, $13 ye/australias $15/yr oversees, Bhitor: Tarry thita (Also eonteins EARN@RE tenet goad Remmaculture Seed Yearbook (T1PSY), 7.0. Box 202, Ozenge, essachusetts 01230; U.S.A. plication on mony espects of permacultuce, incluting bioregionalien; encapasses ueven spe cola-vesthes paimaculture, useful plants and techniques,” 1963 @ 1909 Titeis ef sd Ue he ee 3989 TIPSY; $10 U.S. /$12.50 overseas. "EAitors: Dan Hemmay and Thales enue goulsure Oesien Cowes Pencilet Series, Yanhea Permeculeure, P.O. Dox 202, Orange, tassachusetts, (05230, I9Bl edited transcript of BI Follisors rc design coures. cite for Complete list and prices. GemMewlture Tepes. Tecespeak Studios. P.O. vox 10, Mannyp, Mast Australia 6275, Recomted at 1663 PC corte course (ssuaht by BLU Hollison). Kie of 28° so-ninute tapes wath sugperting inlcs aod daaccone avallable for $300, Semple Tepe 1 avaiable separately for $12." Editors wit heere FRESE aS iar g Mewsletter, Brian Davey, Helenvele via Cooktoun, Quacnstand 4871. Monthly Sedy ie diveleel ie pomngetsrvthings that don't got into the PC Joumei-a chance to know uhut vero baly is Anvolved in. B, Davey also collects concultant's site Gesiee 3, Guy Baldwin, P.O. Box 101, Davis, California 95617, U.S.A. Offers 2 mailing 'gpers! Dixectory" (for U.S.A, only)--a listing of all people who attended pamaculture design courses in the U.S. $8 U.S-/ $6.50 ovecsanes rganised by Lea Harrison, Stoddarts RA., Tyalgun, New South Wales 2404. in overseas developmont work. For those vio fool they ‘are competent for such work, please sent for Questionacn formas Mat? The Dest of Remaculture, coverage of the best articles found in the Femocultuce Journals fis Towlettcrs ground the world (Updated whazo possible). Concantrates on eck Ghee ee ween aera ease et DoStase. Chagwis to “Naccinanere™, c/ 50 Isabela Ave, Ramboues Quosseieet tony, (To be published August 1985) Femocultuse Consultancy, P.O. Box 96, Stanley, Tasnania 7331 (to move to tow South Wales in 1986; eheck Pot oesileehe RANE) Mas many reports and publications for sale, mest written ty Dill Honeioe oon Oo Dancetde ead Willer Energy nt, Se8se8, Outline for, Forraculture Vidlage Developmert, Breer Peoere foe taechane’ hatraay LeneaY, Posmacultize Trust Documents, ote, Send selfoddcesand, scued ee stope for brochure (fustralia only please; overseas, ploase cen $i). @ @ 26 - Publishers Of the books Pemacilture One and Permaculture Tuo, end the sson-to-bo-peblichad (1986) book by 3112 Mollison, Persculture: A Design Hardback covering ail aspects of design, plant- nina forage systons, land and Water strategies, Finacial strategies, and rich, noch more, Subtropical Fruits ~ A Compendium of Nesds and Uses, by Max 0. Lindegger, Permacultsce Conzultancy (CLD), ‘SerIsauelia AveiGs, Narbour queensland 4560. PuLi-size poster chowing 96 tree species and their hoses Tegari Publications, P.O. Box 96, Stanley, Tastania 7331 (to move sn 1986: please creck Journal for new ‘Saltress)- Peblishe (soil, clinete, eté.) and uses. Z Permaculture Computer Program, developed to help to design pexanent sub-tropical plant. systens. Incluied Is data of 98 species conpiled by Max 0, Lindegger. New systems can be edded by uses; select species using wp to 20 criteria defined by the use; gives up to 40 characteristics of a selected speices; onscreen instructions. Available from Geoff Phair, MS95G, Flaxton, Queensland 4560, Planning for Bushfixe, Nikk Gribble, P.O, Box 352, Covandilla, South Australia 5033, Booklet on factors fecting fire, site selection, fire breaks, fuel reduction mathods, an” plant choloes for fire areas. Incorporates draft chapter on fire from Bit Hollison's new book. Acbutus Agciculzurel Consultancy, John Fergher, P.O, Box 329, Balhannah, South Australia 5242. Has “Standard Beolgps’ doc sales Sncisling "Exosion Contsol, "hedd Land Water taevestings ant apoes of Use, PERAACULTURE CONFINENEAL INSTITUTES. Pomaculture Institute of Australia, P.O, Box 96, Stanley, Tastania 7331 (move to New South sles in 1986), eps register of pemaculture design course grafustes, axards Diplomas, reviews teaching curricula, owzd highar degrees. Also holds property for preservation end denonstration purposes. Permaculture Institute of Jorth Jaerica, 6408 South Nawelton RA., Clinton, Washington 96236. Has the ‘ore function es ebove for the U.S. Also distributes the Pameculture Journal and co-ordinates edwsaticnal peogrens. Pommculture Institute of The above functions fer Europe. Aitvaterstrasse 144, 1000 Harlin 38, Host Gum Currently coves PERANCULTURE DESIGN COURSES Aro announced in tha! Parmsculture Journal and by the above continental institutes, ALSO, in the U.S.A., ‘contact Adrican Pamsculture Teaining:Proarans(APT), Dan Yonenway, P.O. Box 202, Orange, Vassachuestte 01230. APT Progans ore intended to Duild the skil1S and Iovledge of those vho have talzen the pe design course; an apprenticeship lasts 1-4 yoars. BOOKS AND QOURALS (Critical References) Pemaculture One, Molison ard Holngren, 1970; Femmsculture wo, MoLbison (1979), Tagari. Kater for Every Farm, P.A. Yeorons, 1956 and The Heyine Plan (Yeomans) 1984. Taprinted by Sscond Back Tow Prede, 7.0. Box 43, Leura, Now South Wales, 2761. Che Straw Ravalution, M. Pukka, 1978; Rodale Prove, Baus, Penneylvenia. ‘ree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture, J. Russel Snith, 1950, Devin-Mair, New York. 2n tgrigulturel Testarent, Sir Albert Howard, 1943, Oxford University Press. Principles of Enizowrentel Science, K. Hate, MoGraw HULL, New York, 1973, Fertility Pastures,

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