Professional Documents
Culture Documents
pk
Entry Test
Article 'A' is used before words beginning with a consonant or the vowels sounding like a consonant.
For Example:
University
Europe
Union
Useful thing
Above all words start from a vowel but have no use of 'an' before them.
To generalize a noun:
For Example:
The words in English which start from Alif/Aiin in Urdu, they must have a definite use of an before them.
Serena is an hotel
RULES
The is used with superlative degree of adjective.
For Example
The tallest
The longest
The shortest
1)
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Entry Test
Note: Article 'The' is not used before the superlative degree when there is possessive case of noun before. For
Example : She is my best friend.
2)
The Himalaya
The Koh-e-Karakaram
The Koh-e-Suleman
3)
The Quran
The Bible
4)
The Nation
The Dawn
The Mag
5)
The Sun
The Stars
The Earth
The Universe
Before the name of province PUNJAB
6)
7)
8)
The Maldives
9)
10)
The Saif-ul-maluke
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Entry Test
11)
The B.R.B
12)
13)
The Flute
The Piano
14)
15)
The Monsoon
16)
17)
18)
19)
The Babar
The Titanic
20)
The Heart
The Ear
21)
The East
The West
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Entry Test
NOTE: When we mention the direction of left and right, we use 'The'
22)
23)
The USA
The UAE
24)
25)
26)
27)
Before titles
For Example
28)
The Quaid-e-Azam
The Sher-e-Masoor
Before the Title Names.
For Example
29)
For Example
th
30)
31)
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Entry Test
32)
The Pakistani
The American
33)
34)
The Muslims
The Christians
35)
36)
37)
38)
He is in the wrong
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
The Mughals
The Smiths
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Entry Test
44)
45)
46)
'The' + 'Adjective'
For Example
The rich
The Strong
The Young
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUN
It means the names of persons, places and things. For Example: Karachi, Lahore, Watch, Hameeda etc.
1)
Proper Noun:
It means particular names of persons and places. For Example: Lahore, Karachi, Hameeda etc.
2)
Common Noun:
It means names of the things that are commonly used. For Example: watch, pen, fan etc.
3)
Material Noun:
It means names of the things which can be converted into many other forms.
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Entry Test
For Example:
4)
Abstract Noun:
It indicates a quality, a state.
Honesty
Beauty
Poverty
'The' is not used before abstract nouns
Exception to the rule
When we compare a big and famous personality to a comparatively small personality; 'The' may be used.
For Example
Waris Shah is the Shakespeare of Punjab.
Faiz Ahmad Faiz is the John Keats of Urdu literature.
Bush is the Hitler of this age.
5)
Collective Noun:
It means the names of things which give the names of collective things. For Example: Jury, Army, Cabinet etc.
PRONOUN
It is used in place of a noun. For Example: I, we, you, they, he, she. It etc.
1)
Personal Pronoun:
st
1 Person I, we
nd
2 Person You
rd
3 Person He, she, it, they
2)
Relative Pronoun:
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Entry Test
Interrogative Pronoun:
what
how
when
whose
why
whom
where
which
who
For Example:
Cases of Pronoun
Subjective
Or
Nominative
Case
I
We
You
He
She
They
It
One
Possessive
Or
Genitive
Case
My/Mine
Our/Ours
You/Yours
His
Her/Hers
Their/Theirs
Its
Ones
Objective
Case
Me
Us
You
Him
Her
Them
It
One
Reflexive
Case
Myself
Ourselves
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Themselves
Itself
Oneself
Rule:
Subjective or nominative case of pronoun is used after helping verb.
For example:
To Agree
Agree
Rule:
Subjective or nominative case of pronoun is used after comparative (Than).
For example:
With
Rule:
The possessive case of pronoun is used before the gerund.
For example:
Rule:
Possessive case is followed by possessive case.
For example:
Rule:
Objective case is used when we change subjective into objective.
For example:
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Entry Test
Rule:
Objective case is used after between and let.
For example:
Let me do this.
Rule:
Reflexive case:
Pronoun is used reflexively after following eleven words:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Avail:
Absent:
Acquit:
Avenge :
Enjoy:
Exert :
Set:
Demean :
Drink:
Resign:
Apply:
Verb
It shows an action. For Example: Sleep, hear, listen etc.
Forms of Verbs:
Present
Eat
Drink
Agree
Past Participle
Eaten
Drunk
Agreed
Gerund
Past
Ate
Drank
Agreed
Verb + ing
Very pleased
Very tired
Very disturbed
o
o
o
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Entry Test
For Example:
She is a very intelligent girl.
She is very beautiful.
Kinds of Verbs
Intransitive Verb:
It affects the subject only.
For Example:
He eats.
He laughs.
He cries.
Infinitive Verb:
It shows a purpose behind a certain action.
For Example
Transitive Verb:
It affects both subject and object.
For Example
2.
Dare:
In +ive sense
To'
3.
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4.
5.
6.
Entry Test
Had Better:
May:
Let:
Let me go.
Let me do this.
Let go of my arm.
7.
Down:
8.
Shall:
9.
Observe:
10.
11.
The writer has observed the seagull's movement closely in his life.
Can:
Saw:
Sensory Verbs:
For Example:
Smell
Taste
Look
Hear
Feel
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Entry Test
ADVERB
It adds to the meaning of a verb. For Example:
He passed me quickly.
He eats greedily
He drinks thirstily.
Types of Adverb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Adverb of Manner:
Adverb of Place
Adverb of Time.
Adverb of Frequency.
Adverb of Certainty.
Adverb of Degree
Interrogative Adverb.
Relative Adverb.
1.
Adverb of Manner:
Fast
Hard
2.
Adverb of Place:
Here, There, Up, Down, Near, By etc.
3.
Adverb of Time:
Now, Still, Then, Morning, Evening etc.
For Example:
Then
Spot
4.
Adverb of Frequency:
Often, Never, Always, Occasionally, Seldom, Twice etc.
Rule:
Adverbs of frequency are used immediately after noun or pronoun.
For Example:
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Entry Test
Too
7.
Interrogative Adverbs:
Where, When, Why How
For Example:
Enough
Adverb of Degree:
She looks very beautiful in her bridal dress
Fairly You have done it fairly.
Rather They were rather clumsy looking shoes.
Quite You are quite right.
Too
He is too weak to walk.
-ive sense
6.
+ive sense
8.
Relative Adverb:
When, Where, Why etc.
For Example:
Adjective
It adds to the meaning of noun or pronoun.
Tall, Beautiful, Dull, Small, Steady, intelligent etc.
For Example:
Degrees of Adjectives
Positive Degree
Good
Beautiful
Comparative Degree
Better
More beautiful
Superlative Degree
Best
Most beautiful
1.
Positive Degree:
This degree is used for a person when there is no one other in comparison.
For Example:
He is a handsome boy
Rule:
Adjective is modified by 'enough' or 'too'.
For Example:
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Entry Test
Rule:
Comparative degree is followed by comparative degree usually 'The'
For Example:
Rule:
Double superlative cannot be used in the same sentence.
For Example:
Article 'The' is not used when there comes possessive case of pronoun before it.
For Example:
He is my best teacher.
She is my best friend.
The following words give superlative sense: Ideal, Perfect, Unique, Worldwide etc.
Kinds of Adjectives:
Of Quality:
Good, Light, intelligent, Golden, Heavy, Square etc.
Demonstrative:
This, That, Those
For Example:
This is a book.
Distributive:
Each, Every, Either, Neither, None etc.
Quantitative:
Some, Any, No, Few, Many, Much
Interrogative:
Which, What, Whose, etc.
For Example:
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Entry Test
Conjunction
It does the work of connecting phrases, clauses etc.
But, If, Therefore, Though, While, Because, Neither, Nor etc.
Rule :
Double conjunction cannot be used in the same sentence'
For Example:
Owing to:
For Example:
Due to:
For Example:
Since:
For Example:
Since you did not work hard, you will fail. (Right)
Preposition
It maintains the continuity of a sentence. For Example
In
In/Into:
It shows the things at rest
He is in the room.
Into
On
In
In/At:
It is used before the names of countries and big cities.
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In
In/Within:
means after the end of a certain period.
She will come after a week. (Wrong)
She will come in a week. (Right)
By/Till:
By
It means not later than a certain period.
The following students are demanded to pay the admission dues by the 15t of this
month, otherwise they will be fined a hundred rupees per day.
Till
Until/Unless:
At
Entry Test
In
In/On/At:
It is used before weeks, months and years.
She will take admission to PMC in 2004.
On
At
By:
It is used to change active into passive. It is used before all the automobiles.
He came by train.
From
To
From /To:
My friend is from America.
It directs you towards a certain direction.
He is going to the east.
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s/of:
's
Of
Mutual/Common:
Mutual It is shared by two persons.
Entry Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Noun
Conducive
To preposition
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Entry Test
1.
2.
3.
Tour On tour.
Picnic
On picnic.
Trip
On trip.
It shows a sudden rush of emotions or feelings. i.e., Hurrah!, oh!, Oh!, AIas!, Aah!, Auch !, Ooh!
etc.
For Example:
What shot?
What luck?
What weather?
Co-Relatives
Interjection
Co
Used when we assemble two persons of opposite gender.
For Example: Co-education, Co-operation, Co-ordination Co-relate. etc.
Neither
Either
nor
or
No sooner/ As soon
Than
Scarcely/Hardly When
Such as
Same
As
So That
So that
May
Lest Should
Both And
Not only
But Also
Nothing else But
No other
Than
Sure
That
Not to speak of
Even
Whether or
As if were
Seem As
As As
In spite
Of/That:
Although Yet
So As
o
o
o
o
as o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
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Entry Test
Miscellaneous Mistakes
Miscellaneous expenses, besides utility bills, are heavy on my purse.
Rule:
The following adverbs will be used immediately after subject
For Example: Adverbs of frequency:
Barking dogs; seldom bite.
He often comes to me.
I frequently visit here.
Rule:
The following sentences give a singular thought.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Horse and carriage is on the road.
Rice and curry is my favorite dish.
Rule:
Preposition will be used in the end of a sentence that ends at infinitive.
She has a pen to write with.
He has a decent house to live in.
He has a beautiful car to travel by.
He has a large family to work for.
RuIe:
The following adjectives are always used in the end of a sentence.
Worth-seeing: Islamabad is a place worth-seeing.
Worth-reading: This is a book worth-reading.
Worth-visiting: The valley of Kalash is worth-visiting.
Worth-listening: The Pakistani music is worth-listening.
Worth-mentioning: This quotation is worth-mentioning.
Comparison
Stockings (wrong)
Sceneries (wrong)
Poetries (wrong)
Summer vacations (wrong)
Vegetable (wrong)
Blotting (wrong)
Off course (wrong)
Three females (wrong)
English professor (wrong)
Socks (right)
Scenery (right)
Poems (right)
Summer vacation (right)
Vegetables (right)
Blotting papers (right)
Of course (right)
Three women (right)
Professor of English (right)
Rule:
As well as is used to show too interest or vocation.
He is a musician as well as a painter. (wrong)
He is a musician as well as painter. (right)
I love my motherland. (wrong)
I love my mother country. (right)
Bear in mind. (right)
Keep in mind. (wrong)
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Entry Test
Fear
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Entry Test
General Words
Enjoy For good health
Latter
Later
Comparative degree of late.
Latest
Very very fresh
Last
It shows the position.
Listen
Listen carefully
Little
Much in negative sense.
A little
Much in positive sense.
The little
The amount or quantity
Few
It is negative and equivalent to not many and
hardly any.
A few
It means positive and equivalent to some.
The few
It means not many but all are there.
Perhaps
Possibly
Probably
Most Likely/Chance
Lame excuse The excuse that does not work.
Verbs Followed By As
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Regard
Represent
Describe
Portray
Depict
Mention
Define
Treat
Name
Consider
Term
Call
Alms
Annals
Tidings
Nuptials
Bellows
Spectacles
Tactics
Billiards
Breeches
Glasses
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
Assets
Scissors
Drawers
Trousers
Cards
Thanks
Tongs
Riches
Pincers
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