-

. .

:
Engineering Hydrology by Subramanya .1
Advanced Hydrology by V.T. Chow .2
Engineering Hydrology by Linsley .3

:
:

: ) (Introduction
: ) (Precipitation
: ) (Abstraction from Precipitation
: ) (Run-Off

:
: ) (Hydrograph
: ) (Floods
: ) (Flood Routing
: ) (Ground Water

) (Introduction

.1. 1 : Hydrology

)
( .
1

.1 : .
.2 ) ( :
:
.
.
.

.2 .1 : Hydrological Cycle

) (



)(
.

. 3. 1 :Hydrological cycle Paths

:
.5
.4
.1 .2 .3
:
.
.

.4 .1 : Hydrological Budget Equation

) (t :
=
S = Vi - Vo

/ 15 2 :
.1 ) (
104*8 3
104*6.5 3
.2 107 3

:
S = Vi - Vo

1.

= m3 8 * 104 6.5 * 104 = 1.5 * 104

S
2

.2

.Average Depth = 107 / 15*106 = 0.667 m. = 66.7 cm

.5 .1 Engineering Aplications of
:Hydrology
:
.5
.4
.3
.1 .2

:
)
(.

) .( Spillway
)
(

.

. 6 .1 :

:
.1
) .(Spillway
.2 .
.3
)
(.

.7 .1 : Sources of Data

.1 : .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .

) (Precipitation

1.2. :

:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .

2.2 . : Forms of Precipitation

) (
0.5
6 :

2.5
2.5
7.5

3.2. :

:
100 m1
p

m 1

Cv

pi

1
m
p2

i
m
1

p
1

1
m

m 1

N :
m (%) : Cv
ith : Pi
m :
4

___________________________________________________________________________
) / (1 ) (6
:

)(cm

A
82.6

B
102.
9

C
180.
3

D
110.
3

E
98.8

F
136.
7

%10

/
;

= 10%

; m-1 = 35.04

m=6

_
P 118 .6

Cv = 100 * 35.04 / 118.6 = 29.54

N = 8.7 = 9 stations

. 4.2 : Preparation of Data

.

) (30.

5.2. : Estimating of Missing Data

:

. 1 :
]Px = 1/m [P1+P2++Pm

m :
Px :

%10 . X ,
P2 , P1 Pm , .. m . , 2 , 1 ,
.
_____________________________________________________________
5

 . 2 :
]Px=Nx/m[P1/N1+P2/N2++Pm/Nm
: ) (Nm / Nx > 1.1 % 10
N1 , N2 , , Nm
) 30(
Nx
) 30(

) / (2 A B C D
92.01 , 76.28 , 67.59 , 80.97 1975 D
A B C 79.89 , 72.23 , 91.11
, D
/
, % 10

PD = 92.01/3 (91.11/80.97 + 72.23/67.59 + 79.89/76.28) = 99.41 cm.

6.2. : Test for Consistency of Records

, ,
,
:
. 1 .
. 2 .
. 3 .
. 4 .
Double Mass
: Curve Technique
.1 X ) (Px
) (Pav .
.2 ) (Px )(Pav
X
X :
Pcx = Px * Mc / Ma
6

 : x
: Pcx t1 Px
: Ma
t1 x : Mc

Accumulated
Annual
Rainfull at X
)station (Px

Correction Ratio = Mc / Ma = c / a

) / (3 D

Accumulated
Annual Rainfull
at multi
station
)(Pav
1996 1997.

1996
1996
1996
1996
1996

1996

1996

1996

1997
1997
1997
1997

A
79.7
69.4
65.3
71.7
83

B
77.2
66.5
61.3
68.1
80.1

C
78.4
67.9
60
62.3
81.8

D
140.15
125.2
123
116.9
155.1

82.7

85.6

87.3

168.1

89.4

90.1

89.9

88.6

91.5

93.7

94.7

93.7

92.4

91.5

92.8

93.5

90.1
82.3
80.7

90.3
83.6
83.4

89.9
84.9
87.1

90.2
83.5
82.4

1997
1997
1997

1997

1996

Pav
83.73
83.6
90.1

Pav
83.73
167.33
257.43

Px
82.4
165.9
256.1

Pcx
82.4
83.5
90.2

92.23

349.66

349.6

93.5

93.3

442.96

443.3

93.7


1996

1996
1996
1996
1996
1996

89.8

532.76

531.9

88.6

85.2

617.96

700

94.14

81.63
67.37
62.2
67.93

699.59
766.96
829.16
897.09

1996

78.43

975.52

855.1
972
1095
1220.2
1360.3
5

86.86
65.46
68.88
70.11
78.48

1996

Ma = 12.5 / 7 = 1.79

Mc = 11/11 = 1
Pcx = Px * Mc / Ma

Accumulated
Annual
Rainfull at X
)station (Px

Ma
Mc

. 7 . 2 : Rainfall Data-show Methods

.1 :Accumulated Rainfall Curve

:
)Accumulated Annual Rainfull at multi station (Pav
)2nd. storm (4 cm

1st. storm
)(10 cm

Accumulated
Precipitation
)(cm

. 1 : )2 (cm

. 3 )(.cm/hr
__________________________________________________________________________
)Time (days
.2 ) ( :Hyetograph
)
.(Bar Chart
8

 :
) 8 10 /(


Rainfall
Intensity
Cm/hr.

. 8 .2 : Average Precipitation over Area

:Arithmatic Mean MethodTime

.1
)(hr.
P1 P2 ....... Pi .... Pn
1 N
Pi
N
N i 1

P1 P2 .... Pi.... PN
: N

. 2 :Thiessen Average Method

M

Ai
A

Pi
i 1

P A
i

i 1

P A P2 A 2 ....... Pn A n
P 1 1

A1 A 2 ..... A n

.
___________________________________________________________________________

. 3 :Isohyetal LineMethod
.
P1 P2
P P3
P Pn
....... a n n -1
a2 2

2
2
2

a1

a1 a2 a3 an..... .

.
9

 ) / (4 100

1980

)
100,100
(

)(30,80

)70,100
(

)
100,140
(

)
130,100
(

)100,70
(

)(

85

135.2

95.3

146.4

102.2

/
e

c
2

4
b

1
5

a
Weighted P
)(cm
36.86
19.53
39.91
25.54
121.84

Fraction of Total
Area
0.2726
0.2049
0.2726
0.2499
10
1.0000

Rainfall
85
135.2
95.3
146.4
102.2

9.2
C

)Area (Km2

Boundary of Area

2141
1609
2141
8
1963
7854

Abcd
Dce
Ecbf
fba

Station
1
2
3
4
5
Total

B
Mean Precipitation
= 121.84 cm

12

7
A

) / (5
7.2
:
10

E
9.1

10

8
6

 /
1
12
12- 10
10 8
86
6-4

2
1
2
1
1
9
7
5

)Area (Km2
)(3

))% 4Fraction of Area

= 5
* 2 4

30

0.0667

0.8

140

0.3111

3.422

80
180
20
450

0.1778
0.4000
0.0444

1.6
2.8
0.222
8.84 cm

. 9 .2 :

24
.

) (24
.
Annual Max.
Precipitation
)(cm

) (
)Time (year

11

 X P recurrence
) interval ( :
)T = 1/P ..(1

) (20 ) (24 )(10
A ) (20
) (24 ) (10 ) (10 ) (100
) (10
A :
)P = 1/T (2
P :
)q = 1-P (3
r n :). (4

!n
P r q n -r
! n - r !r

Pr, n

:
.1 P n
:
).(4-a

!n
P 2 q n -2
! n - 2!2

Pr,n

.2 n :
P0,n = q = (1-P)n
)(4-b
. n :
n
P1 = 1-q = 1- (1-P)n
)..(4-c
n

) /(6
280 50
280 :
.1 20
.2 15
. 20
/
.
P = 1/50 = 0.02
.

, T = 50 ,

r=1

n = 20 ,
P1,20 = (20 !)/(19! * 1!) * 0.02 * (0.98)19 = 0.272
n = 15 , r = 2

P2,15 = (15!)/(13!*2!)*(0,02)2 * (0.98)13 = 0.0323

12

P1 = 1- (0.98)20 = 0.332

.10 .2 : Plotting Position Criterea

)( .

) m m = 1 m = 2
N = m (.
P )(Weibull Formula
)P = m / (N+1
and
T=1/P
___________________________________________________________________________
) / (6 A 24 - :
.1 24 - 13 50
.2 10 24
. A
60
8.9
71
9.5

59
8.9
70
8.3

58
11.2
69
10.6

57
12.5
68
10.8

56
8
67
8.4

54
16
65
7.5

55
9.6
66
6

53
14.3
64
8.5

52
7.6
63
10.2

51
12
62
9

50
13
61
7.8

Year
)Rainfall (cm
Year
)Rainfall (cm

/
T=1/P

)P= m/(N+1

1.92
1.64
1.53
1.44
1.35
1.28
1.21
1.15
1.1
1.05

0.522
0.609
0.652
0.696
0.739
0.783
0.826
0.87
0.913
0.957

Rainfall
)(cm
9
8.9
8.9
8.5
8.4
8.3
8
7.8
7.6
7.5
6

T=1/P

)P= m/(N+1

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

23.26
11.5
7.67
5.75
4.6
3.83
3.29
2.88
2.56
2.3
2.09

0.043
0.087
0.13
0.174
0.217
0.261
0.304
0.348
0.391
0.435
0.478

Rainfall
)(cm
16
14.3
13
12.5
12
11.2
10.8
10.6
10.2
9.6
9.5

m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

) Y ) (Rainfall ) ) X (Return Period (T

( :
.

)(
14.55
18

)(
13
50

. = 10 T = 2.4
P = 0.417

13


) (Abstraction from Precipitation

.1 .3 : Evaporation

.
) 585 /
( .
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.1 : Vapor Pressure
ew ea

ew , ea

) EL = C( ew ea
) (
, C : )/( EL :
,

ea = ew ea > ew .
. 2 :Temperature
.
. 3 : Wind

.
. 4 : Atmospheric Pressure
.
. 5 Soluble Salts :
.

.2 .3 : Evaporimeter
:
.1
.2
.3
____________________________________________________________________

.3 .3 : Evaporation Measurement Stations

WMO :
.1 : 30000 .2
.2 : 50000 .2
.3 : 100000 .2
___________________________________________________________________
14

.4 .3 : .Empirical Evaporation Eqs

:
)EL = k f(u) (ew ea
: k

) : f(u

. .4.1 3 .Meyer Eq :
)EL = km (ew ea) (1+ U9/16

)/( 9 U9 :
) 0.36 0.5 ( Km :

. 2 .4 3 .Rohwer Eq :
)EL = 0.771 (1.465 0.000732 Pa) (0.44 + 0.0733 Vo) (ew ea
) ( Pa :
)/( Vo :
0.6
/ ew ) ( 3 3 103 .
) (Uh ) (U
:
Uh = U ( h )1/7

) / (1 250
= 200 = % 40 1
= 16/

/ ) ew = 17.54 : (3-3
ea = 0.4 * 17.54 = 7.02 mmHg
U9 = U1 * (9)1/7 = 16 * (9)1/7 = 21.9 km/hr.

EL = 0.36 (17.54 7.02) (1 + 21.9/16) = 8.97 mm/day

15

 7 ) ( 3 :
7 * (8.97/1000) *250*10-4 = 157000 m3

.5 .3 Analytical methods for estimating

: Evaporation
:
.1
.2
.3
______________________________________________________________________

. 1 : Water Budget Method

P + Vig + Vis = Vog + Vos + EL + S + TL
EL = P + (Vis Vso) + (Vig vog) TL S

Or :

: P : Vig : Vog )
(Seepage
: Vis ) ( : EL
: Vos : TL
: S
/ ) (m3 )( .
.6 .3 :.Evapotranspiration Eqs

.1. 6. 3 : Penman Equation

AH n E a Y
AY

PET

: PET )(mm/day
: A ) (mmHg/C )
103
(3-3
o
: Y = (mmHg/C ) 0.49
: Hn )(
: Ea
o

16

))) (0.1 + 0.9 (n/N

ea

Hn = Ha(1- r) (a+b(n/N)) - Ta4 (0.56 - 0.092

a = 0.29 cos
: Ha )) (mm/day ) (4-3 ( 104
: r = 0.25
= b 0.52 )(
= n
104
= N ) (5-3
= - = 9- 10 *2 /
Ta = 273 + Co
)Ea = 0.35 (1 + (U2 /160)) (ew ea
: U2 2 )/(
______________________________________________________________________
) / (2 )
( :
28o 4 19
%75
) 9 = (n 2 = 85
/
/
o
ew = 16.5

A = 1 C /
)(3-3
Ha = 9.5 /
)(4-3
N = 10.716
)(5-3
n / N = 9 / 10.716 = 0.84
ea = 0.75 * 16.5 = 12.38 mmHg
a = 0.29 cos 28o 4 = 0.2559
, b = 0.52 , = 2*10-9
Ta = 273 + 19 = 292 k
, Ta4 = 14.613 , r = 0.25
)))(0.1 + 0.9 (0.84

12.38

Hn = 9.506(1 - 0.25) (0.2559 + 0.52*0.84) 14.613(0.56 0.092

Hn = 1.99
Ea = 0.35 (1 + (85/100)) ( 16.5 12.38) = 2.208
, Y = 0.49
mm / day

2.06

1 *1.99 0.49 * 2.208

0.49 1

PET

.2. 6. 3 : Blaney Criddle formula

PET = 2.54 K F
F = Ph Tf / 100
: K ) 7-3
: F
: Ph ) 6-3
( 109
: Tf )(
109

17

 ) / (3 PET
300
:

) (
0

/
) (7-3

109

2
16.5

1
13

2
11

K = 0.65
Ph Tf / 100
4.44
3.96
3.78
4.08

Ph
7.1
9
7.1
5
7.3
7.0
3

)Tf (Fo

Month

61.7

55.4

51.8

58.1

Total = 16.26
PET = 2.54 * 0.65 * 16.26 = 26.85 cm.

.8 .3 : Infiltration

)(
)(
)( .
:
.1 : Soil Properties


.
.2 : Surface of Entry



.
18

 .3 : Fluid Characteristics


.
.

.9 .3 : Infiltration Capacity
)
( ) (f c ) /( .
) ( f :
i > fc

if

f = fc

i < fc

if

f = i
i :

.10 .3 : Infiltration Capacity Values

:
Infiltration Rate
)(mm/ hr
Dry Sandy Loam

Dry Clay Loam

Wet Sandy Loam
Clay Loam
Wet

1930
)(Horton
)(hr.

Time from:
start
of infiltration

0 t td

fct = fcf + (fco fcf) e k h t

fct :
fco : t = 0
fcf :
td :
19

 kh :
.11 .3 : Infiltration Indices

) (
:
.1
.2 W
. 1 :
.
) (i )
(i :
Rainfall Intensity
)(cm/ hr

Runoff

) / (4 10 5.8
index
Losses

)Time (hr.

)(hr

)(cm

0.4

0.9

1.5

2.3

1.8

1.6

0.5

/
= 4.2 = 5.8 10
= tc = 8 ) (
= 4.2 / 8 = 0.525 / ) ) (0.4
) (0.5 tc = 6 (
= 3.3 = 0.5 0.4 5.8-10
= 3.3 / 6 = 0.55 / )(O.K
)(hr

)(cm

2
0.3
5

3
0.9
5

4
1.7
5

5
1.2
5

6
1.0
5

7
0.4
5

8
0

. 2 : W
): (W
) ( cm / hr
20

P R Ia
tc

 )( P :
)( R :
)( Ia :
tc : i > w

) ( Run Off

.1.4 :
.

) (

21



).(Subsurface Runoff

) .(Ground Water Runoff :
.1 : Direct Runoff


.
.2 : Base Flow
.

) (Virgin Flow
:
Rv = Vs + Vd - Vr
) Rv : (3
) Vs : (3
Vd :
) Vr : (3

) / (1
. ) (Upstream )
(Weir 3 0.5 ) ( Mm3

) (Upstream 0.8 0.3
120
2 185
1

2
Mm3

2
1.
5

3
0.
8

4
0.
6

5
2.
1

14 22 18 8

/
Rv

12 11 10
9

Vr = 0.8 + 0.3 = 1.1 Mm

Vd = 3 + 0.5 = 3.5 Mm3
:

10

11

12

Vs

1.5

0.8

0.6

2.1

18

22

14

22

Vd

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

Vr

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

Rv

4.4

3.9

3.2

4.5

10.4

20.4

24.4

16.4

11.4

9.4

5.4

Rv = 116.8 Mm3
Annual Runoff = 116.8 * 106 / 120 *106 = 0.973 m. = 97.3 cm.
Runoff Coefficient = Runoff / Rainfall = 97.3 / 185 = 0.526

.2.4 Runoff Characteristics of Streams :

:
.1 :

.
Discharge m3/s.

. 2 : .
Discharge m3/s.

)Time (month

Discharge m3/s.

.3 :

.
)Time (month

23
)Time (month

 :
.1 : .
.2 :
.
.3 : .

.3.4 ) ( :

:
= x
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.1 :
)Runoff (R

y = mx + b

R = aP+ b

a
)b = a P + b . (1
R

)Precipitation (P
N PR P R

). (2

P P
2

) R a P (3
N
R , P

24

N:

).. (4

N PR P R

N P P * N R R
2

r 1 0 P
/ R
< r < 1 0.6 P
R
R P :
).. (5

R = Pm

)ln R = m ln P + ln (6

) / (2
P R 18 .
P . R

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

)P(cm
5
35
40
30
15
10
5
31
36

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

)R(cm
0.5
10
13.8
8.2
3.1
3.2
0.1
12
16
2

)P(cm
30
10
8
2
22
30
25
8
6

)R(cm
8
2.3
1.6
0
6.5
9.4
7.6
1.5
0.5

N = 18 , P = 348 , R = 104.3 , P = 9534 , R = 1040.51 , PR = 3083.3

(P)2 = 121104 , (R)2 = 10878.49
R = 0.38 P 1.55
P

, b = - 1.55 ,

a = 0.38

r = 0.964

.3.4 : Empirical Equation

)
(1960
)(.
Rm = Pm Lm
Tm > 4.5o C
25

Lm = 0.48 Tm

) ( Rm 0 )( Rm :
)( Pm :
)( Lm :
) ( Tm :
Tm 4.5 ) (Lm :
6.5
Lm (cm) 2.77 1.78 1.52
______________________________________________________________________
1-

4.5

)T(oC

) / (3

.

)T(oC

12

16

21

27

31

34

31

29

28

29

19

14

)
(cm

12

32

29

16

/
Tm 4.5
Lm = 0.48 Tm

Lm

5.76

7.68

10.08

12.96

14.88

16.32

14.88

13.92

13.44

13.92

9.12

6.72

Rm

17.12

15.08

2.56

= 34.76 = 2.56 + 15.08 + 17.12

= 0.328 = 106 / 34.8

.4.4 -Flow Duration Curve:

.
N ) (Plotting Position Q:
m
* 100
N 1

Pp

m :
Daily Pp :



3

26
Percentage time indicated discharge is
)equalled or exceeded (Pp

Discharge m /s.

______________________________________________________________________

.5.4 -Flow Duration Curve:

Characteristics

.1 )
(.
.2
.
.3


.
.4
.
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5

.
). ( HydroPower
.
.
.

) / (4


)(m3/s

120.1 - 140
100.1 - 120
80.1 - 100
60.1 - 80
50.1 - 60
40.1 - 50

- 1961
1962

- 1962
1963

- 1963
1964

0
2
12
15
30
70

1
7
18
32
29
60

5
10
15
15
45
64

27

84
61
43
28
15
5

30.1 - 40
25.1 - 30
20.1 - 25
15.1 - 20
10.1 - 15
5.1 - 10

75
50
45
30
18
0

76
61
38
25
12
0

%50 %75 .
/
) Pp (X :

) .( Y

)(m3/s

140-120.1
120-100.1
100-80.1
80-60.1
60-50.1
50-40.1
40-30.1
30-25.1
25-20.1
20-15.1
15-10.1
10-5.1

- 1961
1962

- 1962
1963

- 1963
1964

0
2
12
15
30
70
84
61
43
28
15
5

1
7
18
32
29
60
75
50
45
30
18
0

5
10
15
15
45
64
76
61
38
25
12
0

1961-1964

6
19
45
62
104
194
235
172
126
83
45
5

m
* 100
N 1

)(m

6
25
70
132
236
430
665
837
963
1046
1091
1096

1096

N = 1096:
Q50 = 35 / 3
Q75 = 26 / 3

Q
m3/s.

35
26

)(Pp

28
50 75

Pp

m
* 100
N 1
0.55
2.28
6.38
12.03
21.51
39.19
60.62
76.3
87.78
95.35
99.45
99.91

Pp

_________________________________________________________________

.6.4 )(Flow Mass Curve:

) (V .
t

) (

V Qdt
to

to :
Q :
Accumulated
Flow Volume
)(V
Mm3

B
D
S2
E

C
D
S1

/
A

.1 ) ( Q = dv / dt
t tc
tn
m
)Time (m,w,d
.
.2 AB .

.7.4 Storage Volume Evaluation:

:
S = Vs - VD
S :
Vs :
VD :
S )Accumulated
(Volume S
.
29

 ) / (5

40 / 3

m3/s

10

11

60

45

35

25

15

22

50

80

105

90

80

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

m3/s
60
45
35
25
15
22
50
80
105
90
80
70

m3/
s. day
1860
1260
1085
750
465
660
1550
2480
3150
2790
2400
2170

= Demand Line
slope = 40 m3/s

70

. day
1860
3120
4205
4955
5420
6080
7630
10110
13260
16050
18450
20620

Accumulated
Flow Volume
)(V
Mm3

D
S1
C
C
)Time (month

S1 = 2100 m /s. day

For Qd = 40 m /s.

) / (6

30

12

m3/
s

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

60
45
35
25
15
22
50
80
105
90
80
70

m3/s
. day
1860
1260
1085
750
465
660
1550
2480
3150
2790
2400
2170

m3/s

)(cumec.day

)Col(3)-col(5

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1240
1120
1240
1200
1240
1200
1240
1240
1200
1240
1200
1240

620
140
155450755540310
1240
1950
1550
1200
930

)
(cumec day
620
760

)
(cumec day
15560513801920-

310
1550
3500
6050
7250
8180

) m3/s. day 1920 = (7

/
8
.
__________________________________________________________________________

.8.4 Calculation of Maintainable Demand:

.
Accumulated
Flow Volume
)(V
Mm3

B
V2
S2
U2

V1

:
S1
) V1
.1
U1
( U2 .

.2
A
.
)Time (month
________________________________________________________________________
Accumulated

) / (7
Flow Volume
3
/.
3600
*10
D
Mm
.1 / 3600 / 3.
3

.2 (C)Y ) (Y ) (D
D
10.6
.

3
.3 CYD ) ( .m /s 50 .
S2

7
C

31
)Time (month

 .9.4 Variable Demand:

Mass curve of demand

Accumulated
Flow Volume
*103
Mm3

Storage
Mass curve of flow

/ A . B
_________________________________________________________________________
A

Time .

) / (8
)(month
2
20
.
0.5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

m3/s
25
20
15
10
4
9
100
108
80
40

Mm3
25
26
27
29
29
29
19
19
19
19

32

((cm
12
13
17
18
20
16
12
12
12
12

)
(cm
2
2
1
1
1
13
24
19
19
1

11
12

21
25

30
30

6
2

11
7

/
Mm X 20 X 10 = 0.2 E
= E/100
3
6
Mm
= P/100 (1-0.5) X 20 X 10 = 0.1 P
3

1
2

2
1

Mm3
8
6.628.836.4-

Mm3
9
39.8
60.2
70.1
248.8
518.6
706.5
792.3

Mm3

Mm3

)+3
Mm3 (5+4

Mm3

2
67
48.8
40.2
25.9
10.7
23.3
267.8
289.3
207.4

25
26
27
29
29
29
19
19
19

4
2.4
2.6
3.4
3.6
4
3.2
2.4
2.4
2.4

5
0.20.20.10.10.11.32.41.91.9-

6
27.2
28.4
30.3
32.5
32.9
30.9
19
19.5
19.5

7
39.8
20.4
9.9
6.622.27.6248.8
269.8
187.9

107.1

19

2.4

0.1-

21.3

85.8

77.8

21

2.2

0.6-

22.6

55.2

847.5

80.4

25

3.4

0.2-

28.2

52.2

899.7

Mm3

Mm
3

= 36.4

33

) (Hydrograph

.1.5 :
.
Discharge
)Q (m3/s.

P
C

34

)Time (hr

tB

tp


:
.1 ) : AB (Rising Limb
.



.
.2 ) : BC (Crest Segment

.
.3 ) : P(Peak B . C

.4 ) () :CD (Recession Limb

.
) (

.
.5 ) : tp (Peak Time A . P
.6 )tB (Base Time
:
.1 .Surface Runoff 2 .Inter Flow 3 Base
Flow

.


.
______________________________________________________________________

.2.5 :

:

: :
.1
.1 :

.
35

 .2 :

.
.

. :
)(depletion of storage


.
. :


.
.
.
.2

:
.1 :



150 2 .

.2
.
.3 : .
: :
.1



.
.2
.3

.3.5 : .Recession Curve Eq

) )1940 :
36

) (1

Qt = Qo Krt

Qt : t
Qo :
Kr :
) ( Kr < 1
:
)....... (2

Qt = Qo e at

a = - ln Kr
Kr = krs . kri . krb
= , kri

= krs = 0.2 0.05

= 1
= krb = 0.99

_________________________________________________________________
) / (1

.

.

)(day

)m
(3/s

)(day

)
(m3/s

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5

90
66
34
20
13
9
6.7
5

4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7

3.8
3
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.5

Discharge Q
)(m3/s

/


Observed
Runoff
AB
.
B Base 5 .

.
M
Flow
): (1
( log

)Qt / Qo

Surface
Runoff

B
A
37
)Time (days

1
t

= log Krb

Qt / Qo = Krbt

 :
3

Qt = 4 m /s.

t = 2 days

Krb = 0.78
Qt = 2.25 m3/s.
Krs = 0.29

Qo = 6.6 m /s.

)log (4 / 6.6
,

t = 2 days

)log (2.25 / 26

1
2

= log Krb

Qo = 26 m3/s.
1
2

= log Krs

Kr = 0.29 * 0.78 * 1 = 0.226

.4.5 : Base Flow Separation

) (

.


:

: :

A

. B
) N( Pi B:
38

N = 0.83 A0.2
) A : (2
A B

Discharge
)Q (m3/s.

Pi

Surface Runoff

Base Flow
:
) (C
BTime AC BC

.
Discharge
)Q (m3/s.

Surface Runoff

Base Flow

Discharge
)Q (m3/s.

Pi

Time
:
) Pi ( EF A F
.
E

Surface Runoff

F
39

Time

Base Flow

 .5.5 : Effective Rain

).(ERH

Rainfall Intensity
)(cm/ hr

Excess Rainfall

/ ) DRH (ERH
Losses

) (ERH ) (cm/hr

)Time (hr.
).(DRH
_______________________________________________________________________________________

) / (2 3.8 2.8
4 27 2


)(hr
)
(m3/ s

6-

13

12

18

24

N = 1.6 day
21 26
P16
i

30

36

42

48

54

12

index = 0.135 cm /hr
.Rainfall index = 5.52 cm

Surface Runoff

B
40

Time

Base Flow

Discharge
66 60
Q4.
)(m3/s.
4.
5

N = 0.83 (27) 0.2 = 1.6 day = 38 hr.

) (t = 0 ) (DRH ) (t = 0 ) (t = 48
: N
Time of N = 48 16 = 32 hr.
) (N = 38 DRH t = 0 t = 48
3
5 /
= DRH +(7+11)0.5+(11+16)0.5+(16+21)0.5+(21+8)0.5+8*0.5]60*60*6
106*1.4904
= [(2)0.5+(2+4)0.5+(4+7)0.5 m3

) ( Depth of Runoff = Runoff vol./ Area = 1.4904*106 / 27*106 = 5.52 cm.

Total Rainfall = 2.8 + 3.8 = 6.6 cm.
Time of Duration = 8 hr.
index = (6.6 5.52) / 8 = 0.135 cm/hr.

.6.5 : Unit Hydrograph

) (1
) D( .
:
.1
D . 1

1 .
.2
.

.3 .
41

1
D

 DRH UH
:
* ER = UH DRH
_________________________________________________________________________

.7.5 : Unit Hydrograph Assumptions

.1 .
. 2
UH .
___________________________________________________________________________

) / (3 6

3.5 6
)(.hr
UH
)(m3/s

12

15

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

66

25

50

85

125

160

185

160

110

60

36

25

16

/
)(.hr

12

15

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

66

)UH (m3/s

25

50

85

125

160

185

160

110

60

36

25

16

)DRH (m3/s

87.5

175

297.5

437.5

560

647.5

560

385

210

126

87.5

56

28

) / (4 6
3 2
2 3 .
6 .
DRH.
/

UH

DRH 3 cm

DRH 2 cm

DRH 5 cm

)(

)(m3/s

)(m3/s

)(m3/s

)(m3/s

25

75

75

50

150

150

85

255

50

305

12

125

375

100

475

15

160

480

170

650

18

185

555

250

805

)(21

)(172.5

)(517.5

)(320

)(837.5

24

160

480

370

850

30

110

330

320

550

36

60

180

220

400

42

36

108

120

228

48

25

75

72

147

54

16

48

50

98

60

24

32

56

)(66

)(2.7

)(8.1

)(16

)(24.1

69

)(10.6

)(10.6

42

75

) / (5
6 3.5 7.5 5.5 .
Discharge
) ( 3 0.25 /
Q
. 6 )(m /s.
.
Composite DRH
15 /3 2 /3 12
= 5 .
cm DRH
.

C = A + B
/ :
A 6
6
6

)(

3.5

7.5

6 )(

1.5

1.5

)(

UH

2 * 2

)Time (hr

6* 2
6

5.5
1.5

4* 2

12

DRH

)(3+4+5

)+6
(7

15

15

25

50

50

15

65

50

100

100

15

115

85

170

150

320

15

335

12

125

250

300

550

17

567

15

160

320

510

100

930

17

947

18

185

370

750

200

1320

17

1337

)(21

)(172.5

)(345

)(960

)(340

)(1645

)(17

)(1662

24

160

320

1110

500

1930

19

1949

)(27

)(135

)(270

)(1035

)(640

)(1945

)(19

)(1964

30

110

220

960

740

1920

19

1939

36

60

120

660

640

1420

21

1441

42

36

72

360

440

872

21

893

48

25

50

216

240

506

23

529

54

16

32

150

144

326

23

349

60

16

96

100

212

25

237

66

)(2.7

)(5.4

)(48

)(64

)(117

)(25

)(142

69

72

16

32

48

27

75

75

78

)(10.8

)(11

27

38

81

27

27

84

27

27

.8.5 : Unit Hydrograph Derivation

43

 DRH
DRH .

:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 1
4.
______________________________________________________________________
) / (6
432 2 6 .
6

)(hr

6-

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

)(m3/s

10

10

30

87.5

115.
5

102.
5

85

71

59

47.5

54

60

66

72

78

84

90

96

102

39

31.5

26

21.5

17.5

15

12.5

12

12

)(hr
)(m3/s

Storm hyd.

Discharge
)Q (m3/s.

Pi

6hr unit hyd.

End of DRH

Pi

Pi
Base Flow

)Time (hr
= A DRH t = 0 = B DRH t = 90
N = 90 24 = 66 = 2.75
= Pi t = 24
N = 0.83 * (423)0.2 = 2.78 ) 2.75 (

44


)
(hr

)m
(3/s

)(m3/s

DRH
)(m3/s

1
-6
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102

2
10
10
30
87.5
111.5
102.5
85
71
59
47.5
39
31.5
26
21.5
17.5
15
12.5
12
12

3
10
10
10
10.5
10.5
10.5
11
11
11
11.5
11.5
11.5
12
12
12
12.5
12.5
12
12

4
0
0
20
77
101
92
74
60
48
36
27.5
20
14
9.5
5.5
2.5
0
0
0

6

)(m3/s
4 3
5
0
0
6.7
25.7
33.7
30.7
24.7
20
16
12
9.2
6.6
4.6
3.2
1.8
0.8
0
0
0

m3/s 587
= ) 3 = (106*423) / (3600*6*587

______________________________________________________________
) / (7 3
3 270 /3
5.9
0.3 / 20
/ 3

/
= 5= 0.3*3 5.9
DRH = 270 20 = 250 /3
UH 3 = 50 = 5 / 250 / 3
__________________________________________________________________________

.9.5 Unit Hydrograph for

: Different Duration

nD
D :
.2 S
.1

.1 : Super Position Method

45

 D
n n
- nD
D :
F= A+ B+ C
= DRH of 3 cm.

Q
)(m3/s.

12 hr UH =( 0rd. of F) / 3

)Time (hr

Q
)(m3/s.

)Time (hr

______________________________________________________________
) / (8
4 12
.

)(
1
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52

A
2
0
20
80
130
150
130
90
52
27
15
5
0
-

B
4

C
8

0
20
80
130
150
130
90
52
27
15
5
0

0
20
80
130
150
130
90
52
27
15
5
0

+2
4+3
5
0
20
100
230
360
410
370
272
169
94
47
20
5
0

UH 12
) 5
(3
6
0
6.7
33.3
76.7
120
136.7
123.3
90.7
56.3
31.3
15.7
6.7
1.7
0

.2 : S S - Curve Method
mD
m ) S (S
.
___________________________________________________________________
) / (9 . S
46


)(

UH-4
hr

1
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52

2
0
20
80
130
150
130
90
52
27
15
5
0
-

3
0
0
20
100
230
380
510
600
652
679
694
699
699
-

)S (2+3
4
0
20
100
230
380
510
600
652
679
694
699
699
699
699

S

12

4
5

) 6
(12/4

5
0
20
100
230
380
510
600
652
679
694
699

6
0
20
100
230
360
410
370
272
169
94
47
20
5
0

7
0
6.7
33.3
76.7
120
136.7
123.3
90.7
56.3
31.3
15.7
6.7
1.7
0

_____________________________________________________________________
) / (10 4
.
2 .

)(

UH-4
hr

1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14

2
0
8
20
43
80
110
130
146

S
3
-

0
8
20
51
100
161

)S (2+3
4
0
8
20
51
100
161
230
307

S

2
5
-

0
8
20
51
100
161
230
47

4
5

) 6
(2/4
) (UH 2hr

6
0
8
12
31
49
61
69
77

7
0
16
24
62
98
122
138
154

16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44

150
142
130
112
90
70
52
38
27
20
15
10
5
2
0

230
307
380
449
510
561
600
631
652
669
679
689
694
699
699

380
449
510
561
600
631
652
669
679
689
694
699
699
701
699

307
380
449
510
561
600
631
652
669
679
689
694
699
699
701

73
69
61
51
39
31
21
17
10
10
5
5
0
)(2
)(2-

146
138
122
102
78
62
42
34
20
20
10
10
)3 (0
)0 (4
)0 (4-

_____________________________________________________________________

.10.5 :

.:
.1
.
.2 .
.3 .





.

5000 2
.
.:
.1
.
.2
.
.3 .

% 20 10
% .
____________________________________________________________________

) / (11 200
7.5 2 5 .
48

 2.5 /
6
. 5 10 25 40 15 5
.
/

)(day

)(cm

)(cm/day

ER
)(cm

1- 0
2- 1
32
43
54
65
76
87
9-8

7.5
2
5

2.5
2.5
2.5

5
0
2.5

%
5
15
40
25
10
5
0

)(cm
5

0.25
0.75
2
1.25
0.5
0.25
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

2.5

0.125
0.375
1
0.625
0.25
0.125
0

cm

m3 / s

0.25
0.75
2.125
1.625
1.5
0.875
0.25
0.125
0

5.79
17.36
49.19
37.62
34.72
20.25
5.79
2.89
0

* ) = (86400 / 104*200 * 23.148

/ 3

) ( Floods

.1.7 : Flood
. ) (





) 100
(

:
.1 Rational Method
.2 )( Empirical Method
.3 Hydrograph Method
.4 Flood Frequency Studies
Rainfall
of
Runoff
End :

Rainfall
&

.
.
.
Rainfall
_____________________________________________________________________
Recession

. 1 : Rational Method

Q
Runoff:
P
49

tc

 )
(0utlet
)) (tc ( ) (tc
):(QP
t tc
, A :
, i :
:
)C ( itcp

1
3.6

QP = C A i

C = Runoff / Rainfall

= QP
A
, C :

) tc / itcp : P

, )QP : (m3/s
(
) A : (2

__________________________________________________________________________

): Time of Concentration (tc

:
.1 : U.S.A. Practice
:
)n

s :

, n = 0.38

LL ca
s

( tc = tP = CtL

)( tc :
CtL= constant

= 0.83
= 0.5
= 0.24

)( L :

50

 Lca :
)(

.2 Kirpich Equation :

tc = 0.01947 L0.77 S-0.385

)tc : (min
)L : (m
S = H / L :
H :
_______________________________________________________________________

: Rainfall Intensity

tc ) P T = 1 /
( P :

KT x
tc a m

K,a, x , m

i tcp

________________________________________________________________________

) / (1 0.3 0.85 2
0.006 950
25
:
)(min
)(mm

10
26

5
17

30
50

20
40

60
62

40
57

) (QP
25.

= 27.4 min.
27.4 )( :

-0.385

0.77

)* (0.006

)tc = 0.01947 * (950

mm

50 10
* 7.4 40 47.4
10

) itcp /( :
mm/hr.
m3 /s.

0.3 * 103.8 * 0.85

7.35
3.6

.2 )( Empirical Formulas :
51

47.4

* 60 103.8
27.4

i tcp

Qp


.


.
.
: Flood Peak Area Relationships
QP
A :
)QP = f (A
____________________________________________________________________
. : Dickens Formula
3/4
QP = CD A
)QP : (m3/s
) A : (2
)CD : (30 6

. : Ryves Formula

QP = CR A2/3
)QP : (m3/s
) A : (2
CR :
) (80 = 6.8
) (160 - 80 = 8.5
= 10.2
. : Inglis Formula
124A
A 10.4

= QP

)QP : (m3/s
) A : (2

. : Fuller's Formula

)(1+ 0.8 log T

0.8

QTP = Cf A

24 T )QTP : (m3/s
)Cf : ( 1.88 0.18
. : Bird McWarn Formula
52

3025A

QMP = 278 A 0.78

) / (2
40.5 2
/
.1 )(CD = 6
3

= 96.3 m /s

0.75

)QP = 6 * (40.5

.2 )(CR = 6.8
3

2/3

QP = 6.8 (40.5) = 80.2 m /s

.3
= 704 m3/s
.4 :

124 * 40.5
40.5 10.4
3025 * 40.5

= QP

QMP = 278 40.5 0.78 = 1367 m3/s

.3 ) ( : Unit Hydrograph

.

_____________________________________________________________________

.4 : Flood Frequency Studies

.



Plotting Position :
)P = m / (N+1
and
T=1/P
) (r n :
!n
P r q n -r
! n - r !r

Pr, n

:
XT = X + k
X XT : T
X :
:
T k :
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
53

 .2.7 : Real Gumbel's Equation

XT = X + k n-1
T XT :
YT Yn
Sn

T
]
T 1

=k

YT = - [ ln . ln

/
) Sn
) Yn ( 3 7
( 4 7 318 ).(N
______________________________________________________________________
317

) / (3 1951
1977

:

150 .2
100 .1
51
294
7

)(m3/s

)(m3/s

52
352
1
65
436
6

53
239
9
66
338
0

54
412
4
67
782
6

55
349
6
68
332
0

56
294
7
69
659
9

57
506
0
70
370
0

58
490
3
71
417
5

59
375
7
72
298
8

60
479
8
73
270
9

61
429
0
74
387
3

62
465
2
75
459
3

63
505
0
76
676
1

TP = (N+1)/m = 28 / m

Computed
Plotting Position
Discharge
m3/s
N = 27 years

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

)(x
)(m3/s
28
7820
14
6900
2.33
10
20
9.33 5
6761
7
Log T (years) 6599
5.6
5060
4.67
5050
4
4903
3.5
4798
3.11
4652
2.8
4593
2.55
4366
2.33
4290

Mean
)T (year

54

64
690
0
77
197
1

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

2.15
2
1.87
1.75
1.65
1.56
1.47
1.4
1.33
1.27
1.21
1.17
1.12
1.08
1.04

4175
4124
3873
3757
3700
3521
3496
3380
3320
2988
2947
2747
2709
2399
1971

n-1 = 1432.6

X = 4263

T = 5 years :

YT = - [ ln.ln (5/4)] = 1.5

X5 = 4263 + ( 0.88 * 1432.6) = 5522 m3/s.

K = (1.5 0.5332)/1.1004 = 0.88 ,

T = 10 years : X10 = 6499 m3/s.

X20 = 7436 m3/s.

XT T :
3
T = 100 year
XT = 9600 m /s.
XT = 10700 m3/s.

:
3

X150 = 10088 m /s.

T = 150 year
&

X100 = 9558 m /s.

/ T = 2.33 )
.(Mean Annual Flood

) / (4
:
50
) T(
100
3
40809
) /(
46300
500 .
/
X100= X + k100 n-1
X50= X + k50 n-1
55

(k100 - k50) n-1 = X100 X50

= 46300 40809

(k100 k50) n-1 = 5491

Y
YT
n
Sn
Sn

= kT

Y100 = - [ln . ln (100/99)] = 4.6 , Y50 = 3.9

n 1 5491

n-1/ Sn = 5491 / (4.6 3.9) = 7864

Y100 Yn Y50 Yn

Sn
Sn

T = 500:
Y500 = - [ln . ln (500/499)] = 6.21
(Y500 - Y100) * ( n-1/ Sn ) = X500 X100
( 6.21 4.6) * 7864 = X500 46300
X500 = 59000 m3/s.

.3.7 : Confidence Limits

X


. C
X1 X2 :
X1/ 2 = XT f(c) Se
C f(c) :
%C
)f(c

1 1.3k 1.1k 2

50
0.67
4
=b

68
1

80
1.28
2

90
1.64
5

n 1

and

56

Se = b

95

99

2.58 1.96
Se :

 N :

YT Yn
Sn

( (

=k

___________________________________________________________________

) / (5
92 6437
2951 /3
500 . :
.
%80.
%95 .
/
Yn = 0.5589 3 7
Sn = 1.202 4 7

N = 92
N = 92
Y500 = - [ln .ln (500 / 499)] = 6.21
K500 = (6.21 0.5589) / 1.202 = 4.7
X500 = 6437 + 4.7 * 2951 = 20320 m3 /s.

1726

f ( c ) = 1.96 .

2951
=
92

* 5.61

= Se

= 5.61

1 1.3 * 4.7 1.1 4.7 2

=b

C = 95 %
)X1 / 2 = 20320 (1.96 * 1726
X1 = 23703 m3/s
, X2 = 16937 m3/s

f ( c ) = 1.282 .

C = 80 %

)X1 / 2 = 20320 (1.282 * 1726

X1 = 22533 m3/s
, X2 = 18110 m3/s
_____________________________________________________________________

.4.7 :
X :
Z = log X

ZT = Z + k z z

)kz : (Cs
Z
)/(N 1
3

)z = (Z Z

N Z Z

(N 1)(N 2)( z ) 3

57

z :

= Cs

Z:

N :
) ( 6 7

327

) Where kz ( Cs , T

) / (6 ) (3
:

( 200
( 100
.
/

)) (X
(m3/s
Z = log X

51

52

2947

3521

3.469
4

3.546
7
65

)) (X
(m3/s
Z = log X

53

54

2399

55

56

57

59

58

61

60

62

63

64

4124

3496

2947

5060

4903

3757

4798

4290

4652

5050

6900

3.615
3
67

3.543
6
68

3.469
4
69

3.704
2
70

3.690
5
71

3.574
8
72

3.681
1
73

3.632
5
74

3.667
6
75

3.703
3
76

3.838
8
77

4366

3380

7826

3320

6599

3700

4175

2988

2709

3873

4593

6761

1971

3.640
1

3.528
9

3.893
5

3.521
1

3.819
5

3.568
2

3.620
7

3.475
4

3.432
8

3.588

3.662
1

3.83

3.38
66

Z = 3.607
= 0.043
)T (year

Kz

100

2.33

200

2.58
4

Kz z
0.332
5
0.369

58

z = 0.1427

27 0.003

26 * 25 * (0.1427) 3

ZT

)XT ( m3/ s

3.94

8709

3.97
5

9440

= Cs

3.294
7



) ( Flood Routing

.1.8 :
.

. :
.2
.1




:
.1 .
.2 .

.
.
_____________________________________________________________________

.2.8 : Hydrologic Storage Routing

:
.1 : Modified Paul's Method

Q t
Q t
I1 I 2

t S1 1 S 2 2
2
2
2

)Q1 , Q2 : (t
)I1 , I2 : (t
)S1 , S2 : (t
:
.1
) (S + Qt / 2
%40 - %20 .
.2 .
59

 .3
t

I1 I 2
t
2

) ( S1 Q1t / 2 ) ( S2 + Q2t / 2

.
.4 ) ( S2 + Q2t / 2 )(1
Q2
).(2
.5 Q2 t ) ( S2 + Q2t / 2 ) ( S1 Q1t / 2 .
.6 .

)Out flow Q (m3 / s

10 13

)Elevation (m

Q VS Elevation

(S + Qt / 2 (VS
Elevation
100.5
) / (1 3.686

3.58
:

3
(S + Qt /( 2m(Mm
3
)(m3/s
) *106
0
3.35
10
3.472
26
3.88
46
4.383
72
4.882
100
5.37
116
5.527
130
5.856

)( m
100
100.5
101
101.5
102
102.5
102.75
103

100.5
:

)(

)m3/
(s

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

66

72

10

20

55

80

73

58

46

36

55

20

15

13

11

:
.1 .
.2 .
60

6
. S + Qt / 2 -
6
t = 6 * 60 * 60 = 0.0216 * 10 sec.

)m3/
)( m
(s
3.35
0
100
3.58
10
100.5
4.16
26
101
4.88
46
101.5
5.66
72
102
6.45
100
102.5
6.78
116
102.75
7.26
130
103
Q ((S + Qt / 2
100.5 Q = 10 m3/s S - Qt / 2)) = 3.36 3
((S - Qt / 2 ) (S + Qt / 2
)(S + Qt / 2) (Mm3

6 :

t
Q t
S

2
2

I1 I 2
2

Qt

= (10+20) * (0.0216 /2) + (3.362) = 3.686

) 3.686 = (S + Qt / 2
100.62 Q 13 / 3
) (S + Qt / 2) = (S - Qt / 2 :
13 * 0.0216 = 3.405 Mm3

:
3

)
(hr
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66

)m3/
(s
10
20
55
80
73
58
46
36
55
20
15
13

72

11

)I (m3/s

It
)(Mm3

)) (S - Qt / 2
(Mm3

)(S + Qt / 2
)(Mm3

)(m

)Q (m3/s

15
37.5
67.5
76.5
65.5
52
41
31.75
37.5
17.5
14
12

0.324
0.81
1.458
1.652
1.415
1.123
0.886
0.686
0.513
0.378
0.302
0.259

3.362
3.405
3.632
3.945
4.107
4.096
3.988
3.902
3.789
3.676
3.557
3.47

3.686
4.215
5.09
5.597
5.522
5.219
4.874
4.588
4.302
4.054
3.859
3.729

100.5
100.62
101.04
101.64
101.96
101.91
101.72
101.48
101.3
100.1
100.93
100.77

10
13
27
53
69
66
57
45
37
29
23
18

100.65

14

3.427

61

 1 7 8 :
Peak lag 7.2 hr.
Discharge
)Q (m3/s.

Peak Attenuation = 10 m3/s.

Outflow

.2

Inflow

: Goodrich's Method

I1 I 2

2S1
2S 2

Q1
Q2
t
t

)Time (hr.
______________________________________________________________________

) / (2
t
= 100.6.
)(
)m3/
(s

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

66

10

30

85

140

125

96

75

60

46

35

25

20

/
6

t = 6 * 60 * 60 = 0.0216 * 10 sec.
)( m
100
100.5
101
101.5
102
102.5
102.75
103

)m3/
(s
0
10
26
46
72
100
116
130

)(2S/t + Q) (Mm3
310.2
331.5
385.3
451.8
524
597.2
627.8
672.2

:
.1 ) (Q .
((2S/t + Q .2 .
= t 100.6 :
( 2S/t + Q) = 340 m3/s

Q = 12 m3/s

( 2S/t - Q) = 340 2 * Q = 340 2*12 = 316 m3/s

62

)Out flow Q (m3 / s

)Elevation (m

Q VS Elevation

(2S /t + Q (VS
Elevation
100.5
3.686
(2S/t +Q (m3/s

356 = (2S/t + Q)2

3.58

(2S/t +Q)2 = (10 + 30) + 316 = 356

Q = 17 / 3
= 100.74

(2S/t - Q)1 = 356 2*17 = 322 m3 / s

______________________________________________________________________

.3.8 : Hydrologic Channel Routing

S = f(Q)
S = f (I,Q)
.

: Muskingum's Method for Routing

63

Q2 = Co I2 + C1 I1 + C2 Q1
kx 0.5t
k kx 0.5t

Co

kx 0.5t
k kx 0.5t

C1

k - kx 0.5t
k kx 0.5t

C2

Co + C1 + C2 = 1
k :
, x :
___________________________________________________________________

) / (3 k = 12 x = 0.2
10 / 3

/

)(

)m3/
(s

1
0

2
0

1
2
5
0

24 18
55 60

3
0
4
5

3
6
3
5

4
2
2
7

5
4
1
5

4
8
2
0

C1 I1 = 4.29

I1 = 10

Co I2 = 0.96

I2 = 20

C2 Q1 = 5.23

Q1 = 10
Q = 10.48 m3/s

)(
1
0
6

)I (m3/s
2
10
20

I 0.429 I 0.048
2

3
0.96
2.4

4
4.29
8.58
64

0.523
Q1
5
5.23
5.48

Q
6
10
10.48

12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54

50
60
55
45
35
27
20
15

21.45
25.74
23.6
19.3
15.02
11.58
8.58

2.88
2.64
2.16
1.68
1.3
0.96
0.72

8.61
17.23
23.85
25.95
24.55
21.38
17.74

16.46
32.49
45.61
49.61
46.93
40.87
33.92
27.04

t 6 12 Q1 = 10.48 / 3 .
.
attenuation lag time 10 /3 12 .

) ( Ground Water

.1 .8 :
:
.1 . Saturated Zone
.2 . Aeration Zone
.1 : Saturated Zone
water table
.
.2 : Aeration Zone

:
65

 .1 : Soil Water Zone

.
.2 : Capillary Fringe
.
. : Intermediate Zone

.

:
.1 :Aquifer

unconsolidated
.
.2 : Aquitard
.

.3 : Aquiclude

.
.4 : Aquifuge

.
______________________________________________________________________

.2 .8 : Ground Water Budget

.

inflow outflow
:
I t - Q t = S
I t :
Q t :
.
)S : (t


) (Safe Yield
:
.1 .
66

 .2 .
.
.3

.3 .8 : Wells


.

.

cone of depression
draw down
area of influence
. radius of influence



.
.


recuperation of recovery
.

.1.3.8 : Steady Flow into a Well

.1 : Confined Flow

B
Q H hw : Sw
S1 = H h 1 , S2 = H h 2 ,

, if

) 2 k T (h 2 h 1
r
) ln ( 2
r1

)T = k B ( transportation factor m2/s.

) 2 T (S 2 S1
r
) ln ( 2
r1

) ( H = h2 , R = r2 , S = 0 ) ( r1 = rw , h1 = hw , S1 = Sw
:

67

2 T Sw
R
) ( ln
rw

Q from pumping well

= 2 rw

Original
Piezometric
surface

S2

S1

h2

h1

Sw
H

Piezometric
surface
under
pumping

Confined
Aquifer
hw

Flow

r1
r2

) (1 30
45/ = 20
3 300

:
B = 20 m.

Sw = 3 m.

, rw = 0.15 m.

R = 300 m.

k = 45 / (3600 * 24) = 5.208 * 10-4 m/s.

T = 5.208 * 10-4 * 20 = 10.416*10-3 m2/s.
Q = 2 * * 10.416*10-3 * 3 / ln (300/0.15) = 0.02583 m3/s. = 1550 liter/min.
68

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

: ( 2)
. 45 .1
. 4.5

.2

:
1. Q = 1637 m3/s.
2. Q = 2325 m3/s.

: Unonfined Flow ( ).1

Q

k (h 22 h 12 )
r
ln ( 2 )
r1

Q from pumping well

: ( r1 = rw , h1 = hw )
= 2(r H = h2 , R = r2 )
w

k (H 2 h 2w )
R
ln ( )
rw
Piezometric
Or :
surface
under
k (h 12 h 2w )
pumping
Q
r
ln ( 1 )
Flow
rw
Q

Unonfined
Aquifer

S1

S2

h1

h2

Sw
H

hw

r1
R

69
r2

Original
Piezometric
surface

 ) (3 30 40
1500 /
25 75 3.5
2

:
1. Q = 1500*10-3/ 60 = 0.025 m3/s.
h1 = 40 3.5 = 36.5 m.

h2 = 40 2 = 38 m. ,

r1 = 25 m.

r2 = 75 m.

)0.025 = ( * k * (382 36.52)) / ln (75/25

k = 7.823 * 10-5 m/s.
T = k H = 7.823 * 10-5 * 40 = 3.13 * 10-3 m2 / s.
) k (h 12 h 2w
Q
r
2.
) ln ( 1
rw

)0.025 = ( * 7.823 * 10-5 * (36.52 hw2)) / ln (25/0.15

hw = 28.49 m.
Sw = 40 28.49 = 11.51 m

) (
70

71