GII TCH (C BN)

Ti liu n thi cao hc nm 2005

Phin bn chnh sa

PGS TS. L Hon Ha

Ngy 10 thng 11 nm 2004

L THUYT CHUI
1

Chui s

1.1

nh ngha

nh ngha 1. Cho (an )n l dy s (c th thc hay phc), chui tng ng k hiu l

an .

Vi mi k N, t sk =

k
X

an l tng ring phn th k. Khi k thay i trn N, c dy

tng ring phn (sk )k .

Nu lim sk tn ti hu hn, ta ni chui
k

S=

an hi t v t S = lim sk l tng ca chui,

k

an .

Nu lim sk khng tn ti hoc lim sk = + hay lim sk = , ta ni chui

k

an phn

k.
Tnh cht
1. Tnh hi t v tng ca chui khng thay i nu thay i th t ca mt s hu hn
s hng.
2. Chui

X
1

an v

an cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

nn0

3. iu kin cn: nu chui

an hi t th lim an = 0.
k

1.2

Chui khng m

L chui c dng

an , an 0.

Tnh cht
X
Cho
an , an 0. Khi dy tng ring phn (sk )k l dy tng v nu (sk )k b chn th
chui

an hi t.

Du hiu so snh
1. Gi s 0 an bn , n n0 . Khi , nu
k th

bn hi t th

an hi t, nu

an phn

bn phn k.

2. Gi s lim

an
= k. Khi :
bn

(a) Nu 0 < k < th

an ,

(b) Nu k = 0 v

(c) Nu k = v

bn hi t th

bn cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

an hi t th

an hi t, nu

bn hi t, nu

an phn k th

bn phn k th

X
1

bn phn k.
an phn k.

Tiu chun tch phn

Cho f : [1, +) R lin tc, f (x) 0 v f gim. Vi mi n N, t an = f (n). Khi :
Z

X
Tch phn suy rng f (x)dx hi t Chui
an hi t.
1

Chui c bn:

X
1

hi t khi s > 1, phn k khi s 1.

ns
1

t , |t| < 1, hi t v tng S =

tn =

1
1t

Du hiu DAlembert (t s)

X
an+1
Cho chui s dng
an , an > 0. Gi s lim
= k. Khi :
n an
1
1. Nu k < 1 th

an hi t.

2. Nu k > 1 th

an phn k.

3. Nu k = 1, cha kt lun v s hi t.

X
an+1
1, n n0 th chui
an phn k.
Ghi ch. Nu c
an
1

Du hiu Cauchy (cn s)

Cho chui khng m

an , an 0. Gi s lim n an = k. Khi :
k

1. Nu k < 1 th chui hi t.
2. Nu k > 1 th chui phn k.
3. Nu k = 1, cha kt lun v s hi t.

1.3

Chui an du

C dng

(1)n an hoc

(1)n an , an 0.

Du hiu Leibnitz

X
Cho chui an du
(1)n an , an 0. Gi s (an )n l dy gim v lim an = 0 th chui
k

hi t. Gi S l tng ca chui. Khi : |S| a1 .

1.4

Chui bt k

C dng

an vi an c th m hay dng.

Xt chui khng m
chui

|an |. Nu chui

an hi t tuyt i. Nu chui

|an | hi t th chui

an hi t nhng chui

an hi t v ta ni

|an | phn k, ta ni chui

an l bn hi t.

Tnh cht
X
Nu chui
an hi t tuyt i th chui c c bng cch thay i th t cc s hng
1

cng hi t v tng ca chui khng thay i.

Ghi ch. Nu bng du hiu DAlembert hoc Cauchy m chui
th chui

X
1

an cng hi t (phn k)

|an | hi t (phn k)

nh l 1. Cho (an )n l dy gim, an 0, lim an = 0. Cho (bn )n l dy bt k (khng cn

n

 n
X 


bk  C.
dng). Gi s c hng s C > 0 sao cho vi mi n N, 


1

X
X
Khi , chui
an bn hi t v tng S =
an bn tha mn |S| Ca1 .
1

Th d
Xt s hi t ca chui
1.

1
1
t f : [2, ) R, f (x) =
th f lin tc, f (x) 0 v f gim. Khi

n
ln
n
x
ln
x
2
1
, f (n) =
, n 2.
n ln n
Z
Z
dx
dt
=
Xt tch phn suy rng
(i bin t = ln x)

x ln x
t
2

ln 2

Tch phn hi t khi > 1, phn k khi 1.

X
1
hi t khi > 1, phn k khi 1.
Vy chui

n
ln
n
2

( n a 1) vi a > 1
2.
1

 1


ln a
an
t an = ( n a 1) = e n ln a 1 v bn = th lim
=1
n bn
n

X
ln a
hi t khi > 1, phn k khi 1.
Chui

n
1
Vy chui cho hi t khi > 1, phn k khi 1.



X
1
1
3.
ln 2 ln sin 2
n5
n5
1

1



sin
1
1

n2/5
t an = ln 2/5 ln sin 2/5
= ln

1
n
n
n2/5
t3
sin t
t2
Do sin t = t + o(t3 ) nn
= 1 + o(t2 )
6
t
6
1
ln(1 + t)
an
1
t bn = 4/5 , dng lim
= 1, ta c lim
=
t0
n bn
n
t
6

X 1
Do chui
phn k nn chui cho phn k.
n4/5
1



X
1
1
4.
sin ln 1 +
n
n
1
4



1
1
t an = sin ln 1 +
n
n
Dng khai trin Taylor:
t3
t2
sin t = t + o(t3 ), ln(1 + t) = t + o(t2 )
6
2
2
t
Suy ra: sin t ln(1 + t) = + o(t2 )
2
1
an
=1
t bn = 2 , ta c lim
n bn
2n

X
1
Do chui
hi t nn chui cho hi t.
2
2n
1
5.


X
1
1

n+1
ln
n
n

1
n+1
ln
n
n
1
an
t2
=1
Do t ln(1 + t) = + o(t2 ), t bn = 2 , ta c: lim
n bn
2
2n

X
1
hi t nn chui cho hi t.
Do chui
2n2
1
t an =

6. Xt s hi t ca chui dng

an tha iu kin:


1
n n0 , an 1 vi (0, 1).
n

n
1
Ta c: 0 < an 1 , n n0
n

n
1
Xt lim n2 1
n
n

 
n 




1
1
1

1 2 ln n
2
= 2 ln n n ln 1 = n
n ln 1
Ta c ln n 1
n
n
n1
n


ln n
1
Do lim 1 = 0, lim n ln 1 = 1 nn
n n
n
n
n

1
lim n2 1
=0
n
n

Dn n lim n2 .an = 0
Do chui

X
1

X
1
hi t nn
an hi t.
n2
1

7. (a) Xt s hi t ca chui

an tha iu kin:

an+1

an > 0,
an

n
n+1

(b) Xt s hi t ca chui

vi > 1

un vi:

un =

1.3. . . . .(2n 1)
2.4. . . . .2n.(2n + 2)

1
(a) t bn = , ta c
n



an+1
n
1
bn+1

= 1
=
, n
an
n+1
bn
n+1
an
a1
an+1

= a1 , n
Suy ra
bn+1
bn
b1

X
X
1
Vy an a1 .bn , n. Do > 1, chui
hi t nn chui
an hi t.
n
1
1

 32
un+1
2n + 1
3
1
=
(b) Ta c
=1
1
()
un
2n + 4
2(n + 2)
n+2

X
1
Tng t (7a) vi bn =
ta c chui
un hi t.
(n + 1)3/2
1
Ta chng minh: vi t [0, 1], > 1, (1 t) 1 t
t (t) = (1 t) (1 t), ta c: 0 (t) = (1 t)1 + 0
Do (0) = 0 nn (t) 0, t [0, 1] hay (1 t) 1 t
8. Cho (0, 2), s > 0. Xt s hi t ca hai chui

X
cos n
1

ns

X
sin n

Trc tin chng minh: c M > 0 sao cho



n
X



cos k M,



0

ns



n
X



sin k M,




Do eik = cos k + i sin k, k N, ta c:

n
X
1 ei(n+1)
(1 cos(n + 1)) i sin(n + 1)
eik =
=
i
1e
(1 cos ) i sin
0
=

[(1 cos(n + 1)) i sin(n + 1)][(1 cos ) + i sin ]

(1 cos )2 + sin2

ng nht phn thc v o

 n
 
X
 [1 cos(n + 1)](1 cos ) + sin . sin(n + 1)
5


cos k =


2
2


(1 cos ) + sin
(1 cos )2 + sin2
0
6

 

n
 [1 cos(n + 1)] sin + (1 cos ). sin(n + 1)
X
4


sin k =


2
2

 0
(1 cos ) + sin
(1 cos )2 + sin2
Vy iu khng nh c chng minh.

X
1
Do hai chui cho c dng
an bn vi ln lt bn = cos n, bn = sin n v an = s ,
n
1
(an )n l dy gim, lim an = 0 v c hng s C 0 tha mn:
n



n

X


sin k C,


 1



n

X


cos k C,


 1
Vy chui

X
cos n

ns

X
sin n
1

ns

hi t.

9. Cho > 0, s > 0. Xt s hi t ca chui an du

(1)n

ln n
ns

ln t
ts
1
ln
t

Ta c 0 (t) = s+1 ( s ln t) 0 khi ln t

t
s
/s
Vy l hm gim khi t e
 

X
ln n
n ln n
/s
Vi n0 N sao cho n0 e , chui an du
(1)
c dy
l dy gim,
s
s
n
n
nn0
ln n
=0
lim
n ns
Theo du hiu Leibnitz, chui cho hi t.

Xt hm (t) =

Bi tp
1. Tnh tng ring v tng (nu c) ca chui sau
(a)

(b)

(c)

X
1

X
1

X
1

1
2
4n 1

1
1
HD: an = 2
=
4n 1
2

3n2 + 3n + 1
n3 (n + 1)3
arctg

n2

1
+n+1

HD: an =

1
1

2n 1 2n + 1

1
1

3
n
(n + 1)3

HD: arctg a arctg b = arctg

2. Xt s hi t ca cc chui sau

ab
1 + ab

1
p
n(n + 1)
1

X n+1 n1
(b)
n3/4
1
(a)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

( n2 + 1 n)
1


n
n

1 n+1
n+1
HD: lim
=e

n
n
n
n
1


X 
1
HD: ln(1 + t) t
ln 1 +
n
1



X
1
n+1
ln
n1
n
1


X
1
t2
1 cos
HD: 1 cos t
n
2
1

X
1

X
1

(j)

n4/3 arctg

1
n2

ln n
n3/2

X
2n + 3n
1

4n + n2

3. Dng tiu chun t s hoc cn s xt s hi t ca chui

X
n!
(a)
n
8 .n2
1

(b)

X
1.3.5. . . . .(2n 1)
1

22n .(n 1)!

7n (n!)2
n2n
1

n

X
2n + 1
(d)
n
3n 1
1

n2

X
1
1
(e)
1+
n
2
n
1
n(n1)

X
n1
(f)
n+1
1
(c)

4. Xt s hi t ca chui an du:
8

n+1
+n+1
1



X
1
n
(1) . ln 1 + ,
(b)
n
1
(a)

(c)

(d)

X
1

X
1

(e)

(f)

(1)n .

n2

>0

1
1
(1)n tg sin
n
n
(1)n
1
n + cos
n

( n + 1 n) cos n
1

(1)n+1

HD: cos n = (1)n

1.4.7. . . . .(3n 2)
3.5.7. . . . .(2n + 1)

5. Xt s hi t v hi t tuyt i ca chui
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

X
1

X
1

X
1

X
1

(1)n+1
(1)n
n

1
,
ln n

1
n .n1/n


(1)

>0

n+1
2n2 + 1

cos na
,
n

HD (5d)

X
cos2 na
1

>0

,

>0

a (0, )

> 0,

,=

1 X cos 2na + 1
2 1
n

X
X
1
cos 2na
Vi 1, chui
phn k,
hi t.

n
n
1
1

Suy ra chui

X
cos2 na

phn k.

Do | cos na| cos na, n N nn chui

X
| cos na|
1

Vy chui

X
cos na
1

phn k.

, 1, hi t nhng khng hi t tuyt i.

Chui hm s

3.1

S hi t :

nh ngha 2. Vi mi n N, un : I R R, chui hm tng ng k hiu l

mi x I, c chui s thc

n
P

un . Vi

un (x), khi x thay i trn I, c v s chui s, trong s c

nhng chui s(hi t v nhng chui phn

) k.

P
t D = x I,
un (x) hi t
v t u(x) =
un (x), x D. D c gi l min
1

hi t ca chui, k hiu : u =

un .

Ta ni :

X
1

P
1




P


un (x) < .
un hi t v u trn D x D, > 0, k0 : k k0 = 

nk0



P



un (x) < , x D.
un hi t u v u trn D > 0, k0 N : k k0 = 
nk0


Du hiu Weierstrass:
Gi s : |un (x)| an , x D, n n0 v

an hi t. Khi chui

un hi t u trn

D.
nh l 2 (Weierstrass).
1) Gi s : n N, un lin tc trn D,

un hi t u v u trn D. Khi u lin tc trn

D.
2) Gi s : n N, un kh vi lin tc trn [a, b], chui o hm
x0 [a, b] sao cho chui s

u0n hi t u v v v c

un (x0 ) hi t.

Khi c hm u kh vi lin tc trn [a, b] sao cho chui

v u0 = v =

un hi t u v u trn [a, b]

u0n .

Zx
u(t)dt =

Hn na :
a

Z
X
1

u(t)dt.

Chui ly tha:

nh ngha 3. Chui ly tha l chui c dng

P
0

10

an (x x0 )n , x0 l tm ca chui.

nh l 3. Cho chui ly tha

P
0

 an+1 


an (x x0 ) . Gi s : lim 
= hoc lim n |an | = .

n
n
an
n

1
t R = v gi R l bn knh hi t ca chui. Khi :

i. Chui

an (x x0 )n hi t v hm u trn (x0 R, x0 + R).

ii. Chui

an (x x0 )n phn k khi |x x0 | > R.

iii. Hm u kh vi v u0 (x) =

nan (x x0 )n1 , x (x0 R, x0 + R)

Zx
u(t)dt =

Hn na :

x0

X
an
(x x0 )n+1 , x (x0 R, x0 + R). Min hi t ca chui
n
+
1
0

an (x x0 )n l (x0 R, x0 + R) c th thm vo im u x0 R v im cui x0 + R

ty tng trng hp.

Th d :
1) Chui

X
0

1
c min hi t l |x| > 1.
1 + x2n

X
1
1
1
Vi a > 1, ta c :

, x, |x| a v
hi t. Vy chui hm hi
2n
2n
1+x
1+a
a2n
0

t u trn min |x| a.

X
(1)n

l chui hm an du, c min hi t l x > 1. Vi a > 1, > 0, do tnh



X (1)n 
1


cht ca chui an du, c k0 N : ln a < , vi k k0 ta c : 
 kln1 a
ln
x


n
k0

2) Chui

nln x

nk

1
k0ln a

< . Vy chui hi t u trn min x a.

3) Chui

X
0

xn
, x 6= 1.
1 + xn

1
Vi |x| < 1, c n0 N sao cho : n n0 th |x|n < .
2


 xn 
n


Suy ra : 
2|x| .
1 + xn 
Vy min hi t ca chui l (1, 1). Tuy nhin chui khng hi t u trn (1, 1). Tht
xk
vy, vi = 1, vi mi k N c th chn x (0, 1) sao cho:
>1
1 x2
Khi :
X xn
X xn
xk
1<
=

.
1 x2 nk 1 + x nk 1 + xn

11



 xn 
an


Vi mi 0 < a < 1, ta c : 
, x, |x| a, n N.

1 + xn  1 a

X
P
xn
n
Chui
a hi t. Vy chui
hi t u trn [a, a].
1 + xn
0
0

X
cos nx X sin nx
4) Vi s > 0, chui
,
hi t khi x 6= k2, k Z. Tht vy, vi mi
s
s
n
n
1
1

k, p N c hng s M sao cho:

 k+p

 k+p

X

X

M
M




cos nx
,
sin nx


 1 cos x 
 1 cos x
k
k

dy

1
ns

X
cos nx X sin nx
gim v 0 nn chui
,
hi t, c tng
s
s
n
x
k
k

S1 =

X
cos nx
k

ns

, S2 =

X
sin nx
k

ns

1
1
M
M
, |S2 | s
.
s
k 1 cos x
k 1 cos x
Vi a > 0 v > 0 bt k,
M
M
do

, x [a + 2i, 2(i + 1) a], i Z,

1 cos x
1 cosa
M
1
< . Khi , vi k k0 , ta c:
chn k0 N sao cho: s .
k 1 cos a





X


X
cos nx 
sin nx 



 < , 
 , x [a + 2i, 2(i + 1) a].


ns 
ns 
tha mn: |S1 |

X
sin nx X cos nx
Suy ra: chui
,
hi t u trn min [a + 2i, 2(i + 1) a], i Z.
xs
xs
1
1

Ghi ch: Chui

X
sin n2 x
1

n2

hi t trn R nhng chui o hm tng s hng

khng hi t.

Cng thc Maclaurin ca cc hm c bn:

X
1
1)
=
tn , |t| < 1
1t
0

X
1
2)
=
(1)n tn , |t| < 1
1+t
0
t

3) e =

X
tn
0

n!

, t R

12

cos n2 x

4) sin t =

(1)n

5) cos t =

(1)n

6) ln(1 + t) =

X
0

t2n+1
, t R
(2n + 1)!
t2n
, t R
(2n)!

tn+1
(1)
, t > 1
n+1
n

7) (1 + t) = 1 + t +

( 1) 2
( 1) . . . ( n + 1) n
t + ... +
t + . . . , |t| < 1.
2!
n!

Chui Taylor:
Cho hm f kh vi v hn ln trong ln cn ca x0 . Chui

X
f (n) (x0 )
0

n!

(x x0 )n l chui

Taylor ca f trong ln cn ca x0 . Nu chui Taylor ca f c bn knh hi t R > 0 th

X
f (n) (x0 )
f (x) =
(x x0 )n , x (x0 R, x0 + R).
n!
0

Bi Tp
1. Tm min hi t ca chui hm :

X
1
1)
nx
1

2)

X
(1)n+1
1

1 + nx

n1
xnx
1

X
4)
xn +
3)

1
n
2 xn

2. Xt s hi t u ca chui hm:

X
(1)n
1)
trn R. HD : dng chui an du.
x2n + n
1

2)

xn enx trn [0, a] vi a > 0.

1
(x2n x2n+1 ) trn [0, 1].
n
0
1
1
HD : 0 un (x) = (x2n x2n+1 )
, x [0, 1].
n
n(2n + 1)

X
x2
4)
(1)n
trn R.
(1 + x2 )n
0
3)

13

3. Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha sau :

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

X
xn
1

X
1

X
1

X
1

X
0

X
1

n
(x 2)n
, s > 0.
ns
(x + 1)n
(2n 1)!
xn
3n + 2n

(x + 1)n

(x 4)n

(1)n1 n
x
n
n2
1
n

X
n+1
8)
(x 2)2n , HD : t t = (x 2)2
2n
+
1
1
7)

9)

X
(x + 5)2n1

n2 4n

10)
11)

X
2

X
1

, HD : xt (x + 5)

X
(x + 5)2n2
1

n2 4n

1
(x 1)n
n(ln n)2
ln n
(x + 2)n .
n

4. Tnh tng ca cc chui sau :

1)

(1)n 2nx2n1 , x (1, 1).

HD: t f (x) =

(1)n 2nx2n1 , x (1, 1). Tnh tch phn hai v.

2)

3)

x
, x (1, 1)
n
1

X
xn
HD: f (x) =
, f (0) = 0. o hm hai v.
n
1

nxn , x (1, 1)

HD : f (x) = x.

nxn1 = x.S(x) vi S(x) =

P
1

14

nxn1 .

4)


X

1+

2
3n+1

xn , x (1, 1).

HD: tch thnh tng hai chui.

X
n(n + 1)xn2 , x (1, 1).
5)
2

HD : t S(x) =

n(n + 1)xn2 , S(0) = 6, xS(x) =

n(n + 1)xn1 .

5. Khai trin Maclaurin ca cc hm s sau :

1) f (x) = sin2 x.
HD : sin2 x = 21 (1 cos 2x).
x3 + x + 1
.
x3 4x + 3
HD : f (x) = x + 4

2) f (x) =

3
2(x1)

31
.
2(x3)

3) f (x) = xex , Tnh f (19) (0).

X
x2n+1 X f (k) (0) k
HD : f (x) =
=
x . ng nht h s ca x19 hai v.
n!
k!
0
0
x
4) f (x) =
, Tnh f (17) (0).
1 + x4

5) f (x) = 3 8 + x.

6) f (x) = ln(x + 1 + x2 ).
Zx
X
( 1) . . . ( n + 1) 2n
1
HD : f (0), f 0 (x) = (1 + x2 ) 2 , f 0 (x) =
t dt, vi
n!
0
0

1
= .
2
Zx
sin t
dt.
7) f (x) =
t
0

15