2 2

()

(Fundamental of fluid mechanics)

(Objective)

(Introduction)


(Pump)

2-1

 2 2

()

2.1

(Fluid)

(Density, ) (m) (V)
(Specific volume, v)

(Viscosity, )
(Specific weight, )
(g) (mg)
2.2

2.1 p [Pa]

= F[N]/A[m2]

F1/A1

F2/A2

(2.1)

(Gauge Pressure)

2.1

2-2

 2 2

()

2.2.1
()
2

p2 - p1 = g(z2 - z1)

(z2 - z1)

(2.2)

p2 - p1 1 2
() [kg/m3], g [m/s2], (z2 - z1)
[m]
2.2 A-B h
2.2

2.2
2.3

2.3 (Cross Section Area) A [m2]

V [m/s] (Steady Flow)
1 2 1 2

2.3
2.3.2
2-3

 2 2

()

2.3.1

M& [kg/s]

M& = VA
= Q

=
=

1V1A1
1Q1

= 2V2A2 =
= 2Q2
=

(2.3)

[kg/m3], Q (Volume flow

rate) (Flow rate) [m3/s], Q M& /
() Q
2.3.2
[J/kg]
V2/2 [J/kg] gz [J/kg] 1 2
Ein [J/kg] (, Blower, )
Eout (, )

(h1 + V12/2 + gz1) + (Ein - Eout) = (h2+V22/2 + gz2)

(2.4)

g gn = 9.80665 [m/s2]



()
Eloss h
p (h = q + vp =
q + p/) h = Eloss + p/ 2.4 h1 - h2 = Eloss+ (p2 p1)/

(p1/ + V21/2 + gz1) + (Ein Eout - Eloss) = (p2/ + V22/2 + gz2)

2-4

(2.5)

 2 2

()

Eloss
p +V2/2 + gz =

(2.6)

(Bernoullis Equation)
- p, V2/2, gz
(Static Pressure) z
2 gz (2.5) (2.6)

2.3.3 () (Streamline)
m F F
t V
.

(F) t = m (V)

(2.7)

2.3 1 2
M& [kg/s] = m/t x
Fx

( F ) t = m (V
x

2x

& t (V V )
V1 x ) = M
2x
1x

(2.8)

& (V V ) = Q (V V )
=M
2x
1x
2x
1x

[N]

y z

2-5

(2.9)

 2 2

()

2.4
2.4.1 (Laminar Flow)
(Turbulent Flow)
2.4
U = 0

(Velocity Boundary)
(Mainstream)

2.4
() (Laminar
Flow) (Turbulent Flow)

(Shear) [Pa]
=

dU
dy

(2.10)

(Viscosity) [Pa*s]

(Disorder)
= ( + m )

dU
dy

(2.11)

2-6

 2 2

()

(Kinematic Viscosity) /) m [m2/s]

(
)

()
Re (Reynolds Number)

Re = () x () /
= /
Re =

VL

(2.12)

(Critical Reynolds) (2.10)
(Newtonian Fluid)
(Non-Newtonian Fluid) ( )

(Effect)
2.4.2
2.5
(Le)

(Fully Developed) Re V D

Re =

VD

VD [M / (D 2 / 4 )]D
=

(2.13)

V [kg/(m2*s)]
V V

/

2-7

 2 2

()

Rec
Rec = 2300 2000
4000
2000

2.5
/
2.5
V Uc

V=

Uc
M&
=
( D 2 / 4 ) 2

(2.14)

L p/ [J/kg]

64 L V 2
=

Re D 2

(2.15)

p/
(Re>4000)
2.5

V = 0.82 Uc

(2.16)

2-8

 2 2

()

()
De
De =

(2.17)

4A
Lp

A Lp
De = D
2.5
2.5.1

p

= f

L V2

D 2

(2.18)

f (Friction Factor) L ,
D , V
V Q (2.3) V = Q/(D2/4)
p

= 8 fL

Q2
2 D5

(2.19)

p L Q
5

(2.15)
f =

64
Re

(2.20)

f =

0.316
Re1 / 4

(2.21)

2-9

 2 2

()

Re

Re ( V, D) (2.21)
Re
Re (Moody Diagram)
2.5.2

p
p

(2.22)

= 0.5KV 2

2.6 Re

0.5 1.0 90
0.5 0.75 p

2-10

Eloss
t

 2 2

()

E loss p M
=
= p Q

(2.23)

2.5.3 (Nozzle) (Orifice), (Head Tank)

(Nozzle)
(Nozzle)
( To, po)
() pb pb po

(
) po/pb po/pc
2

2.7
( 0.2-0.3 )
(
) ( 2.6)
Q
Q = Ae

2( p o p e )

(2.24)

Ae
Q Q*

Q = CQ*
C (C < 1)
2-11

(2.25)

 2 2

()

(Orifice)
2.8 ( A1 D1,
D0,
D2) C (2.24) (2.25)

2( p1 p 2 )

Q = CA 0

(2.26)

(2.3)
(2.6) Q

Q = A2

p p2
2 1

A
1 2
A1
C2

1m C
2

2
2

= A0

A0 2

p p2
2 1

(A 2 A0 )

A
1 (A 0 A1 ) 2
A0
2

(2.27)

(p 1 p 2 )

D0

2.8
m = A0/A1 = (D0/D1)2 (Coefficient of Contraction)
C2 = A2/A0 = (D2/D0)2
(2.26) C

2-12

 2 2

C=

()

C2
1 m 2 C 22

(2.28)

C2 C m
C

C 0.2

C
(Head Tank)
Q
2.9 1 2 (2.6)

(2.29)

Q = 2 gH

AE
(a x b)
H
z1 z2
2.9
Q Q

2.9
Q = CQ*

(2.30)
2-13

 2 2

()

C C (2.25)
1, 2 (2.6)
p2 = p1 + gH - V22/2

(2.31)

(2.3) V2 = Q/A2 = (Q/AE)(AE/A2)

C 2
p 2 = p1 1gH
C C

(2.32)

p2 H
2.6
2.6.1 (Pump)


(Cavitation)

(2.5)
1 2
(Ein Eloss) [J/kg]

p 2 V22
p1 V12

E in E loss = + + gz 2 + + gz1 = gH t
2

(2.33)

Ht [m] -
(Total Head) P
P=

(Ein Eloss )M&

p

p 2 V22
M&
p1 V12
+ gz1
=
+
+ gz 2 +
2
2
p


M&
= gH t

(2.34)

p = (Ein Eloss) /Ein M&

[kg/s], Ht [kg/m3] g
[m/s2]
2-14

 2 2

()

(Pump Characteristics)
A, B ()
(Similarity Rules)
Q2 N 2 D2

=
Q1 N 1 D1

Q
H
P
N
D

H2 N2
,

=
H 1 N1

D2

D1

P2 N 2
,

=
P1 N 1

D2

D1

(2.35)

1, 2 1 2

(2.35)
1 2 (D1 = D2 )
Q N H N2 P
N3
(Specific Speed :NS) (2.35)
D2 / D1 H2 =
1,Q2 = 1, Q1 = Q, H1 = H, N1 = N, N2 = NS (2.36) NS
Parameter
Q

NS = N
H

N
Q
H

(2.36)

(min-1)
(m3/min)

Centrifugal Pump ()
: NS = 100 400
Diagonal Flow Pump
: NS = 800 1000
Axial Flow Pump ()
: NS = 1000
Axial Flow (
) (Low Total Head) 2.13
2
2-15

 2 2

()

2.13
Centrifugal Pump
Axial Flow
(Head)
Head
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

NPSH (Absolute pressure)

NPSH
NPSH


2-16

 2 2

()

(Cavitation)
NPSH 2 NPSH (Required NPSH: NPSHr) NPSH
(Available NPSH: NPSHa)
NPSHa

NPSH
NPSH

( 101.325 kN/m2 10.33
)

(NPSHa)

NPSHa
NPSHa
NPSHr
(Head losses) NPSHr
5
5
3 3
NPSH
(Cavitation)



(Cavitation)

/ (Head)

HSV
(Net Positive Suction Head NPSH)
gH sv = p s +

Vs2
2

(2.37)

pv

2-17

 2 2

()

NPSH ( 1
2) pV
(Suction Specific Speed) S

S= N

N
Q
HSV

Q
34
H SV

(2.38)

[min-1]
[m3/min]

S
1200 Centrifugal diagonal 3% S
1500-2000 S 1500
cavitation
1. centrifugal

capacity capacity

2. Axial

capacity capacity

3
(Suction Lift)

.

2-3
Vertical Turbine
(Submersible Pump)
Vertical Turbine

2-18

 2 2

()

.

500 3,000 Radial Flow
3,000 8,000 Mixed Flow 8,000 15,000
Axial flow
(Suction Head)
Radial Flow

2.14 (single stage)

2-19

 2 2

()

.



(System Head Curve)

Composite Rating Chart

Composite Rating Chart

Q-H (Q-H
Curve) (System Head Curve) Q-H

NPSHr Q-H
Pump
Characteristics Curve Performance Curve
Performance Curve 3
1. H-Q Efficiency Curve (Bhp-Q Curve)

2.15 H-Q Efficiency Curve

(Bhp-Q Curve)
2-20

 2 2

()

2. H-Q

(ISO Efficiency Curve) Characteristic Curve

2.16 H-Q
3. H-Q


Affinity Low

2-21

 2 2

()

2.17 H-Q
2.6.2 (Blower)
/ (Blower)

(Blower) (Compressor)
(2.34)
P

= Ein M&
= (Ein Eloss) M& /c

(2.39)

c , (Ein Eloss) [J/kg]

p1 p2 (
) ()
(2.33)
Ein Eloss = gHad

(2.40)

Had Adiabatic head (Total Head)

2-22

 2 2

()

(2.34)

= gHad M& /c

(2.41)

(pt2) (pt1)
()
(2.34)

P

= M& (pt2 pt1)/(c)

= (pt2 pt1) Q/c

(2.42)

(Blower Characteristics)

NS = N

(2.36)

3/ 4
H ad

N [min-1], Q [m3/min], Had Adiabatic Head

[m] NS
Centrifugal : NS = 300 1000
Blower Centrifugal : NS = 150 400
, Blower Axial : NS = 1000 2500

1. Axial Flow
Centrifugal Axial Flow
Axial (
)
Centrifugal Axial Flow

2.
Centrifugal ,
Radial Axial Flow (
Centrifugal )
2-23

 2 2

()

3.
Axial Flow A Point of Cutoff
(Prime Mover)
4. Centrifugal Axial
Flow
Axial Flow
Centrifugal

()

Surging, Surging



Surging

(1)
(2) By Pass
(3) 2 ( Stop Valve
())
(4)
(5)

(1)

(2) By Pass

2-24

 2 2

()

, ,
(Compressor)

2.18 pb,
() p (pb + p)
Q, (2.19) p Q2 2.19 R (pb +
p) (1)
p2 pb + p .

, (Fan), (Blower),
(Compressor) (2.35), (2.37)
() () Adiabatic Bed

2.18

2.19

1. () ()
()
2.19 R R' (1) (2)
pb Downstream Q Q'

(
2-25

 2 2

()

()
( Surging, )
()


(Over Load)
2. ()
1.
()

2.20 K1 K2
(1) (2)

2.20 ()
()

2.20 K1 K2
(1) (2)


(Seal)
Surging
1. Surging

2-26

 2 2

()

3. Inlet Guide Vane (IGV)

IGV
Link

(Adiabatic Head)

Full Load Surging 2.21

IGV Centrifugal

2.21 Inlet Guide Vane

4.


( Full Load)

2.22 ( Fan)
( 2.18 pb p0)
2.34
3


()
Inlet Guide Vane
2-27

 2 2

()

2.22
5. Pitch (Axial Flow)
Pitch
(Axial Flow)

()
(Centrifugal)
IGV
Pitch
( Full Load)
3


6. (/)

2.23 2 2
(Parallel) (Series) 2
2
2

(Origin Point) Q1
2Q1 QII
R R' (Q'1 Q'2)
Rc
(Q'1 Q'II )
2-28

 2 2

()

5
( Q'1 Q1 QII) 2

, ,

Over Load

2.23
2.7
(Fluid Mechanics)


(Density, ) (Specific volume, v) (Viscosity, )
(Specific weight, )





(Bernoullis Equation) () (Steamline)

2-29

 2 2

()

(Laminar Flow) (Turbulent Flow)



(Nozzle)
(Orifice) (Head Tank)

(Pump) (Blower)

(Cavitation)

2.8 (Case studies)

2.1 () 400 . () 200 .
(Specific Gravity) 0.85
0.314 m3/s 0.3 [MPa]

:
2.24 F1, F2

2.24
F1 = p1A1 = 0.3106(0.4)2 = 37 700 = 37.7 [kN]
(2.3) V1 = Q/A1 = 0.314/((0.4)2/4) = 2.5 [m/s]
2-30

 2 2

()

V2 = V1A1/A2 = 2.5(2/1)2 = 10 [m/s]

(2.6) 2
p2 = p1 + V12/2 - V22/2
= 300 103 + 0.85 1000 (2.5)2/2 - 0.85 1000 102/2
= 300 103 + 2.7 103 - 42.5 103 = 260.2 103 = 260.2 [kPa]
F2

F2 = -p2A2 = -2.602 105 (0.2)2/4 = -8.2 103 = -8.2 [kN]

x
(2.7)

F1 + Fx + F2 = M& (V2x - V1x) = Q(V2x-V1x)

Fx = -F1 - F2 + Q(V2x - V1x)
= -37.7 103 + 8.2 103 + 0.85 1000 0.314 (10 2.5)
= (-37.7 + 8.2 + 2.0) 103 = -27.5 [kN]
Fx 27.5 [kN]
y Fy = 0
() 27.5 [kN]

2.2 12 cm.
0.9 m3 14 m.
f 0.028

: 1 2 (2.5)
p1

+ V12 + g n z1 =

p2

+ V22 + g n z 2 + E loss

() V1
= 0, p1 = p2 = patm (), H = z1 z2 = 14 m. Eloss (2.18) p/
2-31

 2 2

()

1
L 1 2
V2 = g n H V22
D 2
2
L 1 2g n H
= (
1)
D f V22

V2 (2.3) V =
L =

2 D5 gn H
8 f Q

D
f

Q
(D 2 / 4)

= 2 (0.12) 2 9.807

4
8 0.028 (

0 .9 2
)
60

0.12
0.028

= 669.0 - 4.3 = 665 m.

2.3 70 % 305
305 . 0.183 3/ 0.02
0.03 [kW h]
:

V2
2

(2.5)
V1 =
V2 = V, (z1 = z2)
Eloss =

p1 p 2

[J / kg]

1 kg, M [kg/s]

M [J/s = W] p ,

P
P

M&

[W]

(2.18)
p

f L V2

D
2

(2.3)

M& = Q, V =

Q
(D 2 / 4)

2-32

 2 2

P =

()

p p '
Q L 16Q 2
Q =

( f f ')
p
p D 2 2D4

(8 Q 3 L)( f f ' )
2 p D 5

8 1000 (0.183) 3 305(0.03 0.02)

2 0.07 0.305 5

[W]

= 8.20 103 [W] = 8.20 [kW]

1 = 365 24 = 8760
= 8.20 8760 = 7.18 104 [kW h]
2.9 (Activity)
2.1 2.25

2.25 2.1
2.2 70 % 305 m. 305
mm. 0.183 m3/min. 0.02
0.03 [kW.h]

2.1
: (2.6)
p3 +

V 2
2

= p2
2-33

 2 2

()

(2.2)
p2 = patm + gnH
p3 = patm + gnh4-3

V = 2

(p2 p3 )
= 2g(H h )

2.2
:

(2.5) V1 = V2 = V, (z1 = z2)
( p1 p 2 )

Eloss =

[J/kg]

1 kg, M& [kg/s]

) . M& [J/s = W] p,

p M
p

[W]

(2.18)
p

L V2
D 2

= f

(2.3)

M& = Q, V =

Q
(D 2 / 4)

p
P =

p p '
Q L 16Q 2
Q =

( f f ')
p
p D 2 2D4

(8 Q 3 L)( f f ' )
2 p D 5

2-34

[W]

 2 2

()

8 1000 (0.183) 3 305(0.03 0.02)

2 0.07 0.3055

= 8.20 103 [W] = 8.20 [kW]

1 = 365 24 = 8760
8.20 8760 = 7.18 104 [kW. h]

2-35