STUDENT REFERENCE

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND PHYSICAL DATA

Gravitational constant.................................................................................

G = 6.67 ! 10 "11 N # m 2 kg2

Constant in Coulombs Law ......................................................................

k = 9.00 ! 10 9 N " m 2 C2

Elementary charge.......................................................................................

e = 1.60 ! 10 "19 C

Mass of electron ......................................................................................... me = 9.11 ! 10 "31 kg

Mass of proton ........................................................................................... m p = 1.67 ! 10 "27 kg
Permeability of free space .......................................................................... ! o = 4! " 10 #7 T $ m A
Speed of light..............................................................................................

c = 3.00 ! 108 m s

Earth
radius ............................................................................................

= 6.38 ! 10 6 m

mass ..............................................................................................

= 5.98 ! 10 24 kg

acceleration due to gravity at the surface of Earth

(for the purposes of this examination) ..................................

g = 9.80 m s 2

period of rotation..........................................................................

= 8.61 ! 10 4 s

radius of orbit around Sun ...........................................................

= 1.50 ! 1011 m

period of orbit around Sun...........................................................

= 3.16 ! 10 7 s

radius ............................................................................................

= 1.74 ! 10 6 m

mass ..............................................................................................

= 7.35 ! 10 22 kg

period of rotation..........................................................................

= 2.36 ! 10 6 s

radius of orbit around Earth.........................................................

= 3.84 ! 108 m

period of orbit around Earth.........................................................

= 2.36 ! 10 6 s

mass ..............................................................................................

= 1.98 ! 10 30 kg

Moon

Sun

Ministry of Education
2008/09 School Year

-1-

Physics 12
Student Reference

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

METRIC PREFIXES
Prefix

Symbol

Numerical

Exponential

mega
kilo
hecto
deca

M
k
h
da

deci
centi
milli
micro

d
c
m

1 000 000
1 000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000001

10 6
10 3
10 2
10 1
10 0
10 1
10 2
10 3
10 6

For Right-angled Triangles:

a2 + b2 = c2
sin ! =

b
c

cos! =

a
c

tan ! =

b
a

area = ab
2

For All Triangles:

1

area = base ! height

2

Sine Law :

sin A sin B sin C

=
=
a
b
c

Cosine Law : c 2 = a 2 + b 2 " 2 ab cos C

Circle:

Circumference = 2! r
Area = ! r 2

Quadratic Equation:

!b # b 2 ! 4ac
If ax ! bx ! c = 0, then x =
2a
2

Ministry of Education
2008/09 School Year

-2-

Physics 12
Student Reference

PHYSICS FORMULAE
Vector Kinematics in Two Dimensions:

Gravitation:

v + v0
2

v = v0 + at

v=

v 2 = v0 2 + 2ad

d = v0 t + at 2

F=G

F!k
!V !

Ffr = !FN

Ep ! k

Work, Energy, and Power:

P=

W
!t

I=

!p = F!t

Q
Q1Q2
r

F
Q

E!

E!

!V
d

V!

kQ
r

Q
!t

kQ
r2

V = IR
P = VI

F = BI l
B = !0 n I = !0

! = Fd

" = BA

Circular Motion:

Vback = ! # Ir

1
T=
f

F = QvB
N
I
l

! = Bl v
! = #N $"
$t

Vs N s I p
=
=
Vp N p I s

v 2 4! 2r
= 2
r
T

Ministry of Education
2008/09 School Year

E!

Electromagnetism:

Equilibrium:

ac =

!Ep

Vterminal = " Ir

Momentum:

p = mv

Q1Q2
r2

Electric Circuits:

Ep = mgh

Ek = mv 2

m1m2
r

Electrostatics:

Fg = mg

W = Fd

Ep = !G

Vector Dynamics:

Fnet = ma

m1m2
r2

-3-

Physics 12
Student Reference