Định Lý Điểm Bất Động

i hc thI nguyn
Trng i hc s phm
----------------------------------
Trng th hi yn
Mt s nh l im bt ng
Chuyn ngnh : Gii tch
M s : 60.46.01
Lun vn thc s ton hc
Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

PGS.TS TRNG XUN C H
Thi Nguyn - 2008
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
MC LC
Li ni u...2
Chng 1: Mt s kin thc chun b...4
1.1.Tnh compact v tnh y ...4
1.2. Tnh b chn v tnh lin tc ca hm s5
1.3. Tp sp th t.5
1.4. Khng gian im bt ng.6
1.5. To khng gian im bt ng mi t khng gian c9
Chng 2: Mt s nh l tn ti im bt ng trong khng gian y
v ng dng ca nh l Banach...12
2.1. Nguyn l nh x co Banach12
2.2. Min bt bin c s..15
2.3. Phng php lin tc cho nh x co.17
2.4. Lun phin phi tuyn cho nh x co.20
2.5. M rng nguyn l nh x co Banach...23
2.6. nh x khng gin trong khng gian Hilbert...28
2.7. ng dng nguyn l Banach cho phng trnh tch phn.36
Chng 3: M t s nh l tn ti im bt ng trong khng gian c th t. .39
3.1. nh l Knaster - Tarski....39
3.2. Tnh th t v tnh y . nh l Bishop - Phelps.42
3.3. im bt ng ca nh x co a tr..45
3.4. ng dng vo nghin cu hnh hc ca khng gian Banach...47
3.5. ng dng vo nghin cu im ti hn...48
Chng 4: Mt s nh l tn ti im bt ng da trn tnh li51
4.1. Nguyn l nh x KKM ...51
4.2. nh l ca von Newmann v h bt ng thc....56
4.3. im bt ng ca nh x Affine. nh l Markoff Kakutani...60
Kt lun..63
Ti liu tham kho.64
LI NI U
Cho C l mt tp con ca khng gian X , F l mt nh x t C vo
X . Phi t nhng iu kin no trn C , X v F c th khng nh s
tn ti ca mt im x0 trong C sao cho Fx0 = x0 ? im x0 nh vy gi l

im bt ng ca nh x F .
L thuyt im bt ng l mt nhnh ca Ton hc, c nhiu ng
dng trong l thuyt ti u, l thuyt tr chi, cc bao hm thc vi phn v
trong nhiu nghin cu ca Vt l. Mt s kt qu v tn ti im bt ng ni
ting xut hin t u th k XX, trong phi k n nguyn l im bt
ng Brouwer (1912) v nguyn l nh x co Banach (1922). Cc kt qu kinh
in ny c m rng ra cc lp nh x v khng gian khc nhau.
Mc ch ca lun vn ny l trnh by mt cch chi tit hn mt s
nh l im bt ng trong ti liu A.Granas, J.Dugundji. Fixed point
Theory. Springer Verlag. NewYork, 2003. Chng ti ch hn ch vic gii
thiu nhng kt qu da trn tnh y , tnh sp th t ca khng gian v
tnh li.
B cc ca lun vn gm 4 chng vi nhng ni dung chnh sau y:
Chng 1. Nhc li mt s kin thc chun b lm c s theo di
lun vn.
Chng 2. Nghin cu s tn ti im bt ng da trn tnh y
ca khng gian nh Nguyn l nh x co Banach, cc m rng v ng dng
ca n.
Chng 3. Trnh by s tn ti im bt ng trong khng gian c th
t nh nh l Knaster - Tarski, nh l Tarski - Kantorovitch. Xt mi lin h
gia khi nim th t v tnh y ta thu c nh l Bishop Phelps,
nh l im bt ng Carsti, nh l Ekeland. Trong chng ny cn trnh
by im bt ng ca nh x co a tr, ng thi xt mt vi ng dng vo

nghin cu hnh hc ca khng gian Banach, vo nghin cu im ti hn.
Chng 4. Nghin cu s tn ti im bt ng da trn tnh li c th
l da trn Nguyn l nh x KKM.
Lun vn ny c hon thnh vi s hng dn tn tnh ca PGS.TS
Trng Xun c H , tc gi xin by t lng knh trng v s bit n su
sc n c. Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio phn bin c
v ng gp nhiu kin qu bu cho lun vn ca tc gi; cc thy c gio
Khoa Ton, Trng i hc S phm Thi Nguyn; cc thy c gio Vin
Ton hc cng ton th bn b ng gp kin, gip , ng vin tc gi
trong qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu v hon thnh lun vn. Cui cng, tc gi
xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti gia nh, bn b, nhng ngi to iu
kin thun li v ng vin tc gi hon thnh lun vn ny.
Do thi gian v kinh nghim cn nhiu hn ch nn lun vn khng
trnh khi nhng thiu st. Tc gi rt mong nhn c s gp t thy c
v cc bn. Tc gi xin chn trng cm n!
Thi Nguyn, ngy 22 thng 9 nm 2008.
Hc vin
Trng Th Hi Yn
Chng 1
MT S KIN THC CHUN B
Chng ny ta nhc li mt s khi nim v mt s nh l quan trng
c dng trong lun vn ([1] , [ 2] , [ 4] , [5]) .
1.1. Tnh compact v tnh y
nh ngha 1.1.1. Cho X l mt khng gian mtric vi mtric d. Mt dy
{ xn } trong
X c gi l dy Cauchy nu lim d ( xn , xm ) = 0 , tc l vi mi
n , m
> 0 , tn ti n0 sao cho vi mi n, m > n0 ta c d ( xn , xm ) < .

nh ngha 1.1.2. Khng gian mtric X gi l y (hay y) nu mi dy
Cauchy trong n u hi t.
V d: n l khng gian mtric y vi khong cch Euclid.
nh ngha 1.1.3. Tp con A ca khng gian mtric X c gi l tp
compact nu vi mi dy { xn } trong A , tn ti dy con {xnk } hi t n mt
phn t ca A . Tp A gi l compact tng i nu bao ng A ca A trong
X l compact.
V d: Mi tp ng v b chn trong n l tp compact.
t
nh ngha 1.1.4. Cho X v Y l hai khng gian Banach. Ton
T : D(T ) X Y c gi l ton t compact nu T l lin tc v T bin
mt tp b chn thnh mt tp compact tng i.

nh l 1.1.5 (Nguyn l Cantor). Trong khng gian mtric y mi dy
hnh cu ng tht dn u c mt im chung duy nht. Ta nhc li, dy hnh
cu
{Bn }
(vi dy bn knh tng ng
{rn } )
c gi l tht dn nu
Bn+1 Bn , vi mi n 1 v lim rn = 0 .
n
nh l 1.1.6 (nh l im bt ng Schauder). Cho M l mt tp khng

rng, li, ng, b chn ca khng gian Banach X , v gi s T : M M l
ton t compact. Khi , T c mt im bt ng.
1.2. Tnh b chn v tnh lin tc ca hm s
Cho X l khng gian mtric. Gi s A X , f : A v x0 A .
nh ngha 1.2.1. Hm f b chn di trn A nu tn ti h : f ( x) h
vi mi x A . Hm f b chn trn trn A nu tn ti h : f ( x) h vi
mi x A .
nh ngha 1.2.2. Hm f l na lin tc di ti x0 A nu vi mi > 0 ,
tn ti > 0 sao cho
f ( x0 ) f ( x) < vi mi x B ( x0 , ) , tc l
lim inf f ( x) f ( x0 ) . Trong , lim inf f ( x=

) inf {u : ( xn ) x0 , f ( xn ) u} .
x x0
x x0
Nu f l na lin tc di ti mi im x A th f c gi l na lin tc
di trn A . Hm f c gi l na lin tc trn trn A nu hm f l
na lin tc di trn A .
1.3. Tp sp th t
nh ngha 1.3.1. Tp X cng vi quan h tho mn
i) x x vi mi x X
(tnh phn x).
ii) x y , y x ko theo x = y
(tnh phn i xng).
iii) x y , y z ko theo x z
(tnh bc cu).
c gi l tp sp th t b phn vi quan h th t .
nh ngha 1.3.2. Tp con A X c gi l tp sp th t tuyn tnh (hay
xch) nu vi x, y A bt k th hoc x y hoc y x .
Gi s X l mt tp sp th t vi quan h th t v A l mt tp
con khc rng ca X .
nh ngha 1.3.3. Mt phn t a X gi l phn t cc i ca X nu quan

h a x ko theo x = a , vi mi x X . Mt phn t a X gi l phn t
cc tiu ca X nu quan h x a ko theo x = a , vi mi x X .
nh ngha 1.3.4. Phn t a X gi l cn trn ca tp A nu x a vi mi
x A .Nu a A v a l mt cn trn ca A th a gi l phn t ln nht
ca A v k hiu l max A . Phn t a X gi l cn di ca tp A nu

a x vi mi x A . Nu a A v a l mt cn di ca A th a gi l
phn t nh nht ca A v k hiu l min A .

nh ngha 1.3.5. Phn t a X gi l supremum ca A (hay cn trn ng
ca A ) nu n l phn t nh nht (nu c) ca tp hp cc cn trn ca A ,
v k hiu l supA . Phn t a X gi l infimum ca A (hay cn di ng
ca A ) nu n l phn t ln nht (nu c) ca tp hp cc cn di ca A ,
v k hiu l inf A .
nh ngha 1.3.6. Tp hp A c gi l b chn trn nu n c mt cn
trn. Tp hp A c gi l b chn di nu n c mt cn di. Tp hp A
c gi l b chn nu n b chn trn v b chn di.
B 1.3.7 (B Zorn). Gi s X l tp sp th t b phn. Nu mi
xch ca X u c cn trn th X c phn t cc i.
1.4. Khng gian im bt ng
nh ngha 1.4.1. Cho X l mt khng gian tp (Hausdorff ) v f l mt
nh x lin tc ca X, hoc ca mt tp con ca X , vo X . Mt im
x X c gi l mt im bt ng i vi f nu x = f ( x) . Tp tt c cc
im bt ng ca f k hiu l Fix( f ) .
Ngi ta c th thy c trong nh ngha ny, dng in hnh ca cc
nh l v tn ti trong gii tch. V d: tm mt nghim ca phng trnh
P( z ) = 0 , trong P l mt a thc phc, tng ng vi vic tm mt
im bt ng ca nh x z z P( z ) . Tng qut hn, nu D l ton t bt

k trn mt tp con ca mt khng gian tuyn tnh, vic ch ra phng trnh
Du = 0 (tng ng u Du = 0 ) c nghim tng ng vi vic ch ra nh
x u u Du (tng ng u Du ) c mt im bt ng. Nh vy, nhng

iu kin ln mt ton t hay min xc nh nh ngha m bo tn ti
mt im bt ng din gii nh cc nh l v tn ti trong gii tch.
Cho mt khng gian X v nh x lin tc f : X X . S tn ti mt
im bt ng i vi f c th ph thuc hon ton vo tnh cht ca khng
gian X , hn l vo tnh cht ca nh x f .
nh ngha 1.4.2. Mt khng gian tp (Hausdorff ) X c gi l khng
gian im bt ng nu mi nh x lin tc f : X X u c mt im bt
ng.
V d 1.4.3.
=
J a, b bt k l mt khng gian im
(i) Mt khong ng b chn
bt ng. Tht vy, cho f : J J ta c a f (a) 0 v b f (b) 0 , theo

nh l gi tr trung bnh phng trnh x f ( x) =
0 c mt nghim trong J,
do f c mt im bt ng.
(ii) Tp s thc khng l khng gian im bt ng, v nh x
x x + 1 khng c im bt ng.
Trong trng hp tng qut, rt kh kim nh l mt khng gian c

l khng gian im bt ng hay khng, nhng kt qu thuc loi thng
c rt nhiu h qu tp quan trng. Mt v d l nh l im bt ng
Brouwer ch ra rng: Mi tp compact li trong n u l khng gian im
bt ng.
Tnh cht l khng gian im bt ng l mt bt bin tp: nu X l
khng gian im bt ng v h : X Y l ng phi th vi bt k nh x lin
tc g : Y Y , nh x
h1 g h : X X c mt im bt ng x0 nn
g h( x0 ) = h( x0 ) v h( x0 ) l mt im bt ng i vi g.
V d 1.4.4. th ca hm lin tc f : a, b , cho bi
1
x sin
f ( x) =
x
khi
0 < x 1
khi
x =0
l ng phi vo [ a, b ] , v th n l mt khng gian im bt ng.

Nu X khng l mt khng gian im bt ng, vn c th ng rng
mt s nh x vi cc tnh cht tt s c im bt ng. hp thc ho khi
nim ny, chng ta m rng pht biu ca nh ngha 1.4.2:
nh ngha 1.4.5. Cho X l mt khng gian tp (Hausdorff ) v M l mt
lp cc nh x lin tc f : X X . Nu mi f M c im bt ng th X
c gi l khng gian im bt ng tng ng vi M .
Chng hn, nguyn l nh x co Banach khng nh rng: Mi khng
gian mtric y u l khng gian im bt ng i vi cc nh x co.
Khi nim trn l c bit quan trng khi M l lp cc nh x
compact, ngha l nhng nh x lin tc f : X X vi bao ng f ( X ) ca
f ( X ) l compact, cc nh x thuc loi ny xut hin mt cch t nhin
trong cc vn ca gii tch phi tuyn.

V d 1.4.6.
(i) Ta bit khng l khng gian im bt ng. Trong thc t,
l mt khng gian im bt ng tng ng vi lp nh x compact. Nu nh
x f : l compact th f ( ) cha trong on hu hn a, b no ;
khi t nh x f : a, b a, b c mt im bt ng.
(ii) nh l im bt ng Schauder c nhiu ng dng trong gii tch

khng nh rng: Mi tp li trong khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun l
khng gian im bt ng i vi cc nh x compact.
Do nh lin tc ca mt tp compact l mt tp compact, c th s
dng cc k thut tng t ch ra rng tnh cht l khng gian im bt
ng l mt bt bin tp. Chng hn, mt tp m bt k ( a, b ) , cng nh
1
th ca sin , 0 < x < 1 , l mt khng gian im bt ng i vi cc
x
nh x compact.
1.5. To khng gian im bt ng mi t khng gian c
Ni chung, mt khng gian con ca mt khng gian im bt ng
khng nht thit l mt khng gian im bt ng: chng hn {a, b} a, b
khng c tnh cht im bt ng. Tuy nhin, mt s khng gian con c th
tha k tnh cht im bt ng.
nh ngha 1.5.1. Mt tp con A X c gi l tp co rt ca X nu c
mt nh x lin tc r : X A sao cho r (a ) = a vi mi a A ; nh x r c
gi l nh x co rt ca X n A.
Ta lu rng mt tp co rt ca mt khng gian Hausdorff nht thit l
mt tp ng,
v A
=
Chng
hn,
x : r ( x)
{=
nu
id ( x)} , trong id (.) l nh x ng nht.
mt
khng
gian
nh
chun
K =
{ x E : x } l mt hnh cu ng trong E c tm O v bn knh ,
th r : E K c cho bi
y
r ( y) = y
y
khi
khi
y >
(1.1)
l nh x co rt chun tc t E n K .
Tm quan trng ca khi nim ny trong l thuyt im bt ng bt

ngun t kt qu sau:
nh l 1.5.2. Nu X l mt khng gian im bt ng (tng ng , mt
khng gian im bt ng i vi cc nh x compact) th X cng l khng
gian im bt ng vi mi tp co rt ca X .
Chng minh. Gi s r : X A l nh x co rt v i : A X l nh x
nhng, ta c r i = id A . Xt nh x
lin tc bt k f : A A khi
i f r : X X c mt im bt ng, gi s l x0 . T i f r ( x0 ) = x0
suy ra
=
r ( x0 ) r =
i f r ( x0 ) id=
f r ( x0 ) ,
A f r ( x0 )
do r ( x0 ) l mt im bt ng ca f .
Tng t ta cng chng minh c khng gian im bt ng i vi cc
nh x compact cng l khng gian im bt ng vi mi tp co rt ca X .
Mt khc, nu X c mt tp co rt l mt khng gian im bt ng th
chc chn rng X l khng gian im bt ng. Tht vy, mi tp con {a} l
khng gian im bt ng v l tp co rt ca khng gian bt k.
Ta minh ho thm k thut co rt bng cch suy ra t nh l im bt
ng Schauder kt qu c bn di y:
nh l 1.5.3 (Thay phin phi tuyn). Cho E l mt khng gian tuyn tnh
nh chun v K l hnh cu ng trong E c tm O v bn knh . Khi
mi nh x compact F : K E c t nht mt trong cc tnh cht sau tho
mn:
(a) F c im bt ng,
(b) Tn ti x K v ( 0,1) sao cho x = F ( x) .
Chng minh. Cho r : E K l nh x co rt chun tc. Theo nh l

Schauder, nh x hp compact r F : K K c mt im bt ng x = rF ( x) .
Theo cng thc (1.1), nu F ( x) K th F ( x) , ta c
=
x rF
=
( x) F ( x) ,
v th F c im bt ng. Nu F ( x) K th F ( x) > , ta tm thy

=
x rF
=
( x)
F ( x)
F ( x)
F ( x)
ly
suy
ra x
= , do x K v ta c th =
=
F ( x)
< 1.
F ( x)
Chng 2
MT S NH L TN TI IM BT NG
TRONG KHNG GIAN Y V NG DNG
CA NH L BANACH
Chng ny nghin cu s tn ti im bt ng da trn tnh cht y
. Chng ta trnh by Nguyn l nh x co Banach, v cc m rng ca n,
mt s nh l im bt ng cho nh x khng gin trong khng gian Hilbert
v mt s ng dng ca nh l Banach ([ 4])
2.1. Nguyn l nh x co Banach
nh l im bt ng n gin nht v c s dng rng ri nht l
nguyn l nh x co Banach. Da trn qu trnh lp, n c th c thc hin
trn my tnh tm im bt ng ca mt nh x co vi mc chnh xc
tu .
Cho ( X , d ) , (Y , ) l hai khng gian mtric v nh x F : X Y ca
nhng khng gian mtric. Nu F tho mn
( Fx, Fz ) Md ( x, z )
vi M l hng s c nh v mi x, z X th F c gi l nh x Lipschitz.
Gi tr M nh nht c gi l hng s Lipschitz L( F ) ca F. Nu L( F ) < 1,
nh x F c gi l nh x co vi hng s co L( F ) . Nu L( F ) 1, nh x F
c gi l nh x khng gin.
Lu rng nh x Lipschitz l nh x lin tc. Tht vy, ly x0 X bt
k, cho > 0 , vi mi x X , theo nh ngha nh x Lipschitz ta c
( Fx, Fx0 ) Md ( x, x0 )
nn d ( x, x0 ) <
=
. Nh vy, F lin tc ti x0 .
nh x co l trng hp ring ca nh x Lipschitz khi L( F ) < 1 nn

nh x co cng l nh x lin tc.
Cho Y l mt tp bt k v cho nh x F : Y Y . Ly y Y bt k, ta
nh ngha F n ( y ) bng quy np nh sau: t y = F 0 ( y ) ta c Fy = F ( F 0 y ) ,
F 2 y = F ( Fy ) ,. C tip tc qu trnh ta c F n+1 y = F ( F n y ) . Ta gi
F n y l bc lp th n ca Fy , v tp { F n y : n = 0,1,...} l qu o ca y
bi F.
nh l 2.1.1 (Nguyn l nh x co Banach). Cho (Y , d ) l mt khng gian
mtric y v F : Y Y l nh x co. Khi F c duy nht mt im bt
ng u v F n y u vi mi y Y .
Chng minh. Cho < 1 l hng s co ca F . Trc tin ta chng minh F
c nhiu nht mt im bt ng: gi s x0 y0 v
=
Fx0 x=
y0 , ta c
0 , Fy0
d ( x0 , y0 ) = d ( Fx0 , Fy0 ) d ( x0 , y0 ) < d ( x0 , y0 ) ,
iu ny v l.
chng minh tnh tn ti, ta phi ch ra rng cho y Y bt k, dy
{F y} hi t n im bt ng u . u tin ta c d ( Fy, F
n
y ) d ( y, Fy ) v
do quy np
d ( F n y, F n+1 y ) d ( F n1 y, F n y ) n d ( y, Fy )
Nh vy, cho n bt k v p > 0 , ta thu c

n
d ( F y, F
n+ p
y ) d ( F y, F
n
n +1
y) + + d ( F
n + p 1
y, F
n+ p
n + p 1
y) =
d ( F i y, F i+1 y)
i =n
( n + n+1 + + n+ p 1 )d ( y, Fy ) n (1 + + + p 1 )d ( y, Fy )
(1 + + +
n
p 1
n
+ )d ( y, Fy ) =
d ( y, Fy ) .
1
V < 1 nn n 0 , iu ny ch ra rng { F n y} l dy Cauchy. Do d l y

v th F n y u vi u Y . V F lin tc , ta c=
F n+1 y F ( F n y ) Fu ;
nhng { F n+1 y} l mt dy con ca dy { F n y} nn Fu = u , tc l F c im
bt ng u . Ta thy rng vi mi y Y , gii hn ca dy { F n y} tn ti v c
mt im bt ng m F c nhiu nht mt im bt ng nn mi dy
{F y} u hi t n cng mt im.
Ta thy rng t
n
d ( F y, F
n+ p
n
y)
d ( y, Fy ) vi mi p > 0
1
tm c
d ( F y, u ) lim d ( F y, F
=
n
n+ p
n
y)
d ( y, Fy ) ,
1
sai s ca bc lp th n khi xut pht t y Y c hon ton xc nh bi

hng s co v khong cch ban u d ( y, Fy ) .
Nguyn l Banach c mt dng a phng hu ch lin quan ti hnh
cu m B trong mt khng gian mtric y Y v mt nh x co t B n Y
sao cho n khng dch chuyn tm ca hnh cu qu xa.
H qu 2.1.2. Cho (Y , d ) l khng gian mtric y v
=
B B=
( y0 , r )
{ y : d ( y, y0 ) < r} .
Cho F : B Y l mt nh x co vi hng s < 1 . Nu d ( Fy0 , y0 ) < (1 )r

th F c mt im bt ng.
Chng minh. Nu d ( Fy0 , y0 ) < (1 )r , chn < r ta c
d ( Fy0 , y0 ) (1 ) < (1 )r .
Gi s K
=
{ y : d ( y, y0 ) } l hnh cu ng. Xt nh x
F : K K . Nu
y K th
d ( Fy, y0 ) d ( Fy, Fy0 ) + d ( Fy0 , y0 )
d ( y, y0 ) + (1 ) . + (1 ) =
,
v th F ( K ) K . Khi F : K K l nh x co. Do K l hnh cu ng nn

K l y . Theo nguyn l nh x co Banach, F : K K c duy nht mt
im bt ng. Vy F : B Y c im bt ng.
2.2. Min bt bin c s

Trong hu ht cc ng dng, khng gian mtric y Y l mt khng
gian Banach. nh l nh x co Banach dn n mt kt qu c bit c ch
trong ng dng.
Cho X l mt tp con ca khng g ian Banach E . Cho mt nh x
F : X E , nh x x x Fx ca X vo E c gi l trng gn vi F
v k hiu l
f ( x)= x Fx . Trng f : X E xc nh bi nh x co
F : X E c gi l trng co.
nh l 2.2.1 (Min bt bin ca trng co). Cho E l m

t khng gian
Banach, U E m, v F : U E l nh x co vi hng s co < 1 . Cho
f : U E l mt trng gn vi F, f ( x)= x Fx . Khi :
(a) f : U E l mt nh x m; trong trng hp ring, f (U ) E l m,

(b) f : U f (U ) l mt ng phi.
Chng minh.
(a) Ta chng minh f : U E l mt nh x m. Cho u U bt k, nu
B(u , r ) U th B [ f (u ),(1 )r ] f [ B (u , r ) ] . Chn y0 B [ f (u ),(1 )r ]
bt k. Gi s G : B(u , r ) E l nh x xc nh bi Gy
= y0 + Fy . Ta c vi
mi y1 , y2 B(u , r )
Gy1 Gy2 = ( y0 + Fy1 ) ( y0 + Fy2 ) = Fy1 Fy2 y1 y2 vi < 1 ,
nn G cng l nh x co vi hng s co < 1 v

Gu u =
y0 + Fu u =
y0 f (u ) (1 )r .
Theo H qu 2.1.2, tn ti mt im u0 B(u , r ) sao cho Gu0 = u0 v

Gu=
y0 + Fu0 , v th
0
y0 =Gu0 Fu0 =u0 Fu0 =f ( x0 ) ,
ta c y0 f [ B(u , r ) ] v
B [ f (u ),(1 )r ] f [ B (u , r ) ] .
(b) Ta thy rng nu u , u U th

f (u ) f (u) = (u Fu ) (u F u) = (u u) ( Fu F u)
u u Fu F u u u u u = (1 ) u u .
Nu f (u ) f (u) =
0 th t nhn xt trn ta c u u =
0 , v th u = u v f l
mt n nh. V vi mi f ( x) f (U ) tn ti x U sao cho f ( x)= x Fx
do f l mt ton nh. Nh vy, f : U f (U ) l mt song nh, m, lin
tc nn n l mt ng phi.
H qu 2.2.2. Cho E l mt khng gian Banach v F : E E l nh x co.

Khi trng tng ng f = I F l mt php ng phi t E ln E .
Chng minh. Theo nh l 2.2.1, ta ch cn ch ra f ( E ) = E . Ly y0 E , gi
s G : E E xc nh bi x y0 + F ( x) . Ta c vi mi x1 , x2 E
Gx1 Gx2 = ( y0 + Fx1 ) ( y0 + Fx2 )
= Fx1 Fx2 x1 x2 vi < 1 ,
nn G l nh x co vi hng s co < 1 . Theo nh l 2.1.1, tn ti im

x0 E tho mn Gx0 = x0 v Gx=
y0 + Fx0 nn
0
y0 =Gx0 Fx0 =x0 Fx0 =f ( x0 )
v th f ( E ) = E . Nh vy, f = I F l mt php ng phi t E ln E .

2.3. Phng php lin tc cho nh x co

Cho (Y , d ) l mt khng gian mtric y v X l mt tp con ng
trong Y vi phn trong U khc rng v bin A = X . K hiu C ( X , Y ) l tp
tt c cc nh x co t X ln Y.
Cho nh x co F : X Y , ta quan tm ti s tn ti nghim ca
phng trnh x = F ( x) . Mt phng php xc nh phng trnh c
nghim hay khng bt u bng vic nhng F trong h tham s ho {H }
ca cc nh x ni F vi mt nh x G n gin hn, v c gng bin i v
bi ton tm nghim ca phng trnh x = G ( x) . V mt hnh hc, ta bin i
th ca F v th ca G v rt ra kt lun t php bin i rng: nu
th ca G ct ng cho X Y Y Y th th ca F cng ct ng
cho .
Kt qu chnh ca chng ta trong phn ny l a ra iu kin sao cho
iu kin kt lun trn l hp l. Cho (, ) l mt khng gian tham s vi
khong cch , mt h
{H : }
no ca cc nh x trong C ( X , Y )
ph thuc vo tham s .
nh ngha 2.3.1. Mt h {H : } ca cc nh x trong C ( X , Y ) c
gi l -co, trong 0 < 1 , M > 0 , 0 < 1, nu ta c:
d [ H ( x1 ), H ( x2 ) ] d ( x1 , x2 ) vi mi v x1 , x2 X ,
(2.1)
d H ( x), H ( x) M [( , ) ] vi mi x X v , .
(2.2)
Ta thy rng:
(i) Nu {H } l -co th nh x H : X Y xc nh bi
( , x ) H ( , x ) = H ( x )
l lin tc;
(ii) nh x H xc nh h {H } v ngc li;
(iii) Cho tham s , tp im bt ng Fix( H ) hoc l rng hoc

ch c mt im bt ng l x ;
(iv) t x = H ( x ) v x = H ( x ) , theo (2.1) v (2.2) ta c
d ( x , x ) = d H ( x ), H ( x ) d H ( x ), H ( x ) + d H ( x ), H ( x )
M [( , ) ] + d ( x , x ) ,
v th (1 )d ( x , x ) M [( , ) ] v do
d ( x , x )
[( , )] .
1
(2.3)
Cho CA ( X , Y ) l tp tt c cc nh x F trong C ( X , Y ) sao cho hn

ch F A : A Y khng c im bt ng trn bin A ca X. By gi ta c th
trnh by kt qu chnh:
nh l 2.3.2 (nh l hm n c bn). Cho l t p li n thng v
{H : } l mt h -co trong CA ( X ,Y ) . Khi :

(i) Nu phng trnh H ( x) = x c mt nghim vi th n c duy
nht mt nghim x vi mi ,
(ii) Nu x = H ( x ) vi th nh x x t vo U l Hlder
lin tc.
Chng minh.
(i) Xt tp
{ : x=
Q=
H ( x ), x U } ,
ta thy rng Q , v Q khc rng v theo gi thit phng trnh H ( x) = x

c mt nghim vi .
(a) Q l tp ng trong : Tht vy, gi s {n } l mt dy trong Q sao cho
n 0 vi x = H ( x ) v x = H ( x ) . Theo (2.3) ta c
n
d ( xn , xm )
iu ny ch ra rng dy
{x }
n
[(n , m )] ,
1
l mt dy Cauchy. Ta c d y nn
xn x0 vi x0 X v H lin tc, v th
=
xn H n ( xn ) =
x0 H 0 ( x0 ) ,
kt qu ny dn n x0 = H 0 ( x0 ) . Nh vy, 0 Q .
(b) Q l tp m trong : Tht vy, cho 0 Q vi x0 = H 0 ( x0 ) , ta c nh
mt hnh cu m B( x0 , r ) =
cho (1 )
{ x X : d ( x, x
) < r U , v chn > 0 sao
r
, trong hng s M v ly cng thc (2.2). By gi,
M
nu l mt im bt k ca hnh cu m
B(0 , =
)
{ : (0 , ) < } ,
ta tm c
d H ( x0 ), x0 = d H ( x0 ), H 0 ( x0 ) M [( , 0 ) ]
< M M (1 )
r
=
(1 )r .
M
Theo H qu 2.1.2, H c mt im bt ng x B( x0 , r ) vi mi
tho mn H ( x ) = x , do Q . V vy B(0 , ) Q v ta kt lun
0 IntQ .
Ta c Q l tp con thc s khc rng va ng, va m trong v do
tnh lin thng ca , nh vy Q = . V H l nh x co ca khng gian
mtric y nn H c duy nht mt im bt ng, hn na phng trnh
H ( x) = x c nghim x vi mi , v th n c duy nht mt nghim
x vi mi .
(ii) Gi s x = H ( x ) vi , ta chng minh nh x p : U

xc nh bi x l Hlder lin tc. Theo (2.3), ta c
M
d [ p (=
), p ( ) ] d=
( x , x ) d H ( x ), H ( x )
[( , )]
1
vi mi , tho mn iu kin Hlder bc ( 0,1] .
2.4. Lun phin phi tuyn cho nh x co

Trong mc ny, ta gi thit rng khng gian mtric Y l mt tp con li
ng C ca mt khng gian Banach E v khng gian tham s l [ 0,1] . Ta
c kt qu sau:
nh l 2.4.1 (Lun phin phi tuyn ). Cho U l mt tp con li m (tng
i) ca C vi 0 U . Khi nh x co b chn F : U C c t nht mt
trong cc tnh cht sau:
(i) F c duy nht mt im bt ng,
(ii) Tn ti y0 U v (0,1) sao cho y0 = F ( y0 ) .
Chng minh. Cho ( , x) [ 0,1] U
v t H ( x) = F ( x) . D thy
{H : [0,1]} l mt h -co trong C (U , C ) vi
= 1. Tht vy, ta c
H ( x1 ) H ( x2 ) = F ( x1 ) =
F ( x2 ) F ( x1 ) F ( x2 )
x1 x2 vi mi x1 , x2 U v [ 0,1] ,
H ( x) H ( x) = F ( x) F ( x)
= F ( x) vi , [ 0,1] v mi x U .
Nu {H } khng c im bt ng trn bin U , ta c H 0 (0) = 0 . Theo nh

l 2.3.2, H1 = F cng c mt im bt ng trong U. Nu {H } CU (U , C )
th F phi c mt im bt ng x0 trn bin U vi [ 0,1] nn
H=
=
F ( x0 ) x0 . Nu = 0 th F ( x0=
) x=
0 , iu ny mu thun vi
( x0 )
0
gi thit 0 U , v th 0 . Nu = 1 th H=
F=
( x0 ) x0 , do x0 l
1 ( x0 )
im bt ng ca F trn U , hoc tnh cht (ii) ng. Hn na, H l nh
x co nn im bt ng nu c l duy nht.
T nh l 2.4.1 c th suy ra nh l im bt ng i vi nh x co
khi ta t iu kin mnh khng cho kh nng th hai trong nh l 2.4.1
xy ra:
H qu 2.4.2. Cho U l mt tp con li m (tng i) ca C vi 0 U v
cho || l mt chun bt k trong khng gian Banach E, tp li C cha trong
khng gian Banach E. Gi s F : U C l nh x co b chn sao cho vi
mi x U , mt trong cc iu kin sau c tho mn:
(i) |F ( x)| |x|,
(ii) |F ( x)| |x F ( x)|,
(iii)|F ( x)|2 |x|2 +|x F ( x)|2 ,
(iv) F ( x), x x, x , trong , l mt tch v hng trong E.
Khi F c duy nht mt im bt ng.
Chng minh. Gi s F khng c im bt ng, F c mt im z U vi
z = F ( z ) , 0 < < 1 , trong trng hp ring F ( z ) 0 .
(i) T gi thit (i), ta c
|F ( z )| | F ( z )| = |F ( z )|
v do 1 , iu ny tri vi 0 < < 1 nn khng t n ti z U v
0 < < 1 sao cho z = F ( z ) . Theo nh l 2.4.1, F c duy nht mt im bt
ng.
(ii) T gi thit (ii), ta c
|F ( z )| | F ( z ) F ( z )| =
1 |F ( z )|
v th 1 1 , iu ny tri vi 0 < < 1 do khng tn ti z U v
0 < < 1 sao cho z = F ( z ) . Theo nh l 2.4.1, F c duy nht mt im bt
ng.
(iii) T gi thit (iii), ta c
|F ( z )|2 | F ( z )|2 +| F ( z ) =
F ( z )|2 2 |F ( z )|2 + ( 1) 2 |F ( z )|2
v do
1 2 + (1 ) 2 < + (1 ) =
1,
iu ny v l, v th khng tn ti z U v 0 < < 1 sao cho z = F ( z ) .

Theo nh l 2.4.1, F c duy nht mt im bt ng.
(iv) T gi thit (iv), ta c
F ( z ), F ( z ) = F ( z ), F ( z ) F ( z ), F ( z ) = 2 F ( z ), F ( z ) ,
v th 2 ko theo 0 hoc 1 , iu ny tri vi 0 < < 1 nn khng

tn ti z U v 0 < < 1 sao cho z = F ( z ) . Theo nh l 2.4.1, F c duy
nht mt im bt ng.
Kt qa tip theo trnh by mt dng c bn ca nh l xuyn tm i

ca Borsuk.
H qu 2.4.3 (nh l xuyn tm i). Cho U l mt tp con m ca mt
khng gian Banach ( E ,
) , U i xng qua gc v 0 U , cho F : U E l
mt nh x co b chn sao cho F ( x) =

F ( x) vi mi x U . Khi F c
duy nht mt im bt ng.
Chng minh. V U i xng qua gc v 0 U nn nu x U th x U ,
v F l nh x co b chn tho mn F ( x) =
F ( x) vi mi x U , do
F ( x) F ( x) x ( x) ,
v th F ( x) x < x vi 0 < 1 l hng s co ca nh x F . Nh vy,

F ( x) < x vi mi x U . Theo nh l 2.4.2(i), F c duy nht mt im
bt ng.
2.5. M rng ca nh l Banach

C nhiu cch m rng nh l Banach trong mt khng gian mtric
y tu , tnh co ca nh x c th c lm yu i. Cc kt qu u
da trn mt nguyn l chung lin quan ti nh ca cc hnh cu khi tm ca
chng khng chuyn dch qu nhiu.
nh l 2.5.1. Cho ( X , d ) l mt khng gian mtric y v F : X X l
mt nh x (khng nht thit phi lin tc). Gi s
Vi mi > 0 c mt ( ) > 0 sao cho nu d ( x, Fx) < ( ) th
F [ B ( x, ) ] B ( x, ) .
(2.4)
Khi , nu d ( F nu , F n+1u ) 0 vi u X bt k th dy { F nu} hi t n mt

im bt ng ca F.
Chng minh. t F nu = un .
Trc tin ta phi chng minh dy { F nu} hi t n z X . Ta s ch
ra {un } l mt dy Cauchy. Ly > 0 , chn N ln
d (un , un+1 ) < ( ) vi mi n N .
Vi n = N , ta c d=
(u N , u N +1 ) d (u N , Fu N ) < ( ) th F [ B(u N , ) ] B(u N , )
(theo gi thit) nn Fu
u N +1 B (u N , ) , v th d (u N , u N +1 ) < . Ta thy rng
=
N
uN +2 =
Fu N +1 B (u N , ), u N +3 =
Fu N + 2 B (u N , ) ,.
C tip tc qu trnh , ta c
F k=
u N u N + k B(u N , ) vi mi k 0
nn d (u N , u N + k ) < . Nh vy,
d (uk , us ) d (uk , u N ) + d (u N , us ) < + =
2 vi mi s, k N
v th {un } l mt dy Cauchy. Do d y nn dy {un } hi t n z X .

Ta cn phi chng minh z l im bt ng i vi F : Tht vy, gi
a
s d ( z , Fz )= a > 0 , ta c th chn un B z , sao cho
3
a
n
d ( un , F (un ) ) < .
d (un , un+1 ) = d ( u=
n , F (F u) )
3
Theo gi thit, ta c
a
a
F B un , B un , .
3
3
a
a
Do cch chn un nn z B un , , v th Fz B un , , iu ny v l v
3
3
nu d ( Fz , un ) d ( Fz , z ) d (un , z ) a
a
a
a
=
2 th Fz B un , . Nh vy,
3
3
3
d ( z , Fz ) = 0 , tc l Fz = z .
minh ho ta pht biu hai nh l m rng nguyn l Banach.

nh l 2.5.2. Cho ( X , d ) l khng gian mtric y v cho F : X X l
mt nh x tho mn
d ( Fx, Fy ) [ d ( x, y ) ] ,
trong : + + l hm khng gim (khng nht thit phi lin tc) sao
cho n (t ) 0 vi mi t > 0 c nh. Khi F c duy nht mt im bt
ng u v F n x u vi mi x X .
Chng minh. Trc ht ta nhn xt rng (t ) < t vi mi t > 0 . Tht vy, gi
s t < (t ) vi t > 0 , do tnh n iu ca , ta c (t ) [ (t ) ] =
2 (t ) ,.
C tip tc qu trnh trn, ta c
t (t ) 2 (t ) n (t ) vi mi n > 0 ,
iu ny tri vi gi thit n (t ) 0 vi mi t > 0 c nh. Vy (t ) < t vi

mi t > 0 . Vi nhn xt ny ta bt u chng minh nh l:
Theo gi thit v nhn xt trn, ta c
d ( F n x, F n+1 x) d ( F n1 x, F n x) n [ d ( x, Fx) ]
v n [ d ( x, Fx) ] 0 , v vy d ( F n x, F n+1 x) 0 vi mi x X .
Tip theo, cho > 0 , chn ( )= ( ) . Ly z B( x, ) bt k ta c
[ d ( z , x)] < ( ) ; nu d ( x, Fx) < ( ) th

d ( Fz , x) d ( Fz , Fx) + d ( Fx, x) < [ d ( z , x) ] + ( ) < ( ) + ( ) =
;
do Fz B( x, ) , t iu ny ta c F [ B( x, ) ] B( x, ) . Theo nh l
2.5.1, F c mt im bt ng u v F n x u vi mi x X .
Cui cng ta chng minh tnh duy nht ca im bt ng u i vi
F : Gi s tn ti hai im bt ng u u ca F . Theo nhn xt trn, vi
d (u , u) > 0 ta c [ d (u , u) ] < d (u , u) nn
d (u , u) = d ( Fu , F u) [ d (u , u) ] < d (u , u) ,
iu ny v l, do u u .
Tip theo ta pht biu mt dng yu hn ca nh l Banach:

nh l 2.5.3. Cho ( X , d ) l khng gian mtric y v F : X X l mt
nh x tho mn
d ( Fx, Fy ) ( x, y )d ( x, y ) ,
trong : X X + c tnh cht: cho on bt k [ a, b ] + \ {0} ,

su p{ ( x, y ) : a d ( x, y ) =
b} (a, b) < 1.
Khi F c duy nht mt im bt ng u v F n x u vi mi x X .

Chng minh. Trc tin ta chng minh F c im bt ng: Vi mi x X ,
dy {d ( F n x, F n+1 x)} khng tng, v < 1 nn
d ( F n x, F n+1 x) < d ( F n1 x, F n x) < < d ( x, Fx)
v dy ny b chn, v th {d ( F n x, F n+1 x)} hi t n a 0 . Ta phi c a = 0 :

ngc li, d ( F n x, F n+1 x) [ a, a + 1] vi mi n ln, ta c th chn mt gi

tr n v t
=
c (a, a + 1) ta c
a d ( F n x, F n+1 x) a + 1 ,
a d ( F n+1 x, F n+ 2 x) cd ( F n x, F n+1 x) c(a + 1) ,
a d ( F n+ 2 x, F n+3 x) cd ( F n+1 x, F n+ 2 x) c 2 (a + 1) ,.
C tip tc qu trnh trn, ta c

a d ( F n+ k x, F n+ k +1 x) cd ( F n+ k 1 x, F n+ k x) c k (a + 1)
vi mi k > 0 , iu ny mu thun, v vi c < 1 th c k 0 .

chn min , (1 ) .
By gi, cho > 0 , gi s = , v
=
2
2
Gi s d ( x, Fx) < v ly z B( x, ) th
d ( Fz , x) d ( Fz , Fx) + d ( Fx, x) .
Ta c hai kh nng:
a) Nu d ( z , x) <
th
d ( Fz , x) ( z , x)d ( z , x) + d ( Fx, x) < d ( z , x) + d ( Fx, x) <
b) Nu
=
;
d ( z , x) < th
d ( Fz , x) ( z , x)d ( z , x) + d ( Fx, x) < + (1 ) =
.
T ta c d ( Fz , x) < ko theo F ( z ) B( x, ) , v th F [ B( x, ) ] B( x, ) .
Theo nh l 2.5.1, F c im bt ng u v F n x u vi mi x X .
Cui cng ta chng minh im bt ng u ca F l duy nht: gi s
tn ti u u v=
Fu u=
, F u u , khi
=
d (u , u) d ( Fu , F u) (u , u)d (u , u) ,
iu ny tri vi (u , u) < 1 nn u u .
C cch khc m rng nh l Banach l khng so snh d ( Fx, Fy )

vi d ( x, y ) m tp trung vo bin ng ca d ( x, Fx) .
nh l 2.5.4. Cho ( X , d ) l mt khng gian mtric y v : X + l
mt hm khng m tu (khng nht thit lin tc). Gi s
inf { ( x) + ( y ) : d ( x, y ) a}= (a) > 0 vi mi a > 0 .
(2.5)
Khi mi dy { xn } trong X tho mn ( xn ) 0 u hi t n mt im

u X .
Chng minh. Gi=

s An
{ x : ( x) ( xn )}
l cc tp kh c rng v h hu
hn bt k c giao khc rng. Ta ch ra ( An ) 0 : cho > 0 bt k, chn N

1
ln sao cho ( xn ) < ( ) vi mi n N , khi cho n N bt k v
2
x, y An ta c
1
2
1
2
( x) + ( y ) ( xn ) + ( yn ) < ( ) + ( ) =
( ) .
Theo gi thit, d ( x, y ) < v th ( An ) . Nh vy ( An ) 0 . V
( An ) ( An ) 0 . Theo nh l Cantor, c duy nht u An v t xn An
=
n
vi mi n th xn u . Cho dy { yn } bt k khc tho mn ( yn ) 0 ta c
( xn ) + ( yn ) 0 v theo gi thit lm tng t ta c d ( xn , yn ) 0 , do
yn u .
nh l im bt ng ko theo kt qu sau:
nh l 2.5.5. Cho ( X , d ) l khng gian mtric y v F : X X lin tc.
Gi s hm ( x) = d ( x, Fx) c tnh cht (2.5) v inf d ( x, Fx) = 0 . Khi F c
xX
duy nht mt im bt ng.

Chng minh.
Theo gi thit v nh l 2.5.4, trong X tn ti { xn } u sao cho

=
( xn ) d ( xn , Fx=
inf d ( x, Fx)
n) 0
xX
Do F lin tc nn khi xn u th Fxn Fu , v th d (u , Fu ) = 0 suy ra

Fu = u .
Ta i chng minh tnh duy nht ca im bt ng: gi s tn ti u u

sao cho u = Fu , u = F u tho mn (2.5), tc l
in {f (u ) + (u) : d (u , u) a} =in {f d (u , Fu ) + d (u, F u) : d (u, u) a} =0 > 0
vi mi a > 0 , iu ny v l. Nh vy, F c duy nht mt im bt ng.

Nhn xt rng nh l 2.5.5 c th suy ra nh l Banach. Tht vy,
nu d ( Fx, Fy ) d ( x, y ) vi hng s < 1 th
(1 )d ( x, y ) = d ( x, y ) d ( x, y ) d ( x, y ) d ( Fx, Fy )
d ( x, Fx) + d ( Fx, Fy ) + d ( Fy, y ) d ( Fx, Fy ) = d ( x, Fx) + d ( y, Fy ) ,
v th hm ( x) = d ( x, Fx) tho mn
in {f d ( x, Fx) + d ( y, Fy ) : d ( x, y ) } =(1 ) = ( ) > 0 ,
v inf d ( x, Fx) = 0 . T ta c d ( F n x, F n+1 x) 0 vi mi x X . V F l

xX
nh x co nn
d ( F n x, F n+1 x) d ( F n1 x, F n x) n d ( x, Fx) ,
do d ( x, Fx) 0 suy ra Fx = x .
2.6. nh x khng gin trong khng gian Hilbert

Nguyn l Banach pht biu cho nh x co trong mt khng gian
mtric y tu . Cho khng gian mt cu trc phc tp hn ta c th ni
lng tnh co ca nh x thnh tnh khng gin, tt nhin tnh duy nht ca
im bt ng khng th bo ton. Trong mc ny chng ta xt khng gian
Hilbert thc, ta c mnh sau
Mnh 2.6.1. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert , v gi s u , u l hai phn

t ca H. Nu c mt phn t x H sao cho x u R, x u R v
x
u+u
r th u u 2 R 2 r 2
2
Chng minh. Theo quy tc hnh bnh hnh ta c

uu =
2
( x u) ( x u )
= 2 x u + 2 x u ( x u) + ( x u )
2
= 2 xu + 2 xu 4 x
2
u+u
,
2
do u u 4 R 2 4r 2 . Nh vy, u u 2 R 2 r 2 .
2
Ta p dng mnh ny i nghin cu nh x khng gin trn cc tp

b chn:
B 2.6.2. Cho C H l mt tp b chn v gi s F : C C l nh x
khng gin. Gi s x, y v a =
x+ y
u thuc vo C. Nu x F ( x) ,
2
y F ( y ) th
a F (a ) 2 2 (C ) ,
trong (C ) = diamC .
Chng minh. V
a + F (a)
a + F (a)
x y = x
y
2
2
a + F (a)
a + F (a)
+ y
2
2
nn t nht mt trong cc s hng v phi, gi s l s hng u phi tho

mn
Ta c x a = x
x F (a) =
a + F (a) 1
x y .
2
2
x+ y 1
= x y v
2
2
( x F ( x) ) + ( F ( x) F (a) )
+ xa = +
x F ( x) + F ( x) F (a)
1
x y .
2
Theo Mnh 2.6.1, ta c

2
a F (a) 2
x
y
+
x y
2
= 2 2 + x y= 2 + x y
Do x, y C nn x y (C ) . Ta chn khng vt qu (C ) , v th
a F (a ) 2 2 (C ) .
nh l 2.6.3 (Browder Ghde Kirk). Cho C l mt tp khc rng, li

ng, b chn trong khng gian Hilbert. Khi mi nh x khng gin
F : C C c t nht mt im bt ng.
Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s 0 C . Vi mi s nguyn

1
n = 2,3, t F=
n
1 F , do C li v cha gc nn Fn : C C . Ta c F
n
l nh x khng gin nn F ( x) F ( y ) x y , do
1
1
Fn ( x) Fn ( y ) = 1 F ( x) 1 F ( y )
n
n
1
1
= 1 F ( x) F ( y ) 1 x y .
n
n
1
V 1 < 1 vi n = 2,3, nn mi nh x Fn : C C l nh x co. Theo
n
nguyn l nh x co Banach, tn ti xn sao cho Fn ( xn ) = xn . Khi

1
xn F ( xn ) =
Fn ( xn ) F ( xn ) =
1
F ( xn ) F ( xn )
n
=
1
1
F ( xn ) (C )
n
n
Vi mi n 2 , xt
1
Qn =
x C : x F ( x) (C ) ,
n
ta c Q2 Q3 l dy gim ca cc tp ng v Qn khc rng (v xn Qn ).

Ta thy rng nu x, y Q8 n2 th
x F ( x)
1
(C ) vi x C ,
8n 2
y F ( y)
1
(C ) vi y C .
8n 2
Theo B 2.6.2, ta c
a F (a) 2
=
a
nn
2 (C )
(C )
8n
1
(C )
=
n
x+ y
Qn .
2
t d n inf { x : x Qn } . V Qn l dy gim nn d 2 d3 l dy
=
cc s thc khng gim, b chn bi (C ) , hi t n mt s d no . Ta xt
=
An
Q8 n2 B 0, d +
n
1
1
= x C : x F ( x) 2 (C ) x C : x d +
n
8n
khi An l dy gim ca cc tp ng, khc rng. Ta tm ng knh ca

An : nu x, y An th
1
0 x d + ,
n
v ta thy rng 0
x+ y
2
0 y d +
1
,
n
d n . Theo nh l 2.6.1, ta tm c
2
x y 2 d + =
d n 2 2 2dn 1 + n 2 + ( d 2 d n 2 ) .
n
S hng v phi l chn trn ca ( An ) v khi n th ( An ) 0 . Theo

nh l Cantor, c mt x0 An suy ra x0 Q8n2 , v th
n
x0 F ( x0 )
(C )
vi mi n.
8n 2
Do x0 F ( x0 ) =
0 (v n th
(C )
8n 2
0 ). Nh vy, Fx0 = x0 .
Cho C l mt hnh cu ng trong khng gian Hilbert H . By gi ta

s xt nh x khng gin xc nh trn C ly gi tr trong H . Vi mc ch
ny ta cn tnh cht khng gin ca nh x co rt chun tc ca H vo C :
B 2.6.4. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert v C =
{ x H : x c} l
hnh cu ng. Xc nh mt nh x r : H C bi
x
r ( x) = x
c x
khi
x c,
khi
x c.
Khi r : H C l nh x khng gin.

Chng minh. Trc tin ta thy nu u , u 0 th
( u r (u ), r (u) r (u ) ) 0 .
Tht vy, nu u c th r (u ) = u nn
0.
( u r (u ), r (u) r (u ) ) =
u
, ta c
u
Nu u c th r (u ) = c
( u r (u ), r (u) r (u ) ) =
u c
u
u
, r ( u) c
u
u

c
u
c
u
=
u
,
r
(
u
)
c
u 1
, r (u) c =
1
.
u
u
u
u

Nu u c th r (u) = u , ta c
( u r (u ), r (u) r (u ) ) =
1
c
u
c
=
1
u
Nu u c th r (u) = c
cu
u
c
u
u
u
,
c
=
1
(
u
,
)
u,
u
u
c
c
2
u
,
u
u
=
(
)

1
u
u

( (u , u) c u ) .
u
nn
u
( u r (u ), r (u) r (u ) ) =
1
c
u
u
u
u
,
c
c
u
u
c
u
u
c c
c
=
( u, u )
1
u, c
u, c =
1
( u , u )
u
u
u
u u
u
c c
=
1
( u , u ) c u .
u u
Nh vy, nu u c , ta c

c
1
( u , u ) c u khi u c,
u

( u r (u ), r (u) r (u ) ) =
c c
,
u
u
c
u
(
)

khi u c;
u
u
v do (u , u) u u , v th ( u r (u ), r (u) r (u ) ) 0 vi u , u 0 . Vi nhn
xt ny ta bt u chng minh b :
t a =
x r ( x) + r ( y ) y , ta c
x y= r ( x) r ( y ) + x r ( x) + r ( y ) y= r ( x) r ( y ) + a ,
khi
x y =
2
r ( x) r ( y ) + a =
2
r ( x ) r ( y ) + a + 2 ( a, r ( x ) r ( y ) ) .
2
Theo nhn xt trn, ta c
( a, r ( x) r ( y ) ) =( x r ( x) + r ( y ) y, r ( x) r ( y ) )
=
( x r ( x), r ( y ) r ( x) ) ( y r ( y ), r ( x) r ( y ) ) 0
nn x y r ( x) r ( y ) , v th r : H C l nh x khng gin.
2
nh l 2.6.5 (Lun phin phi tuyn cho nh x khng gin). Cho H l mt

khng gian Hilbert v C l hnh u
c ng { x H : x c} . Khi vi mi
nh x khng gin F : C H c t nht mt trong hai tnh cht sau:
a ) F c mt im bt ng,
b) Tn ti x C v (0,1) sao cho x = F ( x) .
Chng minh. Theo nh l 2.6.4, nh x r : H C l nh x khng gin, v

th nh x r F : C C cng l nh x khng gin. Do C l mt tp li
khng rng, ng, b chn trong khng gian Hilbert H nn theo nh l 2.6.3,
nh x r F c t nht mt im bt ng, tc l rF ( x) = x vi x C . Chng
minh tng t nh l 1.5.3, ta c nu F ( x) C th
=
x rF
=
( x) F ( x) nn F
c mt im bt ng. Nu F ( x ) C th
=
x rF
=
( x)
ta c th =
ly
c
< 1.
F ( x)
cF ( x)
nn x C v
F ( x)
T nh l 2.6.5 c th suy ra nh l im bt ng i vi nh x
khng gin khi ta t iu kin mnh khng cho kh nng th hai trong
nh l 2.6.5 xy ra:
H qu 2.6.6. Cho C =
{ x H : x r} v F : C H l nh x khng gin.
Gi thit rng vi mi x C , mt trong cc iu kin sau c tho mn:
a) F ( x) x ,
b) F ( x ) x F ( x ) ,
c) F ( x) x + x F ( x) ,
2
d ) ( x, F ( x ) ) x ,
2
e) F ( x ) =
F ( x) .
Khi F c im bt ng.
Chng minh. Ta chng minh hon ton tng t H qu 2.4.2 v H qu 2.4.3.
H qu 2.6.7. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert v
khng gin. Gi
s
( x, x F ( x ) ) ( x )
F : H H l nh x
x , trong ( x ) khi
x . Khi trng khng gin x f ( x)= x F ( x) l ton nh.
Chng minh. Cho mt im y0 H , gi s g ( x) =

x [ F ( x) + y0 ] vi
x H . V
( x) ) ( x, x [ F ( x) + y0 ]) ( x, x F ( x) ) ( x, y0 )
( x, g=
=
( x )
y0
nn cho r > 0 ln,
( x, g ( x) ) 0 vi mi
x H v x = r .
Ta c G : C = { x H : x r} H xc nh bi G=
( x) F ( x) + y0 l mt nh
x khng gin. T ( x, g ( x) ) 0 suy ra
x) ) ( x, F ( x0 ) + y0 =
x ) ( x, G ( x ) x ) 0
( x, g (=
nn ( x, G ( x) ) ( x, x ) 0 do
x vi mi
( x, G ( x ) ) ( x, x ) =
2
x C .
Theo H qu 2.6.6(d),tn ti im x0 sao cho G ( x0 ) = x0 v G=

( x0 ) F ( x0 ) + y0 ,
do F ( x0 ) + y0 =
x0 suy ra
g ( x0 ) =x0 [ F ( x0 ) + y0 ] =0 .
V th y0 =
x0 F ( x0 ) =
f ( x0 ) . Nh vy, trng khng gin gn vi F xc
nh bi x f ( x)= x F ( x) l ton nh.
Nguyn l Banach c rt nhiu ng dng, ta i trnh by mt trong s

cc ng dng :
2.7. ng dng nguyn l Banach cho phng trnh vi phn
s dng nguyn l Banach ta cn c F : Y Y l nh x co i vi
mtric y d no trong Y . Nu F khng l nh x co i vi mt
mtric ny, ta c th tm thy mtric y khc ca Y F l nh x co.
V d 2.7.1. nh x tuyn tnh ( x, y )
1
(8 x + 8 y, x + y ) ca 2 vo 2
10
khng l nh x co vi mtric
d [ ( x, y ),( z , W ) ] =
nhng n l nh x co vi hng s co
( x z )2 + ( y W )2
9
i vi mtric
10
d [ ( x, y ),( z , W ) ] = x z + y W
Nh vy, vi mi mtric y d trong Y xc nh mt lp F (d ) ca cc

nh x F : Y Y l cc nh x co i vi d v ni chung l F (d ) F (d ) ,
Ngay c khi cc mtric d v d l tng ng.
Nhc li rng: Nu E l mt khng gian Banach th hai chun x v
x l tng ng nu c cc hng s m, M > 0 sao cho m x x M x .
Do mt nh x l Lipschitz trong chun ny th cng l Lipschitz trong

chun tng ng khc. Nh vy, nghin cu mt nh x Lipschitz
F : E E , ngi ta thng tm mt chun mi m theo F l nh x co.
Cc ch ny c minh ho trong chng minh sau y v s tn ti

nghim i vi phng trnh tch phn loi hai.
nh l 2.7.2. Cho K : [ 0, T ] [ 0, T ] l lin tc v tho mn mt iu
kin Lipschitz
K (t , s, x) K (t , s, y ) L x y
vi mi ( s, t ) [ 0, T ] [ 0, T ] v x, y . Khi cho u C [ 0, T ] bt k phng

trnh
t
u (t=
) u(t ) + K ( t , s, u ( s ) ) ds
(0 t T )
c duy nht mt nghim u C [ 0, T ] . Hn na, nu ta xc nh mt dy hm
{un } quy np bi vic chn u0 C [0,T ] v t

t
un+1=
(t ) u(t ) + K ( t , s, un ( s ) ) ds ,
0
th dy {un } hi t u trn [ 0,T ] n nghim duy nht u.

Chng minh. Cho E l khng gian Banach ca tt c cc hm thc lin tc a
tr trn [ 0,T ] c trang b chun
|g|
= max e Lt g (t ) .
0t T
Chun ny tng ng vi chun sup x , v

e Lt x
|x|
x ;
v hn na, n y .
Xc nh F : E E bi
F ( g )(
=
t ) u(t ) + K ( t , s, g ( s ) ) ds .
0
chng minh phng trnh tch phn c duy nht mt nghim, ta phi
chng minh F : E E c duy nht mt im bt ng. Ta i ch ra rng F
l nh x co: Tht vy, ta c
| F ( g ) =
F ( h) |
max e Lt F ( g )(t ) F (h)(t )
max e
0t T
Lt
0t T
L max e
0t T
K ( t , s, g ( s ) ) K ( t , s, h( s ) ) d s
0
Lt
g ( s ) h( s ) ds
=
0
L | g h | max e
Lt
0t T
Ls
L max e
0t T
Lt
Ls Ls
d =s L | g h | max e
g ( s ) h( s ) ds
0t T
Lt
e Lt 1
L
(1 e Lt ) | g h | .
V 1 e Lt < 1 nn nh x F : E E l nh x co. Theo nguyn l Banach th

th nht F c duy nht mt im bt ng u E v th hai dy {un } xc
nh bi qu trnh lp c m t trong pht biu ca nh l s hi t u
trong chun | x | , do n cng hi t u trong chun sup x . Nh vy, F
vi chun sup x cng c im bt ng.
Chng 3
MT S NH L TN TI IM BT NG
TRONG KHNG GIAN C TH T
C th thy rng nh l Banach v cc m rng ca n l da trn tnh
y ca khng gian. Tip theo chng ta trnh by mt s nh l c bn v
im bt ng da trn th t. Cc kt qu ny c tm quan trng trong i
s, l thuyt tomat, ngn ng ton, phim hm tuyn tnh gii tch, l thuyt
xp x, l thuyt im ti hn.
([ 4])
3.1. nh l Knaster - Tarski

Cho ( P, ) l mt tp sp th t b phn. Ta ni rng, mt nh x
F : P P l bo ton th t nu F ( x) F ( y ) khi v ch khi x y .
nh l 3.1.1 (Knaster - Tarski). Cho ( P, ) l mt tp sp th t b phn

v F : P P l nh x bo ton th t. Gi s c b P tho mn c hai
iu kin:
(1) b F (b) v
(2) Mi xch trong { x P : x b} u c cn trn ng.
Khi tp cc im bt ng ca F l khc rng v trong s chng c mt
im bt ng cc i trong P (tc l F ( ) = v a khng l im bt
ng nu a ).
Chng minh. Xt tp sp th t b phn
Q = { x : x F ( x)} { x : x b} .
V b Q nn Q khng rng. Ta chng minh mi xch C trong Q u c cn
b u
trn. Tht vy, nu u = sup C th
{ xP:x b}
c u , c C
(3.1)
Do tnh bo ton th t ca F , ta c F (c) F (u ) v v c C Q nn

c F (c) F (u ) vi mi c C ,
iu ny ch ra rng F (u ) l cn trn ca C, v th u F (u ) .
(3.2)
T (3.1) v (3.2), ta c u Q . Nh vy, mi xch C trong Q u c cn trn.

Theo b Kuratowski - Zorn, Q c phn t cc i . T F ( ) ta c
F ( ) F [ F ( ) ] v b F ( ) , v th F ( ) Q . Nu F ( ) , iu ny
mu thun vi tnh cc i ca trong Q , do = F ( ) . Nh vy, tp cc

im bt ng ca F l khc rng.
Ta cn phi chng minh l cc i trong P: gi s tn ti a l mt
im bt ng khc ca F trong P sao cho a . Khi F (a ) = a v do
b a nn a Q . Nh vy, ta c a Q v a (do gi nh), iu ny

tri vi tnh cc i ca trong Q . V th a khng l im bt ng nu
a.
Trong mt tp sp th t b phn P, nhng xch m c c th

c xem nh l mt dy, v cn trn ng ca dy (nu tn ti) c
xem nh l gii hn ca dy. Theo hng ta nh ngha nh x lin tc
trn tp sp th t v xt im bt ng ca nh x lin tc trn tp sp th t.
nh ngha 3.1.2. Cho tp sp th t b phn P . Mt nh x F : P P c
gi l lin tc nu mi xch m c {ci } ca P c cn trn ng v
F ( sup {ci }) = sup { F (ci )} .
Ta thy nh x lin tc F : P P l bo ton th t. Tht vy, vi

x, y P nu x y v t y = sup { x, y} , do F lin tc ta c
=
F ( y ) F=
( sup{ x, y}) sup{F ( x), F ( y)} ,
do F ( x) F ( y ) .
Cho cc nh x lin tc F : P P , ni lng cc iu kin i vi P
trong nh l 3.1.1 ta c th tm c im bt ng ca F nh phng php
xp x lin tip (phng php dy lp):
nh l 3.1.3 (Tarski - Kantorovitch). Cho ( P, ) l mt tp sp th t b
phn v F : P P l nh x lin tc. Gi s c mt phn t b P tho mn
c hai iu kin:
(i) b F (b) v
(ii) Mi xch m c trong { x P : x b} u c cn trn ng.
Khi F c mt im bt ng = sup F n (b) v l cn di ng ca tp
n
cc im bt ng ca F trong { x P : x b} .
Chng minh. Theo gi thit F l nh x lin tc nn F bo ton th t. Ta
c b F (b) v F bo ton th t nn F (b) F [ F (b) ] = F 2 (b) ,. C tip
tc qu trnh , ta c F n (b) F n+1 (b) vi mi n 1 , do { F n (b) : n 1}
l mt xch trong { x : x b} . D thy xch { F n (b) : n 1} l m c. Theo
gi thit, tn ti sao cho = sup F n (b) . V F lin tc nn
n
=
=
=
F ( ) F sup
F n (b) sup =
F {F n (b)} sup
F n+1 (b) .
n
n
n
Nh vy, l mt im bt ng ca F .
l mt im bt ng khc ca F trong { x : x b} , ta phi
Gi s
) =
, bng phng
. Tht vy, do b
ta c F (b) F (
chng minh
vi mi n 1 , do
l mt cn trn
php lp lin tc ta c F n (b)
.
ca { F n (b) : n 1} . V th
3.2. Tnh th t v tnh y . nh l Bishop - Phelps

Kt hp tnh th t v tnh y c th a n mt nh l im bt
ng khc.
Cho : X l hm thc trn khng gian mtric ( X , d ) v > 0 .
Bishop - Phelps nh ngha quan h
x
D thy
trn X bi
y d ( x, y ) ( x ) ( y ) .
l quan h sp th t b phn trong X . Tht vy, vi mi
x, y, z X ta c
i) Tnh phn x: x
x d ( x, x) ( x) ( x) vi mi x X ;
ii) Tnh bc cu:

d ( x, y ) ( x ) ( y )
x , y
d ( y , z ) ( y ) ( z )
y , z
do
[ d ( x, y ) + d ( y , z ) ] ( x ) ( z ) ;
v d ( x, y ) + d ( y, z ) d ( x, z ) ta c d ( x, z ) ( x) ( z ) . Nh vy,
x
z vi mi x, z X ;
iii) Tnh phn i xng:

d ( x, y ) ( x ) ( y )
x , y
y , x
d ( y , x ) ( y ) ( x )
do [ d ( x, y ) + d ( y, x) ] 0 . V > 0 , d=
( x, y ) d ( y, x) 0 nn d ( x, y ) = 0
ko theo
x = y vi mi x, y X .
Ta c th thy c quan h
l th t b phn trong X .
Khng gian X cng vi quan h sp th t b phn

X , . Ta quy c X = X ,1 v vit
k hiu l
hoc n gin thay cho
,1
nh l 3.2.1. (Bishop - Phelps). Cho ( X , d ) l khng gian mtric y v
: X l hm na lin tc di v b chn di. Khi cho x0 X ,

bt k, c mt phn t cc i x* X , vi x0
x* . Ni mt cch chnh
xc hn: cho x0 X bt k lun tn ti mt phn t x* X sao cho
( x* ) + d ( x0 , x* ) ( x0 )
v
( x* ) < ( x) + d ( x, x* ) vi mi x x* .
Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi thit = 1 v xt X = X ,1 .
Cho z X bt k, k hiu T ( z ) = { y : y z} . Ta thy
T (=
z)
)} { y : ( y ) + d ( z , y ) ( z )}
{ y : d ( z, y) ( z ) ( y=
v nh x y ( y ) + d ( z , y ) l hm na lin tc di nn T ( z ) l tp ng
trong X .
Cho x0 X , ta xy dng dy tng x0 x1 x2 . Bng cch quy
np lin tip: u tin ta chn x1 T ( x0 ) =
{ y X : ( y ) + d ( x0 , y) ( x0 )}
sao cho
( x1 ) 1 + inf [ ( y ) : y T ( x0 ) ] ,
chn x2 T ( x1 ) =
{ y T ( x0 ) : ( y ) + d ( x1, y) ( x1 )} sao cho
1
2
( x2 ) + inf [ ( y ) : y T ( x1 )] ,
C tip tc qu trnh trn, ta chn
xn T ( xn1 ) =
{ y T ( xn2 ) : ( y) + d ( xn1, y) ( xn1 )}
sao cho
( xn )
1
+ inf [ ( y ) : y T ( xn1 ) ] .
n
D thy dy T ( x0 ) T ( x1 ) l dy gim cc tp ng. Tip theo, ta c

lng ng knh ca tp hp T ( xn ) khi n 1 : cho T ( xn ) T ( xn1 ) ta c
( ) inf [ ( y ) : y T ( xn1 )] ( xn )
1
n
suy ra
1
n
( xn ) ( ) ,
v xn do d ( xn , ) ( xn ) ( )
1
. Ly x, y T ( xn ) bt k, khi
n
d ai m
T ( xn ) = sup d ( x, y ) sup
x , yT ( xn )
x , yT ( xn )
[ d ( x, xn ) + d ( xn , y)]
1 1 2 n
+=
0 vi mi n 1 .
n n n
Nh vy, {T ( xn )}n=1 l dy hnh cu ng, lng nhau, tht dn. V d y
nn theo B Cantor, c duy t

nh mt im
x T ( xn ) . Do
*
n =0
x* T ( x0 ) , v th x0 x* .
Ta s chng minh x* l phn t cc i trong X , tc l nu x* z th

x* = z . Tht vy, v x* z nn x0 z (do x0 x* ) , ta c z T ( x0 ) . V
x* z nn x1 z , m z T ( x0 ) nn z T ( x1 ) . C tip tc qu trnh , ta
c z T ( xn ) =
{x*} , tc l x* = z v x* l phn t cc i trong X .
n =0
nh l Bishop - Phelps a n mt kt qu trc tip sau:

nh l 3.2.2 (Caristi). Cho ( X , d ) l khng gian mtric y v
: X l hm na lin tc di v b chn di. Cho F : X X l hm

(khng nht thit lin tc) tho mn d ( x, Fx) ( x) ( Fx) vi mi x X .

Khi F c mt im bt ng.
Chng minh. Xt tp sp th t b phn X . Theo nh l Bishop - Phelps,
tn ti x0 l mt phn t cc i trong X . Theo gi thit, ta c
d ( x0 , Fx0 ) ( x0 ) ( Fx0 )
v th x0 Fx0 trong X . Nhng v x0 l cc i trong X nn ta phi c
Fx0 = x0 .
Ta thy s tn ti ca im bt ng i vi nh x co F trong khng

gian mtric y ( X , d ) l h qu ca nh l Caristi. Tht vy, nu ta c
d ( Fx, Fy ) d ( x, y ) vi 0 < 1
th d ( Fx, F 2 x) d ( x, Fx) . Khi

(1 )d ( x, Fx) = d ( x, Fx) d ( x, Fx) d ( x, Fx) d ( Fx, F 2 x)
v th
d ( x, Fx) (1 ) 1 d ( x, Fx) (1 ) 1 d ( Fx, F 2 x) .
t ( x)= (1 ) 1 d ( x, Fx) . D thy, ( x) l hm lin tc v
( x) =
(1 ) 1 d ( x, Fx) > d ( x, Fx) > 0
nn ( x) b chn di; ng thi
d ( x, Fx) ( x) ( Fx) .
Theo nh l Caristi, nh x co F c mt im bt ng.

3.3. im bt ng ca nh x co a tr
Trc khi nghin cu nh l im bt ng ca nh x co a tr, ta cn
c nh ngha sau:
nh ngha 3.3.1. Cho ( X , d ) l mt khng gian mtric. Ta k hi u ( CB ( X ), D )
l khng gian cc tp con khc rng, ng, b chn ca X . Khi
D( A, B ) = max su dp(a, B ),su dp(b, A) vi d (a, B) = in fd (a, b)

aA
bB
bB
c gi l khong cch Hausdorff gia hai tp A, B CB ( X ) .

nh ngha 3.3.2. Cho ( X , d ) l mt khng gian mtric. Mt nh x a tr
F : X C B ( X ) c gi l -co nu tn ti 0 < 1 sao cho
D ( F ( x), F ( y ) ) d ( x, y ) vi mi x, y X .
M rng nguyn l nh x co Banach cho nh x a tr ta thu c nh

l Nadler.
nh l 3.3.3 (Nadler). Cho ( X , d ) l mt khng gian mtric y v nh
x a tr F : X CB ( X ) l -co . Khi F c mt im bt ng.
Chng minh. Trc tin ta lu rng: cho x X v y F ( x) bt k, ta c
d ( y, F ( y ) ) D ( F ( x), F ( y ) ) d ( x, y ) .
By gi, c nh > 0 . Cho x X bt k, tn ti y ( x) F ( x) tho mn

d ( x, y ( x) ) (1 + )d ( x, F ( x) ) ,
suy ra
1
d ( x, y ( x) ) d ( x, F ( x) ) . T ta nhn c
1+
1
d ( x, y ( x) ) d ( x, F ( x) ) d ( x, y ( x) )
1+
d ( x, F ( x) ) d y ( x), F ( y ( x) ) .
1
1
1
t =
d ( x, F ( x) ) . Ta chn sao cho
> , khi
( x)
1
+
1
+
l lin tc, b chn di v

d ( x, y ( x) ) ( x) ( y ( x) )
v th x
y ( x) vi x X , y ( x) F ( x) . Theo nh l Bishop - Phelps, tn
ti x* l mt phn t cc i i vi quan h th t
trong X v t cch
xy dng ta c x*
y ( x* ) , do x* = y ( x* ) . Nh vy, x* F ( x* ) .
3.4. ng dng vo nghin cu hnh hc ca khng gian Banach

Xt B = B( z , r ) l hnh cu ng trong khng gian Banach vi chun
. . Cho x B bt k, bao li ca x v B c gi l git, k hiu l D ( x, B) .
D thy, nu yy D ( x, B) th D ( y, B) D ( x, B) v nu z = 0 th y x .
nh l 3.4.1 (Danes). Cho A l tp con ng ca khng gian Banach E, gi
s z E \ A v t B = B( z , r ) l hnh cu ng c bn knh r < d ( z , A) =
R.
Cho F : A A l nh x lin tc tho mn F (a ) A D (a, B ) vi mi
v mi
a A . Khi i
x A , nh x
F c m
t im bt ng trong
A D ( x, B ) .
Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s z = 0 . Cho x A th

x = R . t X = A D ( x, B) . Xt cc nh x F : X X , ta c lng
y Fy trn X : cho y X , ta c th chn b B sao cho Fy = tb + (1 t ) y
vi 0 t 1 , suy ra
Fy = tb + (1 t ) y tb + (1 t ) y = t b + (1 t ) y .
V b B nn b r . Ta c y X do y A suy ra y R . iu ny ch
ra rng y b R r > 0 . T ta tm c
t
y Fy
y Fy
.
y b
Rr
Nh vy,
y Fy =
y tb (1 t ) y =
ty tb = t y b
t ( y + b ) t ( x + b ) = t ( + r )
t ( x) =
+r
( y Fy ) .
Rr
+r
x ta c ( x) l hm thc lin tc, b chn di v
Rr
y Fy ( y ) ( Fy ) .
Theo nh l Caristi, F c mt im bt ng trong X = A D ( x, B) .
nh l 3.4.2 (nh l git nc ta). Cho A l mt tp ng trong khng

gian Banach E v mt im z E \ A vi d ( z , A)= R > 0 . Khi cho
r < R < , c mt im x0 A vi
z x0 v A D ( x0 , B( z , r ) ) = { x0 } .
Chng minh. Xt A = A B( z , ) ta c A l tp con ng, khc rng ca E.

Xt B = B( z , r ) v F : A A tho mn vi mi x A th Fx A D ( x, B)
sao cho Fx x nu A D ( x, B) { x} . Theo nh l Danes, F c im bt
ng trong A D ( x, B) vi mi x A , ta gi s l x0 . Nu x0 int( A)
th A D ( x0 , B) { x0 } . Theo cch xc nh nh x F th Fx0 x0 , mu
thun vi tnh bt ng ca x0 . Do x0 A v A D ( x0 , B) = { x0 } , hn
na x0 A nn z x0 .
D ( x0 , B) A=
D ( x0 , B)
Ngoi ra ta cn c th chng minh A=
{ x0 } .
Tht vy, A = A B( z , ) suy ra A D ( x0 , B) = A B( z , ) D ( x0 , B) . Ta c

z x0 suy ra x0 B( z , ) , v B( z , r ) B( z , ) nn D ( x0 , B) B( z , ) .
Nh vy, A=
D ( x0 , B) A=
D ( x0 , B)
{ x0 } .
3.5. ng dng vo nghin cu im ti hn

Cho : X
l hm c
th trn khng gian mtric
X vi
=
inf { ( x) : x X } hu hn.
Nhc li rng: Mt cc tiu ho ca l phn t x0 X sao cho
( x0 ) = . Mt cc tiu cht ca l phn t x0 X sao cho h thc
( z ) ( x0 ) ko theo z = x0 . Mt dy { xn } trong X m ( xn ) c gi
l dy cc tiu ho i vi .
nh l 3.5.1 (Ekeland). Cho ( X , d ) l khng gian mtric y v
: X l hm na lin tc di b chn di bi . Cho { xn } l mt dy

cc tiu ho i vi v n=
( ( xn ) )
1
2
> 0 . Khi tn ti mt dy cc
tiu ho { yn } i vi sao cho vi s t nhin n ta c

(i) ( yn ) ( xn ) v d ( xn , yn ) n ,
(ii) yn l cc tiu cht ca hm n : X cho bi
( z ) ( z ) + n d ( z , yn ) vi z X ,
n=
(iii) ( yn )= n ( yn ) ( z ) + n d ( z , yn ) vi z X .
Chng minh.
(i) Trc tin ta xy dng dy
khng gian X ,n vi
=
n
( ( xn ) )
{ yn } . Cho
1
2
mt s t nhin n , ta xt
. p d ng nh l Bishop Phelps
trong khng gian X ,n , cho im xn c tn ti mt phn t yn trong X ,n

tho mn
(a) xn
,n
yn v
(b) yn l cc i trong X ,n .
By gi ta ch ra rng yn v hm n tho mn cc tnh cht t (i) n (iii).
=
n
Tht vy, theo gi thit
( ( xn ) ) 2
suy ra ( xn )= + n 2 . Do
b chn di bi , yn X ,n nn ( yn ) . T nh ngha ca quan h

xn
,n
yn trong X ,n , ta c n d ( xn , yn ) ( xn ) ( yn ) . Khi , ta tm c
d ( xn , yn )
( ( xn ) ( yn ) )
( + n 2 ) =
n
v ( xn ) ( yn ) , v ( xn ) ( yn ) 0 .
(ii) chng minh yn l cc tiu cht ta ch ra rng nu n ( z ) n ( yn )
th yn = z . Tht vy, gi s n ( z ) n ( yn ) vi z X , ta c
n ( z ) =
( z ) + n d ( z , yn ) n ( yn ) =
( yn )
suy ra n d ( z , yn ) ( yn ) ( z ) . Theo quan h th t trong X ,n , ta c
yn
,n
z . Mt khc, yn l cc i trong X ,n nn yn = z .
(iii) Theo chng minh (ii), ta c nu z
,n
yn th n ( z ) n ( yn ) suy ra
( yn ) =n ( yn ) n ( z ) = ( z ) + n d ( z , yn ) vi mi z X .
H qu 3.5.2. Cho E l mt khng gian Banach, : E l mt hm kh vi

trn E v b chn di bi v { xn } l mt dy cc tiu ho i vi . Khi
tn ti mt dy cc tiu ho { yn } trong E i vi sao cho ( yn ) ( xn )
vi mi n v D ( yn ) 0 trong E * .
Chng minh. Theo nh l Ekeland, tn ti mt dy cc tiu ho { yn } trong E
i vi sao cho ( yn ) ( xn ) vi mi n . Vi
=
n
( ( xn ) ) 2 , ta c
( yn ) ( z ) + n z yn vi mi z E .
Vi n cho trc, t =
z yn + u vi mi u E . T ta c c lng
( yn ) ( yn + u) + n ( yn + u) yn = ( yn + u) + n u vi mi u E
v v th
=
D ( yn ) E* lim sup
0 u
u 0
( yn ) ( yn + u)
u
Khi n 0 th D ( yn ) 0 trong E * vi mi n .
n .
Chng 4
MT S NH L TN TI
IM BT NG DA TRN TNH LI
Chng ny nghin cu s tn ti im bt ng da trn tnh li, c
th l da trn Nguyn l nh x KKM. ([ 4])
4.1. Nguyn l nh x KKM
u tin ta nhc li mt s nh ngha lin quan n nh x a tr:
Cho X v Y l hai tp; t p tt c cc tp con ca X k hiu l 2 X .
nh x S : X 2Y c gi l nh x a tr. Cc tp Sx l cc gi tr ca S .
K hiu G
=
S
{( x, y ) X Y : y Sx}
l th ca S v S ( X ) = Sx l nh
xX
ca S .
nh x ngc ca nh x S l nh x S 1 : Y 2 X xc nh bi
y S 1 y =
{ x X : y Sx} . Cc gi tr ca S 1 c gi l cc th ca S .
nh x i ngu ca nh x S l nh x S * : Y 2 X xc nh bi
y S * y = X \ S 1 y . Cc gi tr ca S * c gi l cc i th ca S .
Ta thy, S l ton nh (tc l S ( X ) = Y ) nu v ch nu cc th S 1 y

u khng rng. im bt ng ca nh x a tr S : X 2 X l im x0 X
tho mn x0 Sx0 . D thy, nu S c mt im bt ng th S 1 cng c mt
im bt ng.
Xt khng gian vc t tp (Hausdorff) E (trn trng ) v A E ,
ta thng k hiu bao li ca A l convA hoc [ A] . Cho s t nhin n
bt k, ta vit [ n ] = {i :1 i n} .
nh ngha 4.1.1. Cho E l m

t khng gian
vc t tp (Hausdorff ) v
X E l mt tp con tu . Mt nh x a tr G : X 2 E c gi l nh x
Knaster Kuratowski Mazurkiewicz (gi tt l nh x KKM) nu tnh cht

=
G ( A)
[ A] conv { x1,, xs } =
Gx
i =1
c tho mn vi mi tp con hu hn A = { x1 ,, xs } ca X .
Ta ni rng G l nh x KKM mnh nu
(i) x Gx vi mi x X v
(ii) Cc i th G * y ca G l li.
B 4.1.2. Cho E l mt khng gian vc t tp (Hausdorff ), C E li v
G : C 2 E l nh x KKM mnh. Khi G l nh x KKM.
{ x1,, xs } C
Chng minh.
t A
=
v gi s y0 [ A] .
Ta phi chng minh y0 Gxi . Tht vy, theo gi thit G l nh x

i =1
KKM mnh nn y0 Gy0 vi mi y0 [ A] do y0 G * y0 , v vy
[ A] G* y0 .
Ta c G l nh x KKM mnh nn tp G * y0 li, v th tn ti t nht
mt im xi ca A sao cho xi G * y0 suy ra xi G 1 y0 , iu ny c ngha l
s
i =1
i =1
y0 Gxi , do y0 Gxi . Nh vy, [ A] Gxi .
B 4.1.3. Cho E l mt khng gian vc t tp (Hausdorff ) v C E l

mt tp li khng rng. Gi s G : C 2C l nh x a tr sao cho
G * : C 2C khng l nh x KKM. Khi
(i) Tn ti mt im
C tho mn
conv(GW ) ,
(ii) Nu G c gi tr li th G c mt im bt ng.
Chng minh.
(i) V G * khng l nh x KKM n n tn ti im
conv { x1 ,, xn }
vi x1 ,, xn C tho mn
*
-1
C \ G
=
xi C \ ( C \ G=
xi )
n
=i 1 =i 1
xi ,
=i 1
suy ra xi GW vi mi i [ n ] , do conv
=
{ xi : i 1,2..., n} conv(GW ) . Ta
c
conv { x1 ,, xn } , v vy
conv(GW ) .
(ii) T G c gi tr li ta c GW li, v th conv(GW ) li.

Theo (i),
conv(GW ) do
GW .
Trc khi a ra mt s v d ca nh x KKM, ta nhc li mt s nh

ngha:
Cho E l mt khng gian vc t tp (Hausdorff), C E l tp con
li. Hm : C c gi l li nu ( tx + (1 t ) y ) t ( x) + (1 t ) ( y )
vi mi t [ 0,1] v x, y C . Tng v cc i ca hai hm li l li. Mt hm
y : C c gi l lm nu y l li.
Mt hm : C c gi l ta li nu { y C : ( y ) < } li vi
mi . Hm y : C c gi l ta lm nu y l ta li. Ta thy
mi hm li u l ta li.
V d 4.1.4. Cho X , Y l hai tp con li ca hai khng gian vc t tp
(Hausdorff ) EX v EY . Gi s f : X Y l hm lm - li (tc l,
x f ( x, y ) l lm vi mi y Y v y f ( x, y ) l li vi mi x X ). Khi
nh x G : X Y 2 X Y xc nh bi
G ( x,=
y)
{( x, y) EX EY : f ( x, y) f ( x, y ) 0}
l nh x KKM mnh. Tht vy,

i) ( x, y ) G ( x, y ) vi mi ( x, y ) X Y ,
ii) Ta c ( x, y ) f ( x, y) f ( x, y ) l lm nn i th ca G
)
G * ( x, y=
{( x, y ) X Y : f ( x, y) f ( x, y ) > 0}
l li. Do , Gx l nh x KKM mnh.
V d 4.1.5. Cho C l tp con li ca khng gian vc t tp (Hausdorff ) E

v g : C C l hm tho mn
a) g ( x, x) 0 vi mi x C ,
b) x g ( x, y ) l ta lm trn C vi mi y C .
Khi nh x G : C 2C cho bi x Gx =
{ y C : g ( x, y ) 0} l nh x
KKM mnh. Tht vy,
i) x Gx vi mi x C , v g ( x, x) = 0 vi mi x C ,
ii) Ta c x g ( x, y ) l ta lm trn C vi mi y C nn i th ca G
G* y =
{ x C : g ( x, y) > 0}
l li. Nh vy, Gx l nh x KKM mnh.
Cho E l mt khng gian vc t tp (Hausdorff). Mt tp con A ca

E c gi l ng hu hn nu giao ca n vi khng gian hu hn chiu
L E l ng trong khng gian tp Euclid c a L .
Ta nhc li rng: Mt h { A : } cc tp con ca mt tp no

c gi l c tnh cht giao hu hn nu giao ca mi h con hu hn l
khng rng.
nh l 4.1.6 (Nguyn l nh x KKM ). Cho X E v G : X 2 E l mt
nh x KKM c gi tr ng , li, hu hn. Khi h {Gx} xX c tnh cht
giao hu hn.
Chng minh. Gi s A = { x1 ,, xn } l mt tp con hu hn cc phn t ca

n
X. Bng phng php quy np, ta s chng minh [ A] Gxi .
(4.1)
i =1
Nu A l tp ch c mt phn t x ca X th mnh ng v x Gx vi
x X bt k. Gi s mnh ng vi tp A cha ( n 1 ) phn t. Ta s ch
ra mnh ng vi tp A cha n phn t: theo gi thit quy np,
Gx
j i
A \ { xi } nn vi mi i [ n ] , ta chn mt phn t yi trong tp
Gx
j i
v xt t p compact
li Y
=
A \ { xi } ;
[ y1,, yn ] [ A] .
chng minh (4.1), ta phi
chng minh
n
Gx Y .
i
i =1
Gi s
Gx Y = . Ta xt trong khng gian hu hn chiu

i
L sinh bi A ,
i =1
gi s d l khong cch Euclid trong L . Lu rng v Gxi L l ng trong

L nn ta c d ( x, Gxi Y ) = 0 nu v ch nu x Gxi Y .
Vi mi j [ n ] , j : Y xc nh bi j ( y ) = d ( y, Gx j Y ) . Lu
rng
vi
mi
li
lin
tc,
hm
:Y
cho ib
( y ) = max {1 ( y ),,n ( y )} vi y Y cng li v lin tc. V l hm lin

tc trn tp compact nn tn ti y Y l im m ti t cc tiu. T
iu gi nh
Gx Y =
i
ta phi c ( y ) > 0 v nu
( y ) = 0 th
i =1
, iu ny v l. V G l nh
1 ( y=
)
= n ( y=
) 0 suy ra y Gxn Y =
i =1
x KKM nn Y [ A] Gxi v v th y thuc vo mt trong cc tp Gxi ,

i =1
gi s l Gxn .
Ta c lng hm i ti im zt = t y + (1 t ) yn ca on y, yn Y .
nn n ( y ) d=
Trc tin, cho i = n , v y Gxn Y=
( y, Gxn Y ) 0 . Ta c
n ( z=
n (t y + (1 t ) yn ) tn ( y ) + (1 t )n ( yn ) (1 t )n ( yn ) .
t)
Khi t 1 ta thy rng n ( zt ) 0 v v th khi cho t0 gn 1 ta c
n ( zt ) < ( y ) .
(4.2)
Hn na, cho i [ n 1] , v i ( yn ) = 0 nn
i ( zt ) t0i ( y ) + (1 t0 )i ( yn ) < ( y ) .
(4.3)
T (4.2) v (4.3), ta c
=
( zt0 ) max i ( zt0 ) : i [ n ] < ( y ) vi zt0 y, yn ,
mu thun vi ( y ) l cc tiu. Vy
Gx Y .
i
i =1
nh l 4.1.7 (Dng hnh hc ca nguyn l KKM). Cho E l mt khng

gian tp tuyn tnh (Hausdorff ), X E v G : X 2 E l nh x KKM c
gi tr li, ng sao cho Gx0 l compact vi x0 X . Khi giao
{Gx : x X } l khng rng.
4.2. nh l ca von Newmann v h bt ng thc

Ngay sau y chng ta a ra mt ng dng ca nguyn l nh x
KKM thng xut hin trong l thuyt tr chi v Ton kinh t.
nh l 4.2.1 (von Newmann). Cho X v Y l hai tp con khng rng, li,
compact ca hai khng gian tp tuyn tnh (Hausdorff ) EX v EY . Gi s
f : X Y l hm thc tho mn
(i) x f ( x, y ) l lm v na lin tc trn vi mi y Y ,

(ii) y f ( x, y ) l li v na lin tc di vi mi x X .
Khi
(A) C mt im ( x0 , y0 ) X Y sao cho
f ( x, y0 ) f ( x0 , y ) vi mi ( x, y ) X Y .
im ( x0 , y0 ) c gi l im yn nga i vi f.
(B) max min f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) = min max f ( x, y ) .
xX
yY
yY
xX
Chng minh.
(A). Theo V d 4.1.4, nh x G : X Y 2 X Y xc nh bi
{( x, y) EX EY : f ( x, y) f ( x, y ) 0}
G ( x,=
y)
l nh x KKM mnh v hm f l hm lm - li. Theo B 4.1.2, G l nh

x KKM. Hn na, do vi mi ( x, y ) hm ( x, y) f ( x, y) f ( x, y ) l li
v na lin tc di nn cc tp G ( x, y ) l li, ng. Theo nh l 4.1.7, tn
ti ( x0 , y0 ) sao cho ( x0 , y0 ) G ( x, y ) vi mi ( x, y ) X Y ; iu ny ni mt
cch chnh xc rng ( x0 , y0 ) l mt im yn nga i vi f .
B) Ta c f ( x, y ) max f ( x, y ) suy ra min f ( x, y ) min max f ( x, y ) do
yY
xX
yY
xX
max min f ( x, y ) min max f ( x, y )

xX
yY
yY
xX
(4.4)
Theo (A), f ( x, y0 ) f ( x0 , y ) vi mi ( x, y ) X Y . Khi , cho x = x0 v

tri ta c f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y ) vi mi y Y nn
f ( x0 , y0 ) min f ( x0 , y ) max min f ( x, y )
yY
xX
yY
(4.5)
Tng t, cho y = y0 v phi ta c f ( x, y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) vi mi x X v

th
min max f ( x, y ) max f ( x, y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )

yY
xX
(4.6)
xX
Do (4.5) v (4.6), ta c
min max f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) max min f ( x, y )
yY
xX
xX
yY
T (4.4) v (4.7), max min f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) = min max f ( x, y )

xX
yY
yY
xX
(4.7)
T nh l trn ta thu c hai kt qu quan trng trong l thuyt h v

hn cc bt ng thc.
Cho X E l tp compact li trong khng gian t p tuyn tnh
(Hausdorff) E v cho ={} l mt h khng rng c c hm thc
: X , vi l li v na lin tc di. a ra cng thc tng qut

ta gi s [ ] l bao li ca trong khng gian vc t X , chng ta s xt
hai vn sau:
(P1 ) Tn ti x0 X sao cho ( x0 ) 0 vi mi .
(P2 ) Vi mi y [ ] tn ti x X sao cho y ( x ) 0.
nh l 4.2.2. Hai bi ton (P1 ) v (P2 ) l tng ng. Ni cch khc, hoc
a) C x0 X tho mn ( x0 ) 0 vi mi , hoc
b) C y [ ] sao cho y ( x) > 0 vi mi x X .
Chng minh.
(P1 ) (P2 ) . Hin nhin v nu tn ti x0 X sao cho ( x0 ) 0 vi
mi , ta chn x0 = x v y , th vi mi y [ ] , tn ti x X sao
cho y ( x ) 0.
(P2 ) (P1 ) . Gi s (P2 ) ng, tc l vi mi y [ ] tn ti x X
sao cho y ( x ) 0 ; v xt S ( ) =
{ x X : ( x) 0} . Ta phi chng minh
S ( ) . T cc tp S ( )
l li, ng v khng rng (do (P2 ) ), ta ch ra
rng h {S ( ) : } c tnh cht giao hu hn. Gi s 1 ,,n ; tp

n
n
=
(1 ,, n ) : i 0,=
i, i 1 ,
i =1
v trn tch ca hai tp compact li X v ta xt hm f : X cho

bi
n
f ( x, ) =
i i ( x)
i =1
Ta c x f ( x, ) l lm v na lin tc trn vi mi ; f ( x, ) l
li v na lin tc di vi mi x X . Theo nh l 4.2.1, f c mt im
yn nga, tc l tn ti ( x0 , ) X sao cho f ( x0 , ) f ( x, ) vi mi
=
y
( x, ) X . Ta c th ni cch khc, tn ti x0 X v
[ ]

i =1
sao cho i ( x0 ) y ( x) vi mi i [ n ] v mi x X . Theo (P2 ) , tn ti x X

n
sao cho y ( x ) 0 nn i ( x0 ) y ( x ) 0 vi mi i [ n ] , do x0 S (i ) .
i =1
Nh vy,
S ( ) khng rng, ngha l tn ti x
X tho mn ( x0 ) 0 vi
mi .
Gi s X l mt tp v ={
l mt h khc rng ca cc hm
thc : X . Ta ni rng l lm theo ngha ca Fan (hoc n gin l

n
F - lm) nu vi mi t hp li

i =1
ca 1 ,,n c sao cho
( x)
i i ( x ) vi mi x X .
i =1
H qu 4.2.3. Cho X l tp con khc rng, li, compact ca mt khng gian

tp tuyn tnh (Hausdorff ) E v ={
} l mt h
F - lm cc hm thc,
li, na lin tc di : X . Khi cc iu kin sau l tng ng:

A) Tn ti x0 X sao cho ( x0 ) 0 vi mi ,
B) Vi mi tn ti x X sao cho ( x ) 0 .
Chng minh.
A) B). Gi s khng tn ti x0 X sao cho ( x0 ) 0 vi mi .
Theo nh l 4.2.2, ta c t hp li
[ ] sao cho
i =1
( x) > 0 vi mi x X ,
i
i =1
v do ={
} l h
F - lm, v th
n
( x)
i i ( x ) > 0 vi mi x X , ;
i =1
tc l khng tn ti x X sao cho ( x ) 0 , . Nh vy, nu tn ti

x0 X sao cho ( x0 ) 0 vi mi th vi mi tn ti x X sao
cho ( x ) 0 .
(B) (A). Hin nhin v nu vi mi tn ti x X sao cho ( x ) 0 ,
ta chn x0 = x th tn ti x0 X sao cho ( x0 ) 0 vi mi .
4.3. im bt ng ca nh x Affine. nh l Markoff - Kakutani

Trong phn ny ta pht biu mt nh l im bt ng cho cc nh x
affine lin tc, l nh l Markoff Kakutani.
Cho E l mt khng gian tp tuyn tnh, E * l khng gian lin hp ca
E, tc l E * l khng gian cc phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn E. Ta ni
rng E c nhiu cc phim hm tuyn tnh nu cc phn t ca E * l tch

c cc im ca E , tc l vi mi 0 x E c mt l E * sao cho l ( x) 0 .
nh l 4.3.1. Cho E l mt khng gian tp tuyn tnh (Hausdorff ) c
nhiu cc phim hm tuyn tnh, C E l mt tp compact, li, khc rng v
F : C E l mt nh x affine lin tc. Gi thit rng vi mi y C , y Fy ,
on thng [ y, Fy ] cha t nht hai im ca C . Khi Fix( F ) .

Chng minh. Cho l l mt phn t ca E * . Trc tin, ta gii bt phng
trnh trong C
l ( Fy y ) 0.
(4.8)
Xt hm lin t c l C : C . Do l l hm lin tc trn tp compact C nn

tn ti y0 C l cc i trong C . Nu Fy0 y0 th theo iu gi nh, tn ti
> 0 sao cho im Fy0 + (1 ) y0 nm trong C . Khi

l [ Fy0 + (1 ) y0 ] l ( y0 ) ,
v v vy l ( Fy0 y0 ) 0. V > 0 nn ta c l ( Fy0 y0 ) 0, tc l y0 l

nghim ca bt phng trnh (4.8).
By gi ta xt trn C h ={
} ca cc hm li lin tc : C
xc nh bi ( y ) = l ( Fy y ), y C , trong l E *. Theo nh l 4.2.2, tn

ti y0 C sao cho l ( Fy0 y0 ) 0 vi mi l E *. V E c nhiu cc hm
tuyn tnh nn vi mi Fy0 y0 0 th c mt l E * sao cho l ( Fy0 y0 ) 0 .
Gi s l ( Fy0 y0 ) < 0 ta c l ( Fy0 y0 ) > 0 , iu ny mu thun vi
l ( Fy0 y0 ) 0 v l E * . Do vy, t l ( Fy0 y0 ) 0 vi mi l E * s tn
ti y0 C tho mn l ( Fy0 y0 ) =
0 , tc l Fy0 = y0 . Vy Fix( F ) .
nh l 4.3.2 (Markoff - Kakutani). Cho C l mt tp compact, li, khc

rng trong mt khng gian tp tuyn tnh (Hausdorff ) vi nhiu cc
phim hm tuyn tnh v F l mt h giao hon cc nh x affine lin tc t

C vo C . Khi F c mt im bt ng chung.
Chng minh. Theo nh l 4.3.1, vi mi F F ta c Fix( F ) . Hn

na, Fix( F ) l tp compact, ng trong tp compact C v Fix( F ) l tp li
(v F l nh x affine).
Ta phi chng minh rng { Fix( F ) : F F } . V mi tp Fix( F )
l compact, ta ch cn ch ra rng mi giao hu hn
n
Fix( F1 ,, Fn ) Fix( Fi ) .
i =1
Ta chng minh bng phng php quy np: Vi n = 1 nh l ng v

Fix( F ) vi mi F F . Gi thit Fix( F1 ,, Fi ) vi i < n , ta phi
chng minh
Fix( F1 ,, Fn ) .
Do h F giao hon nn Fi [ Fn ( x) ] = Fn [ Fi ( x) ] . Cho x Fix( F1 ,, Fn1 ) ta c

Fi ( x) = x v th
F=
F=
Fn ( x)
i [ Fn ( x ) ]
n [ Fi ( x ) ]
vi mi i < n . Nh vy, Fn ( x) l im bt ng ca Fi vi mi i < n hay

Fn ( x) Fix( F1 ,, Fn1 ) ,
V Fix( F1 ,, Fn1 ) l tp compact, li, khc rng nn theo nh l 2.3.3.1 ta

c
Fix( F1 ,, Fn ) .
KT LUN
Lun vn Mt s nh l im bt ng trnh by mt cch chi tit
hn mt s nh l im bt ng trong ti liu A.Granas, J.Dugundji. Fixed
point Theory. Springer Verlag. NewYork, 2003. C th lun vn tp hp
c cc kt qu sau:
1. H thng cc khi nim: Tnh compact v tnh y , tnh b chn v
tnh lin tc ca hm s, tp sp th t, im bt ng, khng gian
im bt ng.
2. Nghin cu s tn ti im bt ng da trn tnh y ca khng
gian nh Nguyn l nh x co Banach, cc m rng v ng dng ca
n.
3. Trnh by s tn ti im bt ng trong khng gian c th t nh

nh l Knaster - Tarski, nh l Tarski Kantorovitch, nh l
Bishop Phelps, nh l im bt ng Car isti, nh l Ekeland,
nh l Nadler, nh l Danes.
4. Nguyn l nh x KKM v im bt ng ca nh x Affine.
Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Vn Khu, Bi c Tc, c Thi (2001), C s l thuyt hm
v gii tch hm - tp 1, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni.
2. Nguyn Vn Khu, L Mu Hi (2001), C s l thuyt hm v gii tch
hm - tp 2, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni.
3. Hng Tn, Nguyn Th Thanh H (2003), Cc nh l im bt ng,
Nh xut bn i hc S phm, H Ni.
4. A.Granas, J.Dugundji (2003), Fixed point Theory, Springer Verlag,
NewYork.
5. E.Zeidler (1986), Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its applications I,
Springer.

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i hc thI nguyn

Lun vn thc s ton hc

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

Thi Nguyn - 2008

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

tn ti ca mt im x0 trong C sao cho Fx0 = x0 ? im x0 nh vy gi l

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

by im bt ng ca nh x co a tr, ng thi xt mt vi ng dng vo

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

> 0 , tn ti n0 sao cho vi mi n, m > n0 ta c d ( xn , xm ) < .

mt tp b chn thnh mt tp compact tng i.

(vi dy bn knh tng ng

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

nh l 1.1.6 (nh l im bt ng Schauder). Cho M l mt tp khng

lim inf f ( x) f ( x0 ) . Trong , lim inf f ( x=

(tnh phn x).

(tnh phn i xng).

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

nh ngha 1.3.3. Mt phn t a X gi l phn t cc i ca X nu quan

ca A v k hiu l max A . Phn t a X gi l cn di ca tp A nu

phn t nh nht ca A v k hiu l min A .

im bt ng ca nh x z z P( z ) . Tng qut hn, nu D l ton t bt

x u u Du (tng ng u Du ) c mt im bt ng. Nh vy, nhng

bt ng. Tht vy, cho f : J J ta c a f (a) 0 v b f (b) 0 , theo

Trong trng hp tng qut, rt kh kim nh l mt khng gian c

V d 1.4.4. th ca hm lin tc f : a, b , cho bi

l ng phi vo [ a, b ] , v th n l mt khng gian im bt ng.

trong cc vn ca gii tch phi tuyn.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

(ii) nh l im bt ng Schauder c nhiu ng dng trong gii tch

id ( x)} , trong id (.) l nh x ng nht.

Tm quan trng ca khi nim ny trong l thuyt im bt ng bt

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

Chng minh. Cho r : E K l nh x co rt chun tc. Theo nh l

v th F c im bt ng. Nu F ( x) K th F ( x) > , ta tm thy

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

nh x co l trng hp ring ca nh x Lipschitz khi L( F ) < 1 nn

Nh vy, cho n bt k v p > 0 , ta thu c

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

V < 1 nn n 0 , iu ny ch ra rng { F n y} l dy Cauchy. Do d l y

sai s ca bc lp th n khi xut pht t y Y c hon ton xc nh bi

Cho F : B Y l mt nh x co vi hng s < 1 . Nu d ( Fy0 , y0 ) < (1 )r

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

v th F ( K ) K . Khi F : K K l nh x co. Do K l hnh cu ng nn

2.2. Min bt bin c s

nh l 2.2.1 (Min bt bin ca trng co). Cho E l m

(a) f : U E l mt nh x m; trong trng hp ring, f (U ) E l m,

nn G cng l nh x co vi hng s co < 1 v

Theo H qu 2.1.2, tn ti mt im u0 B(u , r ) sao cho Gu0 = u0 v

(b) Ta thy rng nu u , u U th

H qu 2.2.2. Cho E l mt khng gian Banach v F : E E l nh x co.

nn G l nh x co vi hng s co < 1 . Theo nh l 2.1.1, tn ti im

v th f ( E ) = E . Nh vy, f = I F l mt php ng phi t E ln E .

2.3. Phng php lin tc cho nh x co

(iii) Cho tham s , tp im bt ng Fix( H ) hoc l rng hoc

Cho CA ( X , Y ) l tp tt c cc nh x F trong C ( X , Y ) sao cho hn

{H : } l mt h -co trong CA ( X ,Y ) . Khi :

ta thy rng Q , v Q khc rng v theo gi thit phng trnh H ( x) = x

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

) < r U , v chn > 0 sao

(ii) Gi s x = H ( x ) vi , ta chng minh nh x p : U

vi mi , tho mn iu kin Hlder bc ( 0,1] .

2.4. Lun phin phi tuyn cho nh x co