Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

Phn A: CC KHI NIM C BN V MATLAB

Chng 1

C S V MATLAB
1.1.

Khi ng MATLAB
khi ng lm vic vi MATLAB, ta nhp p vo biu tng ca
MATLAB. Mn hnh nn xut hin bao gm cc ca s:
Ca s lnh Command Windows: y l ca s chnh ca MATLAB. Ti y
ta thc hin ton b vic nhp d liu v xut kt qu tnh ton. Du nhc >>
g cc lnh.
C mt s lnh tng qut lin quan n ca s ny nh sau:
clc: xa ca s lnh.
home: di chuyn con chy ln gc trn tri ca ca s (khi chy chng
trnh).
help: tr gip thng tin v mt mc no
echo, echo on/off: tt m hin th cc dng ca file m khi chy chng
trnh.
edit: gi chng trnh son file *.m.
type tn_file: c ni dung file *.m.
demo: gi chng trnh demo.
quit, exit: thot chng trnh MATLAB.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s phm h tr thao tc:
Phm

Ctrl
Ctrl
Home

Chc nng
Gi li hng trc
Gi li hng k
Lui li mt k t
Ti mt k t
Qua phi mt t
Qua tri mt t
V u hng

Phm
End
Esc
Delete
Backspace
Ctrl K
Shift home
Shift end

Chc nng
V cui hng
Xa hng
Xa k t con chy
Xa k t trc con chy
Xa n cui hng
nh du n u hng
nh du n cui hng

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

Ca s lch s lnh Command History: lit k cc lnh s dng trc km

thi gian bt u. C th lp li lnh c bng cch nhp chut kp vo lnh .
Cng c th ct, sao hoc xa c nhm lnh hoc tng nhm lnh ring r.
Ca s khng gian lm vic Workspace Browser: cho bit cc bin s dng trong
chng trnh.
Ca s Launch Pad: cho php ngi s dng truy cp nhanh cc cng c, ti liu
ca MATLAB.
Ca s th mc hin ti Current Directory Browser: cho bit th mc hin ti
ang s dng. Ngi s dng c th nhanh chng nhn bit, chuyn i th mc
hin ti ca mi trng cng tc, m File, to th mc mi.
1.2.

S dng lnh trc tip vi MATLAB

Nhng lnh ca MATLAB c th c s dng trc tip hoc chy t cc file
lnh, nhng ni chung, chng ta thng s dng c hai phng php trn.
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V d: Gii phng trnh bc hai ax + bx + c = 0

Cc nghim ca phng trnh c dng:

x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

V MATLAB l mt chng trnh tnh ton s nn chng ta phi xc nh cc gi

tr ca a, b, c. Du = c s dng gn mt gi tr no cho mt bin. Ta
nhp cc gi tr ca a, b v c nh sau (g phm Enter cui mi hng)
>>a=2
a=
2
>>b=5
b=
5
>>c=-3
c=
-3
Nu c s dng du ; cui dng th MATLAB s khng hin th li gi tr va
nhp.
Ta hng dn MATLAB tnh nghim th nht bng cch g tip:
x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
x1=
0.5000

Tnh nghim th hai bng cch gi li lnh trc v thay du + bng du x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
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Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

x2=
-3

Cc php ton c bn to nn biu thc trong MATLAB:

Php tnh
Php cng
a+b
Php tr
ab
Php nhn
a.b
Php chia
ab
Php ly tha ab

1.3.

K hiu
+
*
/ hoc \

V d
5+3
7-4
18 * 24
56/8 = 8\56

5^2

S dng lnh t cc file lnh

Nhng lnh ca MATLAB c th c a vo mt file. Sau hng dn
MATLAB lm vic vi cc lnh . Tn ca file phi c bt u bng mt k
t v c phn m rng l .m.
Dng lnh edit hoc vo menu File - New - M_file mi trng son tho Editor/
Debugger s xut hin. Trn mn hnh son tho, ta g cc lnh MATLAB:
a=2;
b=5;
c=-3;
x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
sau khi g xong lnh, ta lu tp tin vi tn vidu.m ri thot khi mi trng son
tho tr v Command Window. chy cc lnh trong tp tin vidu.m ta ch
cn g tn tp tin:
>>vidu
x1 =
0.5000
x2 =
-3

1.4.

Dng nhc gn gi tr cc bin

thay i cc gi tr a, b, c ta phi son tho li file vidu.m ri chy li. Ta c
th sa li chng trnh c dng nhc nhp a, b, c vi cc ln lt chy
chng trnh khc nhau.
a=input ('nhap vao gia tri a = ');
b=inpu t ('nhap vao gia tri b = ');
c=input ('nhap vao gia tri c = ');
x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
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Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
Khi chy chng trnh ta s c kt qu nh sau:
>>vidu
nhap vao gia tri a = 1
nhap vao gia tri b = 0
nhap vao gia tri c = -2
x1 =
1.4142
x2 =
-1.4142

1.5.

Cch to mt hm
Mi mt file hm ca MATLAB (M_file) u c bt u vi khai bo nh
sau:
Function [tn kt qu] = tn hm (danh sch cc bin)
File.m thng ly tn l tn ca hm.

Phn thn ca chng trnh trong hm l cc lnh ca MATLAB thc hin vic
tnh ton gi tr ca i lng c nu trong phn tn kt qu theo cc bin
c nu trong phn danh sch cc bin. Cc bin ch c tc dng ni trong hm
va c khai bo. Tn ca cc bin c ngn cch nhau bng du phy.
V d: to hm gii phng trnh bc hai, tn tp tin hm c t l bachai.m
function [x1,x2]=bachai(a,b,c)
delta=b^2-4*a*c;
x1=(-b+sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
x2=(-b-sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
Gii phng trnh bc hai vi a = 1, b = 0, c = -2, ta g:
>> [x1,x2]=bachai(1,0,-2)
x1 =
1.4142
x2 =
-1.4142

1.6.

S dng hm c sn
MATLAB c th vin hm rt ln, mun bit cch s dng cc hm nh th no
trong mn hnh Command Window ta g lnh:
Help + tn hm

1.7. V cc hm
Khi mun v mt hm no , phi xc nh hm trong mt file.m, sau s
dng lnh:
fplot(tn file,[khong v])
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Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

2

V d: V hm bc hai 4x + 6x - 7 trong on [-6,6].

+ To file bachai.m:
180
function y=bachai(x)
160
a=4;
140
b=6;
120
c=-7;
100
y=a*x^2+b*x+c;
80
+ V hm:
60
fplot('bachai',[-6,6])
40
20
0
-20
-6

1.8.

-4

-2

Lu v ly d liu
Ta c th to mt file d liu, sau khi cn dng th ly ra.
V d: To mt ma trn A, sau lu file ny vi tn l dulieu
A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];
>>Save dulieu
Khi cn s dng d liu ny, ta g lnh:
>>load dulieu
>> A
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

1.9.

Cc ton t logic v quan h

i vi cc s th trong ton t v quan h quy nh cc s khc khng l True
cn s khng l False. Kt qu ca php ton logic v quan h a ra l 1 cho
True, 0 cho False.

1.9.1. Ton t quan h

Ton t quan h MATLAB bao gm cc php so snh:
Ton t quan h
ngha
<
nh hn
<=
nh hn hoc bng
>
ln hn
>=
ln hn hoc bng
==
bng
~=
gn bng
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Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

V d:
>>12.2>12
ans =
1
>> 1~=1
ans =
0

1.9.2. Ton t logic

Ton t logic cung cp mt cch din t mi quan h ph nh hay t hp:
Ton t logic
ngha
&
AND
|
OR
~
NOT
Biu thc logic vi cc ton t t hp c xc nh theo qui lut sau:
A
False
Flase
True
True

B
False
True
False
True

~A
True
True
False
False

A|B
False
True
True
True

A&B
False
False
False
True

i khi gp nhng biu thc phc tp cha c ton t & ln ton t | , MATLAB
s c qui lut v trnh t x l nh sau:
u tin l x l cc tnh ton s hc. Sau , cc ton t logic c xem xt t
tri sang phi. Nhng biu thc con c trong biu thc cn x l (c cc ton t
& v | ) cng c xem xt t tri sang phi vi cc ton t & c x l trc
cc ton t |
V d:
>>A=1:5;
>>B=(A>2)&(A<5)
B=
0 0 1 1 0

1.10. Cc cu lnh iu kin

Dng n gin nht ca lnh iu kin trong MATLAB l:
if biu thc iu kin
Khi cc lnh c thc hin
end
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Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

Nu biu thc iu kin l true th thc hin cc lnh tip theo, nu khng th
thc hin cc lnh tip sau end.
Trong cu trc lnh iu kin, ta c th s dng cu trc if vi nhiu phn thn
cu trc nh sau:
if biu thc iu kn 1
Khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 1 l ng
elseif biu thc iu kin 2
Khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 2 l ng
else
Khi cc lnh c thc hin nu khng c iu kin no ng
end
V d: Cn c vo s im xt kt qu hc tp ca mt hc sinh.
diem=input('nhap vao so diem = ');
if (diem>=0)&(diem<=10)
if diem<=4
disp('loai yeu')
elseif (diem>=5)&(diem<=6)
disp('loai trung binh')
elseif (diem>=7)&(diem<=8)
disp('loai gioi')
elseif (diem>=9)&(diem<=10)
disp('loai xuat sac')
end
else ('so lieu khong hop le')
end

1.11. Vng lp
1.11.1. Vng lp for
Vng lp for cho php mt nhm lnh thc hin lp li mt s ln c nh. C
php ca vng lp for nh sau:
for i=i1:i:i2
Khi cc lnh
end
Trong vng lp trn i1 v i2 ln lt l cc gi tr bt u v kt thc ca i, i l
bc nhy (nu khng t bc nhy th gi tr mc nh ca bc nhy bng 1).
Mi ln lp s kt thc khi gp t kha end. u tin MATLAB s xc nh c
bao nhiu ln lp v sau mi tin hnh thc thi cc lnh trong vng lp vi
cc gi tr ca i. V vy, nu nh i2 < i1 vi i>0 th MATLAB s khng thc thi
vng lp.
V d:

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

for i=1:10
x(i)=sin(i*pi/10);
end
>> x
x=
Columns 1 through 8
0.3090
0.5878
0.8090
0.5878
Columns 9 through 10
0.3090 0.0000

0.9511

1.0000

0.9511

0.8090

1.11.2. Vng lp While

Vng lp While thc hin lp li mt s ln c nh, nhng khng bit trc
c s ln lp li. C php ca vng lp While nh sau:
while biu thc iu kin
Khi cc lnh
end
V d: Tnh gi tr c bit ca eps trong MATLAB
num=0;
>> EPS=1;
>> while (EPS+1)>1
EPS=EPS/2;
num=num+1;
end
>> num
num =
53
>> EPS=EPS*2
EPS =
2.2204e-016

1.12. Cc hm ton hc thng thng

Tng t nh hu ht cc my tnh k thut, MATLAB c th a ra rt nhiu
cc hm ton hc, k thut thng dng, ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp hng
trm cc hm c bit v thut ton, n rt hu ch gii quyt cc vn khoa
hc. Tt c cc hm c lit k trong menu help. y ch cp n cc hm
thng dng nht.

1.12.1. Hm ton hc c bn
abs(x)
sqrt(x)
round(x)

Hm tnh gi tr tuyt i ca x
Hm tnh cn bc hai ca x
Lm trn x v s nguyn gn nht
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Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

fix(x)
floor(x)
ceil(x)
sign(x)
0, c
rem (x,y)
exp(x)
log(x)
log10(x)

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

Lm trn s x v 0
Lm trn v pha -
lm trn v pha
Hm cho gi tr l -1 nu x nh hn 0, gi tr bng 0 nu x bng
gi tr l 1 nu x ln hn 0
Hm tr li s d ca php chia x cho y
Hm tnh gi tr ca ex
Hm tnh gi tr ln(x)
Hm tnh gi tr log10(x)

1.12.2. Hm lng gic c bn

n v ca cc tham s phi l radian
sin(x)
Tnh sin ca gc x
cos(x)
Tnh cos ca gc x
tan(x)
Tnh tan ca gc x
asin(x)
Tnh arcsin ca x, khi x nm trong khong [-1,1], hm tr li gc
c gi tr radian trong khong -/2 n /2
acos(x)
Tnh arccos ca x, khi x nm trong khong [-1,1], hm tr li gc
c gi tr radian trong khong 0 n
atan(x)
Tnh arctang ca x trong khong -/2 n /2
atan2 (x,y)
Tnh arctang ca y/x trong khong - n , ty thuc vo du
ca x v y

1.12.3. Cc hm hyperbolic
sinh(x)
cosh(x)
asinh(x)
acosh(x)
atanh(x)

Hm tnh hyperbolic sin ca x

Hm tnh hyperbolic cos ca x
Hm tnh nghch o ca hyperbolic sin ca x
Hm tnh nghch o ca hyperbolic cos ca x
Hm tnh nghch o ca hyperbolic tang ca x

1.13. nh dng s
Cc php tnh trong MATLAB c thc hin vi chnh xc cao, ta c th
nh dng cho cc s xut ra mn hnh ty tng yu cu c th.
Ta ly v d vi s a = -2/3
Lnh ca MATLAB
format short
format long
format short e
format long e
format short g

Ch thch

-0.6667
-0.66666666666667
-6.6667e-001
-6.666666666666666e-001
-0.66667

5 s
15 s
5 s vi s m
15 s vi s m
Chnh xc hn format short hoc

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Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

format long g

-0.666666666666667

format hex
format bank
format +
format rat

bfe5555555555555
-0.67
-2/3

format short e
Chnh xc hn format long hoc
format long e
H c s 16
Hai s h 10
Dng, m hoc bng khng
Dng phn s

Mt ch quan trng l MATLAB khng thay i s khi nh li khun dng

hin th c chn, m ch thay i mn hnh thay i.

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