Professional Documents
Culture Documents
He Thong Thong Tin
He Thong Thong Tin
Nm
1960
1962
1965
1966
1970
Ngun quang
Trin khai my laser Ruby
(HUGHES)
My laser Ga As
My laser Co2 (BL)
1973
1976
1977
1979
1980
1981
Cp si quang
Ch to si quang c Abastoes c
tn tht ti thiu (NTT, 0.18
dB/km (1.55um))
Ch to si quang Flo (NRL)
tn tht 1000 dB/km
Oscillation (TIT)
1982
1983
LD
Commercialization (NEC,
Hitachi etc.)
1989
Di thng ln
Gim kch thc ng
truyn dn
Phi dn
u im
C ly ti to xa chi
ph thit b ng
dy dn
Truyn dn dung lng
ln
D lp t v bo dng
Kh u ni
Gim chi ph lp t
cng
Ngn nga xuyn m
Thng tin an ton
Ngun - ct
Nhc im
Cn c cc ng dy
Cp ngun cho tip
pht
Cn c cc phng thc
Chi ph sn xut r
nh gi
chnh li mi (cp)
C th gii quyt bng
cc tin b cng ngh
mi
1.2 CP SI QUANG
Si quang l nhng dy nh v do truyn cc nh sng nhn thy c
v cc tia hng ngoi. Nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.4, chng c li
gia v c phn bao bc xung quanh li. nh sng c th phn x
mt cch hon ton trong li th chit sut ca li ln hn chit sut ca
o mt cht.
V bc pha ngoi o bo v si quang khi b m v n mn, ng thi
chng xuyn m vi cc si i bn cnh v lm cho si quang d x l.
bc ngoi ta dng cc nguyn liu mm v tn tht nng lng
quang ln.
Phng php phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) c s dng mt cch
rng ri khi ghp knh cc tn hiu nh s liu, m thanh iu ch xung
m PCM (64kb/s) v s liu video digital. Tuy nhin, trong truyn dn c
ly ngn, ca cc tn hiu video bng rng ri cng c th s dng phng
php truyn dn analog. Phng php iu ch mt s DIM - phng
php truyn cc knh tn hiu video bng IM - v phng php thc hin
iu ch tn s (FM) v iu ch tn s xung (PFM) sm tng c ly
truyn dn c th c s dng cho mc tiu ny.
Ngoi TDM v FDM, phng php phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) phng php iu ch mt s sng mang quang c cc bc sng khc
nhau thnh cc tn hiu in khc nhau v sau c th truyn chng qua
mt si cp quang - cng ang c s dng. Hn na, khi truyn nhiu
knh thng qua cp quang, mt s lng ln cc d liu c th c gi
i nh gia tng s li cp sau khi ghp cc knh trn. Phng php
ny c gi l ghp knh SDM. H thng truyn dn quang c th c
thit lp bng cch s dng hn hp TDM/FDM, WDM v SDM. Chng
ta c th thy rng h thng truyn dn quang cng tng t nh phng
php truyn dn cp i v cp ng trc truyn thng, ch c khc l n
bin i cc tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang v ngc li ti u thu.
Hnh 1.20 trnh by cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn cp quang.
10
11
12
2. SONET
Sonet l mt t vit tt ca Synchronous Optical Network (mng quang
ng b). N c R.J.Boehm v Y.J.Ching vin nghin cu truyn
thng Bell trnh ln u ban T1- t chc tiu chun truyn thng ca
Bc M - vo cui nm 1984 nh mt n tiu chun v u ni h
thng thng tin quang. Vo thi gian , khung c xut c dng
3x8x33B nh trong hnh 1.39, v tc bit l 50,688 Mbit/s (=3x8x33x8
kbit/s). Tn hiu ny c gi l STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal 1 - Tn hiu chuyn giao ng b - 1) v DS - 3 hoc SYNTRAN DS-3,
m n c chp nhn nh tn hiu phn cp c bn v c n nh
a vo qu trnh ghp knh xen byte qua STS-1.
Tng u tin ca SONET c ngh cho mc ch "gp g gia
chng" v quan im nghi ng v tnh kh thi ca n chim u th.
Kt qu l vic tiu chun ho n hu nh khng c tin hnh trong
khong mt nm, sau khi khi nim SONET c gii thiu. Tuy
nhin, vic tiu chun ho bng nhin c a ra cng vi thng bo
ca Metrobus vo thng chn nm 1985, v khi nim v h thng phn
cp v k thut ng b ho bng con tr c cc thnh vin ca u
ban T1 xut thm. Nhng ngi xut SONET pht trin v h
thng ho cu trc khung ca tng u tin v a ra cng thc (28+L)
(24+M) (8+N). iu ny d tnh tn mo u ca mc DS-3 ln kch
thc DS-1 ca L n v; mo u ca mc DS-1 ln kch thc DS-O
ca M n v v mo u ca mc DS-O ln Nbit. Tng gia ca khung
SONET c cu trc 26Bx30 v 49,92 Mbit/s (30x26x8x8 kbit/s) c
iu chnh vi L=2, M=2 N=0 da trn cng thc miu t trong hnh
1.39. Vo khong thi gian vin nghin cu truyn thng Bell ca
AT&T ngh rng tn hiu tiu chun ni b ca Metrobus (c cu trc
26x88W v 146,432 Mbit/s) cn c chp nhn l tn hiu tiu chun.
Tn hiu ny c biu th bng cng thc ca Vin Nghin cu truyn
thng Bell s l: J+K (28+L) (24+M), (8+N), J=1, K=3; L=1, M=2; N=0;
v L, M v N trong s c cng mt ngha nh c xc nh trc,
13
K c ngha l s hiu ca tn hiu mc DS-3, cn J l kch thc ca DS1 i din cho mo u gn vo ton b chng.
14
15
16
17
SONET
STM - N
155.520 Mbps
STS - N
51.840 Mbps
155.520 Mbps
16
622.080 Mbps
2,488.320 Mbps
18
466.560 Mbps
12
622.080 Mbps
18
933.120 Mbps
24
1,244.160 Mbps
36
1,866.240 Mbps
48
2,488.320 Mbps
19
20
21
22
Mo u on ti to
Con tr
Mo u on ti to
Mo u ng truyn Mo u ng truyn ca
ca lp c mc cao
lp c mc thp
23
1
2
3
1
A1*
2
A1*
3
A1*
4
A2*
5
A2*
6
7
8
9
7
C1*
8
X*
9
X*
J1
B3
C2
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
4
5
6
A2*
G1
F2
con tr
B2
K1
K2
H4
D4
D5
D6
Z3
D7
D8
D9
Z4
D10
D11
D12
Z5
Z1
B2
Z1
B2
Z1
Z2
Z2
Z2
E2
24
25
26
27
28
29
6. Ghp knh mt bc
Trong qu trnh ghp knh ng b, cc ng truyn trn cc tn hiu
TUG-2 c nh x trc tip thnh cc tn hiu VC-4, hoc cc tn hiu
AU-3 c nh x trc tip thnh cc tn hiu. Ci gi l ghp knh
30
mt bc; tng trung gian b b qua trong qu trnh ghp knh. Khi nim
ny khng h c ng dng i vi qu trnh ghp knh khng ng b
ang c s dng.
Ngoi ra, khi p dng trn mt mng thng tin, ni mt s lng ln cc
tn hiu c gi i nh tin hnh mt s qu trnh ghp knh, khi nim
ny to iu kin d dng v kinh t cho kt ni phn chia v kt ni
cho. Ghp knh mt bc tr nn kh thi nh da vo khi nim
cngten.
7. Khi nim Mng thng tin.
Phng php truyn dn ng b c thit lp da trn c s ca
khi nim mng thng tin. Do bi cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay
c thit k da trn quan nim truyn dn im ni im cho nn s
khng c hiu qu khi thc hin cc kt ni tch/nhp hoc ni kt cho
thng xuyn xy ra i vi cc tn hiu c to ra trn cc nt
gia, sau khi hnh thnh mng truyn thng. Tuy nhin, khi s lng cc
h thng thng tin quang c s dng ngy mt nhiu th cc h thng
v cc tiu chun da trn khi nim ca mng quang tr nn cn thit
v khi nim ghp knh mt bc c p dng. Hn na, v mt cc
mo u th cc SOH cn cho cc on v POhH cn cho cc ng
c phn loi v mt vi loi mo u trong s c gn cho vic
khai thc v bo dng mng thng tin c hiu qu.
8. Mng thng tin ton cu
Mt c im khc ca mng truyn dn ng b l n c da trn c
s khi nim thng tin ton cu. Vic ng b ho c tin hnh mt s
ln qua vic s dng cc con tr l yu t cho php mng truyn dn
ng b c ng b ho vi mng thng tin ton cu. V mc ch ,
phn cp s ca Bc M v ca Chu u kt ni vi nhau. Nu cc
mo u t bn ngoi v cu trc ghp knh c s dng u da trn
khi nim ny ca mng thng tin th mng thng tin ton cu c th tr
thnh hin thc.
1.6.6 Cc mch vng t hn gn (SHR)
1. Li ch ca vic s dng cc SHR
Cc mng hin ti vi cng ngh cp si quang ang s dng phng
php nh tuyn bo v phn tp t ng v tm hng kp bo v
mng trong nhng trng hp t cp hoc h hng cc trung tm
chnh. Nhng mng nh vy c th c pht trin thnh cc vng
SHR nu nh SHR chng t c l kinh t hn. Mt mng mch
vng l mt tp hp cc nt hnh thnh nn mt vng khp kn, trong
31
32
Hub/DP
SHR/ADM
Kh nng nng cp
Tng s cp quang
Tng s u cui
Tc u cui
D dng
Nhiu hn
Nhiu hn
Thp hn
Kh khn - t
t hn
t hn
Cao hn
33
100% *
Ngho
100%
Tt hn
34
35
36
37
Hnh 1.71.
38
gii php cho vic ny l xut tiu chun ho cc loi tn hiu khc
nhau ca cc dch v ng c cc hnh thc b ngoi nh nhau v sau
, tch tr chng li ghp knh. Cc t bo ATM c s dng
tiu chun ho cc hnh thc b ngoi ca cc tn hiu dch v v h
thng ATDM (ghp knh khng ng b phn chia theo thi gian)
c s dng ghp mt nhm cc t bo ATM; mt h thng truyn
thng da trn c s cc t bo ATM v ghp knh ATDM c gi l h
thng thng tin ATM.
H thng truyn thng ATM lin kt h thng thng tin digital ch
knh ang hot ng vi h thng thng tin ch gi. H thng thng
tin ATM ging nh h thng thng tin gi, trong n s dng cc t
bo ATM nh mt phng tin truyn dn c bn, trong khi n khc
vi chuyn mch gi ch n ng thi c th x l c cc tn hiu
thi gian thc v tng ng. Ngoi ra, cc h thng chuyn mch gi
ni chung c s dng mt cch cc b trong cc mng LAN, cn
i vi h thng ATM th do n c thit k s dng trn cc
mng cng cng nh c ln, cho nn n khc phc c nhng kh khn
trong vic gn a ch, iu khin kt ni v lu trnh, chuyn mch v
truyn dn. Mt khc, so vi h thng thng tin ch knh (phn b
knh cho mi dch v ri sau thng qua cc knh ny m chuyn cc
tn hiu thng tin i nh mt dy bt lin tc), ATM phn chia cc tn
hiu mang thng tin ri sau np chng vo cc t bo ATM chuyn
chng i qua cc knh o. Do vy, mt s vn mi lin quan n vic
thit lp ni kt, qu trnh bo hiu, n truyn dn v chuyn mch
pht sinh.
B-ISDSN hay h thng thng tin ATM c trin khai vo cui nm
1980, t n nay n vn c nghin cu v nng cp. Do vy trong
mc sau y s xem xt li cc vn lin quan n chng, da trn cc
iu khon thuc v BISDN ca ITU-T.
H thng thng tin ATM c pht trin ci t B-ISDN cho nn
i khi n c xem l "mng ATM".
1.7.1 Cc khi nim c bn ca B-ISDN
Khi x hi pht trin, khi cng ngy cng c nhiu cng ty mc ln, th
nhu cu v cc dch v a phng tin v cc dch v bng rng khc
nhau cng ang gia tng mt cch ng k. By gi cng ngy cng c
nhiu ngi s dng cc u cui s liu, cc my tnh c nhn, cc my
Fax v cc h thng hi ngh video, v s lng cc cng ty nhn tham
gia vo cc dch v CATV cng tng ln.
39
40
41
42
43
44
na, da trn cc khi nim ca ISDN, tiu chun giao din phi ghp v
giao thc cng cn phi c thit lp mt cch ph hp.
BISDN dng ATM thc hnh cc chc nng ca mnh. ATM l mt
h thng truyn thng phn chia u cc hnh loi dch v khc nhau, sp
xp chng vo cc t bo ATM c kch thc nh nhau v cui cng,
chuyn chng i nh cc ATDM. Hn na, n thit lp cc ng o v
cc knh o chuyn giao t bo ATM.
Do , thng qua vic s dng ATM, c th thc hin c kt ni mng
c linh hot cao v phn b di thng bin i. Cng vi nhng ci
, ATM c kh nng chuyn giao thng tin v s liu qua cc loi
phng tin vt l v cc mng chuyn ti khc nhau, bi v n c xc
nh mt cch c lp vi cc phng tin chuyn ti ca cc lp vt l.
1.7.6. So snh B-ISDN v ISDN
B-ISDN l mt khi nim xut pht t tiu chun ISDN. Do vy, cc
quan im v B-ISDN cng ging nh ca ISDN. Tuy nhin, vic thit
lp B-ISDN c thc hin khc vi thit lp ISDN.
Th nht, BISDN l mt mng s lin kt a dch v nh trong trng
hp ISDN, nhng n khc vi ISDN ch n bo m vic lin kt c
cc tn hiu bng rng na. V l do , m hnh cu trc c bn ca
BISDN cng ging nh ca ISDN, ngoi tr kh nng x l cc tn hiu
bng rng, ng thi vi cc chc nng ca ISDN bng hp. V mt thit
lp cu trc chc nng hay cu hnh tiu chun, BISDN cng ging nh
ca ISDN. Nhm chc nng ca n bao gm TE1, NT1, NT2 v TA,
cng cc im chun c hnh thnh t R, S v T.
Tuy nhin, chng ch tng t nhau v mt khi nim m khng tng
thch nhau v mt hot ng thc t. C ngha l BISDN khng th c
thc hin ch bng vic b sung cc thit b ca dch v bng rng vo
mng ISDN hoc TE ca ISDN khng th c u ni ti NT ca
BISDN. Do , cc nhm chc nng ca ISDN v cc im chun cng
ging nh cc phn t lin quan ca BISDN ch v mt khi nim. Tuy
nhin n c th phi ghp vi TE1 ca ISDN hoc vi TA qua vic s
dng TE2 ca BISDN. Trong hot ng thc t BISDN khc rt xa vi
ISDN; h thng thng tin ISDN c cc c trng kt hp cc h thng
thng tin chuyn mch knh s ang hot ng vi h thng chuyn
mch gi, trong khi BISDN dng h thng ATM hon ton khc vi
cc h thng ni trn ca ISDN.
C ngha l, trong khi ISDN ch yu iu tit h thng thng tin knh (h
thng thng tin gi cng c iu tit) th BISDN ch yu s dng h
45
thng thng tin gi, ng thi vn iu tit h thng thng tin knh). Do
nhng s khc nhau v h thng truyn thng , qu trnh truyn dn,
bo hiu v qun l mng ca BISDN cng c tin hnh khc vi
ISDN. Do vy, BISDN cn c coi l khc hn so vi ISDN.
1.7.7 H thng thng tin ATM
ATM l mt h thng truyn thng thc hin BISDN. ATM l mt h
thng chuyn giao kiu gi c hnh thc c bit, s dng ATDM. Trong
BISDN, thng tin c chuyn i nh mt lung lin tc ci gi c mt
kch thc khng i. Cc gi c kch thc c nh ny c gi l cc
t bo ATM. Do vy thng tin dch v cng c b tr vo t bo ATM,
sau c chuyn i theo nhng kch thc khng i. V sau , tn
hiu truyn dn ca BISDN c to nn nh ATDM vi cc t bo
ATM. ng thi ATDM l mt phng php ghp knh thng k, thc
hin vic phn chia theo thi gian ghp cc t bo ATM ca mt s
knh i ti mt cch khng ng b.
Nu s dng ATM, dung lng ca knh nghip v cng c tnh theo
s lng cc t bo ATM. Cho nn s vt qu dung lng truyn dn
ca thng tin c biu th bi s lng cc t bo ATM. Vic phn phi
dung lng truyn dn c xc nh theo dung lng yu cu v kh
nng phn phi c th c thng qua thng lng vi mng thng tin
trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi.
ATM - mt h thng kiu lin kt - s thit lp cc knh o chuyn
giao thng tin dch v. Mi khi mt knh o c thit lp, s hiu nhn
dng ni kt c gn v khi ni kt c gii to, s hiu nhn dng ny
cng c hu b. Trnh t sp xp gia cc t bo ATM trong mt knh
o no do cc chc nng ca lp ATM d kin trc. Thng tin bo
hiu v thit lp ni kt c chuyn giao cc t bo ATM ring bit.
H thng ATM xc nh r m hnh chun ca giao thc phn lp
chuyn giao thng tin mt cch c h thng v c ng. Cc lp giao
thc c s dng l lp ATM, lp ng dng ATM (AAL) v lp mc
cao. Lp AAL nh x cc tn hiu dch v sang khu vc trng tin ca
cc t bo ATM, cn lp ATM thc hin chc nng to u ca t bo
ATM chuyn giao trng tin mt cch trong sut. Lp vt l thc hin
chc nng chuyn i cc t bo ATM thnh hng bt v sau , chuyn
chng i.
Kch thc ca t bo ATM l 53 byte. N c phn chia thnh mo
u 5 byte v ng bao trng tin 48 byte (hnh 1.73(a). Chc nng ch
yu ca mo u t bo l nhn dng cc t bo thuc v cng mt knh
46
47
im gc l Sb v Tb, nhm chc nng bao gm B-TE1, B-TE2 v BTA, B-NT1, B-NT2. Trong hnh 1.75, cc thit b u cui (B-TE) c
cha B-TE1, B-TE2 v B-TA. Cng nh vy, B-NT2 v B-NT1 tng
ng nm trong mng B-IDN dnh ring v B-ISDN cng cng. ch th
im gc v nhm chc nng ca mnh, B c ngha l B-ISDN.
1.7.9. M hnh chun ca giao thc
M hnh chun giao thc (PRM) ca B-ISDN c hnh thnh t mt
bng qun l, mt bng iu khin, v mt bng khch hng nh c
trnh by trong hnh 1.76. Chc nng ca mt bng qun l c phn
chia thnh : qun l mt bng v qun l lp.
48
Lp con
Lp mc cao
Chc nng
Chc nng hi t
Lp ng dng Hi t
Chc nng hi t
Phn on v
Chc nng phn on v chc nng lp rp li
lp rp li
Chc nng iu khin dng chung
Chc nng to ra v hu b mo u t bo
Lp ATM AAL
Chc nng thng dch VPI/NCI ca t bo
Chc nng ghp knh v tch knh cho t bo
Chc nng phn chia tc t bo
Hi t truyn Chc nng to ra v khngdnh tn hiu HEC
Lp vt l
Chc nng nhn dng t bo
dn
Chc nng to ra v khi phc dn
Mi trng vt Chc nng thng tin thi gian bit
l
Chc nng lin quan n mi trng vt l
49
nhp dch v sau khi thng dch v ghp knh/tch knh cho cc t bo.
Bn cnh , n x l cc on PT hoc CLP v thc hin chc nng l
to ra v hu b mo u t bo ATM.
Lp vt l bao gm lp con hi t truyn dn v lp con mi trng vt
l. Chc nng ca lp con hi t truyn dn bao gm vic phn chia tc
t bo, to ra v xc nhn byte sa sai u , pht hin im bin gii
t bo. Ngoi ra, trong trng hp pht theo phn cp s ng b n thc
hin chc nng to ra v khng nh khung truyn dn. Lp con mi
trng vt l c ngha l bc truyn dn cui cng qua cp si quang
hoc cp ng trc.
1.7.10. Giao din khch hng - mng ca B-ISDN
Cu hnh ca giao din khch hng - mng (UNI) ca B-ISDN c trnh
by trong hnh 1.77, trong trng hp ch th n bng vic s dng cc
im chc nng Tb, Sb v R v cc nhm chc nng B-NT1, B-NT2, BTE1, B-TE2, v B-TA. Trong hnh ny, cc trng hp (a), (b), (c), (d),
(e), (f), (i), (j) c cu hnh ging nh cu hnh trong ISDN. Cng nh
vy, cc trng hp (g), (h) ch cho thy rng B-NT c th dung cp cc
im gc S v Sb mt cch ng thi.
Cu hnh vt lca UNI kt ni im c trnh by trong hnh
1.78. Trong hnh ny, (a) ch th cu hnh chung ca loi tp trung ho,
cn (b) ch th cu hnh chung ca loi phn b. Cng nh vy, (c), (d),
(e) ch th ln lt cu trc bus hnh sao, cu trc bus v cu trc vng
ca loi phn b. MA trong hnh ny l b phi hp phng tin, cn W
ch ra im kt ni gia cc MA vi nhau. Ngoi ra, TE* ch th TE to ra
cu trc kiu bus v SSB ch th im kt ni gia cc TE* ny. MA l
thit b v B l im gc u thuc loi phi tiu chun. B-NT1 thc hin
chc nng ca lp 1, chng hn nh im cui ng dy truyn dn, x
l phi ghp truyn dn, vn hnh v bo dng. B-NT2 thc hin chc
nng ca lp 1 v lp c mc cao v n c th c cu hnh theo
phng php tp trung hoc phng php phn b. Cc chc nng lin
quan n B-NT2 l b phi hp phng tin (MA), tm kim bin gii t
bo, tp trung ho, nh m. ghp knh, tch knh, gn ngun, x l phi
ghp chc nng AAL v bo hiu, x l giao thc bo hiu v chuyn
mch kt ni bn trong. B-TE thc hin truyn thng gia khch hng vi - khch hng v gia khch hng - vi - my, kt cui phi ghp, x
l giao thc bo hiu, x l ni kt trn cc thit b khc, trn lp 1 v
lp c mc cao hn, k c OAM.
(a), (b) Trng hp giao din vt l l Sb, v Tb
(c), (d) Trng hp giao din vt l l Sb
50
(a) Cu hnh chung ca loi B-NT2 tp trung ho (Cu trc hnh sao)
(b) Cu hnh chung ca loi B-NT2 phn b
(c) Cu trc bus hnh sao
(d) Cu trc bus
(e) Cu trc vng
51
Hnh 1.78. Cu trc tng quan v vt l cho phng tin dng chung.
52
53
54
Phn loi
bng tn
C ch
truyn
sng v
tuyn
3KHz~30 KHz
VLF
Sng tin ly
30KHz~300KHz
300KHz~3MHz
LF
MF
Sng t
Sng t
(C ly
ngn)
55
Sng
tri
(C ly
di)
3MHz~30MHz
HF
Sng tri
30MHz~300MHz
VHF
Sng tri
Sng
i
lu
300MHz~3GHz
UHF
Sng tri
Sng
i
lu
3GHz~30GHz
SHF, Viba
Sng tri
30GHz~300GH
EHF,
Milimeter
Sng tri
56
Khi khong cch gia trm pht v trm thu xa nhau hn, thng tin
bng sng i thng tr nn khng th c do cong ca b mt tri
t nh trnh by trong hnh 2.1(b) nhng vn c th c sng v
tuyn truyn lan xung mt t do c sng b mt v sng tri, nh
hin tng khc x (hnh 2.2). Ni chung, sng b mt, sng trc tip
v sng phn x, tr sng tri, u c gi l sng t. Sng tri l
sng in t b thay i hnh trnh ca mnh ti tng in ly v quay
tr v tri t; tng in ly l ni hi t ca v s in tch, nh hnh
ti cao 100-400Km. Ngoi sng b mt v sng tri cn c sng
tn x - l phn x do nhng s bin i mnh lit ca tng i lu
v in ly hoc do sng in t va chm vi cc vt cht, chng hn
nh cc sao bng, v b tn x ri t ti u thu. Sng tn x
c s dng trong phng php chuyn tip qua tn x i lu.
57
tng. N c gi l ch ng dn sng mt t - in ly m nh n,
c th thng tin ti ton th gii. Bng tn s cc thp c s dng ch
yu cho thng tin hng hi v thng tin o hng.
2. S truyn lan ca bng tn s cao
Thng tin c ly xa bng bng tn s cao c thc hin nh s phn x
ca sng tri trn tng in ly. Trong phng thc thng tin ny, mt
thu sng tri ph thuc vo tn s v tuyn v trng thi ca tng in ly,
trng thi ny thay i theo thi gian, theo ngy, theo ma v theo iu
kin thi tit. Cho nn vic d bo trng thi ca tng in ly l v cng
quan trng i vi thng tin lin lc s dng sng tri.
(1) Tng in ly
Tng in ly hnh thnh ti cao 100Km - 400Km l do kt qu ca
vic ion ho trng thi ca tng i lu bng cc tia cc tm v tia X do
mt tri bc x. Tng in ly c phn chia thnh mt vi lp c gi tr
mt in t cc i. Mi tng c phn chia thnh cc lp D, E, F
theo cao ca n. Lp F li c phn chia thnh lp F1, F2. Hnh 2.3
trnh by mt tnh theo cao ca cc lp ion in hnh.
58
59
4) Sng tn x i lu.
Vic lan truyn cu sng v tuyn nh hiu ng tn x i lu ca khu
vc kh quyn rng ln trong tng i lu c dng cho bng tn trn
VHF. Phng php ny cho php thng tin lin lc c ly xa cc bng
tn VHF, UHF, v SHF v ph thuc rt nhiu vo thng tin trc thi
trc y. Phng php ny c nhiu u im ca thng tin bng rng v
ghp knh cng nh thng tin ng thi cho mt khu vc rng. Mt khc
n cng i hi cng sut pht ln v my thu c nhy cao.
60
61
m thanh
m thanh
in thoi
in
xe c
thoi
Cc
Song
Song cng
dng
cng
thng tin
D liu
Chung
khng
dy
Thng tin
n
hng
D liu
Doanh
nghip
V tuyn
t nhn MCA
u (truy
nhp a
C nhn
knh)
n
cng
n
cng
n
cng
n
cng
Trang b
Trang b Trang
trn
Trang b
trn xe, b trn
Loi di Trang b
Bn c
xe,xch
Xch tay trn xe
xch tay xe
ng
trn xe c nh
tay
Hn ch
Vng di
Ton
Ton
Ton
Ton
thnh ph
Hn
ng
quc Hn hp quc
quc
quc
ngoi
hp
Vng
phc v
5~10
10~15
0,5~1
20~30 5~10
5~10km
20 m
ca
Km
km
km
km
km
1 im
Ph thng
Ph thng
(ch yu
(ch yu
cho b
cho b
phn
phn
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ngi
Cng ty
Cng ty
qun l
thng
thng
thng qun l,
s dng
ca chnh
bc s,
ph v
cnh st)
cng ty)
Nhng
tr ngi
Bnh
Nghim
Bnh
trong
Nh
Nh
Nh
thng trng
Nh
thng
xuyn
m
Khng
dng tay,
in thoi in
T ng
Cc
cm tay
thoi
truy nhp
dng
cho hnh cm
bng rng
dch v
tay
khch,
in thoi
xe c
Song cng
Xch tay
Hn hp
(trong
T.ph)
250~500m
Cng ty
Nh
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
2/ Cu hnh ca khung
Cu hnh ca khung c trnh by trong (Hnh 2.38). Nhm ca tuyn
ln (t my di ng n trm gc) bao gm phn mo u, t m ng b
d liu iu khin, d liu ca ngi s dng v thi gian bo v. V
khung ca tuyn xung (t trm gc n my di ng) l tn hiu lin tc
nn khng cn thit phi c phn mo u v thi gian bo v. Phn mo
u l h thng m ca ng b sng mang v ng b ng h. Khi pht
hin tr th vic ti to sng mang l khng cn thit v m ng b sng
mang l m 1 bi v sng thu phi l sng chun pht hin bng cch
to ra thi gian tr m 1).
70
71
(2.40)
= 1.44W n(1+S/N)
C = 1.44 W (S/N)
72
(2/41)
73
(2.42)
(2.43)
74
75
76
2/ H dng t bo
Nu ngten a hng pht sng v tuyn trn khu vc mt bng th vng
bao ph c dng hnh trn. Khu vc t bo c xc nh bng cc im
c cng v tr mc thu trung bnh gia cc v tr t bo trong khu vc lan
truyn sng v tuyn v c dng hnh a gic. C 3 phng php bao
ph kn khu vc bng cc t bo hnh dng a gic c kch thc nh
nhau (hnh 2.43).
Kiu t bo n v
Tam gic u (a)
Lc gic u (c)
Hnh v
(a) Trng hp t bo hnh tam gic u
(b) Trng hp t bo hnh vung
(c) Trng hp t bo hnh lc gic
77
Khu vc t bo n v
3
Khu vc chng ln
(2-3
R2 1.3R2
Tam gic u
)R2 1.2R2
4
Hnh vung
2R2
3
( 2 - 4 )R2 0.73R2
R2 0.26R2
Lc gic u
(2-3
)R2 0.35R2
R: rng ca t bo chng ln
Hnh v
Bng 2.5 rng ca t bo chng ln
Kiu t bo n v
Tam gic u
rng ca t bo chng ln
R
Hnh vung
(2 -
) R 0.59R
Lc gic u
(2 -
) R 0.27R
R : Bn knh
Hnh v
78
Dng t bo n v
Tam gic u
Hnh vung
Lc gic u