Po = 100 kPa [o find @ Actual power output, (i) Reversible work, (iii) Second-law efficiency, (iv) Irreversibility, and Analysis The properties of steam Inlet condition p, = 3 MPa, tN 5) = 7.0834 Ki/kg-K hy ~ 3344.0 ki/kg. Exit condition Dead state 50 = 59 0.3674 ki/kg K i) The actual power output from steam turbine O-W = (Ah + Ake + Ape) = (Ah) Using numerical value ~300 KW — Weer 8 kg/s) x (2768.8 ~ 3344.0) (kJ/kg) or Wycy = 4301.6 kW(ii) Reversible work done by the turbine Wrey = tally ~ ha) ~ To(s,-52)] = 8x (3344.0 - 2768.8) —298 x (7.0834 ~ 7.2795)] = 5069 kW (iii) The second-law efficiency Wac, _ 4301.6 Wr sos7 6% ™ (iv) Ireversibility T= Wrey—Wact = 5069 ~ 4301.6 = 767.4 kW (v) Availability of steam at the inlet condition Vi = (hy ~ ho) Ty(s1~ (3344.0 — 104.89) —298 x (7.0834 — 0.3674) = 1238 kSIkg Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-instlated so that heat 10st the ‘surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot Hid s equal tothe heat transfer tothe cold fui. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fuid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid properties are constant, Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4.18, and 2.3 ka °C. respectively. oa Analysis (a) We take the cold water tubes as the system, which } 170°C ‘Sa contol volume. The easy balance for his tendo To kes ‘System canbe expressed the rte form 5 wwe = 5 fae Fyn? S—_ Sere ies Water SS ect eae ef} ——S> Ea = Fo ASke/s th ath, ice ne g(a —T) ' ‘Then the rate of heat transfer tothe cold water in this heat exchanger becomes tT Taner = (4S KRISNAISKTKg.°C(TOC- 20°C) = 940.5 ‘Noting that heat gain by the water is equal to the hea oss by the ol, the outet temperature ofthe hot oils determined fom 405k Uh Fa Tea Ts Tae = VC — S) = 19. (0) The rate of entropy generation within the heat exchanger is detemined by applying the rate form of the entropy balance ‘on the entire heat exchanger: Sa-Sen + Spy = AS28089 ago erijopy mt Race ey ae eer ee hy + yy Ihy82 gy + Sg = 0. (sine2 =O) tye Thats thes Hate + Sieg = 0 Sen = Mae ~) + hal S4—85) ‘Noting tht both uid steams ae Liquids (iacompressible substances), the sate of entropy generation is detemnined to be ema Fae ne 1273 sess 23 .qokgna skeen! 1736 KWIK8-84 Air is compressed in. a compressor that is intentioually cooled. The actual aud reversible power inputs. the second law efficiency, and the mass flow rate of cooling water are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Potential energy change is 900 KPa negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 60°C Properties The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 klikg.K and the specific heat of Somis air at room is ¢p= 1.005 kl/ks.K. the specific heat of water at om temperature is c, 18 kI/kg.K (Tables 4 3). Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of ait is Q A looKea) 3 r= pv, = 71 y, = 4.5 m/s) =5.351k: n= PM 27-4 ~ Car Bike KQ0TBK) es Air 100 kPa ‘The power input for a reversible-isothermal process is given by 20°C 900kPa. Wrgy =10RT, In =¥. = (5.351 ka/s}(0.287 kWkg. K)(20 + 273K) 8.8 kW fr RT n> = (8381 2X eral Given the isothermal efficiency, the actual power may be determined from Tisgnay = Litt = 288:SEW _ 4443 KW tr (0) The given isothermal efficiency is actually the second-law efficiency of the compressor Mn = Nr =0.70 (0) An energy balance on the compressor gives , P-V3 | Ml Cp (Ty —Ta) + + Wreratin 0- (80 mi ikke) 51 resfo 005 kJ/kg.°C)(20 —60)°C foe ee) +1413kW 2 m 181 kW The mass flow rate of the cooling water is 1s1kW =28.25kg/s =C\(10°C)8-79 Liquid water is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam. For a specified mixing temperature, the mass flow rate of the steam and the rate of exergy destruction are to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, 3 There are no work interactions. Properties Noting that T< Tog 20047 = 120.23°C, the cold water and the exit mixture streams exist as a compressed liquid, which can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the given temperature. From Tables A~4 through A-6, 62.98 Kika Aowoxn) I ehase T=18C J =S yay = 022447 hike -K coo kami } Ay = 2870.4 kg sy =7.5081 KTkg-K oss Akgls ‘MIXING 35.02 kIke (CHAMBER 200 kPa hy 852 Sage = L07S6KIkg-K Ques, Anatysis (a) We take the mixing chamber as the system, which is a control volume. The mass and energy balances for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as Mass balance: tity —Theys =AViPypeen?” 2? = 0 —> rit +1 =itg Energy balance: Eee = Abn 08) py tinsfer Rate change ternal neti yest work aaa Spaces as et Eig = Boat Tilt, + ity Ihy = Ooue + ig Htg st aitghy ~(iihy +7 Wey = 78 (y is J (ty hs ) ‘Combining the two relations gives Quy =1iny Solving for sity and substituting, the mass flow rate of the superheated steam is determined to be out — Hi (My — hg) (600/60 kI/s) — (4 kg/s (62.98 — 335.02) Ty —hy (2870.4 — 335.02) 0.429 ka/s Also, ity + tly =4 + 0429 = 4.429 kes (B) The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly fiom its definition Xgoyed = ZoSgen Where the entropy generation Sqq is determined from an entropy balance on an extended system that includes the mixing chamber and its immediate surroundings. It gives a Sm—Soue + Span = ASystem®” = 0 Rateof ut zopy wafer Rat ofc of change ‘priest sad ss feoeston “ casopy Yout + Sgeq =O PS yep, = Tig 53 — Ty —Ti2y Sy + My Sy + TiySy — TH; 8y + M289 — 383 Tysusr Ty Substituting, the exergy destruction is determined to be destoves = ToS cen = c 53 —titySy — 1S, + ow ‘b.surr = (298 K)(4.429 x 1.0756 — 0.429 x 7.5081 — 4 x 0.22447 + 10/298)kKW/K. =202kWGiven Steam enters an adiabatic, two-stage turbine at & MPa and 500 °C. Itexpands to 2 MPa and 380 °C in the first stage, The steam is then heated at constant pressure 0 $00 8C, then enters the second stage. At the eit of the second stage, the steam Is at 30 kPa with quality of 97 percent, The total work output of the turbine is § MW, and the surroundings is at 25 °C. Find: a) Reversible power output, and b) rate or exergy destroyed in the turbine Solution: a) The properties at the entrance of first stage are: Ay = 3398.3kYkg, 51 = 6.7240 IKK. The properties at the exit of first stage are: # = 3137.0 kJ/kg, 52 = 6.9563 KKK. The properties at the entrance of the second stage: fy = 3467.6 k]/kg, 53 = 7.4317 KKK. A The properties at the ext of the second stage: fr = 269.23 kJikg, A= 2336.1 kIKg, 5¢= 0.9439 KIKCK, 5g = 6.8247 KYKQK, y= fe + hay = 289.23 + 0.97(2936.1) = 2555. 2kIkg 54 = Sp + N5qy = 0.9439 + 0.91(6.6247) = 7.5639 kI/KIK The mass flow rate of the turbine is found from the FirstLaw: O=0 = shih, -h,)+ tlh, — hy fh=-thi/ih, - hy thy hy) = 5000/8 1370 33983 + 25552-34676) = 4.26 kgs The reversble power outputis given by (43 - 4%, }+ Wy - 4 | Uren =X — Hy = tile - My -To (Se -51)) =-4, 268 137.0 - 3398.3 - 2995 .9563-6. 7240)|= 1407.6 kW Wy q = ~4.26(2588.2~ 3467.6 29007.5629 ~ 7.4917]] = 054.6 kW ‘The total reversible work output is: 1407.6 + 4054.6 = 5462.3 KW. b) The total exergy destroyed is: f = mf [is - 5,)+ (54 - $5)] =4.26(298)6 9563-5,7240+ 7 5639- 7.4317) = 462.7 kW.Seample 47.1: change in availabilty for & closed sytem ‘A ace costing weighing 204g is removed from a furnace at wemperanie of 800°C and heat treated by quenching in « bath containing 500 ke water at 20 °C. Culeulate the change in availability of the universe due to this operation, The specific heat ofthe water is 4.18 ky K. and that of steel is 0.82 ki/kg K. Assume that the bath of water in rigid and perfectly insulted from the sucoundings after the casting has been dropped in, and take the datum feraperature and pressure as 201°C: and 1 har respectively Solution: ‘The process can be considered to be 4 closed system if itis analysed after the casting has been Inwoduced (0 the bath of water, Hence Exo (4.24) eun be applied. Apnea Uy —1482— s+ mivs—¥0 = f (1 B)s@— wares — Vi) Tee In this case, if the combined system is considered, 3Q = 0, W= 0, and py(V2 ~ Vi) = 0 because: the system is adiabatic and constant volume. ‘Thus Ay = —Too ‘The irreversibility ean be calculated i. Final temperature of sysiem the following manner: 10 «0.42 1073 + S00 4.18% 293 506 Odd x 20 500% 4.18 26-12 K mceeTe + mMuewTw n = |. Change of entropy of casting: si 296.12 = 20 x 042 x In 782 — 10.815 41/K iii, Change of entropy of water 22.184 RI/K iv. Change of entropy of system (and universe) BS = BS + Sy 10815 + 22.154 = 11.3304I/K \. Change of availability Ay = Tor = -293 «134 = 3323 I 8-102 A throttle valve is placed in the steam line supplying the turbine inlet in order to control an isentropic steam turbine, ‘The second-law efficiency of this system when the valve is partially open to when it is fally open is to be compared. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 The turbine is well-insulated, and there is no heat transfer from the turbine. ‘The properties of steam at various states are =P, =6MPa } Ji, =, = 3804 3kVEg 7.4247 kikg-K since s1= 5) for this system.Valve is partly open: P, =3MPa } hig = hy = 3894.3 kTke { sy =7.7405kI/ke-K (from EES) KNOWN: Opevahig data are provider for a counterflow heat exchanger at steady State. One stream is R-i3z¢a and the other is air. BIND: (a) For the R-134a, deternre the rate of heut transfer, aud Cb) For each of the two streams, evaluate the cage in flow exevay vale and conpare, QCHEMATIC @ GIVEN) DATA: ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The conto! Volume shown is at steady ste, With Qey20 Ward, amd negligible effects of motion and vavity. (2) For a contro! volume enclesiig eal he Vefri gerant stream, the Gre going applies, except Ge, FO-@) For shreame, pressure change fs negligible. the aur is modeled as aw ideal 4as.(5) for the environment, ys 22% = 295K, p= OMe, (a) For a crwtrel volume enclosing Only the refrigenaut stream, the mais aud energy tate Calances reduce Yo que 3 ; 02a wm Choy) DB Qe mChg-hs) owFrom Table A= od 2 bur, x420.2.5 Wye Mery by, 2 3 s0tdbe ss From Table A= 125 hg = 250.10 WSlley” Tus Bat Bs Mig gt SU 8t4 (2) toda 277.792 TS R60 42)(280.10-77.739)eIiy = SIT Wg (e) The change in Fl ate for Hie refvigereat sh sity deter () The change in Hows exergy cate for geraut shreamis, Un): wa [0h 4- hs) -To (54-S,)] 289 L280.) -77.732)~ (285)cas02 ~.30354)] @ = 7622.7 kT/h GE), Me Te determine the change i tw How exergy, rate for Yue air, we Fivst evaluate tha, uring mass and energy vate balances for Hua overall cowtrol volume. Osa pie + mh cha Jam (hgh © that is alk cnt va (Bah keg) (2504-32032 “asm FS zt (30 2) [eee 11-280. eae where he specific cnet for air ave From Table A-22 Now, the chamge in exergy rate of He arr is We lain = al G- G1) = We LChy-k,) -Tols.-50) } # Vingl (he g-h,) —Te Csectay = stem -R Wp) PROBLEM 7.73 Ccmticl.) 2343.8 9/), With 5°Ct) data from Table 4-22 QE, ae (243.8) [ (280.0% -245,09)- C208 )(1.65279-1.695/5)] = 134.7 E/h Discuss se on. The tea emery of Hae aiv Stream oe te, chanse dan Leng of Seber gevenst Sita (Ay magni tor ceay is served — See soe foweres betoase of a: ‘ Y deshuchine, He cVease iM ye ee evant Pea ONS Te from the increnie ia HOw oxeny. Pale of tha coor aes 1. Energy Hamster by neat occurs trom He air to Ye colder cefrigernat. However, the exergy trumcfor medowpanging Pris heat transfer occurs tre Advectio, trom the vefriqeraut fo Yee aur, because ct Jakes place at temporaluwes Welow “Tp .(Ske See. 13,2 ter darther Ksuassion.) Even A Yaough Ths emery Aecreases, Phe flow exengy of the dir increases, aud conversely Jor Ya refrigeraut.