CHNG 3: THIT B CHNH LU

3.1 KHI NIM CHUNG

Chc nng:
Bin i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu

ng dng
Cp ngun cho cc ti mt chiu: ng c in mt chiu, b np
accu, m in phn, my hn mt chiu, nam chm in, truyn ti
in mt chiu cao p,

3.2 c im ca in p v dng in chnh lu

3.2.1 in p chnh lu
ud: Gi tr tc thi ca in p chnh lu Bao gm c thnh
phn xoay chiu u v thnh phn mt chiu Gi tr trung bnh
ca in p chnh lu Ud

ud = u + U d
S xung p mch ca sng
in p chnh lu:

p=

f (1)
f

f(1): Tn s ca sng iu
ha bc 1 thnh phn xoay
chiu ca ud
f: Tn s in p li

3.1.2 Dng in chnh lu

id: Gi tr tc thi ca dng in chnh lu Sng dng in chnh lu
Id: Gi tr trung bnh Thnh phn mt chiu ca sng dng in chnh lu
i: Thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in chnh lu

id = i + I d
Xt h thng chnh lu ti R,L,E:

did
uL = L
= ud ( Rid + E )
dt
did
ud > Rid + E uL > 0;
>0
dt
did
ud = Rid + E uL = 0;
=0
dt
did
ud < Rid + E uL < 0;
<0
dt

 Dng in lin tc
Dng in gin on
Dng in bin gii gin on

id = i + I d
i vi gi tr trung bnh thnh phn mt chiu:

U d E
Id =
R

I d 0 U d E

i vi thnh phn xoay chiu:

I ( n ) =

U ( n )

R + ( n ) L
2

I(n): Gi tr hiu dng ca sng iu

ha bc n thnh phn xoay chiu ca
dng in chn lu
U(n): Gi tr hiu dng ca sng
iu ha bc n thnh phn xoay chiu
in p chnh lu.
(n): Tn s gc ca sng iu ha
bc n thnh phn xoay chiu.

L I ( n ) 0 id = I d

Dng in c san phng tuyt i

3.3 Chnh lu hnh tia m-pha dng lin tc

LK
RK
Z
u1

3.3.1 Chnh lu hnh tia khng iu khin

S

u1 = U m sin
2
u2 = U m sin( )
3
4
u3 = U m sin( )
3
= t
2

un = U m sin (n 1)
m

Trong khong 1 < < 2:

Gi s V2 m

uV 2 = 0
u1 u2 uV 1 = 0 uV 1 = u1 u2
uV 1 > 0

Khng hp l

Tng t khi gi thit V3 m.

V1 m Nhp V1

Nhp V1 1 < < 2:

uV 1 = 0; uV 2 = u2 u1 ; uV 3 = u3 u1
ud = u1 ; id = iV 1 = I d ; iV 2 = iV 3 = 0
Nhp V2 2 < < 3:

uV 2 = 0; uV 1 = u1 u2 ; uV 3 = u3 u2
ud = u2 ; id = iV 2 = I d ; iV 1 = iV 3 = 0
Nhp V3 3 < < 4:

uV 3 = 0; uV 1 = u1 u3 ; uV 2 = u2 u3
ud = u3 ; id = iV 3 = I d ; iV 1 = iV 2 = 0

Nhp Vn:

uVn = 0; uV 1 = u1 un ; uVm = um un
ud = un ; id = iVn = I d ; iV 1 = iVm = 0
S xung: p = m

Qu trnh chuyn mch ti cc thi

im 2:
in p chuyn mch l uk = u2 u1
Tng t ti cc thi im 3, 4:
in p chuyn mch ln lt l
u3 u2 v u1 u3
Chuyn mch t nhin

3.3.2 Chnh lu hnh tia c iu khin

uc

Tn hiu
iu khin
Khu pht xung

Thi im chuyn mch t nhin

Gc iu khin : tnh t thi im chuyn
mch t nhin n thi im pht xung
m thyristor.
Phm vi ca gc iu khin :

0 <

Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu

m
U di =
2
U di =

+ +
2 m

U m sin d

+
2 m

mU m

U di 0 =

sin

mU m

sin

cos = U di 0 cos

Udi0: Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu khng iu khin.

m=3

U di 0

3U m

3 3U m 3 6U 2
sin =
=
=
= 1.17U 2

3
2
2

Cc ng c tnh
c tnh iu khin:

c tnh ngoi (c tnh ti):

u ra: Ud
u vo:

U di = U di 0 cos
Ch
chnh lu

Ch
nghch lu

3.3.3 Ch lm vic chnh lu v nghch lu ph thuc

Ch lm vic chnh lu

< <

c dng lin tc: trong ti phi c L

Ch lm vic nghch lu

>

ch nghch lu ph thuc

2
P = Ud Id

iu kin c nghch lu ph thuc

>

Trong ti phi c E
E o chiu

E > U d


0 <
= toff

Gc an ton

Ch
chnh lu

Ch
nghch
lu

3.3.4 Chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha c diode V0

uV 0 = ud
V0 s m khi trong trng hp
khng c V0 th ud < 0
V0 ch hot ng khi

Chen vo gia cc nhp V1, V2, V3 l cc nhp V0:

ud = uV 0 = 0; uV 1 = u1 ; uV 2 = u2 ; uV 3 = u3
id = iV 0 = I d

U di =

2 m
mU m

U di 0 =

sin

mU m

mU m

sin

mU m
U di =
2
U di 0 =

cos = U di 0 cos

sin d = U di 0

+
2 m

sin

1 sin(
2sin

nh hng ca diode V0
Khng c ch nghch lu
Diode V0 lm tng hiu sut ca b chnh lu

Ud Id
=
mUI
U, I: gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in pha

I = Id

V1
2

2
V1 =
V 0
m

Diode V0 lm gim gi tr hiu dng thnh phn xoay chiu ca in

p chnh lu

3.4 Chnh lu hnh cu trong ch dng lin tc

Thit b chnh lu s u ni hnh cu v thc cht l hai b chnh lu
hnh tia mc ni tip

Nhm KATODE

Nhm ANODE
Nhm
ANODE

Nhm
KATODE

3.4.1 Chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha iu khin hon ton

S

 Dng in trong cc pha:

i1 = iV1 iV4; i2 = iV3 iV6; i3 = iV5 iV2
Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu:
p = 2m

U di = U diA U diK
U diA = U diK
=

m 2U

sin

U di = U di 0 cos
U di 0 =

2 2mU

sin

cos

Trong trng hp m = 3

U di 0 =

3 6U

= 2.34U

 Gin ng ct
Xung iu khin:

3.4.2 Chnh lu hnh cu bn iu khin

U diA

3 6U
cos
=
2

U diK

3 6U
=
2

1 + cos
3 6U
;U di 0 =
U di = U di 0

3.4.3 Chnh lu hnh cu iu khin hon ton c diode V0

Diode V0 s hot ng khi

Tc dng: - Gim nhp nh ca in p v dng in ti
- Tng hiu sut
- Khng cho php ch nghch lu ph thuc

U di 0
U di =
2

1 sin( 6 ); 3 2 + 6

U di 0 =

3 6U

3.4.4 Chnh lu cu mt pha iu khin hon ton

u = U m sin = u1 u2
Um
sin
u1 =
2
Um
u2 =
sin( )
2

ud = udA udK
i = iV 1 iV 4 = iV 2 iV 3

Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu

U di = U di 0 cos
U di 0 =

2 2U

= 0.9U

3.4.5 Chnh
lu cu mt
pha bn iu
khin

1 + cos
2
2 2U

U di = U di 0
U di 0 =

So snh gia hai phng n: iu khin hon ton v bn iu khin

nh m ca sng in p chnh lu b ct nhp nh
Khng th lm vic ch nghch lu
Hiu sut b bin i cao hn.

3.5 Dng in lin tc v gin on ca chnh lu p xung

3.5.1 Thit b chnh lu ch dng in gin on
S xut hin ca dng in gin on

id 0 ud 0
Ti R:
Trong nhp 0: ud = 0; uVi = ui
Ti R,L:

U d = RI d > 0

vi cc m ch dng lin tc Ud < 0

s xut hin dng in gin on
Trong nhp 0: ud = 0;

uVi = ui

Ti L, E: U d = E
vi cc m ch dng lin tc Ud < E
s xut hin dng in gin on
Trong nhp 0: ud = E ;

MIN ; MAX

uVi = ui E

3.5.2 Phn tch dng in chnh lu ca chnh lu p xung,

khng c V0
p = 1 Dng in lun gin on
Vi p > 1:
Chnh lu hnh tia c iu khin m
pha. p = m. Um l bin in p pha
Chnh lu hnh cu iu khin hon ton
m pha. p = 2m. Um l bin in p
dy (tr trng hp m = 1)
Gc bt u:
p = 1:
p > 1:

Z =

Z = +
2

Ti tng qut R, L, E:

Rid + L

did
+ E = U m sin
d

(1)

Um
id =
sin( )
Z
Z

E
1 e +

(2)

Um

+ id ( Z )
sin( Z ) e
Z

Z = R 2 + 2 L2

= arctg
=

L
R

L
R
iu kin: id 0

Dng in gin on:

MIN < Z < MAX

MIN

E
= arcsin
<
Um 2

MAX = arcsin

E
>
Um 2

id ( Z ) = 0 Thay vo (2)

Um
sin( )
id =
Z
Z

E
1 e +

Um
sin( Z )e
Z

(3)

Um
sin( K )
Z
K Z

E
1 e +

id ( K ) = 0 =

Um

sin( Z )e
Z

(4)

K Z

S dng ton s gii (4) xc nh K vi iu kin:

K Z

Dng in lin tc

id ( Z ) = id ( K ) > 0;

2
= Z +
p

p dng vo (2)

Um
2
id ( Z ) = id ( K ) =
)
sin( Z +
Z
p

1 e
R

2
p

+ id ( Z ) m sin( Z ) e

Suy ra

id ( Z ) = id ( K ) = U m

sin( Z +

2
p

2
) e
p
2

Z 1 e p

2
p

sin( Z )

(5)

(6)

3.5.3 Dng in chnh lu ca chnh lu p xung,

c diode V0

3.6 Hin tng trng dn

iV 1 + iV 2 = id = I d
diV 2 diV 1

LK
= u2 u1
dt
dt
uk = u2 u1 = U km sin

U km = 2U m sin
iV 2

diV 2
0

bin in p dy gia hai pha k nhau

U km
=
sin d

2 LK

iV 2

U km
=
( cos cos )
2 LK

= I km ( cos cos )
I km

U km
=
2 LK

I d = I km cos cos ( + )

Id
= arccos cos

I km

gc trng dn

diV 2
ud = u2 Lk
dt
u1 + u2
=
2

ud = 0
i = I km ( cos cos ) I d
U km
I km =
LK
I km
iV 1 = iV 2 =
( cos cos )
2
iV 3 = iV 4 = I d iV 1
2 I d = I km cos cos ( + )

2I d
= arccos cos
I km

St p do trng dn Ud

U d = R I d
pX k
R =
2
Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha
Chnh lu cu 3 pha

R =

pX k

Chnh lu cu mt pha

c tnh ngoi khi xt n st p v dng in gin on

Ud: St p do Lk.
Udr = Rk.Id: St p trn Rk
UdF: St p trn van

nh hng n gc an ton ca thyristor:

M + + =
Chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha, tia ba pha

cos M

Id
=
+ cos ( )
I km

Chnh lu hnh cu mt pha

cos M

2Id
=
+ cos ( )
I km

Xc nh gi tr in p chnh lu cc i

U di 0

1
= ( ccU dM + U d M + U drM + U dFM )
b

cc: hng s d tr cho iu khin cc = 1.04 1.06

b: hng s d tr ca li in 5% b = 0.95

3.7 Chnh lu c o chiu dng in - bn gc phn t

Nguyn l iu khin:
iu khin ring:
Tng b chnh lu lm vic c lp,
trong khi b chnh lu cn li
khng lm vic.

 iu khin chung
Xung iu khin cng mt lc c a
vo c hai b, trong c mt b c
iu khin vi gc < /2, lm vic
ch chnh lu. Cn b th hai c
iu khin vi gc > /2, ch
ch.
khng c dng ngn mch gia hai b
chnh lu:
UdI + UdII

U di 0 .cos I + U di 0 .cos II 0
U di 0 ( cos I + cos II ) 0

I + II

Tuy nhin:
udI + udII 0
dng in tun hon
Hn ch dng tun hon:
lp thm cun khng cn bng

3.8 My bin p ng lc
3.8.1 Dng in
iS = IS(AV) + iS
NP: s vng dy cun s cp
NS: s vng dy cun th cp
iP.NP = iS.NS

I S ( AV )

Id
=
3

Gi s NP = NS = N

i1S
i2 S
i3S

Id
= i1S
= i1P
3
Id
= i2 S
= i2 P
3
Id
= i3S
= i3 P
3

i1L = i3 P i1P
i2 L = i1P i2 P
i3 L = i2 P i3 P

3.8.2 Cng sut biu kin ca my bin p

StN

S P + SS
=
= Kt PtN
2

StN: Cng sut biu kin nh mc my bin p

SP: Cng sut biu kin cun dy s cp
SS: Cng sut biu kin cun dy th cp
PtN: Cng sut hu cng nh mc ca my bin p
i vi my bin p /Y

1
IS =
2

2 / 3

I d2 d

Id
=
3

2 / 3
2

2I d
1
2
2
IP =
( 2 I d / 3) d + ( I d / 3) d =

2 0
3
2 / 3

S S = 3U S I SN = 3U S I dN
S P = 3U P I PN = 2U P I dN
Vi chnh lu tia ba pha:

U di 0

3 6
=
U
2

2
2
SS =
U di 0 I dN =
PdN
3
3
2
2
SP =
U di 0 I dN =
PdN
3 3
3 3

StN

2
2
+
3
3 3 P = 1.35 P
=
dN
dN
2

3.9 Cc nguyn tc iu khin chnh lu

Xung iu khin a vo thyristor lc in p t ln thyristor dng
Phi bit c khi no in p t ln thyristor dng
Phi c in p ng b: ng b vi in p kha t ln thyristor
S khi ca khu pht xung b iu khin:

uc

ng b

ub

So snh

Khuych i
v p.p

iG1, iG2, iG3

3.9.1 Nguyn tc thng ng tuyn tnh

in p ng b l in p rng ca

= K .uc
U di = U di 0 cos = U di 0 cos ( K .uc )

uC

ub1
uC

ub2
uC

ub3

3.9.2 Nguyn tc arccos:

in p ng b l mt ng cosin

ub = U max cos
ub = uc = U max cos
uc
= arccos

U
max

uc
U di = U di 0 cos = U di 0
U max

Umax

ub
uAK
uc