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US 0925A Laminated Elastomeric Bearings Aaef
US 0925A Laminated Elastomeric Bearings Aaef
Technical guide
The Technical Department for Transport, Roads and Bridges Engineering and Road Safety (Service d'tudes techniques
des routes et autoroutes - Stra) is a technical department within the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Its field of
activities is the road, the transportation and the engineering structures.
guarantee the coherence of the road network and state of the art;
put forward the public interests, in particular within the framework of European standardization;
takes into account the needs of project owners and prime contractors, managers and operators;
Technical guide
Contents
Forew ord ............................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1 - Introduction ......................................................................................... 7
1.1 Why replace the 2000 guide? ......................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Scope and content .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Application of the standard NF EN 1337-3 in the French national context ..................................... 8
1.4 Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Notations and symbols .................................................................................................................... 8
C h a p t e r 2 - C o m p o s it i on and description ................................................................ 9
2.1 General principles of composition ................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Component parts........................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Manufacturing methods................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 3 Behaviour and dime nsioning .............................................................. 15
3.1 - Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 The characteristics of bearings ..................................................................................................... 17
3.3 Dimensioning bearings.................................................................................................................. 19
3.4 Dimensioning verifications............................................................................................................. 22
C h a p t e r 4 D e s ig n p r i n c i p le s f or a structure w ith bearings .................................. 31
4.1 General points The regulatory context ....................................................................................... 31
4.2 - Dimensioning ................................................................................................................................. 33
4.3 Calculating horizontal force on support heads on a structure with standard bearings ................... 3
4.4 - Calculating horizontal force on a structure with sliding bearings ..................................................... 6
Chapter 5 - Controls ............................................................................................ 14
5.1 General principles ......................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 Production controls prior to CE marking ....................................................................................... 14
5.3 Controls on reception .................................................................................................................... 17
5.4 Controls on installation .................................................................................................................. 17
5.5 Controls of behaviour in service.................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 6 The pre-dimensioning and ve rification program.................................. 20
A p pe nd i x 1 C a lc u la t i on s f o r l a m i nat e d e l ast o mer ic be ar in gs f or use i n s e is m ic
zones .................................................................................................................. 22
A1-1 Regulatory framework................................................................................................................. 22
A1-2 Design combinations and direction accumulation ...................................................................... 23
A1-3 - Dynamic calculation model.......................................................................................................... 24
A1-4 Using a behaviour factor............................................................................................................. 26
A1-5 - Recommendations....................................................................................................................... 26
A1-6 Further construction measures................................................................................................... 27
A p pe nd i x 2 T he d ur ab i l it y o f l a m i nat e d e l ast o mer ic be ar in gs w it h a slid i ng p la ne3 2
A2-1 The characteristic quantity of the functioning of a sliding bearing.............................................. 32
A2-2 Measures to be taken at the design stage.................................................................................. 32
A2-3 Measures to be taken at the manufacturing stage ..................................................................... 33
A2-4 Measures to be taken as part of the monitoring process ........................................................... 33
Laminated elastomeric bearings Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
A2-5 - Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 33
A p p e n d i x 3 - T a b le of dimensions ........................................................................ 34
A p p e n d i x 4 A s s i s it a n c e w it h d r a f t in g Pa r t ic u la r T e chnical Clauses (CCTP) ......... 36
A4.1 - Examples of clauses to be included in the chapter "quality of materials" ................................... 36
A4.2 - Examples of clauses to be included in the chapter "design principle....................................... 37
A4.3 - Examples of clauses to be included in the chapter "implementation" ....................................... 38
Bibliograph y .......................................................................................................... 40
General documents ................................................................................................................................ 40
Standards ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Bibliography specific to Appendix 1 ....................................................................................................... 41
Foreword
Bearings are important elements of a structure for which the notion of wear and durability is not inferior to that of the
structure, as, in that case, they would be regarded as consumables. For this reason, particular care needs to be taken over
their choice, quality, design and implementation. This is all the more true in that the cost of the product itself is
disproportionate in comparison to that involved in interventions to raise the structure and repair the bosses: a ratio of 1 to
50 is considered the minimum.
A study carried out by the Stra as to the causes of interventions on structures to repair bearings (of all types) revealed that
that there were three completely equal origins:
Defects arising from poor product quality (such as corrosion or de-bonding). Concerning this matter, the
publication of the standard NF EN 1337 (after the French standards) regarding product specifications and CE marking for
laminated elastomeric bearings are giving rise to improvement.
Installation defects. Following the specifications of the guide "Environnement des appareils d'appui en caoutchouc
frett" ("The environment of laminated elastomeric bearings" cf. Bibliography) is a sine qua non condition for
improvements in this area.
This guide does not cover installation. This is covered in the guide entitled "Environnement des appareils d'appui en
caoutchouc frett ("The environment of laminated elastomeric bearings"). We do however stress the importance of
including the specifications described in this document in Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) and in the QAP
(Quality Assurance Plans) and of ensuring their application.
Problems arising from errors in dimensioning (a slide plate that is too short, an insufficient number of elastomeric
laminations, insufficient plan dimensions, etc.).
It is this third section that this guide intends to examine, as regards laminated elastomeric bearings.
We would also like to highlight the importance of designing the deck, bearings and supports as an INDISSOCIABLE
whole. It is from this perspective that the present guide has been drafted.
Laminated elastomeric bearings (LEB) and pot bearings (PB) represent over 90 % of bearing used on bridges in France.
Although at the extremities of the field of use, the reasons for choosing one type of bearing over another are quite obvious,
they are less easy to discern in borderline cases.
The choice of bearing type depends on a number of factors, including the load path, maximum rotation, horizontal
displacement, durability, cost, the type of structure, the environment and structural arrangements. For this reason, it is
difficult to determine the respective field of use of one method over another.
For reactions of under 12 MN (calculated at ULS) on supports, laminated elastomeric bearings are wholly suitable. This
value corresponds to plan dimensions of around 700 x 700 mm. Above 20 MN, pot bearings are preferable as they limit the
bulk of the device. Between these two values, LEBs can be used, either by increasing the dimensions to 900 x 900mm for
large structures, or by joining two smaller bearings. The latter solution is only easy to implement on box bridges and
concrete slab bridges due to the space required for the bearings. They cannot easily be envisaged for girder bridges
(composite or of prestressed concrete).
However, in the event of large bearing rotations, LEBs may be suitable, but the thickness of the elastomer needs to be
greatly increased, thus posing other problems. As regards horizontal displacement, the slide systems of PBs offer better
quality and, therefore, higher durability. It is thus the displacement criteria that influence the choice.
In any event, manufacturing constraints (mainly the size of presses) mean that the largest size of LEBs is currently limited
to around 1000 x 1000 x 300mm as regards French manufacture (abroad, dimensions of 1200 x 1200 x 300mm can be
reached).
The cost of LEBs is lower than that of PBs. However, it must not be forgotten that the cost of bearings is a small percentage
of that of the structure.
In seismic areas, even for heavy load paths, LEBs are the preferred choice. In the absence of a fixed point, and taking into
account the flexibility offered by LEBs, the overall behaviour of a structure in the event of moderate seismic activity is
better. In the event of a strong earthquake, the LEBs would tear and replacing them would be less costly than for PBs.
`~=N=J=Introduction
1.1 Why replace the 2000 guide?
The guide that was published in 2000 was based on projected European standards or on those being drafted, which were, in
any event, difficult to obtain directly from AFNOR. This explains the ambiguity of the document that was based on future
standards at preparation stage, on structure design documents that had not been finalized either and on French standards
regarding the verification of the bearing characteristics.
This situation has now been clarified by the publication of all sections of the standard NF EN 1337 (except part 8 Guide
bearings and blocked bearings) and the design standards (the Eurocodes used in this guide, at least). Furthermore, the
publication of the sections of NF EN 1337 will, after the coexistence period (i.e. 31.12.2006), lead to the suppression of
French standards on the same subject, in particular XP T 47.815.
For these reasons, we deemed it necessary to revise the 2000 guide, to provide project designers with advice guidelines that
take into account the most recent publications.
1.4 Scope
The rules set out in this technical guide are for the use of
Bearings composed of elastomeric plates.
These rules are only applicable to
Bearings made of at least two elastomeric laminations bonded by vulcanization to metal plates
(although the standard authorizes the use of bearings composed of a single lamination between two coated plates) (type B
of the NF EN 1337-3) and if required,
completed by sliding elements 3
(type D or E of the NF EN 1337-3)
Anti-slipping or anti-lifting elements 4
(type C of the NF EN 1337-3).
cf. appendix 2
cf. chapter 2
NF EN 1337-3, 3.1
Figure 2.3: typical composition of a type B bearing according to the standard NF EN 1337-3 (fig. 2)
Figure 2.4: further lateral types of fixation on stainless steel slide plates
The upper part (or slide plate) can be fixed to the part of the structure in contact with the bearing.
So as to follow displacements and to allow for checks during civil engineering inspections, these slide plates have a
measuring rule. It is essential that the rule be positioned on the side where the inspector will probably take place.
Furthermore, it is also highly recommended that the rules are set consistently within a same structure to ease operations. (cf.
figure 2.5).
To prevent them from being soiled during installation and service, these bearings must be fitted with a device that
protects the slide plane (in all normal service circumstances). This device must be easily removable so that the bearing can
be inspected and monitored.
All these elements are defined in NF EN 1337-2, standardised through part 3.
NF EN 10025. The standard does not specify the part concerned, but it is parts 1 and 2.
NN
Anti-slipping bearings
-with lugs (With type C bearings).
NB: except in particular cases, lugs are only needed on one
side.
See also the device of figure 2.6.
- glue-mounted (not shown) for low tangential forces (with
type C bearings).
- with anchors.
NP
Figure 3.1: table showing the different types of laminated elastomeric bearings according to NF EN 1337-3
Henceforth in this chapter, the reference of the paragraph concerned from NF EN 1337-3 will be specified in brackets in bold italics.
NR
Readers are reminded that this guide only deals with bearings of type B to E. Type A bearings (single reinforcement) or type F (non
reinforced or strip bearing) are not used in civil engineering structures.
NF EN 1337-3 defines the geometric characteristics of the most widely used bearings. On a plan view, bearings are square,
rectangular or circular in shape, although elliptic and octagonal shapes are also tolerated. The rules given in this document
are for rectangular bearings. Please consult the standard as regards other shapes.
Among type B bearings (multi-plated and coated on all sides, cf. figure 3.1), the following can be distinguished, in
accordance with NF EN 1337:
a) type B bearings defined in table 3 NF EN 1337-3. They include n+1 metal plates and n elastomeric laminations of a
constant thickness. Their perimeter is coated with elastomer at least 4 millimetres thick and the upper and lower faces with
a nominal 2.5mm thickness of elastomer (with a 0. + 2 mm tolerance).
b) other type B bearings that include "active external half-laminations (cf. the table in appendix 3 of this guide).
These are different in that the upper and lower elastomeric coatings are thicker. These are no longer simple protection
coatings, but rather a half-lamination, the thickness of which is taken into account in the calculations defined in article
5.3.3.1 of NF EN 1337-3. It is suggested that they are designated with the number of intermediate laminations, mentioning
the two external half-laminations or the external coatings. This gives the following example of a bearing designation:
a x b; n(ti + ts); 2 e
e.g.
e = 2,5 mm
e = ti / 2
ts
Tb
ti
ts
Tb
ti
Tb = 2 (ti+ ts) + ts + 2 ti/2
e
ts
Tb
ti
> 4 mm
a , b ou D
Figure 3.3: the geometric definition of a bearing
According to the n number of intermediate laminations, three thicknesses required for dimensioning can be defined:
Total nominal thickness of the bearing:
Tb = n (ti + ts) + ts + 2 e
Te = n ti + 2 e
Tq = n ti + 2 e
if e > 2.5 mm
Tq = n ti
if e 2.5 mm
NT
Under dynamic effects, the standard recommends increasing the calculation value of the elastomer modulus (EN 5.3.3
note 2). Under the horizontal effect of operating loads10, we recommend a Gdyn modulus taken to be equal to 1.8 MPa in
calculations. For seismic activity, please see appendix 1 of this document.
There is a low temperature modulus G. In view of the climatic conditions of metropolitan France, it does not appear
necessary to take it into account, as the National Application Document specifies. This would only be valid for ambient
temperature of 25C and below, at which point the polychloroprene begins to crystallize. Some Nordic countries, Finland
in particular, include a low temperature modulus G in their calculations, but only in regions with temperatures of below
30C.
With a b and b b the width and length of the support plate in mm.
The friction coefficient d of perforated PTFE steel is provided in table 11 of NF EN 1337-2.
This table has been drawn up using the following formula (EN 1337 - 2 - Appendix B):
1,2 k
max =
10 + p
with
These values vary from 3 to 8 % according to usual contact pressure. Furthermore, the average pressure on the block
(surface A) is limited to 30 MPa (for a modulus G of 0.9 MPa and k = 1, cf. 5.6 of NF EN 1337-3).
It is specified that the values given are a function of p. For a given load path, the friction coefficient is calculated using
the ULS stress.
We would like to point out the notable variation of the friction coefficient in accordance with the compression stress on the
PTFE.
To simplify, the 2/3 corrective factor does not need to be taken into account, except in specially justified cases and for
application in overseas departments and territories where the effective bearing temperature does not fall below - 5C.
10
For the vertical dynamic effects of operating loads, the modulus G should be used.
Verification of the deformation of slide plates (NF EN 1337-2 6.9.2) is only justified for difficult or specific applications
(e.g. for type E bearings). In other cases, only the orders of magnitude need to be verified.
The thickness of the plates must be sufficient to resist the traction to which they are subjected
The stability of the bearing must be ensured as regards rotation, buckling and sliding
Actions exerted by the bearing on the rest of the structure must be checked (the direct effect of the bearing on the
structure and the indirect effect due to deformation of the support).
Fz
Fz
a
Figure 3.4: distortion of a bearing under axial force.
To calculate Ar, the nominal lateral coating needs to be removed to obtain A1 (equal to the surface of plates A' reduced by
the holes if there are any) and the horizontal deformations vx and vy need to be taken into account, that are caused by the
horizontal force concomitant with the vertical force FZ.
NV
vx
a'
Figure 3.5: a surface reduced due to the effect of horizontal deformation.
We thus have
vy
v
avec A'= a'b' (if the plates do not have holes)
A r = A' 1 - x a
'
b
'
The calculation of deformations vx and vy is relatively complex. As a first approach, we could often disregard the effect of
vy and use the maximum value of vx.
A'
S=
lp t e
avec l p = 2 (a '+b')
et
t
=
1,4
t
i pour les feuillets des couches externes
e
The standard also gives the means of estimating the total deformation vZ due to a vertical force FZ (EN 5.3.3.7):
vz =
Fz t i
A'
1
1
+
2
5
G
S
E
d
b
1
A' 5Gd Si
Eb
Let us remember that in this formula, S designates the form coefficient of lamination "i" and that, in the event of a halflamination, the value of S is worth 2/1.4 times that of the intermediate lamination.
The values obtained with this formula are slightly lower than those of the standard, thus making for a safer verification of
the rotation stability (Cf. 3.4.1.3 below) and limiting any losses in contact with the support under the effect of rotations.
Generally speaking, settlements obtained with these formulas are far too high in relation to the actual behaviour of the
bearing, if we disregard the adaptation movements between 0 and 3 MPa.
As an example, during tests, variations in pressure of between 5 and 15 MPa gave the following settlements:
Settlements
Dimensions
during tests
0.5 mm
1.16 mm
0.98 mm
0.6 mm
1.49 mm
1.32 mm
0.75 mm
1.93 mm
1.76 mm
The standard specifies that the vertical deformation is only more or less proportional to the load after an initial settlement
that we can estimate to be 2 mm. This value appears too high, especially when positioned on metal plates. Besides, a close
look at a number of settlement tests reveals a very wide dispersion of results and this dispersion is difficult to explain. In
fact, the calculated settlement value according to the standard indicates the maximum value obtainable on a compliant
bearing. In some tests, settlement values can be observed that are twice as small as those of the normative calculation up to
8 Mpa and above 15 Mpa, they can be 3 times less than the calculated value. Consequently, bearing in mind this incertitude
(together with note 2 of 5.3.3.7 of NF EN 1337-3), to ensure that the loading on bearings on the same line is uniform,
it is highly advisable to plan for a combined installation (cf. 3.4.1.3).
In the event of hyperstatic and highly rigid structures, testing is recommended in order to estimate the actual deformations
of the bearings.
Fx
q =
Fx
vx
F
= x
Tq G a b
q =tg
a
Figure 3.6: distortion of the bearing under a horizontal force
In these formulas, the modulus G shall be taken as equal to 0.9 MPa for static loads and 1.8 MPa under dynamic effects (cf.
3.2.2). For simplification, for non-exceptional structures, displacements caused by wind are only considered at a static state.
Furthermore, the project designer must compose the longitudinal and transversal forces vectorially, following the
combinations of actions given in chapter 4 of this document (to obtain a force Fxy) when the case occurs.
ON
Mt
a'2 a + b'2 b ) t i
(
=
2
t3i
Mt
a
Figure 3.7: distortion of the bearing under a horizontal axis moment
The restoring moment Mt is obtained according to the rotation by (EN 5.3.3.7):
Mt=
G a'5 b'
n t 3i K S
In this formula, is the axis rotation parallel to side b of the bearing and n represents the number of internal laminations.
Ks is given in the following table (cf. NF EN 1337-3, table 4):
b/a
0.5
0.75
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.5
10
Ks
137
100.0
86.2
80.4
79.3
78.4
76.7
75.3
74.1
73.1
72.2
71.5
70.8
68.3
61.9
60
K s = 26,2 e
b
1, 2785 ln
a
+60
KL is a coefficient equal to 1.00 in general. This coefficient can be extended to 1.5 in the case of railway structures
under rolling loads only.
c, q and are the distortions calculated respectively under vertical force, horizontal force or displacements and
deck rotations.
Moreover, the standard (EN 5.3.3.3) limits the distortion under horizontal force or displacements to 1: q < 1.
This limitation concerns force and displacements of both short and long duration. Furthermore, the load cases to be
considered include concomitant force and displacement in two perpendicular directions that need to be composed
vectorially for this verification.
It should be noted that there is no limitation for c alone or Fz (other than that regarding buckling).
ts = m
with:
Fz
2,6 Fz ti
Ar fy
fy
Yield strength of the steel of which the plates are composed (i.e. 235 MPa for S235 steel);
Partial factor, the value of which is 1 in the National Application Document (cf. 1.3).
For bearings with varying thicknesses of elastomer layers or with plates that include holes, this formula is no longer valid
and the standard should be consulted (EN 5.3.3.5, general formula).
N.B: in cases where the bearings have high rotation requirements or are close to the buckling limit, it is advisable, for b'/a'
< 1.24 ratios, to increase the thickness ts by 5 to 10 %.
Let us not forget that rotations a and b must include installation defects. These depend largely on care taken over the
installation and the precision of deformation calculations during installation, but also on the extent of homogeneity inside
the bearing. Wherever possible, an installation method that combines the surfaces should be used, for example with a
mortar bed, caulking or the deck concrete cast-in-place.
NF EN 1337-3 ( 7.1.4) is not clear about the values to adopt for installation defects, or about the way to take them into
account. The following nominal values are therefore suggested:
OP
This formula is to be applied with the maximum reaction of the basic combination that has the highest Fz/Ar ratio and with a
modulus of 0.9 MPa.
e Fz
et
Fz,Gmin
Ar
3 MPa
with:
Fz,Gmin
Fz and Fxy
N.B: except in cases where the bearing never returns to a position of zero displacement (vxy =0), the surface Ar must be
taken equal to A to check the condition m 3 MPa.
For the calculation of Fxy, we vectorially compose the horizontal force coming from all the concomitant actions and
combinations of actions presented in chapter 4 of this document. Fxy is therefore composed of permanents or variable force
applied directly to the deck (wind and breaking affects) and permanent or variable force from imposed deformations or
distortions (temperature, shrinkage, creep, difference in level, etc.).
The coefficient e is imposed by the standard in most cases:
1,5 K f
F
e = 0,1 +
avec m = Z (en MPa)
m
Ar
K f = 0,60 pour le bton
K f = 0,20 pour les autres surfaces y compris mortier en rsine
N.B: attention is drawn to the fact that most special mortars are not considered to be resin mortars.
This coefficient may however have values below those given above. This is the case, for example, with bearings placed on
painted metal sheets or on certain resins.
In conclusion, the verifications to carry out at ULS, under basic combinations, are summarized in the table of figure 3.9.
Verification
ULS
Basic combinations
Limitation of distorsion
= KL (c + q + ) < 7 et q < 1
Limit in rotation
vz
2,6 Fz ti
Ar fy
( a'
a + b' b )
Kr
Fz
2 G a' S1
<
Ar
3 Te
Buckling stability
Non-slip
ts=
Fxy e Fz et
Fz,Gmin
A'
3 MPa
11
In particular tests carried out at as part of research at the LROP (West Paris Regional Laboratory).
OR
m = Fz / A r
= F z / A'
(MPa)
50
K a max
en fonction de m
K a min
40
30
Limite normative
m = 23,84
20
10
- Tassement
- Possibilit de rotation
sans soulvement
0
K a max =
n
s
valeur scuritaire
d'aprs les essais
K a max
= 2,47
thorique
12
3.4 .2.2.2 The design p rincip le for determin ing th e unifo rm p ressure and a possib le risk of
h ea v ing
(N.B: for simplification, only one rotation a of the axis parallel to side b is envisaged).
Calculation of the restoring moment, taking into account the maximum stiffness of the elastomer:
Mt =
G a'5 b'
K a max
n' t 3i K S
If the 2 coating laminations are active, take n = n + 2 (e/ti)3, if not, take n' = n number of internal laminations.
If the installation is combined, take = a 0.003. The value 0.003 rad corresponds to the "internal" precision of
combined laying, a feature present in observations made during unsticking tests. Otherwise, take for the theoretical
ULS value of calculations, increased by the installation precision (to be multiplied by 1.35 to obtain a ULS value).
If the value excmax is below a/6, they is no risk of heaving. There may however be contact loss without any real
unsticking in the event of distortion coming from the displacement vx.
In this event, by simplifying, the value of the uniform pressure on the most stressed support is:
unif = Fz / Aunif
That is, on a surface of uniform pressure, Aunif = (a - 2 excmax - vx ) b
The surface thus defined is that which should be taken into account for the diffusion of force in the supports (cf. table 4.4 of
chapter 4).
b)
In this case, an approximate calculation needs to be made of a coefficient Krs of reduction in surface contact by rotation
using compression and rotation distortion values with the formula:
c
K rs =
K a max
0 - 10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
Ka max
2.00
2.05
2.17
2.29
2.38
2.44
2.50
2.55
2.58
m (MPa)
32.5
35
37.5
40
42.5
45
47.5
50
Ka max
2.62
2.64
2.67
2.69
2.71
2.72
2.74
2.75
Figure 3.11: table giving the values of adjustment factor Ka max according to the average stress m = Fz/Ar.
The value of the new reduced surface is Krs (a - vx) b, from which m = Fz/Krs (a - vx) b and the minimum surface of
uniform distribution is worth 2/3 of the preceding, therefore a uniform pressure of:
unif = 3 Fz / 2 Krs (a - vx) b = 1.5 m
The surface 2/3 Krs (a - vx) b is that which should be taken into account for the diffusion of force in the supports (cf. table
4.4 of chapter 4).
In fact, we advise against the use of bearings in partial unsticking position under maximum loads. However, a contact loss
of around 10% in service under basic combinations can be tolerated for small and medium-sized bearings. Under minimal
loads, or in a provisional phase, a slightly higher unsticking can be envisaged. Obviously, the possibility of load diffusion
in the supports will be checked.
OT
It is always preferable to add a lamination, so long as the non-buckling condition is still observed.
N.B: in the case of a rotation in both directions of the bearing, the reduced surface in calculated in 2 steps, using the same
method.
3.5.3 Crosswise, several bearings that are intended to form a single point of support can be juxtaposed (figure 3.12 upper
part). These bearings must be identical in composition and size. It must be remembered that such layouts should be
justified, taking into account in particular rotations resulting from installation defects that are likely to exist crosswise.
Generally speaking, it is inadvisable to place bearings that do not have the same dimensions perpendicular to the same
point of support, due to differences in stiffness (figure 3.12). In the case of a skew bridge, with a number of girders, it is
generally preferable to lay in the same line identical bearings, the size of which corresponds to that of the most stressed
bearing, but paying attention to the minimum stress of the least stressed bearing in order to avoid slipping.
3.5.4 When bearings exert high compression stress on the supports, special precautions need to be taken.
When the supports are made of reinforced concrete, allow for a minimum clearance of 10 to 15 cms in order to ensure
correct stress distribution, the installation of the plates and their anchorages (figure. 3.14). In all cases, the
recommendations relating to reinforced concrete constructions should be followed.
3.5.5 Care should be taken to position, insofar as is possible, the lower face of the bearing above the highest known water
level or the hundred-year flood.
3.5.6 Bearing markings
The position on the structure, the size and direction of any pre-settings, together with the installation direction must be
clearly indicated on the bearings.
3.5.7 Replacing bearings
In the case of a change of bearings on a bridge in service, as with any repair, when a replacement bearing is sized, this
sizing will be a compromise between the calculation rules of the present document and the possibilities on the existing
structure (available height, plan dimensions, etc.). To assess the adjustments to the present rules, contact the design
department of the technical network offices.
OV
NF EN 1991-1-5: this standard specifies the values to be used for uniform temperature actions TN and thermal
gradient actions TM. It also specifies the way in which these actions should be combined to account for their
simultaneity and obtain the characteristic overall effect Tk
Appendix A2 of NF EN 1990: this appendix defines the combinations to be used in particular for the calculations
of supports and bearings.
Firstly, we can apply the basic combinations given in table 4.1:
N
+ 1.35 {UDLk +TSk + q fk,comb} + 1.5 min{FW* ; 0.6 FWk}
+ 1.35 gr1b
3
(1)
+ 1.35 gr2
+ 1.35 gr5
+ 1.5 FWk
PN
In the calculation example, to simplify, we will only consider the UDL, TSk and qfk loads, together with the braking loads,
which give table 4.2.
N
+ 1.35 gr2
For braking:
NF EN 1991-2 defines the breaking force to be applied to the deck as a fraction of the maximum load that can be put on
the busiest lane of the load model 1 (NF EN 1991-2 4.4.1). These fractions are 10% for UDL distributed load and 60%
for TS concentrated loads.
If we take a class 2 structure, the main lane of which is 3 metres wide, the total braking force, in characteristic value, for
a deck of length L is given by:
Te, max
Concrete
Composite
Steel
Brittany Provence
Cte d'Azur
-10 C
-10 C
-20 C
Centre North
-15 C
-15 C
-25 C
-20 C
-20 C
-30 C
Concrete
Composite
Steel
40 C
45 C
55 C
South-West
East - Alps
Temperature variations resulting from these maximum and minimum temperatures can be calculated according to a
temperature T0 which is taken as equal to 10 C in the absence of any specification on the project.
To calculate the positioning of bearings or their slide plates, NF EN 1991-1-5 recommends that a supplement be added to
this temperature variation range. This supplement is 20 C, or 10 C if the installation temperature is specified. The
13
At the time of writing, the National Appendix is being updated in view of future publication.
interpretation that we give to this recommendation is that if the bearing is loaded at a temperature close to + 10C
(equilibrium temperature), the supplement will be 10C.
The coefficients of expansion provided for in the Eurocode are 1 x 10-5/C for concrete decks and 1.2 x 10-5/C for steel
bridges (NF EN 1991-1-5 Appendix C). For decks of composite structures, NF EN 1994-2 specifies in paragraph 5.4.2.5
(3) that this coefficient must be taken as equal to 1.2 x 10-5/C for the calculation of expansion, and 1 x 10-5/C for the
calculation of thermal gradients.
We should also specify, even though the Eurocodes do not indicate it explicitly, that the calculation of forces distribution in
the various bearings, and therefore the forces in the piers, should be carried out using the instantaneous modulus of
concrete.
4.2 - Dimensioning
4.2.1 - Introduction
The best way to understand the procedure for calculating the dimensions of bearings is to use an example (which is not a
real case and is only used to illustrate the procedure).
We shall consider the dimensioning of laminated elastomeric bearings of a structure made of prestressed concrete cast-inplace (PSI-DP).
The structure in question has 3 spans and an overall length of 62 m. The width of the slab is 12.30 m for a thickness of
0.90 m.
PP
V (MN)
(10 rad)
-3
Vx* (m)
Hx (MN)
Comb
N
Maxi
4.50
5.7
0.070
Mini
0.71
3.3
0.068
2 bis
Maxi
3.75
4.9
0.061
0.055
Mini
0.79
1.8
0.059
0.055
4 bis
Maxi
3.82
6.7
0.080
Mini
0.75
3.3
0.078
8 bis
N.B:
0.89
4,50
25
vx
with
Tq
vx = v1 + v2
H x x Tq
2G a b
= 0,061 +
0,055 Tq
2 x 0,9 0,1800
= 0.061 + 0.170 Tq
Tq 0.070 m
We can choose 6 intermediate laminations of 12mm and 2 coatings of 6 mm, i.e. Te = 84 mm.
A'
A'
A'
A'
A'
=
=
=
=
=
A'
0,89
3
m2
m2
m
m
m
0.1326
0.1911
0.2301
0.2596
0.2891
N.B: the surface A' is calculated taking into account a total coating of 2 x 5 = 10 mm.
A bearing is generally chosen that is rectangular in shape, and with the smallest side a, parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the structure, so as to allow maximum rotation (a < b).
These leads to the choice of a bearing of 400 x 600.
That is, with values a' = 390 mm
b' = 590 mm
and
A= 2301 cm.
The new total displacement calculation for combination n 4 (with actual A) is:
v1 = 0,061 m
v2 =
0,055 0,084
2 x 0,9 0,2301
= 0,011 m
0, 080
2
2
( 0, 2301) 1
= 0.1829 m > 0.1800 m
0, 39
PR
0,39 x 0,59
a' b'
=
= 9.783
2 t (a' + b' )
2 x 0,012 ( 0,39 + 0,59 )
The value of the vertical force is: Vmax = 4.50 MN corresponding to combination n 2 of table 4.3. (N.B: the combination
of the maximum vertical load is not always preponderant).
Average pressure of m =
Vmax
4, 50
Ar
= 23.835 MPa
with Ar = 0.1888 m
Ar
The total thickness of the elastomer is Te = 7 x 0.012 = 0.084 m (Te was given in chapter 3).
limit pressure lim =
from which
condition checked
If this condition has not been checked, in particular due to the significant height of the elastomer needed to take the
longitudinal displacement, sliding bearings or larger surface bearings should be used.
For information, combinations n 4 and 8 of table 4.3 give us respectively:
Ar = 0.1875 m
m = 19.997 MPa
Ar = 0.1829 m
m = 20.886 MPa
The preceding condition has been checked for these two combinations.
Maximum vertical force with displacement due to thermal effects (combination n 2 of table 4.3).
cd + qd + d < 7
cd =
1, 5 4, 50
1,5 Fz
=
= 4.061
G Ar S
0, 9 0,1888 9, 783
qd =
vx = 0.070
0, 084
= 0.833
2 x 6 x 0,012 + 2 x 0,006
Case n 2
condition checked
Vertical force with displacement due to thermal effects and breaking (combination n 4 of table 4.3).
1, 5 Fz
cd =
1, 5 3, 75
= 3.407
0, 9 0,1875 9, 783
G Ar S
0, 072
qd =
vx = 0.072
= 0.857
0, 084
0, 39 0, 0079 0, 012
2
d =
2 6 0, 012 + 2 0, 006
3
from which
Case n 3
condition checked
cd =
1, 5 Fz
1, 5 3, 82
= 3.558
0, 9 0,1829 9, 783
G Ar S
0, 080
qd =
vx = 0.080
0, 084
0, 39 0, 0097 0, 012
= 0.952
d =
2 6 0, 012 + 2 0, 006
3
from which
1
1
Fz ti 1
1 3,82 x 7 x 0,012
+
=
+
A' 5GS1
Eb
0,2301
5 x 0,9 x 9,783 2000
2
Kr
vc =
Fz t i
A'
1
5G S
2
1
Eb
a 'a + b 'b
condition checked
Kr
PT
Vz = 4.63 mm
= 1.13 mm
Kr
a 'a + b 'b
Vz = 3.86 mm
= 1.03 mm
Kr
Ar = (0,2301) 1
= 0.19529 m2
0,39
NB: the value 0.07 is obtained by adding V1 (0.059 of table 4.3) and V2 (0.011) calculated for combination 4 of 4.2.4.
Vmin
Ar
min =
e = 0.1 +
Fx = (
0,79
= 4.187 MPa
0,1887
1, 5 K f
= 0.1 +
0, 059
0, 084
1,5 0,6
= 0.315
4,187
Condition checked
For information, combinations n 2 bis and 8 bis of table 4.3 give us respectively:
Ar = 0.1900 m
e = 0.341
Fx = 0.168 MN e Fd = 0.242 MN
Ar = 0.1841 m
e = 0.321
Fx = 0.192 MN e Fd = 0.241 MN
2, 6 Fz t i
Ar f y
plates, with an yield strength of fy = 235 MPa). We then arrive at the value of minimum thickness, generally speaking,
under maximum vertical force:
ts =
2, 6 4, 50 0, 012
0,1888 235
= 0.00316 m
S = 9.783
a = 0 .015 rad
vy = 0
b = 0
Ar = 0.1888 m
m = 23.84 MPa
Distorsions:
c = 4.061
q = 0.833 < 1
= 1.268
t = 6.162 < 7
Plating
Hxy = 0
A= 0.2301 m2
ts
= 3.16 < 4 mm
Rotation stability
Buckling stability
Ka max = 2.47
PV
Distorsions
Plating
Ar = 188800 mm2
m = 23.84 MPa
c = 4.061
q = 0.833 < 1
= 2.028 = 1.775 for = 0.021
t = 6.922 < 7
ts = 3.16 < 4 mm
Rotation stability
Buckling stability
Ka max = 2.47
Mt = 2.47 [0.9 (0.024 0.003) 3905 590] / (6.25 123 75.3) = 305.6 MN.mm
excmax = Mt / Fz = 305.6 / 4.500 = 67.9 mm
Krs = ( c / Ka max:
)1/3 =
(A heaving risk on around 2.5 % of the surface, without taking into account the horizontal displacement)
The uniform pressure surface is a rectangle:
Table 4.4: the breakdown of pressure diagrams according to the type of load
This displacement = 1 + 2 + 3 comes from the distortion of the bearing, the deformation of the body of the support
and, finally, from the deformation of the foundation (figure 4.2).
It should be noted that the stiffnesses R1 and R2 of a bearing are to be calculated for both cases indicated above: slow
deformations and dynamic force. The Eurocode recommends using the instantaneous modulus of the concrete for the pier.
However, as regards elastomer, its instantaneous modulus is to be used for dynamic force (cf. 3.3.2.2, Gdyn = 2 x 0.9 = 1.8
MPa) and its reference modulus (0.9 MPa) for slow deformations (such as shrinkage, creep and temperature).
4.3.2.1 - Deformation
The data represent variations of lengths l i of each span of a continuous deck. We thus know the relative displacement of
bearing "i" in relation to bearing "1" situated on the far left:
i - 1 =
i 1
li
= di
H1,i
1,i
= 0 we can deduce
1 =
di
1,i
2, i
= i
2, i
= H2
H2,i = H2
R2, i
2, i
Shrinkage/creep
7.6
10.6
Uniform temperature
7.6
10.6
Total
15.2
21.2
u1 =
Te
2 Gab
1
2
0,048
0,9 x 0,35 x 0,45
= 0.1693 m/MN
u2 = 0.0847 m/MN
We presume that the abutments lie on very high-quality soil and that the foundation deformation is therefore negligible.
Piers: all displacement caused by rotations and displacement of the foundation is shown in the table below. The
displacement caused by the bearings is calculated as for that of the abutments.
4Q================Laminated elastomeric bearings Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
Pier (2)
Pier (3)
stat
dyn
stat
dyn
stat
dyn
Bearing
0.1693
0.0847
0.0741
0.0370
0.0741
0.0370
Foundation + shaft
0.0091
0.003
0.0431
0.0143
Total
0.1693
0.0847
0.0832
0.040
0.1172
0.0513
Ri = 1
5.91
11.81
12.02
25.0
8.53
19.48
N.B: for illustration purposes, we have taken highly dissymmetrical values for the flexibility of the supports.
It must be remembered that the flexibility of the piers must be taken in consideration of the instantaneous modulus of the
concrete for dynamic loads and daily effects of temperature. The attention of the project designer is drawn to the fact
that the bearing calculation must take into account the maximum instantaneous stiffness of the soil, whilst it is the
minimum time dependent stiffness that is taken for the calculation of the foundations.
4.3 .2.3.2 Ho r izo n ta l fo rc e d ue to linea r var ia tion s of the d eck
The relative displacements di of the supports in relation to the left-hand support are:
Displacement support 2 = - 0.0152
= - 0.015 m
Displacement support 3 = - 0.0152 - 0.0212
= - 0.036 m
Displacement support 4 = - 0.0364 - 0.0152
= - 0.052 m
n
1, i
1, i
= 32.37
1, i
and so i= -
di
0,798
= 0.0247 m
32,37
1, i
= 0.60 x
25,0
= 0.220 MN for pier 2
68,10
H2,3
= 0.60 x
19,48
= 0.172 MN for pier 3
68,10
14
Readers are reminded that the value suggested by the national annex to NF EN 1991-2 is 0.5 MN (cf. 4.1).
45
Pier 2
1 deformation (m)
0.026
0.027
0.011
0.012
breaking (MN)
0.045
0.031
0.045
0.066
In this case, to simplify, as this is a common engineering structure, we will put the initial-size bearings on the abutments
and piers.
When all the calculations are completes, force on the abutments is slightly reduced in the event of breaking, but in an
insufficient proportion to modify the bearings. Consequently, it is often of little use, in common cases, to make complex
calculations taking into account this flexibility. Instead, more care should be taken over the initial dimensioning, not
forgetting a combination load that may affect the size.
These thus remain 350 x 450; 3 (12 + 3); 2 x 6 on abutments.
For a flexible support, under the effect of a variation in length, the horizontal force is gradually mobilized up to the
slippage threshold. Once this value H is reached, slippage occurs. A new state of balance is established, bringing the
horizontal force back to a value lower than H.
For a very stiff support, such as an abutment, displacement of the deck instantaneously mobilizes the horizontal
force at its threshold value H.
Finally, in the case of a very flexible support, the slippage threshold may not be reached and the bearing functions
the same as an ordinary bearing.
For the verification of an isolated bearing, the relation between the mobilizable force H and the concomitant vertical force
is expressed:
H = ( + PP + PL) V
in which
is the friction coefficient of the bearing for the vertical load V.
PP is the installation precision of the bearing, corresponding to any defect in horizontality (PP is positive in
the formula above).
PL is any gradient voluntarily given to the sliding plane.
PP and PL are positive in the preceding formula.
In the calculation of the distribution of horizontal force, the installation precision PP is ignored, as it has already been
accounted for by the weighting of the friction coefficient (a and r) from which H = ( + PL) V.
It should be noted that any force due to breaking on the deck must be wholly assumed by the non-slide bearings. (cf.
4.4.1.4).
1,2 k
with k = 1 for stainless steel and p contact
10 + p
pressure on the PTFE, that we will take equal to Fz/A for type D bearings. We will take into account the actual surface of
PTFE for E type bearings. Furthermore, pressure must be limited to 30 MPa.
the degression coefficient depending on "n", the number of sliding bearings intervening in the balance of
the structure.
n
4 < n < 10
(16-n)/12
10
0.5
E.g. a 4-span structure with two ordinary bearings on central piers and two sliding bearings on each of the abutments:
n= 4
from which = 1
a = 0.5 max (1 + 1) = max = 5.3 % (taking into account the pressure p = 12.65 MPa)
r = 0.5 max (1 - 1) = 0
15
cf. Bibliography
4T
Traffic loads
C0 and C4
P1 and P3
P2
V max (MN)
2.98
17.88
18.34
V min (MN)
2.87
17.76
18.32
1.1
-0.5
-0.2
min rot
0.8
-0.8
-0.2
V max (MN)
1.57
3.74
3.78
-0.56
-0.66
-0.54
rad)
-2.0
-0.5
rad)
1.3
0.2
0.29
-0.40
0.22
0.6
0.3
V min (MN)
concom rot Vmax
concom rot Vmin
Thermal gradient
(10-3
(10-3
V (MN)
Rot
(10-3
rad)
We show here the linear compressions taken into account for each span, as with the preceding case:
End spans (1) and (4)
Shrinkage/creep
10.4 mm
15.6 mm
Uniform temperature
20.8 mm
31.2 mm
Total
31.2 mm
46.8 mm
The displacements are calculated as in paragraph 4.3. If there are sliding bearings, the difficulty lies in the fact that these
bearings work up to a certain threshold. Below the sliding force, their flexibility is the same as if they were not sliding.
Above, their flexibility is "infinite". An initial calculation thus needs to be made, taking them as non-sliding bearings and
then, if the force corresponding to the displacement goes beyond the threshold, their flexibility needs to be replaced by a
corresponding limit force and the balance of horizontal force needs to be recalculated.
P1 and P3
P2
V max (MN)
2.35
10.71
11.12
V min (MN)
1.16
8.39
8.87
2.4
1.2
2.1
1.0
0.6
1.5
| min rot |
(10-3
rd)
P1 - P2 - P3
78
47
mm
This calculation immediately shows that abutment bearings of small size must be sliding as it would be impossible to
stack enough layers of elastomer to absorb the displacement.
With the principles of paragraph 4.2, we arrive at:
C0 and C4
P1 - P2 -P3
4V
Static
On an abutment: a line of 2 bearings of 400 x 500; 3 (12 + 3); 2 x 6
1
0,048
flexibility =
= 0.1333 m/MN
2 0,9 x 0,4 x 0,5
On a pier: a line of two times 2 bearings of 700 x 600; 6 (16 + 4); 2 x 8
1
0,112
= 0.0741 m/MN
flexibility =
4 0,9 x 0,6 x 0,7
(static)
(static)
Sliding bearings on abutments have a friction coefficient of around 5.3 % on maximum load. Taking into account a
maximum vertical force of 2.33 MN (for one bearing), the maximum limit sliding force per abutment is:
Hlim = 0.053 x 2 x 2.33 = 0.25 MN
Pier 1
Piers 2 and 3
stat
stat
stat
Bearing
0.1333
0.0741
0.0741
Foundation + shaft
0.0091
0.0431
Total
0.1333
0.0832
0.1172
Ri = 1/
7.502
12.019
8.532
For maximum deformation, taken as equal to 6 x 10-4 (CP and uniform temperature), the relative displacements di of the
bearings in relation to the left-hand support are:
Displacement of support 1 = - 0.031
= - 0.031 m
R1,i di = -3.276
1, i
= 44.09
1, i
and therefore
0 = -
di
3,276
= 0.074 m
44,09
1, i
0,074
260,00 = 123.83 m
0,156
P1
P2
P3
C4
displacement
0.074
0.043
-0.004
-0.051
-0.082
MN
0.56
0.52
-0.03
-0.43
-0.61
0.25
0.25
Hlim
Those of the supports situated on the left of the point 0 have a value equal to the minimum value ( 4.4.1.3), and
maximum for thus situated on the right.
And the opposite, namely the maximum values for the supports on the left and the minimum for those on the right.
There are 4 sliding bearings on the full number of bearings.
The friction coefficients are therefore ( 4.4.1.3):
minimum
a
= max = 5.3 %
maximum
r
=0
Case 1 the same friction coefficient value on the left and the right
In this case, we replace the value of the product Ri x di by the limit value of H for the supports C0 and C4. The calculation
becomes:
C0
P1
P2
P3
C4
12.019
8.532
8.532
-0.235
-0.375
-0.666
-1.065
0.235
displacement
0.072
0.041
-0.006
-0.052
-0.084
0.25
0.50
-0.05
-0.45
0.25
Hlim
0.25
0.25
Ri
Sum Ri
29.084
Ri x di or Hlim
Sum Hi
-2.105
point 0
120.65
5N
Ri
Sum Ri
C0
P1
P2
P3
C4
12.019
8.532
8.532
-0.375
-0.666
-1.065
0.235
0.064
0.033
-0.014
-0.060
-0.092
0.40
-0.12
-0.52
-0.25
0.25
0.25
29.084
Ri x di or Hlim
Sum Hi
-1.870
point 0
107.18
displacement
H
Hlim
P1
P2
P3
C4
12.019
8.532
8.532
-0.235
-0.375
-0.666
-1.065
displacement
0.080
0.049
0.002
-0.044
-0.076
0.24
0.59
-0.02
-0.38
Hlim
0.24
0.24
Ri
Sum Ri
29.084
Ri x di or Hlim
Sum Hi
-2.340
point 0
134.11
0.049 m
0.014 m
0.060 m
in P 1
in P 2
in P 3
0.014 m
0.001 m
0.017 m
N.B: it must be understood that the presence of sliding bearings transforms the structure into a non-linear system. Strictly
speaking, it is not therefore possible to superimpose the forces and displacements of each of these actions to combine them.
However, that would lead to complicated calculations that are quite useless in relation to the differences in the values to be
calculated. We could therefore simply consider that the displacement value due to the uniform temperature is the difference
between the calculation with the maximum linear compression (here 6.10-4) and the linear compression due to permanent
loads (2.10-4).
Piers 2 and 3
v1
v1
Bearing
0.0370
0.0370
Foundation + shaft
0.003
0.0143
Total
0.040
0.0514
24.969
19.474
Ri = 1
v
H2 =
19,47
= 0.305 HT = 0.11 MN
64,92
P1
P2
P3
3 x (16 + 4); 2 x 8
6 x (16 + 4); 2 x 8
(unchanged)
As the bearings on the piers have been modified, we need to recalculate the distribution of forces. This calculation proves
that the bearings on the piers are suitable.
5P
`~=R==Controls
5.1 General principles
Bearings are important elements of structures, such as bridges and viaducts, ensuring that they operate correctly. The
durability of the structure depends on their quality, as does it remaining in a state of service.
We can appreciate the need for quality bearings by the financial consequences of any failure on their part. Indeed, the costs
incurred by having to change a failed bearing are out of all proportion in relation to the supply cost. The ratio is around 50
to 1 and is sometimes much higher.
The life expectancy of bearings is the result both of their intrinsic qualities and of the care taken over this implementation.
Together with the rational choice of the different types of bearings, the quality and the consistency of their manufacture
also needs to be assured.
The quality of these products depends on expertise in the manufacturing process. Quality Assurance provisions should
enable you to:
their manufacture and marketing requires equipment and investments that are prerogative of specialized companies
their technology necessitates long and costly analyses and laboratory tests that can only be conducted on each
construction site.
The full range of these considerations has lead to the implementation of a certification procedure to assess compliance with
the essential requirements defined by the Directive on products of construction (known as the DPC of 21/12/88) and which
is validated by a level 1 CE marking (there is level 3 CE marking on bearings, which is not used on bridges). This CE
marking depends on the standardised part of NF EN 1337-3.
must perform supplementary tests on samples taken in the factory in accordance with a prescribed test programme
b) the third-party organisation (or notified body)
carries out an initial inspection of the factory and the factory production controls
This question remains open and negotiations are underway to try to implement a quality label that brings back this aspect of
a regular annual control, in addition to the CE marking.
NR
Following the preceding test, the horizontal force is increased, at the same time as the vertical load is increased until a
deformation is obtained corresponding to = 2.0.
b) Compression behaviour in accordance with appendix H of NF EN 1337-3
The deformation of a test specimen is continually measured up to a pre-determined compressive stress.
c) Rotation behaviour under an eccentric load in accordance with appendix J of NF EN 1337-3
The test consists:
Either of measuring the rotation angle and any contact surface loss of the test specimen under an increasing and
eccentric compressive force of a predetermined value
Or of finding the eccentricity limit corresponding to a predetermined contact surface, under a fixed compressive
force.
No defects accepted: bond, small cracks, larger cracks, breakdown, breakage, etc.
Rcst 20 %. DRC 23 C, C 25 %
No defects accepted: bond, small cracks, larger cracks, breakdown, breakage, etc.
These evaluations have not been chosen for the assessment for CE marking. However, French standards are maintained and
it is possible to perform evaluation tests for specific situations.
10
15
Elastomer/concrete
0.3
0.25
0.20
Elastomer/painted steel
0.12
0.06
0.04
e) Other standards, applicable to vulcanized elastomer and not to the finished product, enable any physical variations to
be assessed and the results to be measured. It is the case, for example, with the standard NF ISO 1817: "determination of
the effect of liquids (form oils)".
0123-CPD-0001
10
Company X Ltd
There is, however, nothing to stop you checking compliance by the performing of controls on reception. If the CE marking
and the specifications of the standard have not been respected, the anti-fraud service should be informed.
However, for a specific application, constructions managers are completely free to define a product that will be specific to
the structure and will be manufactured solely for it. In this case, they should ensure, based on the standards NF EN and/or
simply on national standard (cf. 5.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.3 of the test standards not taken up at European level in the EN
standard) that the product is market-compliant.
As regards the National Application Document of NF EN 1337-3, we recommend that construction managers use the
examples of Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) that are to be found in appendix 4.
verification of the presence of the marking (CE) and the compliance of the accompanying documents
control of the compliance of the actual dimensions with the dimensions featuring on the construction plans
of the structure
5T
before and after operations to liberate, by jacking, deformation that has occurred during construction
before the structure is put into service (the point 0 defined below)
16
This operation is performed by jacking and can avoid the use of sliding bearings on the abutments.
17
The quick pre-dimensioning of the bearings of each line of support, based on the minimum and maximum load
paths and the horizontal force and displacement.
The calculation of horizontal force and displacement under the effect of horizontal force applied to the deck
(breaking force, for example) or a rapid or slow expansion of the deck. This module requires the value of the overall
bearing flexibility and of its foundation in which it automatically integrates the bearing flexibility that has been predimensioned or imposed by the user. The results are then entered into the pre-dimensioning module to refine it.
By choosing a specific bearing, the user can:
Choose the geometry in a typical range of rectangular or circular bearings, or else define it manually
Create a precise pre-dimensioning of the bearing and choose one from the list of propositions made by the
application
Law n87-565 of 22 July 1987 as regards (...) the prevention of major risks
Decree of 15 September 1995 as regards the classification and regulations of seismic-resistant construction
applicable to bridges in the category normal risk.
This last decree specifies that these verifications must be performed in compliance with one of the following documents:
The National Application document of the ENV, 1998 - Part 2: Eurocode 8 The design and dimensioning of
structures for their resistance to seismic activity - Part 2: Bridges.
As the NF EN 1998-2 standard is due for publication soon, this guide refers to it.
Each of these documents contains specifications for laminated elastomer bearings. Indeed, the high flexibility of elastomer
enables the natural mode periods of the structure to be increased and to thus avoid the most critical frequency bands. For
this reason, the use of laminated elastomeric bearings is a simple and effective way of obtaining seismic resistance.
Of the two authorized regulations, (AFPS 92 and Eurocode 8), the Eurocode is that which has calculation methods closest
to those of NF EN 1337-3. It is therefore logical that we refer to them here.
In order to facilitate the joint application of Eurocode 8 and NF EN 1337-3, table A.1 specifies the notations of the two
documents:
Shear modulus under seismic activity
Axial stress
Vertical force
Plate width
Plate length
Thickness of a current layer:
Form coefficient
Form coefficient of the thickest layer
Reduced area
Total elastomer thickness
Distortion due to horizontal force
Total nominal distortion
The EC8 puts elastomeric bearings into two classes: special elastomeric bearings and simple elastomeric bearings.
The so-called special elastomeric bearings have to be tested according to a detailed procedure (EC8-2 appendix K and
prEN 15129) that is relatively extensive and is applicable to all seismic-resistant insulation devices.
Elastomeric bearings that have not undergone these tests on prototypes are called simple.
The vast majority of laminated elastomeric bearings used in France today fall into the simple category. For this reason, this
appendix deals with simple laminated elastomeric bearings.
Fz: vertical force that causes the load path to become heavier or lighter
The concomitance of these three forces has to be taken into account. Among the two options proposed by NF EN 1998-2 to
combine the effects calculated in each direction, the most practical one to apply to laminated elastomeric bearings consists
of three weighted linear combinations, as shown in the diagram of figure A.1 (NF EN 1998-2, article 4.2.1.4(2)).
Fy
0,3 Fy
0,3 Fy
0,3 Fx
0,3 Fx
Fx
0,3 Fz
0,3 Fz
0 3 Fx
Fz
50 % of displacements due to temperature variations (more specifically, the values to take into account are equal to
50 % of those used for the design of bearings excluding seismic combinations).
For urban bridges carrying heavy traffic, i.e. those of class 1 of NF EN 1991-2, 20 % (30 % for railway bridges) also needs
to be added to normal operating loads (to be specified in the Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) on the basis of the
National Annex of NF EN 1998-2).
6P
Simplified formulae
Kx and Ky
A.Gb / Te
A.Gb / Te
Kz
K rectangular
K circular
Kz
ti
1
1
+
2
E b
A 5 G b S1
Gb
Gb
a 5 b
3
n ti Ks
0
D' 6
512 n t i
6R
By dividing the elastic forces by a behaviour factor appropriate to each pier (cases of irregular bridges, NF
EN 1998-2, article 4.1.8). In this case, laminated elastomeric bearings must be calculated in capacity, that is, for the
level of force that ensures the formation of the plastic hinges provided for in the fixed piers by the project designer.
Without using a behaviour factor. If there is a risk of load transfers to the elastomeric bearings, care should be
taken to get as close as possible to the actual flexibility of the piers not supporting elastomeric bearings (cracking,
plastification of steel and significant displacements). For this, an iterative calculation may be performed using a buckling
programme (such as PYLOSTAB from the Stra), or, if not, cracked inertia may be used as defined in appendix C of NF
EN 1998-2.
A1-5 - Recommendations
Generally speaking, verifications to be performed are the same as for other loads. No heaving is permitted perpendicular to
elastomeric bearings.
Recommendations under seismic load combinations are detailed below (NF EN 1998-2, article 7.6).
The value given to m in the expression (5.2) of NF EN 1337-3 will be set by the national application document. The value
currently recommended in NF EN 1998-2, is m = 1.15.
Furthermore, the seismic calculation displacement must be allocated a reliability coefficient IS=1, 50 (recommended value,
to be set in the National Annex of NF EN 1998-2).
q ,d 2,0
The distortion calculation takes into account the deformations imposed as specified above (cf. A.1.2).
A1-5.2 - Buckling
As for other loads, seismic combinations are used for verification:
Fz ,d
Ar
2 a Gb S
3 Te
A1-5.3 - Slippage
Here also, the same verifications are to be performed as for normal loads, but taking into account the seismic effect.
However, the friction coefficient to use is that of the Service Limit State.
K
Fxy,d 0,1 + f Fz,d
m
and
where
m =
Fz,d
Ar
m 3,0 MPa
Contrary to the specifications of NF EN 1337-3, this last clause is not to be checked under permanent loads, but rather
under the most unfavourable seismic combination (probably when there is an upward vertical seism).
In most cases, it will not be possible to check non-slip conditions in a seismic zone and anti-slipping devices will have to be
implemented.
Elastomeric bearings that are supplemented by a blocking device that takes up the seismic force
Design bearings that take up the entire calculation seismic force, plus 50 % (NF EN 1998-2, 7.6.2)
6T
The clearance must not be greater so as to limit the impact effects resulting from the movement of the deck, and the stop is
designed to take up a force H equal to 40 % of the seismic design force.
Figure A.4 shows one possible arrangement. This involves a reinforced concrete stop integral with the pier shaft. This stop
penetrates into a recess made in the underside of the deck at a height of around 10 cm, sufficient for the transmission of
force H. Seismic coupling thus constituted works equally well transversally and longitudinally.
A clearance required to leave deformations free in the direction perpendicular to the blockage
lov = lm + d eg + d es
The first term, lm, represents the minimum length of the support cover allowing the transmission of loads. A value lower
than 40 cm should not be used.
The last two terms represent the relative displacement between the deck and its support under seismic activity. It has two
parts:
des is the displacement calculated under seismic excitation (NF EN 1998-2, article 6.6.4 (3) A);
deg is the actual displacement between two parts resulting from differential ground displacement (cf. figure A.6). It
enables the relative difference between the foundations of the two supports to be taken into account, a factor that is not
considered in the dynamic calculation of the structure (giving des). It must be assessed in accordance with the
specifications of laws defining seismic action (NF EN 1998-2, 6.6.4 (3) and appendix D or guide AFPS 92).
Verification should be carried out, for example, of the support rest when the longitudinal stops are unilateral devices placed
on the crossheads of the abutments. It needs to be ascertained that the overhang of the bearing shelf is sufficient for the
deck not to fall in the event of a relative variance between the two abutments.
Similarly, for decks that are relatively rigid in design and for short structure, it can be sufficient to put transversal seismic
couplings on the abutments. It then needs to be ascertained that the support rest is sufficient for the various piers.
6V
Although the durability of laminated elastomeric bearings is satisfactory, thanks mainly to the certification process that
relies on a series of tests, some of which are to examine resistance to environmental conditions, the same does not apply to
the combination comprising a couple of laminated elastomeric bearings featuring a sliding plane (sliding bearings). In this
case, the qualities of one and the other cannot be accumulated in fact, the disadvantages need to be added together.
The result is that the durability of sliding bearings is far more random. This appendix is a reminder of the main measures
that need to be taken to attain devices with a more satisfactory durability. These measures are to be applied throughout from manufacture through to the design and installation phases, as well as to monitoring and maintenance.
construction
maintenance
the flexibility of the supports. If some supports are too rigid, pendulum supports or roller bearings can be used,
which are relatively high in relation to the expected displacement
when the two previous solutions are deemed insufficient, sliding bearings of a mechanical design, with parts
machined from thick sheet metal. This type of sliding bearing is commonly incorporated into pot bearings. The
installation for these products is stricter than for sliding laminated elastomeric bearings. Similarly, quality controls during
production are more rigorous and precise.
Laminated elastomeric bearings with a sliding plane are to be used in the following conditions:
- the taking up of differed deformations (shrinkage-creep) solely by the sliding plane
- the taking up of other actions (temperature, breaking, etc.) by distortion of the laminated elastomeric part.
N.B: jacking after construction and before acceptance, can avoid having to bring in sliding planes and restrict their use to
standardised laminated elastomeric bearings.
A2-5 - Conclusion
Whatever measures have already been taken, or will be taken at European Standardisation level, as far as the manufacture
of sliding bearings is concerned, the risk and the gravity of disorders have to be assessed, along with the cost of replacing
the bearings throughout the entire service life of the structure, as from the project stage.
7P
^=P=J=Table of dimensions
Type B bearing with e = half-sheet
Coating by 2 half-sheets, Tq < a'/3 and Tb max < 300 mm
Dimensions
Sheet thickness in mm
100
150
100
200
150
10
12
16
Dimensions
20
Sheet thickness in mm
350
500
350
550
350
600
200
400
400
150
250
400
450
150
300
400
500
200
200
400
550
200
250
400
600
200
300
450
500
200
350
450
550
200
400
450
600
250
250
500
500
250
300
500
550
250
350
500
600
250
400
500
650
300
300
500
700
300
350
600
600
300
400
600
650
300
450
600
700
300
500
700
700
300
550
700
800
300
600
700
900
350
350
800
800
350
400
800
900
350
450
900
900
The appendix offers examples of clauses to be integrated into Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP), both for reasons of
consistency and so that they include the advice given in this guide. For applications in seismic zones, engineers are
requested to supplement these clauses based on appendix 1.
The propositions of articles contained in this appendix concern technical aspects.
Their application must, however, take account of the rules defined in the Procurement Contract Code
Example of clause
Comments
2.2.2
Article in the event of using laminated elastomer bearings with sliding planes
A2.3
Example of clause
Comments
3.4.1.4
7T
Relevant
article of
the guide
Example of clause
Comments
5.2.3
2.2.4.1
and
2.2.4.3
Example of clause
Hold points:
- acceptance of bearing bosses - acceptance on
delivery of the bearings - acceptance of the
installation of the bearings (adjustments and
installation).
Comments
_~
General documents
Environnement des appareils d'appui en lastomre frett. Recueil des rgles de l'art.
Stra /LCPC 10/1978. Rf. F 7810.
The environment of laminated elastomeric bearings. A best practice guide.
Stra /LCPC 10/1978. Ref. F 7810.
Les appareils d'appui pot. Utilisation sur les ponts, viaducs et structures similaires.
Guide technique. Stra. Aot 2007 - Rf. 0734 Annule et remplace le guide "Les appareils d'appui pot de
caoutchouc dit en septembre 1999".
Pot bearings. Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures.
Technical guide. Stra. August 2007 ref. 0734 Cancels and replaces the guide Rubber pot bearings,
published in September 1999.
Appareils d'appui en caoutchouc. Documents scientifiques et techniques. AFPC. 07/1994.
Rubber bearings. Scientific and technical documents. AFPC. 07/1994.
Instruction technique pour la surveillance et l'entretien des ouvrages d'art. Seconde partie: Fascicule 13 "appareils
d'appui". Stra / LCPC. 2002. Rf. 0230
Technical instruction for the monitoring and maintenance of civil engineering structures. Part two: section 13
bearings. Stra / LCPC. 2002. Ref. 0230
MMOAR (Mmento pour la mise en uvre sur ouvrages d'art).
MEMOAR (Implementation guide for civil engineering structures)
See in particular the following:
-
VIII-4: Vrinage/Calage
Jacking/Wedging
Note d'information technique n 27 sur l'application nationale de la norme NF EN 1337 (appareils d'appui
structuraux). Stra. Dcembre 2006.
The technical information note no. 27 on the National Application of the standard NF EN 1337 (structural
bearings). Stra. December 2006.
Standards
Loi n 87-565 du 22 Juillet 1987 relative (...) la prvention des risques majeurs.
Law no. 87-565 of 22 July 1987 regarding () the prevention of major risks.
Dcret n 91-461 du 14 Mai 1991 relatif la prvention du risque sismique.
Decree no. 91-461 of 14 May 1991 regarding the prevention of seismic risk.
Arrt du 15 septembre 1995 relatif la classification et aux rgles de construction parasismique applicables aux
ponts de la catgorie dite " risque normal".
Decree of 15 September 1995 regarding the classification and regulations for seismic-resistant construction
applicable to bridges of the category labelled at normal risk.
Guide AFPS 92 pour la protection parasismique des Ponts.
The AFPS 92 guide for the seismic protection of bridges.
NF EN 1998-2: Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: Bridges (to be published) and
its National Annex (to be published).
PrEN 15129 Seismic devices
8N
Reference : 0925A
This document may not be reproduced even partially without Stra's prior consent.
2009 Stra ISRN No. : EQ-SETRA--09-ED09--FR+ANG