TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Reciprocal identities
1
1
sin u =
cosu =
csc u
secu
1
1
cot u =
tan u =
cot u
tan u
1
1
secu =
csc u =
sin u
cosu
Pythagorean Identities
sin2 u + cos 2 u = 1
1 + tan 2 u = sec 2 u
1 + cot 2 u = csc 2 u
Quotient Identities
cosu
sin u
cot u =
tan u =
cosu
sin u
Co-Function Identities

sin( u) = cos u cos( u) = sin u

2
2
tan(

u) = cot u cot( u) = tan u

2
2

csc(

u) = sec u
2

sec(

u) = csc u
2

Parity Identities (Even & Odd)

sin( u) = sin u cos( u) = cos u
tan( u) = tan u cot( u) = cot u
csc( u) = csc u sec( u) = sec u
Sum & Difference Formulas
sin( u v) = sin u cosv cosu sin v
cos(u v) = cos u cosv sin u sin v
tan u tan v
tan( u v) =
1 tan u tan v
Double Angle Formulas
sin(2u) = 2 sin u cosu
cos(2u) = cos 2 u sin2 u
= 2 cos 2 u 1
= 1 2 sin2 u
2 tan u
tan(2 u) =
1 tan 2 u

Power-Reducing/Half Angle Formulas

1 cos(2u)
2
1 + cos(2 u)
cos2 u =
2
1 cos(2u)
tan 2 u =
1 + cos(2 u)
sin2 u =

Sum-to-Product Formulas
sin u + sin v = 2 sin

u+ v
2

cos

u v
2

sin u sin v = 2 cos

u+ v
2

sin

u v
2

cosu + cos v = 2 cos

u+ v
2

cos

cosu cosv = 2 sin

u+ v
2

sin

u v
2
u v
2

Product-to-Sum Formulas
sin u sin v =

1
[cos(u v) cos(u + v)]
2

cosu cosv =

1
[cos(u v) + cos( u + v)]
2

sin u cosv =

1
[sin(u + v) + sin( u v)]
2

cosu sin v =

1
[sin(u + v) sin( u v)]
2