:

, e-
:

d2 x
dx
=kx
e(t
)

dt
dt

} { E e } , x ( t ) = { X e it

,-

} p()= { P() e it

ik ' l

Eout =t 1 t 2 E e

=0

( 20 2 )+i

)(

N ,
:
(
)
.
)
"

'
''

( ( ) =.
( )i
) ('

c 2
||E
2

=|I =|s

1 c =1

.:

I out =|E out|Energy

=T 1 T 2 I G

( 1RG )2 + 4 RG sin 2
Time
c
Finesse'
--
2
=)
R
Area Solid angel cos

)(

R=r 1 r 2

==2 ( k + k ) l , F
:Visibility

P Pmin
v = max
P max + Pmin

:Finesse .
' .

} )) R e { 0 ( ( )i '' ( ) ) E ( cos ( t )+ isin ( t

b
FSR
= =F= F
2
a FWHM

0v1

:
) i ( k r t

( r , t )=e

:
k ,
c

:
:

Energy
Volume

Energy
Volume

=) (

)
(:

J
sec
m2

]) (

1
h
kT

e 1

8 n3 h 3

c3

sp

cm 2

1
C2
T

e 1

Watt
2
cm

])

C1 =3.74 1020

coll
2

1
:

coll

kB T

=e

N1

= )g (

:
.
:
:
E2E1
" :
N

rad
c
2
= ; = ; k
sec
n

1
= total
=
+
total coll sp

/ :

=2

E2E 1=h

1 1 1
= +
f u v

-:
-:
2

dV

M V
BT

M
= df
e 2k
2 kBT

)ln ( 2

2 kB T

=i
2 m r 2
t

E=h

P2
2m

=E

] [

2 ( 0 ) +

coll

2
1 = FWHM
c
:
2

.2 :
:

5
,.
C
Wa tt

=) I ( , T

E=

2 ( 0 ) +

=) 1 (

N .

= )g (

=N FSR

P=k

= 0

=l c = c c

- - :

.
.1 :
,
, .
2

= s
E
H

G=e

4 RG
(1RG)2

it
P.
( )=
'( ) e
p.

|T i =|t i

dP W W
=I
,
ds m 2 cm2

max

=T 1 T 2 I G

P ( )=NeX = 0 ( ) E

)G ( ) F . T (

1
1

2
( 1RG ) 1+ Fsin2

2
I

=X

. :

E= Pdt

) (.
Spectral
:Function

e
E
m

. ,
( t )=:
:

1
1r 1 r 2 e2 ik ' l

:
.:
= r
r ; t =t +

k ' =k + k + i

it

:
Mutual
Coherence
:Function

Energy
=P
] [watt

( 12
r 1 , t 1 ;Time
=) r 2 , t 2

(E
r 1 , t 1) ,
( E
> ) r 2 , t 2

2 k
= ,
m 0 m

-:

:
. , :

=2

:
2

2
i
=
+V ( r )
t 2 m
: :
E
i t

( r , t )= (r ) e

" :
2

2
+V ( r ) ( r )=E:
) ( r
m
2m
C 3 10
q
1.6 10 19 C

sec

;
h

1.055 10 34 J sec 6.59 10 16 eV sec

2
N m2
1

4 0
C2

C2
Nm 2

k 9 109

12

0 8.854 10


:

:

() (

) ()

y out = A B y
C D
out
M

-
:

.
:
.1 :

) (

M= 1 l
0 1

l .

:

y max
d max

) (

out

out

.2

n1

n2

) (
0
n1
n2

1
0

w0
=z 0

y N y max , d N d max

:M

| A +2 D| 1

. )

a , b

.:

a >1 , b <1

( - .
. )

L
R

n1

0
n1
n2

n2

1
M = n 2n1
n2 R

g=1

.
:
) :Planar .1 p-(.

R1=R2 = g1=g2 =1
:C.S- Confocal Symmetry .2

R1=R2 =L g1=g2=0

) (

) (

=v 1

a =e i , b =ei

i +

e
) +c . c= D cos ( + n
i +
) d cos ( ' +n
e

'

)
-

.3

yn D

,Gouy effect -

(.

z n=n 2 L

z
y ( zn ) =D cos + n
2L

:

!

R1 R2
= g1=g 2=0 .5
2
2

P1 (2 L)=P0
)R2 R 1 (1Li

Li

.R1, R2, L

.internal loss -

R ( z1 ) =R 1 , R ( z 2 )=R2

P1 (2 L)=P0 e 2 L

) ( dPdz = P

z 02
=R1
z1

=L

2 L

R2 R 1 ( 1Li ) =e

1
=
) ) ln ( R 2 R1 ( 1Li
2L

:Spherical .4

L=2 R1=2 R2 g1=g 2=1

T 1 , T 2 1 ,

T +T + L
1 2 i
2L

R ( z1 ) =z 1+

z
R ( z 2) =z 2+ 0 =R2
z2
z 2z 1=L
:

M= 1 0
0 1

.
:

Li 1
.5 :

R 1 R 2< 0

.4
:f

)" .(M
:

q=z+ :
i
z0
:
q
:Finesse0 .1 ,
.
.Quality-factor .2

General Confocal non -Symmetry .

:Focal .3

) (

=
w0

= v a

1 De
+c . c= D cos
' 2 d ei
' d cos

-R<0 ,
-R>0 , .

z
) ( ( z )=tan
z0

z0
z

R ( z ) =z+

1
M = 1
f

w ( z )=w 0

n1 sin 1=n2 sin 2 n1 1=n 2 2

z
1+
z0

1
1

=
i
) q R (z) w2 ( z

.3

) (

(-

L R -
.

=M

1 D ei
' 2 d ei

.
2

.
: :

0< g1 g 2 <1

- ,

- .

) (

a =b

v a , v b

v a =v b

.M:

w0
2

.M

) ( dy )=(10 11)( dy

v 1= v a + v b
2

: -

:
-R .

2= y 1 +l tan out = y1 +l out

a b=1 y

d=ly

)(

y1
d1

) (
:
:

2 2

) (
0

= L2

) g 1 g2 ( 1g1 g 2
2

) ( g 1+ g 22 g 1 g2

 4 ) :(11

)+(:



) Round trip-
= ,
:

3 32 21

I 1 =I 0 e 2 L e2 L =

N0 N1 , N 2, N3

2 :

m
) 0 (
=) (
) =( N 2N 1
) g (
2
I
8

sp

1+
I sat

21 sp

d N2
N

1.
) =R 2 2 W i (N 2N 1
dt
21
)g(

N2 N2
N
N 1 W 12
2 W 21 +
sp
2

'

I : , :I

d I
=( ) I
dz

2 L 2 L

R , R=R 1 R2 e

1
1
1
= +
) ( ln
(P=I
)
R A
2L
R

th

2 L 2 L

2 L ( t h )=ln

: -

+ , I
I

1
1

h 0
kT

) ( 0

,-

=II :

d I c
c
c
dz= dt
= I I
n
dt n
n
1
p

R=1

"
.I
:

)"(:

1
c3
)1 g (
=
=
I
)3 3 ( 0
sp 8 h n
sp 8 h n2

8 n 2 sp

( N 2N 1 )t h= 2
) m g (

)1 g (
=W i
I
sp 8 h

N1
N
N
=R1 + 2 1 + N 2 W 21 N 1 W 12
dt
sp 1

=R
2

) =2.0 d N 1 =R + N 2 N 1 +W (N N
1
i
2
1
dt
21 10

, :
e-
.
].[sec/#
2 ,
:

8 n h 0
3

=) ( 0

d N2
N
N
)=R2 2 2 W (N 2N 1
dt
sp
2
'

1
p

:
2

AT
2

:0.5 -

) c ( N 2N 1 ) m g (
1
3.
=
I I
dt
n 8 sp
p
:

d N1
N
N
) =R1 + 2 1 +W ( N 2N 1
dt
sp 1

Pout =I

:2

d I
) (.

N2 , N1 , I

) (:
1+2:

(:
)

:

4
) CW ( :

'

43 32

4 3
=

rad

" '
) .(0 -
4 :

d I out
=0 T opt =Li g 0 Li
dt

,
:

1=

2
sp

= 1

- ,

0=

.
:

) (
2
L 1 0

)=P+ ' (n+m+1

c

:
'
0
) (n+m+1
c
1
=
P+
= c
k
2L

R ( R1 + R2 ) 1
N 2N 1= 2 2
)1+[ 2+ (1 ) 1]W (

( )

d N2 d N1
=
=0
dt
dt

2 =

2 , .

10
R1
] ( k + k ) L=P+ ' (n+m+1) R2 [1 1+ R
R12
21
2
=N
=
:
1
1
W i ( I ) +
W i ( I )+
2
' 0

21
21
=k
= ; k =k 2
) (
c

2n
- ) I =0
,
''
' ' ) 2( 0

=) =k 2 ; ' (
) (
) T

W i=0
(:

n
(:

) (

+ 2

1
sp

m2
) g (
8 sp

) ( )=(N 2N 1
I =0 W =0

,
:

:Semiconductor Laser
, '

:
:

a , b=ei ,|a , b|=1 , { a , b } 0

( r )=U k ( r ) e i k r

' :

) -k(v,c'

}{

A+ D
Aq+ B
1
i k r
<1
=<1 , q

<0
e
, 2
Cq+ D
q
' .

.
:

{ a ,b }=0

) U k (r
,

K-

+>1 ,

2
2
2
2
2
n , k =k x + k y +k z
Lx x

=1
+

<1
,
AR+ B
CR+ D
:

L , ,

c
c
=p , p
2L
p

:
,
m :
. .
.
.
.1 - - , - .m
.2 - - ,-

.m
.3 - - ,m - .
.4 - - , -
m
.5 - - ,m -

.6 - - ,m -

= p

1 2mc , v
( E )= 2
2
2

) (

4k
k Volume
=
2
2 2 2

Lx Ly Lz

) () () (

!
--

:FP

1
2

3
2

+1

L= p p , 2 1= p
2

=) Ec , v ( k

) :'
(:

, p

) .(...,p=1,2

v = y

: -

p2
2 k 2
=
2 m c ,v 2 mc , v

=R

) (

:

,

.
) ,(y
.
.1 : )
( ,
.
.2 :
-

=k x

E Ef
KT

=) ( E
e

E 2 > E1

E
) f ( 2)> f (E1

.
"
" ,
.
:
.1 ) e -
(.

=2