Ham Rock

Chapter 1: Introduction
Th invention all admird, and each, how he

To be th inventor missd; so easy it seemd,
Once found, which yet unfound most would have thought
Impossible.
John Milton
Image: A modern printing press. Gutenberg described

the idea of a printing press as Coming like a ray of
light.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid
Approaches to Product
Development
(a) Over-The-Wall Engineering

Approach (From Kalpakjian
[1997]).
(b) Concurrent Engineering
Approach (adapted from Pugh
[1996]).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Text Reference: Figure 1.1, page 5
Design for Manufacture
Effect of manufacturing and assembly on design of reciprocating power saw.

(a) Original design, with 41 parts and 6.37 min assembly time. (b) modified design, with
29 parts and 2.58 min assembly time. [From Boothroyd (1992)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Puglsey Safety Factor Approach

Table 1.1 Safety Factor
Characterisics A, B, and C
Characteristica
B=
vg
g
f
p
vg
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
g
A=vg
1.2
1.45
1.7
1.95
C
f
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
p
1.4
1.75
2.1
2.45
vg
1.3
1.55
1.8
2.05
g
A=g
1.45
1.75
2.05
2.35
C
f
1.6
1.95
2.3
2.65
p
1.75
2.15
2.55
2.95
vg
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
g
A=f
1.7
2.05
2.4
2.75
C
f
1.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
p
2.1
2.55
3.0
3.45
vg
1.7
2.15
2.4
2.75
g
A=p
1.95
2.35
2.75
3.15
C
f
2.2
2.65
3.1
3.55
p
2.45
2.95
3.45
3.95
a
vg=very good, g=good, f=fair and p=poor
A=quality of materials, workmanship, maintenance and inspection
B=control over load applied to part
C=accuracy of stress analysis, experimental data, or experience with
similar parts
1998 McGraw-Hill
Table 1.2: Safety Factor

Characteristics D and E
Characteristica
D=
ns
s
E=ns
1.0
1.2
E=s
1.0
1.3
E=vs
1.2
1.4
a
vs=very serious, s=serious and ns=not serious
D=danger to personnel
E=economic impact
vs
1.4
1.5
1.6
Usage:
ns=ns,xns,y
ns=safety factor
ns,x is obtained from Table 1.1
ns,y from Table 1.2
Text Reference: Tables 1.1 and 1.2, page 9
SI Units and Prefixes

(a) S I units
Quantity
S I bas e units
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
S I s upplementary
unit
Plane angle
S I derived units
Energy
Force
Power
Pressure
Work
(b) S I prefixes
Multiplication factor
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012
1 000 000 000 = 109
1 000 000 = 106
1 000 = 103
100 = 102
10=101
0.1=10-1
0.01=10-2
0.001=10-3
0.000 001 = 10-6
0.000 000 001 = 10-9
0.000 000 000 001= 10-12
1998 McGraw-Hill
U nit
S I s ymbol
Formula
meter
kilogram
second
kelvin
m
kg
s
K
radian
rad
joule
newton
watt
pascal
joule
J
N
W
Pa
J
N-m
kg-m/s2
J/s
N/m2
N-m
Prefix
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
Table 1.3 SI units

and prefixes
S I s ymbol
for prefix
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
n
p
Text Reference: Table 1.3, page 19
(a) Fundamental convers ion factors

Englis h unit
Exact S I value
Length
Mass
Temperature
0.0254 m
0.453 592 37 kg
5/9 K
(b) Definitions
Acceleration of gravity
Energy
Length
Power
Pressure
Temperature
Kinematic viscosity
Volume
1 in
1 lbm
1 deg R
Approximate S I
value
0.4536 kg
-
1g=9.8066 m/s2 (32.174 ft/s2 )

Btu (British thermal unit)amount of energy required to
raise 1 lbm of water 1 deg F (1 Btu = 778.2 ft-lbf)
kilocalorie amount of energy required to raise 1 kg of
water 1 K (1 kcal=4187 J)
1 mile=5280 ft; 1 nautical mile = 6076.1 ft.
1 horsepower = 550 ft-lbf/s
1 bar 105 Pa
degree Fahrenheit tF=9/5tC+32 (where tC is degrees)
(Celsius)
degree Rankine tR=tF+459.67
Kelvin tK=TC+275.15 (exact)
1 poise 0.1 kg/m-s
1 stoke 0.0001 m2 /s
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gal
(c) U s eful convers ion factors

1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 lbf = 4.448 N
1 lbf = 386.1 lbm-in/s2
1 kgf = 9.807 N
1 lbf/in2 = 6895 Pa
1 ksi = 6.895 Mpa
1 Btu = 1055 J
1 ft-lbf = 1.356 J
1 hp = 746 W = 2545 Btu/hr
1 kW = 3413 Btu/hr
1 quart = 0.000946 m3 = 0.946 liter
1 kcal = 3.968 Btu
1998 McGraw-Hill
Conversion
Factors and
Definitions
Table 1.4 Conversion

factors and definitions.
Case Study 1.2: Wheelchair Design as a

Multidisciplinary Endeavor
Wheelchair, courtesy of Sunrise Medical Equipment Co.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2: Load, Stress and Strain

When I am working on a problem, I never think
about beauty. I only think of how to solve the
problem. But when I have finished, if the solution
is not beautiful, I know it is wrong.
Richard Buckminster Fuller
Image: A dragline lifts a large load in a

mining operation.
1998 McGraw-Hill
A Simple Crane
Figure 2.1 A simple crane and

forces acting on it. (a) Assembly
drawing; (b) free-body diagram
of forces acting on the beam.
1998 McGraw-Hill
text reference: Figure 2.1, page 30
Load Classification
Figure 2.2 Load classified as to location and method of application. (a) Normal,
tensile (b) normal, compressive; (c) shear; (d) bending; (e) torsion; (f) combined
1998 McGraw-Hill
Sign Convention
Figure 2.3 Sign convention used

in bending. (a) y coordinate
upward; (b) y coordinate
downward.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Lever Assembly
Figure 2.4 Lever assembly and results.

(a) Lever assembly; (b) results showning
(1) normal, tensile, (2) shear, (3)
bending, (4) torsion on section B of lever
assembly.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Supports and Reactions
Table 2.1: Four types of support with their

corresponding reactions.
text reference: Table 2.1, page 35

1998 McGraw-Hill
Ladder Free Body Diagram
Figure 2.5: Ladder having contact with the house

and the ground while having a painter on the ladder.
Used in Example 2.4. The ladder length is l.

1998 McGraw-Hill
External Rim Brake and Forces
Figure 2.6 External rim brake and forces acting on it. (a) External rim brake; (b)
external rim brake with forces acting on each part. (Linear dimensions are in
millimeters.)

1998 McGraw-Hill
Sphere and Forces
Figure 2.7 Sphere and forces acting on it. (a)

Sphere supported with wires from top and a
spring at the bottom; (b) free-body diagram of
forces acting on the sphere. Figure used in
Example 2.6.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Beam Supports
Figure 2.8 Three types of beam support. (a) Simply supported; (b) cantilevered; (c)
overhanging.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Simply Supported Bar
Figure 2.9 Simply supported bar with (a) midlength load and reactions; (b) free-body
diagram for 0<x<l/2; (c) free body diagram for l/2<x<l; (d) shear and bending moment
diagrams.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Singularity Functions (Part 1)
Table 2.2 Six singularity and load intensity functions with corresponding graphs and
expressions.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Singularity Functions (Part 2)
Table 2.2 Six singularity and load intensity functions with corresponding graphs and
expressions.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Shear and Moment Diagrams
Figure 2.10 (a) Shear and (b) moment diagrams for Example 2.8.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Simply Supported Beam
Figure 2.11 Simply supported beam. (a) Forces acting on beam when P1=8kN, P2=5kN;
w0=4kN/m; l=12m; (b) free-body diagram showing resulting forces; (c) shear and (d)
moment diagrams of Example 2.9.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 2.10
Figure 2.12 Figures used in Example 2.10. (a) Load assembly drawing; (b) free-body
diagram.

1998 McGraw-Hill
General State of Stress
Figure 2.13 Stress element showing general state of three-dimensional stress with
origin placed in center of element.
1998 McGraw-Hill
2-D State of Stress
Figure 2.14 Stress element showing two-dimensional state of stress. (a) Three
dimensional view; (b) plane view.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Equivalent Stresses
Figure 2.15 Illustration of equivalent stresss states; (a) Stress element oriented in the
direction of applied stress. (b) stress element oriented in different (arbitrary)
direction.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Stresses in Oblique Plane
Figure 2.16 Stresses in oblique plane at angle .

1998 McGraw-Hill
Mohrs Circle
Figure 2.17 Mohrs circle

diagram of Eqs. (2.13) and
(2.14).

1998 McGraw-Hill
Results from Example 2.13
Figure 2.18 Results from Example

2.13 (a) Mohrs circle diagram;
(b) stress element for principal normal
stresses shown in x-y coordinates;
(c) stress element for principal stresses
shown in x-y coordinates.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Mohrs Circle for Triaxial Stress State
Figure 2.19 Mohrs circle for triaxial stress state. (a) Mohrs circle representation;
(b) principal stresses on two planes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 3.5
Figure 2.20 Mohrs circle diagram for

Example 3.5. (a) Triaxial stress state when
1=23.43 ksi, 2=4.57 ksi, and 3=0; (b)
biaxial stress state when 1=30.76 ksi and
2=-2.760 ksi; (c) triaxial stress state when
1=30.76 ksi, 2=0, and 3=-2.76 ksi.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stresses on Octahedral Planes
Figure 2.21 Stresses acting on octahedral planes. (a) General state of stress. (b)
normal stress; (c) octahedral shear stress.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Normal Strain
Figure 2.22 Normal strain of cubic element subjected to uniform tension in x

direction. (a) Three dimensional view; (b) two-dimensional (or plane) view.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Shear Strain
Figure 2.23 Shear strain of cubic element subjected to shear stress. (a) Three
dimensional view; (b) two-dimensional (or plane) view.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Plain Strain
Figure 2.24 Graphical depiction of plane strain element. (a) Normal strain x; (b) normal
strain y; and (c) shear strain xy.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Strain Gage Rosette
Figure 2.25 Strain gage rosette used

in Example 2.17.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Honeycomb Expansion Process
Figure 2.26 Expansion process used in

honeycomb materials. [From Kalpakjian (1991)]

1998 McGraw-Hill
Glue Spreader Case Study
Figure 2.27 Glue spreader case study. (a) Machine; (b) free body diagram; (c) shear
diagram; (d) moment diagram.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Snowmobile with Drive Guard
Figure 2.28 Illustration used in case study. (a) Snowmobile; (b) guard with
instrumentation.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 3: Solid Materials
Iron is taken from the earth and copper is smel

Man puts an end to the darkness;
he searches the farthest recesses for ore in the
The Bible (Job 28:2-3)
Image: Iron flows from a blast furnace.

Source: American Iron and Steel
Institute.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ductile Tension Test Specimens
Figure 3.1 Ductile material from a

standard tensile test apparatus. (a)
Necking; (b) failure.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Brittle Tension Test Specimen
Figure 3.2 Failure of a brittle material

from a standard tesile test apparatus.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Strength/Density Comparison
Figure 3.3 Strength/density for various materials.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fiber Reinforced Composite
Figure 3.4 Cross

section of fiber
reinforced composite
material.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ductile - diagram
Figure 3.5 Stress-strain diagram for a ductile material.

1998 McGraw-Hill
text reference: Figure 3.5, , page 96
Yield Strength Definition
Figure 3.6 Typical stress-strain

behavior for ductile metal
showing elastic and plastic
deformations and yield strength
Sy.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Brittle and Ductile Metal Comparison
Figure 3.7 Typical

tensile stress-strain
diagrams for brittle and
ductile metals loaded to
fracture.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress-Strain Diagram for a Ceramic
Figure 3.8 Stress-strain diagram for a ceramic in tension and in

compression.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Composite Bar
Figure 3.9 Bending strength of bar used in Example

3.6.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress-Strain Diagram for Polymers
Figure 3.10 Stress-strain diagram for polymer below, at, and

above its glass transition temperature Tg.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Density of Various Materials
Figure 3.11 Density for

various metals, polymers and
ceramics at room temperature
(20C, 68F) [From ESDU
(1984)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material
kg/m
Dens ity,
Metals
Aluminum and its alloysa
2.7 x 103
Aluminum tin
3.1 x 103
Babbitt, lead-based white metal
10.1 x 103
Babbitt, tin-based white metal
7.4 x 103
Brasses
8.6 x 103
Bronze, aluminum
7.5 x 103
Bronze, leaded
8.9 x 103
b
Bronze, phosphor (cast)
8.7 x 103
Bronze, porous
6.4 x 103
Copper
8.9 x 103
Copper lead
9.5 x 103
Iron, cast
7.4 x 103
Iron, porous
6.1 x 103
Iron, wrought
7.8 x 103
Magnesium alloys
1.8 x 103
c
Steels
7.8 x 103
Zinc Alloys
6.7 x 103
Polymers
Acetal (polyformaldehyde)
1.4 x 103
Nylons (polyamides)
1.14 x 103
Polyethylene, high density
0.95 x 103
Phenol formaldehyde
1.3 x 103
d
Rubber, natural
1.0 x 103
Rubber, silicone
1.8 x 103
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 )
3.9 x 103
Graphite, high strength
1.7 x 103
Silicon carbide (SiC)
2.9 x 103
Silicon nitride (Si3 N4 )
3.2 x 103
a
Structural alloys
b
Bar stock typically 8.8 x 103 kg/m3 (0.03lbm/in3.)
c
Excluding refractory steels
d
Mechanical rubber
1998 McGraw-Hill
lbm/in3
0.097
0.11
0.36
0.27
0.31
0.27
0.32
0.31
0.23
0.32
0.34
0.27
0.22
0.28
0.065
0.28
0.24
0.051
0.041
0.034
0.047
0.036
0.065
0.14
0.061
0.10
0.12
Density for
Various Materials
Table 3.1 Density

for various metals,
polymers, and
ceramics at room
temperature (20C;
68F). [From
ESDU (1984)]
Elastic Modulus for

Various Materials
Figure 3.12 Modulus of

elasticity for various metals,
polymers, and ceramics at
room temperature (20C, 68F)
[From ESDU (1984)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material
Modulus of Elas ticity, E

GPa
Mps i
Metals
Aluminum
62
Aluminum alloysa
70
Aluminum tin
63
29
52
Brasses
100
Bronze, aluminum
117
Bronze, leaded
97
Bronze, phosphor
110
Bronze, porous
60
Copper
124
Iron, grey cast
109
Iron, malleable cast
170
Iron, spheroidal graphiteb
159
Iron, porous
80
Iron, wrought
170
Magnesium alloys
41
Steel, low alloys
196
Steel, medium and high alloys
200
Steel, stainlessc
193
Steel, high speed
212
Zinc alloysd
50
Polymers
2.7
Nylons (polyamides)
1.9
0.9
Phenol formaldehydee
7.0
Rubber, naturalf
0.004
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 )
390
Graphite
27
Cemented carbides
450
450
314
a
Structural alloys
b
For bearings
c
Precipitation-hardened alloys up to 211 Gpa (30 Mpsi).
d
Some alloys up to 96 Gpa (14 Mpsi).
e
Filled
f
2.5%-carbon-black mechanical rubber.
1998 McGraw-Hill
9.0
10.2
9.1
4.2
7.5
14.5
17.0
14.1
16.0
8.7
18.0
15.8
24.7
23.1
11.6
24.7
5.9
28.4
29.0
28.0
30.7
7.3
0.39
0.28
0.13
1.02
0.0006
56.6
3.9
65.3
65.3
45.5
Elastic Modulus for

Various Materials

elasticity for various
metals, polymers, and
ceramics at room
temperature (20C;
68F). [From ESDU
(1984)]
Material
Metals
Aluminum and its alloysa
Aluminum tin
Brasses
Bronze
Bronze, porous
Copper
Copper lead
Iron, cast
Iron, porous
Iron, wrought
Magnesium alloys
Steels
Zinc alloys
Polymers
Nylons (polyamides)
Rubber
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 )
Cemented carbides
a
Structural alloys
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pois s ons ratio,

0.33
------0.33
0.33
0.22
0.33
--0.26
0.20
0.30
0.33
0.30
0.27
--0.40
0.35
--0.50
0.28
--0.19
0.19
0.26
Poissons Ratio for

Various Materials
Table 3.3 Poissons ratio

for various metals,
room temperature (20C;
68F). [From ESDU
(1984)]
Thermal Condictivity for

Various Materials
Figure 3.13 Thermal

conductivity for various
ceramics at room temperature
(20C, 68F). [From ESDU
(1984)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material
Metals
Aluminum
Aluminum alloys, casta
Aluminum alloys, siliconb
Aluminum alloys, wroughtc
Aluminum tin
Brassesa
Bronze, aluminuma
Bronze, leaded
Bronze, phosphor (cast)d
Bronze, porous
Coppera
Copper lead
Iron, grey cast
Iron, spheroidal graphite
Iron, porous
Iron, wrought
Magnesium alloys
Steel, low alloyse
Steel, medium
Steel, stainlessf
Zinc alloys
Polymers
Nylons (polyamides)
Rubber, naturalf
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 )g
a
At 100C
b
At 100C (~150 W/m-C at 25C)
c
20 to 100C
d
Bar stock typically 69 W/m-C
e
20 to 200C
f
Typically 22W/m-C at 200C
g
Typically 12W/m-C at 400C
1998 McGraw-Hill
Thermal Conductivity, K t
W/m-C
Btu/ft-hrF
209
146
170
151
180
24
56
120
50
47
50
30
170
30
50
30
28
70
110
35
30
15
110
120
84
98
87
100
14
32
69
29
27
29
17
98
17
29
17
16
40
64
20
17
8.7
64
0.24
0.25
0.5
--1.6
0.14
0.14
0.29
--0.92
25
125
15
---
14
72
8.6
---
Thermal Conductivity for

Various Materials
Table 3.4 Thermal

conductivity for various
ceramics at room
temperature (20C; 68F).
[From ESDU(1984)]
Thermal Expansion
Coefficient for Various
Materials
Figure 3.14 Linear thermal
expansion coefficient for
various metals, polymers,
and ceramics applied over
temperature range 20 to
200C (68 to 392F) [From
ESDU (1984)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material
Metals
Aluminum
Aluminum alloysa
Aluminum tin
Brasses
Bronzes
Copper
Copper lead
Iron, cast
Iron, porous
Iron, wrought
Magnesium alloys
Steel, alloyb
Steel, stainless
Steel, high speed
Zinc alloys
Polymers
Thermoplasticsc
Thermosetsd
Nylons (polyamides)
Rubber, naturalf
Rubber, nitrileg
Rubber, silicone
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 )h
a
Structural alloys
b
Cast alloys can be up to 15 x 10-6 /(C)
c
Typical bearing materials
d
25 x 10-6 (C)-1 to 80 x 10-6 (C)-1 when reinforced
e
Mineral filled
f
Fillers can reduce coefficients
g
Varies with composition
h
0 to 200C
1998 McGraw-Hill
Linear Thermal Expans ion

Coefficient, a
(C) -1
(F) -1
23 x 10-6
24 x 10-6
24 x 10-6
20 x 10-6
23 x 10-6
19 x 10-6
18 x 10-6
18 x 10-6
18 x 10-6
11 x 10-6
12 x 10-6
12 x 10-6
27 x 10-6
11 x 10-6
17 x 10-6
11 x 10-6
27 x 10-6
12.8 x 10-6
13.3 x 10-6
13.3 x 10-6
11 x 10-6
13 x 10-6
10.6 x 10-6
10.0 x 10-6
10.0 x 10-6
10.0 x 10-6
6.1 x 10-6
6.7 x 10-6
6.7 x 10-6
15 x 10-6
6.1 x 10-6
9.5 x 10-6
6.1 x 10-6
15 x 10-6
(60-100) x 10-6
(10-80) x 10-6
90 x 10-6
100 x 10-6
126 x 10-6
(25-40) x 10-6
(80-120) x 10-6
34 x 10-6
57 x 10-6
(33-56) x 10-6
(6-44) x 10-6
50 x 10-6
56 x 10-6
70 x 10-6
(14-22) x 10-6
(44-67) x 10-6
62 x 10-6
103 x 10-6
5.0 x 10-6
1.4-4.0 x 10-6
4.3 x 10-6
3.2 x 10-6
2.8 x 10-6
0.8-2.2 x 10-6
2.4 x 10-6
1.8 x 10-6
Linear Thermal
Expansion Coefficient
for Various Materials
Table 3.5 Linear thermal
expansion coefficient for
various metals, polymers
and ceramics at room
temperature (20C; 68F).
[From ESDU (1984)]
Specfic Heat
Capacity for
Various Materials
Figure 3.15 Specific heat

capacity for various metals,
room temperature (20C;
68F) [From ESDU
(1984)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Specific Heat Capacity for Various Materials

Material
S pecific Heat Capacity, C p

kJ/kg-C
Btu/lbF
Metals
Aluminum and its alloys
0.9
Aluminum tin
0.96
0.15
0.21
Brasses
0.39
Bronzes
0.38
Coppera
0.38
Copper lead
0.32
Iron, cast
0.42
Iron, porous
0.46
Iron, wrought
0.46
Magnesium alloys
1.0
Steelsb
0.45
Zinc alloys
0.4
Polymers
Thermoplastics
1.4
Thermosets
--Rubber, natural
2.0
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2 O3 )h
--Graphite
0.8
Cemented Carbides
0.7
--Silicon nitride (Si3 N4 )
--a
Aluminum bronze up to 0.48 kJ/kg-C (0.12 Btu/lbm-F)
b
Rising to 0.55 kJ/kg-C (0.13 Btu/lbm-F) at 200C (392 F)
0.22
0.23
0.036
0.05
0.093
0.091
0.091
0.076
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.24
0.11
0.096
0.33
--0.48
--0.2
0.17
-----
Table 3.6 Specific heat capacity for various metals, polymer,

and ceramics at room temperature
(20C;
68F). [From ESDU
text
reference:
Table
3.6,
page
118
1998 McGraw-Hill
(1984)]
Rigid Beam Assembly
Figure 3.16 Rigid beam assembly used in Example 3.12.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Elastic
Modulus vs.
Density
Elasticity plotted against
density. The heavy
envelopes enclose data for
a given class of material.
The diagonal contours show
the longitudinal wave
velocity. The guidelines of
constant E/, E1/2/ , and
E1/3/ allow selection of
materials for minimum
weight, deflection-limited
design. [From Ashby
(1992)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material Classes
Clas s
Enginering alloys
(the metals and alloys of
engineering)
Engineering polymers
(the thermoplastics and
thermosets of engineering)
Engineering ceramics
(fine ceramics capable of
load-bearing application)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Members
Aluminum alloys
Copper alloys
Lead alloys
Magnesium alloys
Molybdenum alloys
Nickel alloys
Steels
Tin alloys
Titanium alloys
Tungsten alloys
Zinc alloys
Epoxies
Melamines
Polycarbonate
Polyester
Polyethylene, low density
Polyformaldehyde
Polymethylmethacrylate
Polypropylene
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Alumina
Diamond
Sialons
Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia
S hort name
Al alloys
Cu alloys
Lead alloys
Mg alloys
Mo alloys
Ni alloys
Steels
Tin alloys
Ti alloys
W alloys
Zn alloys
EP
MEL
PC
PEST
HDPE
LDPE
PF
PMMA
PP
PTFE
PVC
Al2 O3
C
Sialons
SiC
Si3 N4
ZrO2
Table 3.7 Material

classes and members
and short names of
each member. [From
Ashby (1992)].
Material Classes (cont.)

Clas s
Engineering compos ites
(the composites of
engineering practice) A
distinction is drawn
between the properties of a
ply (uniply) and a laminate
(laminates)
Porous ceramics
(traditional ceramics,
cements, rocks, and
minerals
Glas s es
(ordinary silicate glass)
Woods
Separate clusters describe
properties parallel to the
grain and normal to it and
wood products
Elastomers
(natural and artificial
rubbers)
Polymer foams
(foamed polymers of
engineering)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Members
Carbon-fiber reinforced
polymer
Glass-fiber reinforced
polymer
Kevlar-fiber reinforced
polymer
S hort name
CFRP
Brick
Cement
Common rocks
Concrete
Porcelain
Pottery
Borosilicate glass
Soda glass
Silica
Ash
Balsa
Fir
Oak
Pine
Wood products (ply, etc.)
Natural rubber
Hard butyl rubber
Polyurethanes
Silicone rubber
Soft butyl rubber
Cork
Polyester
Polystyrene
Polyurethane
Brick
Cement
Rocks
Concrete
Pcln
Pot
B-glass
Na-glass
SiO2
Ash
Balsa
Fir
Oak
Pine
Wood products
Rubber
Hard butyl
PU
Silicone
Soft butyl
Cork
PEST
PS
PU
GFRP
KFRP
Table 3.7 Material

classes and members
and short names of
each member. [From
Ashby (1992)].
Strength vs.
Density
Figure 3.18 Strength
plotted against density
(yield strength for
metals and polymers,
compressive strength
for ceramics, tear
strength for
elastomers, and tensile
strength for
composites). The
guidelines of S/,
S2/3/, and S1/2/ allow
selection of materials
for minimum-weight,
yield-limited design.
[From Ashby (1992)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Elastic
Modulus vs.
Strength
Figure 3.19 Modulus

of elasticity plotted
against strength. The
design guidelines
help with the
for such machine
elements as springs,
knife-edges,
diaphragms, and
hinges. [From Ashby
(1992)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Wear
Constant vs.
Limiting
Pressure
Figure 3.20 Archard

wear constant
plotted against
limiting pressure.
[From Ashby
(1992)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Elastic
Modulus vs.
Cost x
Density
Figure 3.21 Modulus

of elasticity plotted
against cost times
density. The reference
lines help with
for machine elements.
[From Ashby (1992)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 4: Normal, Bending, and Transverse

Shear Stresses and Strains
I am never content until I have constructed a
mechanical model of the subject I am studying.
If I succeed in making one, I understand;
otherwise, I do not.
William Thompson (Lord Kelvin)
Image: A portion of the collapsed Hyatt Regency

Walkway which claimed over 100 lives.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Centroid of Area
Figure 4.1 Centroid of Area
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 4.1
Figure 4.2 Rectangular hole within a rectangular

section used in Example 4.1.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Area Moment of Inertia
Figure 4.3 Area with coordinates used in describing

area moment of inertia.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 4.2
Figure 4.4 Circular cross section, used in Example 4.2.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Parallel-Axis Theorem
Figure 4.5 Coordinates and distance used in describing

parallel-axis theorem.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 4.3
Figure 4.6 Triangular cross section with circular hole

within it.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 4.4
Figure 4.7 Circular cross-sectional

area relative to x-y coordinates,
used in Example 4.4.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Centroid, Area Moment of Inertia and Area
Table 4.1 Centroid, area moment of inertia, and area for seven cross sections.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Centroid, Area Moment of Inertia and Area (cont.)
Table 4.1 Centroid, area moment of inertia, and area for seven cross sections
(part 2 of 2).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Mass Element
Figure 4.8 Mass element in threedimensional coordinates and

distance from the three axes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
2D Mass Element
Figure 4.9 Mass element in two dimensional coordinates

and distance from the two axes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Mass and Mass Moment of Inertia
Table 4.2 Mass and mass moment of inertia for six solids.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Mass and Mass Moment of Inertia (cont.)
Table 4.2 Mass and mass moment of inertia for six solids.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Circular Bar with

Tensile Load
Figure 4.10 Circular bar with

tensile load applied.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Twisting due to Applied Torque
Figure 4.11 Twisting of member due to

applied torque.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bending of a Bar
Figure 4.12 Bar made of

elastomeric material to illustrate
effect of bending. (a)
Undeformed bar; (b) deformed
bar.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bending in Cantilevered Bar
Figure 4.13 Bending occurring in cantilevered bar, showing neutral surface.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Elements in Bending
Figure 4.14 Undeformed and deformed

elements in bending.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bending Stress Distribution
Figure 4.15 Profile view of bending stress variation.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 4.10
Figure 4.16 U-shaped cross section experiencing bending moment,

used in Example 4.10.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Curved Member in Bending
Figure 4.17 Curved member in bending. (a) Circumferential view; (b) crosssectional view.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cross Section of Curved Member
Figure 4.18 Rectangular cross

section of curved member.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Development of Transverse Shear
Figure 4.19 How transverse shear is developed.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Deformation due to
Transverse Shear
Figure 4.20 Cantilevered bar made of

highly deformable material and
marked with horizontal and vertical
grid lines to show deformation due to
transverse shear. (a) Undeformed; (b)
deformed.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Moments and Stresses on Elements
Figure 4.21 Three-dimensional and profile views of moments and stresses

associated with shaded top segment of element that has been sectioned at y about
neutral axis. (a) Three-dimensional view; (b) profile view.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Maximum Shear Stress
Table 4.3 Maximum shear

stress for different beam cross
sections.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Design of Shaft for Coil Slitter
Figure 4.22 Design of shaft for coil slitting line. (a) Illustration of coil slitting
line. From Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Design of Shaft for Coil Slitter (cont.)
Figure 4.22 Design of shaft for coil slitting line. (b) knife and shaft detail; (c) freebody diagram of simplified shaft for case study. Illustration (b) is from Tool and
Manufacturing Engineers Handbook.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Shear and Moment Diagrams
Figure 4.23 Shear diagram (a) and moment diagram (b) for idealized coil slitter
shaft.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Mohrs Circle
Figure 4.24 Mohrs circle for location of maximum bending stress.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 5: Deformation
Let me tell you the secret that has led me to my goal. My strength lies in my
tenacity.
Louis Pateur
Image: High speed photographs of a club striking a golf ball. Note the large
deformations in the golf ball.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 5.1
Figure 5.1 Cantilevered beam with concentrated force

applied at free end. Used in Example 5.1.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Free Body Diagram of

Simply Supported Beam
Figure 5.2 Free-body diagram of force

anywhere between simply supported
ends. (a) Complete bar; (b) portion of
bar.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cantilevered Bar
with Partial
Distributed Load
Figure 5.3 Cantilevered bar with

unit step distribution over part of bar.
(a) Loads and deflection acting on
cantilevered bar; (b) free-body
diagram of forces and moments
acting on entire bar; (c) free-body
diagram of forces and moments
acting on portion of bar.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cantilever with Simply

Supported End
Figure 5.4 Cantilevered bar with other end

simply supported and with concentrated force
acting anywhere along bar. (a) Sketch of
assembly; (b) free-body diagram of entire bar;
(c) free-body diagram of part of bar.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Deflection of Beams
Table 5.1 Deflection for

three different situations
when one end is fixed and
one end is free and two
different situations of simply
supported beams.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Deflection of Beams (cont.)
Table 5.1 Deflection for three different situations when one end is fixed and
one end is free and two different situations of simply supported beams.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cantilever with Moment and

Concentrated Force
Figure 5.5 Bar fixed at one end and free at

other with moment applied to free end and
concentrated force at any distance from free
end. (a) Complete assembly; (b) free-body
diagram showing effect of concentrated
force; (c) free-body diagram showing
effect of moment.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Normal Stress
Figure 5.6 Element subjected to

normal stress
1998 McGraw-Hill
Shear Stress
Figure 5.7 Element subjected to shear stress.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Strain Energy
Loading type
Axial
Bending
Factors involved
P, E, A
M , E, I
S train energy for

special case where
al l three factors
are constant with x
P2 l
U
2EA
U
M
2EI
2
Torsion
T, G, J
T l
U
2GJ
Transverse shear
(rectangular section)
V, G, A
3V2 l
U
5GA
General
expression for
strain energy
l
P2
U
dx
2EA
0
l
M2
U
dx
2EI
0
l
2
U
dx
2GJ
0
l
3V 2
U
dx
5GA
0
Table 5.2 Strain energy for four types of loading.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 5.8
Figure 5.8 Cantilevered bar with

concentrated force acting at distance b from
free end. (a) Coordinate system and
important points shown; (b) fictitious force
shown along with concentrated force.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 5.9
Figure 5.9 Cable system arrangement. (a)

Entire assembly; (b) free-body diagram of
forces acting at point A.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 5.10
Figure 5.10 Cantilevered bar with 90 bend acted upon by

horizontal force at free end.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Design of
FOPS
Figure 5.11 Figures used in case

study. (a) Forklift truck; (b) FOPS
details (not to scale); (c) idealized
FOPS for analysis.
1998 McGraw-Hill
FOPS Cross Brace Analysis
Figure 5.12 (a) Free-body; (b) shear; and (c) bending moment
diagrams for FOPS cross brace.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 6: Failure Prediction for Static Loading

The concept of failure is central to the design
process, and it is by thinking in terms of
obviating failure that successful designs are
achieved.
Henry Petroski, Design Paradigms
Image: The Liberty Bell, a classic case of

brittle fracture.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Axial Load on Plate with Hole
Figure 6.1 Rectangular plate with hole subjected to axial load. (a) Plate with
cross-sectional plane. (b) Half of plate with stress distribution.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Plate with Hole
Figure 6.2 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with central hole. (a)
Axial Load. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Plate with Hole (cont.)
Figure 6.2 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with central hole. (b)
Bending. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Plate with Fillet
Figure 6.3 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with fillet. (a) Axial
Load. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Plate with Fillet (cont.)
Figure 6.3 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with fillet. (b) Bending
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Plate with Groove
Figure 6.4 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with groove. (a) Axial
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Plate with Groove (cont.)
Figure 6.4 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with groove. (b)
Bending. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Bar with Fillet
Figure 6.5 Stress concentration factor for round bar with fillet. (a) Axial load.
[Adapted from Collins (1981).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Bar with Fillet (cont.)
Figure 6.5 Stress concentration factor for round bar with fillet. (b) Bending.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Bar with Fillet (cont.)
Figure 6.5 Stress concentration factor for round bar with fillet. (c) Torsion.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Bar with Groove
Figure 6.6 Stress concentration factor for round bar with groove. (a) Axial load.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Bar with Groove (cont.)
Figure 6.6 Stress concentration factor for round bar with groove. (b) Bending.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Concentrations for Bar with Groove (cont.)
Figure 6.6 Stress concentration factor for round bar with groove. (c) Torsion.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Contours in Bar
Figure 6.7 Bar with fillet axially loaded showing stress contours through a flat
plate for (a) square corners, (b) rounded corners (c) small groove, and (d) small
holes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Modes of Crack Displacement
Figure 6.8 Three modes of crack displacement. (a) Mode I, opening; (b) mode II,
sliding; (c) mode III, tearing.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material
Yield S tress , S y
Fracture Toug hness , K ci
i
Mpa Toughness
ksi in
Mpa
m
Yield Stress and ksFracture
Data
Metals
Aluminum alloy
2024-T351
Aluminum alloy
7075-T651
Alloy steel 4340
tempered at 260C
Alloy steel 4340
tempered at 425C
Titanium alloy
Ti-6Al-4V
1 /2
1 /2
47
325
33
36
73
505
26
29
238
1640
45.8
50.0
206
1420
80.0
87.4
130
910
40-60
44-66
Ceramics
Aluminum oxide
Soda-lime glass
Concrete
2.7-4.8
0.64-0.73
0.18-1.27
3.0-5.3
0.7-0.8
0.2-1.4
Polymers
Polymethyl methacrylate
Polystyrene
0.9
0.73-1.0
1.0
0.8-1.1
Table 6.1 Yield stress and fracture toughness data for selected engineering
materials at room temperature [From ASM International (1989)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Three Dimensional Yield Locus
Figure 6.9 Three dimensional yield locus for MSST and DET. [Adapted from Popov
(1968).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
MSST for Biaxial Stress State

Figure 6.10 Graphical
representation of
maximum-shear-stress
theory (MSST) for
biaxial stress state (z=0)
1998 McGraw-Hill
DET for Biaxial Stress State

representation of distortionenergy-theory (DET) for
biaxial stress state (z=0)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 6.6
Figure 6.12 Rear wheel suspension used in Example 6.6.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 6.7
Figure 6.13 Cantilevered, round bar with

torsion applied to free end (used in Example
6.7). (a) Bar with coordinates and load; (b)
stresses acting on element; (c) Mohrs circle
representation of stresses.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 6.8
Figure 6.14 Cantilevered, round bar with

torsion and transfer force applied to free end
(used in Example 6.8). (a) Bar with
coordinates and loads; (b) stresses acting on
top of bar and at wall; (c) Mohrs circle
representation of stresses.
1998 McGraw-Hill
MNST Theory for Biaxial Stress State
Figure 6.15 Graphical representation

of maximum-normal-stress theory
(MNST) for biaxial stress state (z=0)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Internal Friction and Modified Mohr Theory

Figure 6.16 Internal friction
theory and modified Mohr theory
for failure prediction of brittle
materials.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Comparison of Failure Theories to Experiments
Figure 6.17: Comparison of experimental results to failure criterion. (a)

Brittle fracture. (b) ductile yielding.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Inserted Total Hip Replacement
Figure 6.18 Inserted total hip replacement.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Dimensions of Femoral
Implants
Figure 6.19 Dimensions of femoral

implants (in inches).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Sections of Implant Analyzed for Static Failure
Figure 6.20 Section of femoral stem analyzed

for static failure.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 7: Failure Prediction for Cyclic and

Impact Loading
All machines and structural

designs are problems in
fatigue because the forces of
Nature are always at work
and each object must respond
in some fashion.
Carl Osgood, Fatigue
Design
Image: Aloha Airlines flight 243, a Boeing 737-200, taken April 28, 1988. The midflight fuselage failure was caused by corrosion assisted fatigue.
1998 McGraw-Hill
On the Bridge!
Figure 7.1 On the Bridge, an illustration from Punch magazine in 1891 warning the
populace that death was waiting for them on the next bridge. Note the cracks in the iron
bridge. [From Petroski (1992).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cyclic Stress
Figure 7.2 Variation in nonzero cyclic mean stress.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cyclic Properties of Some Metals
Material
Steel
1015
4340
1045
1045
1045
1045
4142
4142
4142
4142
4142
A luminum
1100
2014
2024
5456
7075
a
Conditio n
Yield
strength,
Sy
Mpa
Fatigue
strength,
f,
Mpa
Fatigue
Fatigue
ductility
strength
coefficient exponent,
f
a
Fatigue
ductility
exponent,
Normalized
Tempered
Q&Ta 80F
Q&T 360 F
Q&T 500 F
Q&T 600 F
Q&T 80F
Q&T 400 F
Q&T 600 F
Q&T 700 F
Q&T 840 F
228
1 172
1 720
1 275
965
2 070
1 720
1 340
1 070
900
82 7
1655
2140
2720
2275
1790
2585
2650
2170
2000
1550
0.95
0.73
0.07
0.25
0.35
0.07
0.09
0.40
0.45
-0.110
-0.076
-0.065
-0.055
-0.080
-0.070
-0.075
-0.076
-0.081
-0.080
-0.080
-0.64
-0.62
-1.00
-0.60
-0.68
-0.69
-1.00
-0.76
-0.66
-0.73
-0.75
Annealed
T6
T351
H3 11
T6
97
462
379
234
469
19 3
84 8
1103
72 4
1317
1.80
0.42
0.22
0.46
0.19
-0.106
-0.106
-0.124
-0.110
-0.126
-0.69
-0.65
-0.59
-0.67
-0.52
Quenched and tempered
Table 7.1 Cyclic properties of some metals [From Shigley and Mischke
(1989) and Suresh (1991)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
R.R. Moore Specimen
Figure 7.3 R.R. Moore machine fatigue test specimen.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fatigue Strength vs. Cycles to Failure
Figure 7.4 Fatigue strengths as a function of number of loading cycles. (a)

Ferrous alloys, showing clear endurance limit.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fatigue Strength vs. Cycles to Failure (cont.)
Figure 7.4 Fatigue strengths as a function of number of loading cycles. (b)

Aluminum alloys, with less pronounced knee and no endurance limit.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fatigue Strength vs. Cycles to Failure (cont.)
Figure 7.4 Fatigue strengths as a function of number of loading cycles. (c)

Selected properties of assorted polymer classes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Endurance Limit vs. Ultimate Strength
Figure 7.5 Endurance limit as a function of ultimate strength for wrought steels.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Approximate Endurance Limit

for Various Materials
Material
Magnesium alloys
Copper alloys
Nickel alloys
Titanium
Aluminum alloys
Number of Cycles
108
108
108
107
5 x 108
Relation
Se=0.35S u
0. 25S u < Se <0.5 S u
0.35 S u < Se <0.65 S u
0.45 S u < Se <0.65 S u
S e =0. 45 S u (S u <48ksi)
Se =19 ksi (S u 48ksi)
Table 7.2 Approximate endurance limit for various materials

[From Juvinall and Marshek (1991)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Notch Sensitivity
Figure 7.6 Notch sensitivity as a function of notch radius for several materials
and types of loading. [From Sines and Waisman (1959)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Surface Finish Factors
Figure 7.7 Surface finish factors

for steel (a) Function of ultimate
strength in tension for different
machine processes. [From Shigley
and Mitchell (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Surface Finish Factors (cont.)
Figure 7.7 Surface finish factors for steel (b) Function of ultimate strength and
surface roughness as measured with a stylus profilometer. [From Johnson (1967).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Manufacturing
Proces s
Grinding
Machining or cold
drawing
Hot rolling
None (as forged)
Surface Factor
Finish
FactorExponent f
e
Mpa
1.58
4.51
ks i
1.34
2.70
-0.085
-0.265
57.7
272.0
14.4
39.9
-0.718
-0.995
Table 7.3 Surface finish factor [From Shigley and Mischke (1989)].
Usage:
kf=e(Sut)f (ref: Eq. 7.21)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Reliability Correction Factors

Probability of
survival, percent
50
90
95
99
99. 9
99.99
1998 McGraw-Hill
Reliability facto r,
kr
1.00
0.90
0.87
0.82
0.75
0.70
Table 7.4 Reliability correction

factors for six probabilities of
survival.
Example 7.4
Figure 7.8 Tensile-loaded bar. (a) Unnotched; (b) notched.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Influence of Non-Zero Mean Stress
Figure 7.9 Influence of nonzero mean stress on fatigue life for

tensile loading as estimated by four empirical relationships.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Modified Goodman Diagram
Figure 7.10 Complete

modified Goodman diagram,
plotting stress as ordinate and
mean stress as abscissa.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 7.7
Figure 7.11 Modified Goodman diagram for Example 7.7.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Alternating Stress Ratio vs. Mean Stress Ratio
Figure 7.12 Alternating stress ratio as a function of mean stress

ratio for axially loaded cast iron.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Correction
Factor Y
Figure 7.13 Correction factor Y to compensate for plate width in fracture mechanics
approach to fatigue crack propogation. [From Suresh (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Properties vs. Strain Rate
Figure 7.14 Mechanical properties of mild steel at room temperature as

a function of average strain rate. [From Manjoine (1994).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 7.10
Figure 7.15 Diver impacting diving board, used in Example 7.10. (a) Side
view; (b) front view; (c) side view showing forces and coordinates.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Brake Stud
Figure 7.16 Dimensions of existing brake stud design. Note that

no radius has been specified at point A-A.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Applied Loads and Resultant Stress Cycle
Figure 7.17 Press brake loads. (a) Shear and bending moment diagram for
applied load; (b) stress cycle.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 8: Lubrication, Friction and Wear

...among all those who have written on the
subject of moving forces, probably not a single
one has given sufficient attention to the effect of
friction in machines...
Guillaume Amontons (1699)
Image: The Space Shutte blasts off.

Complicated mechanical systems such as this
are impossible without sophistication in
tribology.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Conformal Surfaces
Figure 8.1 Conformal Surfaces
1998 McGraw-Hill
Nonconformal Surfaces
Figure 8.2 Nonconformal surfaces.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pressure Development in
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Figure 8.4 Mechanism of pressure development for hydrodynamic

lubrication. (a) Slider bearing; (b) squeeze film bearing; (c) externally
pressurized bearing.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Hard EHL
Figure 8.5 Characteristics of hard

elastohydrodynamic lubrication.
[Adapted from Hamrock (1993).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Soft EHL
Figure 8.6 Characteristics of soft

elastohydrodynamic lubrication.
[Adapted from Hamrock (1993).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Film Conditions Required for Lubrication
Figure 8.7 Film conditions required for lubrication. (a) Fluid film lubrication surfaces separated by bulk lubricant film; (b) partial lubrication - both bulk lubricant
and boundary film play a role; (c) boundary lubrication - performance depends
essentially on boundary film.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Friction Coefficient for Various

Lubrication Conditions
Figure 8.8 Bar diagram showing

coefficient of friction for various
lubrication conditions.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Wear Rate for Various Lubrication Regimes
Figure 8.9 Wear rate for various lubrication regimes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Surface Profile
Figure 8.10 Surface profile showing surface height variation

relative to mean reference line.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Arithmetic average, Ra
Typical Surface Roughnesses

m
in
Process es
Sand casting; hot rolling
Sawing
Planing and shaping
Forging
Drilling
Milling
Boring; turning
Broaching; reaming; cold rolling;
drawing
Die casting
Grinding, coarse
Grinding, fine
Honing
Polishing
Lapping
Components
Gears
Plain bearings - journal (runner)
Plain bearings - bearing (pad)
Rolling bearings - rolling elements
Rolling bearings - tracks
12. 5-25
3.2-25
0.8-25
3. 2-12.5
1.6-6. 3
0.8-6. 3
0.4-6. 3
0.8-3. 2
500-1000
128-1000
32-1000
128-500
64-250
32-250
16-250
32-128
0.8-1. 6
0.4-1. 6
0.1-0. 4
0. 03-0.4
0. 02-0.2
0.005-0. 1
32-64
16-64
4-16
1.2-16
0. 8-8
0. 2-4
0. 25-10
0. 12-0.5
0.25-0. 12
0. 015-0.12
0.1-0. 3
10-400
5-20
10-50
0. 6-5
4-12
Table 8.1 Typical arithmetic average surface roughness for various processes
and machine components [Adapted from Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Slider Bearing
Figure 8.11 Slider bearing illustrating absolute viscosity.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Viscosity Conversion
To conv ert
f ro m
cP
kgf-s/m2
N-s/m 2
lbf-s/in2
cP
1
9.807 x 103
103
6.9 x 106
To
kgf-s/m
N-s/m 2
Multiply by
1. 02 x 10-4
10-3
1
9. 807
-1
1. 02 x 10
1
2
7.03 x 10
6.9 x 103
lbf-s/in2
1.45 x 10 -7
1.422 x 10-3
1.45 x 10 -4
1
Table 8.2 Absolute viscosity conversion factors.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Absolute Viscosities of
Various Fluids
Figure 8.12 Absolute viscosities of a

number of fluids for wide range of
temperatures.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Absolute and Kinematic Viscosities of 11 Fluids

Fluid
Temperature, tm , C
38
Advanced ester
Formulated advanced ester
Polyalkyl aromatic
Synthetic paraffinic oil (lot 3)
Synthetic paraffinic oil (lot 2) plus
antiwear additive
antiwear additive
C-ether
Superrefined naphthenic mineral oil
Synthetic hydrocarbon (traction fluid)
Fluorinated polyether
99
149
Absolute viscosity at p=0,
0 ,
cP
25.3
4.75
2.06
27.6
4.96
2.15
25.5
4.08
1.80
414
34.3
10.9
375
34.7
10.1
370
32.0
9.93
38
99
149
Kinematic viscosity at p=0,
k,
m2 /s
2.58 x 10-5
0.51 x 10-5
0.23 x 10-5
-5
-5
2.82 x 10
0.53 x 10
0.24 x 10-5
-5
-5
3.0 x 10
0.50 x 10
0.23 x 10-5
-5
-5
49.3 x 10
4.26 x 10
1.4 x 10-5
-5
-5
44.7 x 10
4.04 x 10
1.3 x 10-5
-5
-5
44.2 x 10
4.00 x 10
1.29 x 10-5
375
34.7
10.1
44.7 x 10-5
4.04 x 10-5
1.3 x 10-5
29.5
68.1
34.3
181
4.76
6.86
3.53
20.2
2.20
2.74
1.62
6.68
2.5 x 10-5
7.8 x 10-5
3.72 x 10-5
9.66 x 10-5
0.41 x 10-5
0.82 x 10-5
0.40 x 10-5
1.15 x 10-5
0.20 x 10-5
0.33 x 10-5
0.19 x 10-5
0.4 x 10-5
Table 8.3 Absolute and kinematic viscosities of 11 fluids at

atmospheric pressure and 3 temperatures [Adapted from Jones et
al. (1975).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fluid Designations
Fluid
Advanced ester
Polyalkyl aromatic
antiwear additive
antiwear additive
C-ether
Synthetic hydrocarbon (traction
fluid)
Manufacturer
Shell Oil Co.
Shell Oil Co.
Continental Oil Co.
Mobil Oil Co.
Mobil Oil Co.
Mobil Oil Co.
Designation
Aeroshell turbine oil 555 (base oil)
Aeroshell turbine oil 555 (WRGL-358)
DN-600
XRM 109-F3
XRM 109-F4
XRM 177-F2
Mobil Oil Co.
XRM 177-F4
Monsanto Oil Co.

Humble Oil and
Refining Co.
Monsanto Co.
MCS-418
FN 2961
DuPont Co.
PR 143 AB (lot 10)
MCS-460
Table 8.4 Fluids with manufacturers designation [Adapted from Jones et al. (1975).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fluid
Temperature, t m , C
Pressure-Viscosity Coefficients
38
Advanced ester
Polyalkyl aromatic
antiwear additive
antiwear additive
C-ether
Synthetic hydrocarbon (traction fluid)
1.28 x
1.37 x
1.58 x
1.77 x
1.99 x
1.81 x
-8
10
-8
10
-8
10
-8
10
10- 8
10- 8
99
149
Pressure-viscosity coef ficient,
,
m2/N
-8
-8
0.98 x 10
0.851 x 10
-8
-8
1.00 x 10
0.874 x 10
-8
-8
1.25 x 10
1.01 x 10
-8
-8
1.51 x 10
1.09 x 10
1.51 x 10-8
1.29 x 10-8
1.37 x 10-8
1.13 x 10-8
1.96 x 10- 8
1.55 x 10-8
-8
0.980 x 10
-8
1.54 x 10
-8
1.71 x 10
-8
3.24 x 10
1.80 x
2.51 x
3.12 x
4.17 x
10
-8
10
-8
10
-8
10
-8
1.25 x 10-8
-8
0.795 x 10
-8
1.27 x 10
-8
0.939 x 10
-8
3.02 x 10
Table 8.5 Pressure-viscosity coefficients of 11 fluids at 3 temperatures [Adapted from

Jones et al. (1975).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Viscosities of SAE Oils
Figure 8.13 Absolute viscosities of SAE

lubricating oils at atmospheric pressure.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Geometry of Contacting Solids
Figure 8.14 Geometry of contacting

elastic solids.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Radii of Curvature Sign Convention
Figure 8.15 Sign designation for radii of

curvature of various machine elements.
(a) Rolling elements; (b) ball bearing
races; (c) rolling bearing races.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pressure Distribution in Ellipsoidal Contact
Figure 8.16 Pressure distribution in ellipsoidal contact.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Simplified Contact Equations
Table 8.6 Simplified

equations [Adapted from
Hamrock and Brewe (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ellipticity Parameter vs. Radius Ratio
Figure 8.17 Variation of ellipticity parameter and elliptic integrals of first and
second kinds as function of radius ratio.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Friction Force
Figure 8.18 Friction force in (a) rolling and (b) sliding.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Typical Friction Coefficients

Se lf-mate d me tals in air
Gold
Silver
T in
Aluminum
Copper
Indium
Magnesium
Lead
Cadmium
Chromium
Pure me tals and alloys sliding on ste e l (0.13% carbon) in air
Silver
Aluminum
Cadmium
Copper
Chromium
Indium
Lead
Copper - 20% lead
White metal (tin based)
White metal (lead based)
-brass (copper-30zinc)
Leaded / brass (copper-40% zinc)
Gray cast iron
Mild steel (0.13%carbon)
Coe fficie nt
of Friction
2.5
0.8-1
1
0.8-1.2
0.7-1.4
2
0.5
1.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.5
2
1.2
0.2
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.8
Table 8.7 Typical coefficients of friction for combinations of unlubricated

metals in air [Adapted from Hutchings (1992).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Conical Asperity
Figure 8.19 Conical asperity having mean angle and its

effect on normal and frictional loads. Also simulates
abrasive wear.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 8.10
Figure 8.20 Used in Example 8.10 (a) Two

roofs having slope with gangway. (b)
Resultant force of gangway and person. (c)
Free-body diagram of all forces acting on
gangway.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Adhesive Wear
Figure 8.21 Adhesive wear simulation.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Rubbing Friction and Adhesive Wear Coefficients

Rubbing Materials
Gold on gold
Cop per on cop per
M ild steel on mild steel
Brass on hard steel
Lead on steel
Polytetrafluoroethy lene on steel
Stainless steel on hard steel
Tungsten carbide on tungsten carbide
Polyethylene on steel
Coefficient of
friction,
2.5
1.2
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.35
0.3
Adhesive wear
constant, k 1
0.1-1
0.01-0.1
10-2
10-3
2 x 10-5
2 x 10-5
2 x 10-5
10-6
10-8-10-7
Table 8.8 Coefficients of rubbing friction and adhesive wear

coefficients for nine rubbing materials.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Text Reference: Table 8.8 , page 344
Fatigue Wear
Figure 8.22 Fatigue wear
simulation.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pin-On-Disk Test
Figure 8.23 (a) Illustration of a pin-on-disk wear test. (b) Detail of pin, with dashed
line showing the worn surface.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Test
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Test Data Used in Case Study

Material
A
A
A
B
B
C
D
E
Sliding
Speed of
Disk
30
30
60
30
60
60
60
60
Contact
Force, N
100
200
200
100
100
100
200
100
Test
Duration,
min
350
100
60
480
480
480
480
240
Wear scar,
mm
9.70
8.81
16.01
12.63
15.27
15.89
20.83
13.02
Table 8.9 Test data for aircraft braking system used in case study.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Tes t
k f/H x 10-8
Wear Coefficients from Case Study

1
1. 317
2
1. 57
3
14. 26
4
2. 76
5
2. 9
6
3. 44
7
5. 11
8
3. 12
Table 8.10 Test results of wear coefficient divided by hardness used in case study.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 9: Columns
And as imagination bodies forth the
forms of things unknown,
The poets pen turns them to shapes
And gives to airy nothingness a local
habitation and a name.
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer
Nights Dream.
Image: Columns from the Alhambra in Granada, Spain.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Equilibrium Regimes
Figure 9.1 Depiction of equilibrium regimes. (a) Stable; (b) neutral; (c)
unstable.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 9.1
Figure 9.2 Pendulum used in Example

9.1.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pin Ended Column

Figure 9.3 Column with pinned
ends. (a) Assembly; (b)
deformation shape; (c) load
acting.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Buckling of Rectagular Section
Figure 9.4 Buckling of rectangular section.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Effective Lengths in Buckling
Table 9.1 Effective lengths for four end conditions.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Normal Stress vs. Slenderness Ratio
Figure 9.5 Normal stress as function of slenderness ratio obtained by Euler, and
Johnson, and AISC equations, as well as yield strength.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 9.3
Figure 9.6 Cross-section areas drawn
to scale from results of Example 9.3,
as well as critical buckling load for
each cross sectional area.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Eccentrically Loaded Column

Figure 9.7 Eccentrically loaded
column. (a) Eccentricity; (b)
statically equivalent bending
moment; (c) free-body diagram
through arbitrary section.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress Variation with Slenderness Ratio

Figure 9.8 Stress variation with
slenderness ratio for five
eccentricity ratios. Structural
steel is assumed with E=29 x
106 psi and Sy=36 x 103 psi.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cylinder for Telescoping Boom.
Figure 9.9 Mobile hydraulic boom crane used in case study 9.1.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 10: Stresses and Deformations

in Cylinders
In all things, success depends on previous
preparation. And without such preparation
there is sure to be failure.
Confucius, Analects.
Image: Beverage cans. Along with food

container, these are the most common pressure
vessels.
1998 McGraw-Hill
C lass
1
De scription
Loose
Type
Clearance
Free
Clearance
Medium
Clearance
Snug
Clearance
Wringing
Interference
T ight
Interference
Medium
Interference
Heavy force
or shrink
Interference
Applications
Where accuracy is not essential, such as in roadbuilding and mining equipment.
In rotating journals with speeds of 600 rpm or
greater, such as in engines and some automotive
parts.
In rotating journals with speeds under 600 rpm, such
as in accurate machine tools and precise automotive
parts.
Where small clearance is permissible and where
moving parts are not intended to move freely under
load.
Where light tapping with a hammer is necessary to
assemble the parts.
In semipermanent assemblies suitable for drive of
shrink fits on light sect ions.
Where considerable pressure is needed to assemble
and for shrink fits of medium sections; suitable for
press fits on generator and motor armatures and for
car wheels.
Where considerable bonding between surfaces is
required, such as locomotive wheels and heavy
crankshaft disks of large engines
Classes of Fit
Table 10.1 Classes of fit.

1998 McGraw-Hill
H ub
t olerance, tl,h
0.0025d1 /3
0.0013d1 /3
0.0008d1 /3
0.0006d1 /3
0.0006d1 /3
0.0006d1 /3
0.0006d1 /3
0.0006d1 /3
Shaf t
toler ance, tl ,s
0.0025d1/3
0.0013d1/3
0.0008d1/3
0.0004d1/3
0.0004d1/3
0.0006d1/3
0.0006d1/3
0.0006d1/3
Tolerances in Inches for

Classes of Fit
Cla ss
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Allowan ce, a
0.0025d2/3
0.0014d2/3
0.0009d2/3
0.000
- -- -- -- --
Inte rference,
--------0.000
0.00025d
0.0005d
0.0010d
Table 10.2 Recommended tolerance in inches for classes of fit.
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Allowance, a
0.0073d2/3
0.0041d2/3
0.0026d2/3
0.000
---------
Interfe re nce,
--------0.000
0.00025d
0.0005d
0.0010d
Hub
tolerance, tl,h
0.021d1/3
0.0112d1/3
0.0069d1/3
0.0052d1/3
0.0052d1/3
0.0052d1/3
0.0052d1/3
0.0052d1/3
Shaft
tolerance, tl,s
0.0216d1/3
0.0112d1/3
0.0069d1/3
0.0035d1/3
0.0035d1/3
0.0052d1/3
0.0052d1/3
0.0052d1/3
Table 10.3 Recommended tolerance in millimeters for clases of fit.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Text Reference: Table 10.2 & 10.3, page 388
Shaft and Hub Diameters

Type of Fit
Clearance
Interference
Hub Diame te r
Maximum,
Minimu m,
d h,max
dh,min
d+tlh
d
d+tlh
d
S haft Diamete r
Maximum,
Minimu m,
d s,max
d s,min
d-a
d-a-t ls
d++t ls
d+
Table 10.4 Maximum and minimum diameters of shaft and hub for two types of
fit.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Internally Pressurized Thin-Walled Cyclinder
Figure 10.1 Internally pressurized thin-walled cylinder. (a) Stresses acting on

cylinder; (b) stresses acting on element.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Internally Pressurized Thin Walled Cylinder
Figure 10.2 Front view of internally pressurized, thin-walled cylinder.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Thick Walled Cylinder
Figure 10.3 Complete front view of thick-walled cylinder internally and externally
pressurized. (a) With stresses acting on cylinder; (b) with stresses acting on element.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Polar Element of Thick Walled Cylinder
Figure 10.4 Cylindrical polar

element before and after deformation.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stresses in Thick Walled Cylinder
Figure 10.5 Internally pressurized,

thick-walled cylinder showing
circumferential (hoop) and radial
stresses for various radii. [Juvinall
(1967).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stresses in Externally
Pressurized Cylinder
Figure 10.6 Externally pressurized, thickwalled cylinder showing circumferential

(hoop) and radial stresses for various radii.
[Juvinall (1967).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stresses in Rotating Cylinder

Figure 10.7 Stresses in rotating
cylinder with central hole and no
pressurization. [Juvinall (1967).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Rotating Solid Cylinder Stresses
Figure 10.8 Stresses in rotating solid cylinder

with no pressurization. [Juvinall (1967).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Side View of Press Fit
Figure 10.9 Side view showing interference in press fit of hollow shaft to hub.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Interference Fit
Figure 10.10 Front view showing (a) cylinder assembled

with an interference fit and (b) hub and hollow shaft
disassembled (also showing interference pressure).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 10.10
Figure 10.11 Block placed between two rigid jaws of clamp (a) and forces acting (b).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Extrusion Process and

Equipment
Figure 10.12 (a) Schematic of the extrusion process.

(b) A typical extrusion press.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 11: Shafting and Associated Parts

When a man has a vision, he cannot get the power from the vision until he has
performed it on the Earth for the people to see.
Black Elk, Oglala Sioux visionary, as told to John Niedhart.
Image: A crankshaft from an automotive diesel engine.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Shaft Assembly
Figure 11.1 Shaft Assembly.

(a) Shaft with two bearings at
A and B and two gears with
resulting forces P1 and P2;
(b) free-body diagram of
torque and forces resulting
from assembly drawing; (c)
moment diagram in x-z and
x-y planes; (d) torque
diagram.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 11.1
Figure 11.2 Illustration used in Example

11.1. (a) Chain drive assembly; (b) freebody diagram of forces; (c) bending
moment diagram.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 11.2
Figure 11.3 Figures used in Example 11.2. (a) Assembly drawing; (b)
free-body diagram.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 11.2 (cont.)

Figure 11.3 Figures used in
Example 11.2. (c) moment
diagram in x-y plane; (d)
moment diagram in x-z
plane; (e) torque diagram.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fluctuating Stresses on
Shaft
Figure 11.4 Fluctuating normal and

shear stresses acting on shaft. (a)
Stresses acting on rectangular
element; (b) stresses acting on
oblique plane at angle .
1998 McGraw-Hill
Soderberg Line for Shear Stress
Figure 11.5 Soderberg line for shear stress.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Illustration of Eq. (11.29)
Figure 11.6 Illustration of relationship given in Eq. (11.29).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 11.4
Figure 11.7 Section of shaft used in Example 11.4.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Single Spring-Mass System
Figure 11.8
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 11.5
Figure 11.9 Simply supported shaft arrangement used in

Example 11.5.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Flat Key Assembly
Figure 11.10 Flat key assembly. (a) Crosssectional view of assembly of shaft, hub,
and key; (b) three-dimensional view of flat
key.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Flywheel on Shaft
Figure 11.11 Flywheel with driving (mean) torque Tm and load

torque Tl.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Coefficient of
Type of equipment
Crushing machinery
Electrical machinery
Electrical machinery, direct driven
Engines with belt transmission
Flour milling machinery
Gear wheel transmission
Hammering machinery
Machine tools
Paper-making machinery
Pumping machinery
Shearing machinery
Spinning machinery
Textile machinery
Fluctuation
Cf
0.200
0.003
0.002
0.030
0.020
0.020
0.200
0.030
0.025
0.030-0.050
0.030-0.050
0.010-0.020
0.025
Table 11.1 Coefficient of fluctuation for various types of equipment [Adapted from
Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook (1969).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 11.7
Figure 11.12 Load or output torque cariation for one cycle used
in Example 11.7.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Mate rial
Ceramics
Composites:
P erfo rmanc e
Materials for
Flywheels
index,
M,
f
CFRPa
kJ/kg
200-2000
(compression only)
200-500
GFRP b
100-400
Beryllium
300
High strength steel

High strength aluminum
High strength magnesium alloys
Titanium alloys
Lead alloys
Cast Iron
a
100-200
100-200
100-200
100-200
3
8-10
Co mment
Brittle and weak in tension.
Eliminate.
The best performance. A good
choice
Almost as good as CFRP and
cheaper . Excellent choice.
Good but expensive, difficult
to work, and toxic.
All about equal in
performance. Steal and ALalloys cheaper than Mg and Ti
alloys.
High density makes these a
good (and traditional) selection
when performance is velocity
limites, not strength limited.
Ceramic-fiber reinforced polymer

Graphite-fiber reinforced polymer
Table 11.2 Materials for flywheels. [Adapted from Ashby (1992).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Punch Press
Figure 11.13 Punch Press
1998 McGraw-Hill
Torque Requirements of Press
Figure 11.14 Torque requirements of mechanical power press. (TDC=top

dead center, BDC=bottom dead center.)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 12: Hydrodynamic and

Hydrostatic Bearings and Seals
A cup of tea, standing in a dry saucer, is apt to slip about in an awkward
manner, for which a remedy is found in introduction of a few drops of water, or
tea, wetting the parts in contact.
Lord Rayleigh (1918)
Image: Kingsbury Bearing

1998 McGraw-Hill
Density Wedge
Figure 12.1 Density Wedge Mechanism. [From Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stretch Mechanism
Figure 12.2 Stretch Mechanism. [From Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Physical Wedge
Figure 12.3 Physical wedge mechanism. [From Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Normal Squeeze
Figure 12.4 Normal squeeze mechanism. [From Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Translation Squeeze
Figure 12.5 Translation squeeze mechanism. [From Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Local Expansion
Figure 12.6 Local expansion mechanism. [From

Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Velocity Profiles in Slider Bearing
Figure 12.7 Velocity profiles in a parallel-surface slider bearing.

[From Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Flow In Fixed-Incline
Slider Bearing
Figure 12.8 Flow within a fixed-incline

slider bearing. (a) Couette flow; (b)
Poiseuille flow; (c) resulting velocity
profile. [From Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Thrust Bearing
Figure 12.9 Thrust slider bearing geometry. [From Hamrock (1991).]

1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 12.2
Figure 12.10 Thrust slider
bearing used in Example
12.2.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 12.2
Figure 12.11 Pressure distribution for ns=0.5 and H0=1.0 for two inlet pressures
obtained from Example 12.2.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Forces and Film Geometry
Figure 12.12 Force components and oil film geometry in a hydrodynamically

lubricated thrust slider bearing. [From Hamrock (1991).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fixed Incline Slider Bearing

Figure 12.13 Side view of fixed-incline
slider bearing. [From Raimondi and
Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Configuration of Slider Bearing
Figure 12.14 Configuration of multiple fixed-incline slider

thrust bearing. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Film Thickness vs. Length to

Width Ratio
Figure 12.15 Chart for

determining minimum film
thickness corresponding to
maximum load or minimum
power loss for various pad
proportions - fixed-incline
bearings. [From Raimondi
and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Minimum Film Thickness vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.16 Chart for determining minimum film thickness for fixed-incline
thrust bearings [From Raimondi and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Temperature Rise vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.17 Chart for determining dimensionless temperature rise due to viscous
shear heating of lubricant in fixed-incline thrust bearing. [From Raimondi and
Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Friction Coefficient vs. Bearing Number

determining performance
parameters of fixed-incline
slider bearings. (a) Friction
coefficient. [From Raimondi
and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Power Loss vs. Bearing Number

parameters of fixed-incline
slider bearings. (b) Power
Loss. [From Raimondi and
Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Lubricant Flow vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.18 Chart for determining performance parameters of fixed-incline slider

bearings. (c) Lubricant Flow. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Side Flow vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.18 Chart for determining performance parameters of fixed-incline slider

bearings. (c) Lubricant side flow. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Oil Film
for Given
Surface
FinishA l l ow abl e
De s cri pti on o f
Ex ampl es of
Ap prox imate
S urface fi ni s h
(cen terli n e
average ) R a
m
0.1-0.2
i n.
4-8
0.2-0.4
8-16
0.4-0.8
16-32
0.8-1.6
32-63
1.6-3.2
63-125
s urface
Mirror-like surface
without toolmarks;close
tolerances.
S mooth surface without
scratches; close
tolerances.
S mooth surface; close
tolerances.
Accurate bearing surface
without toolmarks
S mooth surface without
objectionable toolmarks;
moderate tolerances
manufac tu ri ng
metho ds
rel ati ve c os ts
Grind, lap and

super finish
17-20
mi n i mum
outl et fi l m
thi ckn es s a ,
h0
m
i n.
2.5
100
Grind and lap
17-20
6.2
250
Grind, file and lap

Grind, precision
mill and file
S hape, mill,
grind and turn
10
12.5
500
25
1000
50
2000
The values of film thick ness are giv en only for guidance. They indicate the film thick ness required to avoid
metal-to-metal contact under clean o il condition s with no misalignment. It may be necessary to take a larger film
thick ness th an that in dicated (e. g. , to obtain an acceptable temp erature rise). It has been assumed th at the average
surface finish of the pads is the same as that of the runner.
Table 12.1 Allowable minimum outlet film thickness for a given surface finish [From
Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1967)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pivoted Pad Thrust Bearing
Figure 12.19 Side view of pivoted

pad thrust bearing. [From Raimondi
and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Configuration of Pivoted Pad Thrust Bearing
Figure 12.20 Configuration of multiple pivoted-pad thrust bearing.

[From Raimondi and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pivot Location vs. Length to Width Ratio
Figure 12.21 Chart for determining pivot location corresponding to maximum

load or minimum power loss for various pad proportions pivoted-pad bearings.
[From Raimondi and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Outlet Film Thickness vs. Pivot Location
Figure 12.22 Chart for determining outlet film thickness for pivoted-pad
thrust bearings. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Temperature Rise vs. Pivot Location
Figure 12.23 Chart for determining dimensionless temperature rise due to

viscous shear heating of lubricant for pivoted-pad thrust bearings. [From
Raimondi and Boyd (1955)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Performance Parameters of Pivoted-Pad Thrust

Bearings
Figure 12.24 Chart for determining performance parameters of pivoted-pad

thrust bearings. (a) Film thickness ratio; (b) Coefficient of friction. [From
Raimondi and Boyd (1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Performance Parameters of Pivoted-Pad Thrust

Bearings

parameters of pivoted-pad
thrust bearings. (a) Film
thickness ratio; (b)
Coefficient of friction.
[From Raimondi and Boyd
(1955).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Journal Bearing Pressure Distribution
Figure 12.25 Pressure distribution

around a journal bearing.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Concentric Journal Bearing
Figure 12.26 Concentric journal bearing.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Journal and Bearing Surfaces for Concentric

Journal Bearing
Figure 12.27 Developed journal and bearing surfaces for a concentric journal
bearing.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Minimum Film Thickness vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.28 Effect of bearing number on minimum film thickness for

four diameter-to-width ratios. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1958).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Attitude Angle vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.29 Effect of bearing number on attitude angle for four diameter-towidth ratios. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1958).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Dimensionless Friction vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.30 Effect of bearing number on coefficient of friction for four diameter-towidth ratios. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1958)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Flow Rate vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.31 Effect of bearing number on dimensionless volumetric flow

rate for four diameter-to-width ratios. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1958).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Side Flow vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.32 Effect of bearing number on side-leakage flow for four

diameter-to-width ratios. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1958).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Maximum Pressure vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.33 Effect of bearing number on dimensionless maximum film pressure

for four diameter-to-width ratios. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1958).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Location of Maximum Pressure vs. Bearing Number
Figure 12.34 Effect of bearing number on location of terminating and maximum

pressures for four diameter-to-width ratios. [From Raimondi and Boyd (1958).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Effect of Radial Clearance
Figure 12.35 Effect of radial clearance on some performance parameters for

a particular case.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Types of Fixed-Incline Preloaded Journal Bearings
Figure 12.36 Types of fixedincline preloaded journal

bearing and their offset factors
a. Preload factor mp=0.4. (a)
Elliptical bore bearing
(a=0.5); (b) offset-half
bearing (a=1.125); (c) threelobe bearing (a=0.5); (d) fourlobe bearing (a=0.5). [From
Allaire and Flack (1980)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Effect of Preload Factor on Two-Lobe Bearings

Figure 12.37 Effect of preload
factor mp on two-lobe bearings.
(a) Largest shaft that fits in
bearing; (b) mp =0, largest shaft
ra, bearing clearance cb=c; (c) mp
=1.0, largest shaft ra, bearing
clearance cb =0. [From Allaire
and Flack (1980).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Squeeze Film Bearing

Figure 12.38 Parallel-surface squeeze film
bearing.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Film Formation in
Hydrostatic Bearings
Figure 12.39 Formation of fluid in

hydrostatic bearing system. (a) Pump
off; (b) pressure build up; (c)
pressure times recess area equals
normal applied load; (d) bearing
operation; (e) increased load; (f)
decreased load. [From Rippel
(1963).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing
Figure 12.40 Radial-flow hydrostatic

thrust bearing with circular step pad.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Internal Combustion Engine
Figure 12.41 Cross section

of internal combustion
engine, showing main
bearing.
Main bearing in case study
1998 McGraw-Hill
Load on Main Bearing

Figure 12.42 Load and direction of
load as a function of time at main
bearing location under consideration.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 13: Rolling-Element Bearings
Since there is no model in

nature for guiding wheels on
axles or axle journals, man
faced a great task in
designing bearings - a task
which has not lost its
importance and attraction to
this day.
[From Rolling Bearings and
Image: An assortment of rolling-element
bearings.
Courtesy
of SKF
Their
Contribution
to the
Progress of Technology
(1986).] Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid
1998 McGraw-Hill
Type
Conrad or deep
groove
Maximum capacity
or filling notch
Self-aligning
internal
Self-aligning
external
Double row,
maximum
Double row, deep
groove
a
Two directions
b
One direction
Characteristics of Ball Bearings

Approximate range
of bore sizes, mm
Minimum Maximu
m
3
1060
Relative capacity
Radial
Thrust
Limiting
speed
factor
Tolerance
to misalignment
1.00
0.7
1.0
015
0.2
1.0
03
10
130
1.2-1.4
120
0.7
0.2
1.0
230
1.0
0.7
1.0
High
110
1.5
0.2
1.0
0.3
110
1.5
1.4
1.0
Table 13.1 Characteristics of representative radial ball

bearings [From Hamrock and Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearings

Type
Approximate
maximum
size, mm
One-directional
320
thrust
Duplex, back to
320
back
Duplex, face to
320
face
Duplex, tandem
320
Two directional or
110
split ring
Double row
140
a
One direction
b
Depends on contact angle
c
Two directions
d
In other direction
Relative capacity
Radial
1.00-1.15
Thrust
1.5-2.3
a,b
Limiting
speed factor
Tolerance
to misalignment
b1.1-3.0
02
1.85
1.5
3.0
1.85
1.5
3.0
1.85
1.15
2.4
1.5
3.0
3.0
0
02
1.85
0.8
1.5
Table 13.2 Characteristics of representative angular-contact

ball bearings [Minimum bore size, 10 mm. From Hamrock
and Anderson (1983]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Type
Approximate range
of bore
Relative
Limiting
Tolerance
Characteristics
of
Thrust
Ball
Bearings
sizes, mm
thrust
speed
to mis-
One directional,
flat race
One directional,
grooved race
Two directional,
grooved race
a
One direction
b
Accepts eccentricity
c
Two directions
Minimum
6.45
Maximum
88.9
6.45
15
capacity
factor
alignment
0.7
0.10
b0
1180
1.5
0.30
220
1.5
0.30
Table 13.3 Characteristics of representative thrust ball

bearings. [Relative radial capacity, 0. From Hamrock
and Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Characteristics
Roller
Approxi mate of
rangeCylindrical
of
Rel ati ve capaci
ty
LiBearings
mi ti ng
Tol erance
Type
bore s i zes , mm
Seperable outer
ring, nonlocating
(N)
Seperable inner
ring, nonlocating
(NU)
Seperable inner
ring, one direction
locating (NJ)
Seperable inner
ring, two-direction
locating (NUP)
a
One direction
b
Two directions
s peed
factor
to mi s al i gnment
Mi ni mum
10
Maxi mum
320
Radi al
1.55
Thrus t
0
1.20
05
12
500
1.55
1.20
05
12
320
1.55
Locating
1.15
05
20
320
1.55
1.15
05
Locating
Table 13.4 Characteristics of representative cylindrical

roller bearings [From Hamrock and Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ty pe
Appro x i mate rang e o f

Rel ati v e capaci ty
Li mi ti ng
Tol erance
Characteristics
of
Spherical
Roller
Bearings
bo re s i zes , mm
s peed
to mi s -
Single row, barrel

or convex
Double row, barrel
or convex
Thrust
Double row,
concave
a
Symmetric rollers
b
Asymmetric rollers
facto r
al i gnment
Mi ni mum
20
Max i mum
320
Radi al
2.10
Thrus t
0.20
0.50
25
1250
2.40
0.70
0.50
130
85
360
0.35-0.50
0.50
130
50
130
0.10
b
0.10
2.40
1.80
2.40
0.70
Table 13.5 Characteristics of representative spherical roller

bearings. [From Hamrock and Anderson (1983)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Radial Single Row Ball Bearings
Figure 13.1 Cross section

through radial single-row ball
bearings. [From Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ball and Outer Race
Figure 13.2 Cross section of ball and outer

race, showing race conformity. [From Hamrock
and Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Radial Bearing
Figure 13.3 Cross section of radial bearing, showing

ball-race contact due to axial shift of inner and outer
races. (a) Initial position; (b) shifted position. [From
Hamrock and Anderson
(1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Free Contact Angle

and Endplay vs.
Clearance
Figure 13.4 Free
contact angle and
endplay as a
function of cd/2d for
four values of total
conformity ratio.
[From Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Shoulder Height
Figure 13.5 Shoulder height in ball bearing.

[From Hamrock and Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ball Bearing Cross Section

Figure 13.6 Cross section of
ball bearing. [From
Hamrock and Anderson
(1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Crowned Rollers
Figure 13.7 (a) Spherical roller (fully crowned)

and (b) cylindrical roller (partially crowned).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Spherical Roller Bearing Geometry
Figure 13.8 Geometry of

spherical roller bearing
[From Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Spherical Roller Bearing
Figure 13.9 Schematic diagram

of spherical roller bearing,
showing diametral play and
endplay. [From Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Contact Angles in Ball Bearing
Figure 13.10 Contact angles

in ball bearing at appreciable
speeds. [From Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Angular Ball Velocities
Figure 13.11 Angular velocities

of ball. [From Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ball-Spin Axis Orientations
Figure 13.12 Ball-spin axis orientations for (a) outerrace control and (b) inner-race control. [From
Hamrock and Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Tapered Roller Bearing Geometry
Figure 13.13 Simplified geometry for tapered-roller

bearing. [From Hamrock and Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Radially Loaded Rolling

Element Bearing
1998 McGraw-Hill
Figure 13.14 Radially loaded rolling

element bearing. (a) Concentric
arrangement; (b) initial contact; (c)
interference.
[From
Hamrock
and
Text Reference:
Figure 13.14, page
570
Contact Ellipse
Figure 13.15 Contact ellipse in bearing race under load.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Angular Contact Ball Bearing Under

Thrust Load
Figure 13.16 Angularcontact ball bearing

under thrust load.
[From Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Mounting Angular
Contact Bearings
Figure 13.17 Angularcontact bearings in

back-to-back
arrangement, shown (a)
individually as
manufactured and (b) as
mounted with preload.
[From Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Thrust Load vs. Axial Deflection
Figure 13.18 Thrust load-axial deflection curve for typical

ball bearing. [From Hamrock and Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Single Row Deep Groove Ball Bearings

Principal Dimensions
db
mm
in
2.5
0.0984
5
0.1969
7
0.2756
10
0.3937
15
0.5906
da
mm
in
8
0.3150
11
0.4331
19
0.7480
14
0.5512
19
0.7480
26
1.0236
35
1.3780
24
0.9449
28
1.1024
32
1.2598
32
1.2598
35
1.3780
42
1.6535
bw
mm
in
2.8
0.1102
3
0.1181
6
0.2362
3.5
0.1378
5
0.1969
8
0.3150
11
0.4331
5
0.1969
7
0.2756
8
0.3150
9
0.3543
11
0.4331
13
0.5118
Basic load ratings

dynamic
C
N
lbf
319
71.7
637
143
1720
387
956
215
1380
310
4620
1040
8060
1810
1560
351
4030
906
5590
1260
5590
1260
7800
1750
11400
2560
static
C0
106
23.8
255
57.3
620
139
400
89.9
585
132
1960
441
3400
764
800
180
2040
459
2850
641
2850
641
3750
843
5400
1210
Allowable
load limit
w a ll
4
0.899
11
2.47
26
5.85
17
3.82
25
5.62
83
18.7
143
32.1
34
7.64
85
19.1
120
27.0
120
27.0
160
36.0
228
51.3
Speed ratings
grease
oil
rpm
67000
80000
53000
63000
36000
43000
45000
53000
36000
43000
30000
36000
20000
26000
28000
34000
24000
30000
22000
28000
22000
28000
19000
24000
17000
20000
Abutment and fillet

Dimensions
D b,min
mm
in
3.7
0.146
6.2
0.244
7
0.276
8.2
0.323
12
0.472
12
0.472
14
0.551
17
0.669
17
0.669
17
0.669
17
0.669
19
0.748
20
0.787
Da ,ma x
mm
in
6.8
0.268
9.8
0.386
17
0.669
12.8
0.504
17
0.669
24
0.945
31
1.220
22
0.866
26
1.024
30
1.181
30
1.181
31
1.220
37
1.457
r a ,ma x
mm
in
0.1
0.004
0.1
0.004
0.3
0.012
0.1
0.004
0.3
0.012
0.3
0.012
0.6
0.024
0.3
0.012
0.3
0.012
0.3
0.012
0.3
0.012
0.6
0.024
1
0.039
Note: See additional Data in SKF Folder on CD.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Combined Load on Deep Groove Ball Bearing
Figure 13.19 Combined load

acting on a radial deep-groove ball
bearing.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bearing Type
Radial and Single

Thrust FactorsDouble
Radial deep-groove ball

Radial angular-contact
ball
Radial self-aligning ball

Radial spherical roller
Radial tapered roller
=20
=25
=30
=35
=40
Row
X0
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Y0
0.5
0.42
Row
X0
0.6
1
Y0
0.5
0.84
0.38
0.33
0.29
0.26
0.22cot
0.22cot
0.22cot
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.76
0.66
0.58
0.52
0.44cot
0.44cot
0.44cot
Table 13.8 Radial factor X0 and thrust factor Y0 for statically

stressed radial bearings.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fatigue Spall
Figure 13.20 Typical fatigue spall. [From Hamrock and

Anderson (1983).] Text Reference: Figure 13.20, page 586
1998 McGraw-Hill
Distribution of Bearing Fatigue Failures

Figure 13.21
Distribution of
bearing fatigue
failures. [From
Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
m Similarly Stressed Volumes
Figure 13.22 Representation of m similarly

stressed volumes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Weibull Plot of Bearing Failures
Figure 13.23 Typical

Weibull plot of bearing
fatigue failures. [From
Hamrock and
Anderson (1983).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Capacity Formulas for Radial and Angular Bearings

B e ari n g t y p e
S i n g l e ro w b e ari n g s
Pa/ Pr<e
Deep groove
ball bearings
Angular contact
ball bearings
Self-aligning
ball bearings
Spherical roller
bearings
Tapered roller
bearings
Pl/C0 =0.025
Pl/C0 =0.04
Pl/C0 =0.07
Pl/C0 =0.13
Pl/C0 =0.25
Pl/C0 =0.50
=20
=25
=30
=35
=40
=45
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.31
0.37
0.44
0.57
0.68
0.80
0.95
1.14
1.33
1.5 x
tan
1.5 x
tan
1.5 x
tan
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Y
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pa/ Pr>e
X
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.43
0.41
0.39
0.37
0.35
0.33
Y
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
1
0.87
0.76
0.66
0.57
0.50
Do ub l e ro w b e ari n g s
Pa/ Pr<e
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.09
0.92
0.78
0.66
0.55
0.47
0.42 x
cot
0.45 x
cot
0.42 x
cot
0.70
0.67
0.63
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.65
1.63
1.41
1.24
1.07
0.93
0.81
0.65 x
cot
0.67 x
cot
0.67 x
cot
1
1
0.40
0.40 x
cot
Pa/ Pr>e
0.67
0.67
Table 13.9 Capacity formulas for rectangular and elliptical

conjunctions for radial
and angular
bearings.
Text Reference:
Table 13.9, page
592
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bearing type
Radial
and Thrust Factors
e
Single acting
Double acting
Pa/Pr >e
Thrust
ball
=45
=60
=75
Spherical roller
thrust
1.25
2.17
4.67
1.5tan
X
0.66
0.92
1.66
tan
Tapered roller
1.5tan
tan
Pa/Pr <e
Pa/Pr >e
Y
1
1
1
1
X
1.18
1.90
3.89
1.5tan
Y
0.59
0.55
0.52
0.67
X
0.66
0.92
1.66
tan
Y
1
1
1
1
1.5tan
0.67
tan
Table 13.10 Radial factor X and thrust factor Y for thrust

bearings.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material Factors
Material
52100
M-1
M-2
M-10
M-50
T-1
Halmo
M-42
WB49
440C
1998 McGraw-Hill
Material
Factor,
D
2.0
0.6
0.6
2.0
2.0
0.6
2.0
0.2
0.6
0.6-0.8
Table 13.11 Material factors for throughhardened bearing materials. [From

Bamberger (1971); air-melted materials
assumed.]Text Reference: Table 13.11, page 593
Fatigue Life vs. Film Parameter
Figure 13.24 Group

fatigue life L10 as
function of
dimensionless film
parameter. [From
Tallian (1967)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Lubrication Factor vs. Film Parameter
Figure 13.25
Lubrication factor
as function of
dimensionless film
parameter. [From
Bamberger (1971).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Railroad Boxcar Wheel Bearing
(a)
(b)
Figure 13.26 Railroad boxcar wheel assembly and (b)

disassembled axle, showing bearing components.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 14: Gears

Just stare at the machine. There is
nothing wrong with that. Just live
with it for a while. Watch it the way
you watch a line when fishing and
before long, as sure as you live,
youll get a little nibble, a little fact
asking in a timid, humble way if
youre interested in it. Thats the
way the world keeps on happening.
Be interested in it.
Robert Piersig, Zen and the Art of
Motorcycle Maintenance
Image: An assortment of gears.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Spur Gear Drive
Figure 14.1 Spur gear drive.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Helical Gear Drive
Figure 14.2 Helical gear drive.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Straight Tooth Bevel Gear Drive
Figure 14.3 Bevel gear drive with

straight teeth.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Worm Gear Drive
Figure 14.4 Worm gear drive. (a) Cylindrical

teeth; (b) double enveloping.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Spur Gear Geometry
Figure 14.5 Basic

spur gear geometry.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Gear Tooth Nomenclature
Figure 14.6 Nomenclature of gear teeth.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Preferred Diametral Pitches

Class
Coarse
Medium coarse
Fine
Ultrafine
Diametral pitch,
pd, in.-1
1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
12, 14, 16, 18
20, 24, 32, 48, 64,
72, 80, 96, 120, 128
150, 180, 200
Table 14.1 Preferred diametral pitches for four

tooth classes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Diametral Pitches
Figure 14.7 Standard diametral pitches compared

with tooth size. Full size is assumed.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Addendum, Dedendum and Clearance
Parameter
S ymbol
Addendum
Dedendum
Clearance
a
b
c
Coarse Pitch
(pd<20in-1)
1/ pd
1.25/ pd
0.25/ pd
Fine pitch
(pd 20in-1)
1/ pd
1.200/ pd+0.002
0.200/ pd+0.002
Metric module
system
1.00 m
1.25 m
0.25 m
Table 14.2 Formulas for addendum, dedendum,

and clearance (pressure angle 20, full-depth
involute.)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pitch and Base Circles
Figure 14.8 Pitch and base

circles for pinion and gear
as well as line of action and
pressure angle.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Involute Curve
Figure 14.9 Construction of involute curve.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Contact Ratio
Figure 14.10 Illustration of parameters important in

defining contact ratio.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Line of Action
Figure 14.11 Details of line of

action, showing angles of
approach and recess for both
pinion and gear.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Backlash
Figure 14.12 Illustration of backlash in

gears.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Recommended Minimum Backlash

Diametral
pitch
pd, in.-1
18
12
8
5
3
2
1.25
Center distance, cd, in.
8
Backlash, bl, in.
16
32
0.005
0.006
0.007
-
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.010
0.014
-
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.016
0.021
-
0.014
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.034
0.028
0.033
0.042
Table 14.3 Recommended minimum backlash for coarse-pitch gears.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Externally Meshing Spur Gears
Figure 14.13 Externally meshing spur gears.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Internally Meshing Spur Gears
Figure 14.14
Internally meshing
spur gears.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Simple Gear Train
Figure 14.15 Simple gear train.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Compound Gear Train
Figure 14.16 Compound gear train.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 14.7
Figure 14.17 Gear train used in

Example 14.7.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Allowable Bending Stress vs. Brinell

Hardness
Figure 14.18 Effect of Brinell hardness on allowable bending stress for

two grades of through-hardened steel [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012F90, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols, American
Gear Manufacturing Association, 1990.]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Contact Stress vs. Brinell Hardness
Figure 14.19 Effect of Brinell Hardness on allowable contact stress for two grades of
through-hardened steel. [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definition of Terms with Symbols, American Gear Manufacturing Association, 1990.]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Forces on Gear Tooth

Figure 14.20 Forces
acting on individual
gear tooth.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bending Stresses
Figure 14.21 Forces and length dimensions used in

determining bending tooth stresses. (a) Tooth; (b)
cantilevered beam.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Number of
Teetch
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Lewis form
Number of
Lewis
Form
Factors
Factor
Teeth
0.176
0.192
0.210
0.223
0.236
0.245
0.256
0.264
0.270
0.277
0.283
0.292
0.302
0.308
0.314
0.318
0.322
34
36
38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
90
100
150
200
300
Lewis form
factor
0.325
0.329
0.332
0.336
0.340
0.346
0.352
0.355
0.358
0.360
0.361
0.363
0.366
0.368
0.375
0.378
0.382
Table 14.4 Lewis form factors for various numbers

of teeth (pressure angle 20, full depth involute).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Spur Gear Geometry Factors
Figure 14.22 Spur gear geometry factors for pressure angle of 20 and full-depth
involute. [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms
with Symbols, American Gear Manufacturing Association, 1990.]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Application Factor
Driven Machines
Power Source
Uniform
Uniform
Light shock
Moderate shock
1.00
1.20
1.30
Light shock
Moderate shock
Application factor, Ka
1.25
1.50
1.40
1.75
1.70
2.00
Heavy shock
1.75
2.25
2.75
Table 14.5 Application factor as a function of driving power

source and driven machine.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Size Factor
Diametral pitch pd,
in.-1
5
4
3
3
1.25
Module, m,
mm
5
6
8
12
20
Size factor, Ks
1.00
1.05
1.15
1.25
1.40
Table 14.6 Size factor as a function of diametral

pitch or module.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Load Distribution Factor
Figure 14.23 Load distribution factor as

function of face width and ratio of face width to
pitch diameters. Commercial quality gears
assumed. [From Mott (1992).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Dynamic Factor
Figure 14.24 Dynamic factor as function of pitchline velocity and transmission accuracy level
number.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Helical Gear
Figure 14.25 Helical gear. (a) Front view; (b)

side view.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pitches of Helical Gears
Figure 14.26 Pitches of helical gears. (a)

Circular; (b) axial.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Gears Inside Industrial Mixer
Figure 14.27
Gears inside
industrial mixer.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Motor Torque and Speed
Figure 14.28 Torque and speed of motor as

function of current for industrial mixer used in case
1998 McGraw-Hill
study.
Chapter 15: Fasteners and Power Screws

Engineers need to be continually reminded that nearly all engineering
failures result from faulty judgments rather than faulty calculations.
Eugene S. Ferguson, Engineering and the Minds Eye.
Image: A collection of threaded fasteners.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Thread Profile Parameters
Figure 15.1 Parameters used in defining terminology of thread

profile.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Threads
Figure 15.2 (a) Single-, (b) double-, and (c) triple threaded screws.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Thread Profiles
Figure 15.3 Thread profiles. (a) ACME; (b) UN.
1998 McGraw-Hill
M and UN Thread Profiles
Figure 15.4 Details of M and UN thread profiles.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Thread Classifications
Bol ts
1A
2A
3A
Inc h seri es
Nuts
1B
2B
3B
Metric seri es
Bolts
Nuts
8g
7H
6g
6H
8h
5H
Table 15.1 Inch and metric equivalent thread classification.
1998 McGraw-Hill
ACME Thread Profile
Figure 15.5 Details of ACME thread profile. (All dimensions are

in inches.)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cres t diameter,
d c, in.
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
2 1/4
2 1/2
2 3/4
3
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
N umber of
Tens ile s tres s
S hear s tres s
ACME
Properties
threads Thread
per inch,
area,
A , in
area, A , in
n
a
16
14
12
12
10
8
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
0.02663
0.04438
0.06589
0.09720
0.1225
0.1955
0.2732
0.4003
0.5175
0.6881
0.8831
1.030
1.266
1.811
2.454
2.982
3.802
4.711
5.181
7.338
9.985
12.972
16.351
0.3355
0.4344
0.5276
0.6396
0.7278
0.9180
1.084
1.313
1.493
1.722
1.952
2.110
2.341
2.803
3.262
3.610
4.075
4.538
4.757
5.700
6.640
7.577
8.511
Table 15.2 Crest diameters, threads per inch, and stresses for Acme thread.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Power Screw with Collar

Figure 15.6 Dimensions and
angles of power screw with
collar.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Power Screw Forces
Figure 15.7 Forces acting in raising load of power screw. (a) Forces acting on
parallelepiped; (b) forces acting on axial section; (c) forces acting on tangential plane.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Types of Threaded Fasteners
Figure 15.8 Three types of threaded fastener. (a) Bolt and nut; (c) Cap
screw; (c) stud.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Connection Simulated as Bolt and Joint Springs
Figure 15.9 Bolt-and-nut assembly

simulated as bolt-and-joint spring.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Force vs. Deflection

of Bolt and Member
Figure 15.10 Force versus deflection of

bolt and member. (s) Seperated bolt and
joint; (b) assembled bolt and joint.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Force vs. Deflection with External Load
Figure 15.11 Forces versus deflection of bolt and joint when external load is applied.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bolt and Nut

Figure 15.12 Bolt and
nut. (a) Assembled;
(b) stepped-shaft
representation of
shank and threaded
section.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bolt and Nut Assembly
Figure 15.13 Bolt-and-nut

assembly with conical fustrum
stress representation of joint.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Constants for Joint Stiffness Formula

Material
Steel
Aluminum
Copper
Gray cast iron
Poiss ons
ratio,
0. 291
0. 334
0. 326
0. 211
Modulus of
Elasticity, E,
GPa
206. 8
71.0
118. 6
100. 0
N umerical Constants
Ai
Bi
0. 78715
0.62873
0. 79670
0.63816
0. 79568
0.63553
0. 77871
0.61616
Table 15.3 Constants used in joint stiffness formula [Eq. (15.26)] [From
Wileman et al (1991)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 15.6
Figure 15.14 Hexagonal bolt-and-nut assembly used in Example 15.6. (a)

Assembly and dimensions; (b) dimensions of frustum cone. (All dimensions
are in millimeters.)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Strength of Bolts (Inches)
SAE grade
1
2
4
5
7
8
Range of
cres t
diameters,
in.
1/4 - 1 1/2
1/4 - 3/4
3/4-1 1/2
1/4 - 1 1/2
1/4 - 1
1 - 1 1/2
1/4 - 1 1/2
1/4 - 1 1/2
U ltimate
tensile
s trength, S ut,
ksi
60
74
60
115
120
105
133
150
Yield
strength, S y,
ksi
36
57
36
100
92
81
115
130
Proof
s trength, S p ,
ks i
33
55
33
65
85
74
105
120
Table 15.4 Strength of steel bolts for various sizes in inches.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Strength of Bolts (Millimeters)

Ultimate
Crest
tensile
Yield
diameter, dc ,
strength, Sut,
strength, S y,
Metric grade
mm
MPa
MPa
4.6
M 5-M 36
400
240
4.8
M 1.6-M 16
420
340a
5.8
M 5-M 24
520
415a
8.8
M 17-M 36
830
660
9.8
M 1.6-M 16
900
720a
10.9
M 6-M 36
1040
940
12.9
M 1.6-M 36
1220
1100
aYield strength approximate and not included in standard.
Proof
strength, Sp ,
MPa
225
310
380
600
650
830
970
Table 15.5 Strength of steel bolts for various sizes in millimeters.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cres t
diameter,
d c, in.
0.0600
0.0730
0.0860
0.0990
0.1120
0.1250
0.1380
0.1640
0.1900
0.2160
0.3500
0.3125
0.3750
0.4735
0.5000
0.5625
0.6250
0.7500
0.8750
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375
1.500
1.750
2.000
1998 McGraw-Hill
Coarse and Fine

Fine Thread
Threads (U N F) Dimensions
N umber of
Tens ile
Coars e Threads (U NC)

N umber of
Tens ile
threads per
s tres s area,
inch, n
A t, in. 2
64
0.00263
56
0.00370
48
0.00487
40
0.00604
40
0.00796
32
0.00909
32
0.0140
24
0.0175
24
0.0242
20
0.0318
18
0.0524
16
0.0775
14
0.1063
13
0.1419
12
0.182
11
0.226
10
0.334
9
0.462
8
0.606
7
0.763
7
0.969
6
1.155
6
1.405
5
1.90
4 1/2
2.50
threads per
inch, n
80
72
64
56
48
44
40
36
32
28
28
24
24
20
20
18
18
16
14
12
12
12
12
12
-
s tres s area,
A t, in. 2
0.00180
0.00278
0.00394
0.00523
0.00661
0.00830
0.01015
0.01474
0.0200
0.0258
0.0364
0.0580
0.0878
0.1187
0.1599
0.203
0.256
0.373
0.509
0.663
0.856
1.073
1.315
1.581
-
Table 15.6 Dimensions

and tensile stress areas for
UN coarse and fine
threads.
Coarse and Fine Thread Dimensions - Metric

Cres t
diameter,
d c, mm
1
1.6
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
16
20
24
30
36
42
48
1998 McGraw-Hill
Coars e Threads (MC)

Tens ile
Pitch, p,
s tres s area,
mm
A t, mm2
0.25
0.460
0.35
1.27
0.4
2.07
0.45
3.39
0.5
5.03
0.7
8.78
0.8
14.2
1
20.1
1.25
36.6
1.5
58.0
1.75
84.3
2
157
2.5
245
3
353
3.5
561
4
817
4.5
1121
5
1473
Fine Threads (MF)

Tens ile
Pitch, p,
s tres s area,
mm
A t, mm2
0.20
1.57
.25
2.45
.35
3.70
.35
5.61
.5
9.79
.5
16.1
.75
22
1
39.2
1.25
61.2
1.25
92.1
1.5
167
1.5
272
2
384
2
621
3
865
-
Table 15.7 Dimensions

and tensile stress areas for
metric coarse and fine
threads.
Separation of Joint
Figure 15.15 Separation of joint.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cyclic Load
Figure 15.16 Forces versus deflection of bolt and joint as function of

time.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fatigue Stress Concentration Factors

SAE grade
0-2
4-8
Metric
g rade
3.6-5.8
6.6-10.9
Ro lled
threads
2.2
3.0
Cut
threads
2.8
3.8
Fillet
2.1
2.3
Table 15.8 Fatigue stress concentration factors for threaded elements.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Gasketed Joint
Figure 15.17 Threaded fastener with unconfined

gasket and two other members.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Failure Modes of Riveted Fasteners
Figure 15.18 Failure modes due to shear loading of riveted fasteners. (a)
Bending of member; (b) shear of rivet; (c) tensile failure of member; (e)
bearing of rivet on member or bearing of member on rivet.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 15.9
Figure 15.19 Group of
riveted fasteners used in
Example 15.9. (a)
Assembly of rivet group;
(b) radii from centroid to
center of rivets; (c)
resulting triangles; (d)
direct and torsional shear
acting on each rivet; (e)
side view of member.
(All dimensions are in
inches.)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 15.10
Figure 15.20 Pedestrian walkway riveted to steel bridge.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fillet Welds
Figure 15.21 Fillet

welds. (a) Cross
section of weld
showing throat and
legs; (b) shear planes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Geometry and Parameters of Welds

Table 15.9 Geometry
of welds and
parameters used when
considering various
types of loading.
[From Mott (1992)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Text Reference: Table 15.9, page 703-704
Geometry and Parameters of Welds (cont.)
Table 15.9 Geometry

of welds and
parameters used when
considering various
types of loading.
[From Mott (1992)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Geometry and Parameters of Welds (cont.)
Table 15.9
Geometry of
welds and
parameters
used when
considering
various types
of loading.
[From Mott
(1992)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Electrode Properties
Electrode Number
E60XX
E70XX
E80XX
E90XX
E100XX
E120XX
Ultimate tensile
strength, S u, ksi
62
70
80
90
100
120
Yield strength, Sy,

ksi
50
57
67
77
87
107
Elongation, ek,
pe rcent
17-25
22
19
14-17
13-16
14
Table 15.10 Minimum strength properties of electrode classes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 15.11
Figure 15.22 Welded bracket used in Example

15.11. (a) Dimensions, load and coordinates; (b)
torsional shear stress components at points A
and B. (All dimensions are in millimeters.)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Fatigue Strength Reduction Factors

Type of weld
Reinforced butt weld
Toe of transverse fillet weld
End of parallel fillet weld
T-butt joint with sharp corners
Fatigue stress
concentration factor, Kf
1.2
1.5
2.7
2.0
Table 15.11 Fatigue strength reduction factors for welds.

[From Shigley and Mischke (1989)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Adhesive Bonded
Joints
Figure 15.23 Four methods of

applying adhesive bonding.
(a) Lap; (b) butt; (c) scarf; (d)
double lap.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Scarf Joint
Figure 15.24 Scarf

joint. (a) Axial loading;
(b) bending; (c) torsion.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Integrated (Snap)
Fasteners
Figure 15.25 Common examples of

integrated fasteners. (a) Module
with four cantilever lugs; (b) cover
with two cantilever and two rigif
lugs; (c) seperable snap joints for
chassis cover.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cantilever Snap Joint
Figure 15.26 Cantilever snap joint.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Snap Fastener Design
Figure 15.27 Permissible deflection of different snap fastener cantilever shapes.

1998 McGraw-Hill
of f rictio n
Friction Coefficients forCoefficient
Polymers
Material
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE (Teflon)
Polyethylene (rigid)
Polyethylene (flexible)
Polypropylene
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
Polystyrene
Polycarbonate
On steel
0. 12-0. 22
0. 20-0. 25
0. 55-0. 60
0. 25-0. 30
0. 50-0. 60
0. 50-0. 65
0. 55-0. 60
0. 40-0. 50
0. 45-0. 55
On s elf -mated
po ly mer
0. 40-0. 50
0. 66-0. 72
0. 38-0. 45
0. 60-0. 72
0. 60-0. 78
0. 55-0. 60
0. 48-0. 60
0. 54-0. 66
Table 15.12 Coefficients of friction for common snap fastener polymers [From
Bayer Corporation (1996)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cylinder End Cap Section
Figure 15.28 End cap of hydraulic cylinder for baler application.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 16: Springs

Entia non multiplicantor sunt prater
necessitatum.
(Do not complicate matters more than
necessary.)
Galileo Galilee
Image: A collection of helical compression

springs
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stress-Strain for One Cycle
Figure 16.1 Stress-strain curve for

one complete cycle.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Spring Materials
Density,
, lbf/in.3
M aximum
service
temper ature
F
Principal char acteristics
11.5 x 10
0.283
250
30 x 106
11.5 x 106
0.283
250
High strength; excellent

fatigue life
General purpose use; poor
fatigue life
Common name
Specification
Modulus
of
Elasticity,
E, psi
High car bon st eels

Music wire
ASTM A228
30 x 10
Hard drawn
ASTM A227
Shear
modulus of
elasticity,
G, psi
Stainless steels
Martensitic
AISI 410, 420
29 x 106
11 x 106
0.280
500
Austenitic
AIAI 301, 302
28 x 106
10 x 106
0.282
600
Copper-based alloys
Spring brass
ASTM B134
16 x 10
6 x 10
0.308
200
Phosphor bronze
ASTM B159
15 x 106
6.3 x 106
0.320
200
Beryllium copper
ASTM B197
19 x 106
6.5 x 106
0.297
400
Nickel-based alloys
Inconel 600
31 x 10
0.307
600
Inconel X-750
Ni-Span C
11 x 10
31 x 10
11 x 10
0.298
1100
27 x 106
9.6 x 106
0.294
200
Unsatisfactory for subzero

applications
Good str ength at moder ate
temper atures; low stress
relaxation
Low cost; high conductivity;
poor mechanical properties
Ability to withstand repeated
flexures; popular alloy
High elastic and fatigue
strength; hardenable.
Good str ength; high cor rosion
resistance
Precipitation hardening; for
high temperatures
Constant modulus over a wide
temper ature range
Table 16.1 Typical properties of common spring materials.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Material
Strength Coefficients
Size range
in.
mm
Music wirea
0.004-0.250
0.10-6.5
Oil-tempered wireb
0.020-0.500
0.50-12
Hard-drawn wirec
0.028-0.500
0.70-12
Chromium vanadiumd
0.032-0.437
0.80-12
Chromium siliconee
0.063-0.375
1.6-10
a
Surface is smooth and free from defects and has a bright, lustrous finish.
b
Surface has a slight heat-treating scale that must be removed before plating.
c
Surface is smooth and bright with no visible marks.
d
Aircraft-quality tempered wire; can also be obtained annealed.
e
Tempered to Rockwel C49 but may also be obtained untempered.
m
0.146
0.186
0.192
0.167
0.112
ksi
196
149
136
169
202
Constant, Ap
Mpa
2170
1880
1750
2000
2000
Table 16.2 Coefficients used in Eq. (16.2) for five spring materials [From Design
Handbook (1987)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Helical Spring
Figure 16.2 Helical coil. (a)

Straight wire before coiling; (b)
coiled wire showing transverese
(or direct) shear; (c) coiled wire
showing torsional shear.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Shear Stresses on Wire and Coil
Figure 16.3 Shear stresses acting on wire and coil. (a) Pure torsional loading;
(b) transverse loading; (c) torsional and transverse loading with no curvature
effects; (d) torsional and transverse loading with curvature effects.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ends Used in Compression Springs
Figure 16.4 Four end types commonly used in compression springs. (a)
Plain; (b) plain and ground; (c) squared; (d) squared and gorund.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Compression Spring Formulas

Term
Number of end coils, Ne
T otal number of coils, Nt
Free length, l f
Solid length, ls
pitch, p
Plain
0
Na
pNa+d
d(Nt+1)
(lf-d)/Na
Type of spring e nd
Plain and
Square d or
ground
close d
1
2
Na+1
Na +2
p(Na +1)
pNa +3d
dNt
d(Nt+1)
lf/(Na +1)
(lf-3d)/Na
Square d and
ground
2
Na+2
pNa+2d
dNt
(lf-2d)/Na
Table 16.3 Useful formulas for compression springs with four end conditions.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Lengths and Forces for Compression Springs
Figure 16.5 Various lengths and forces applicable to helical compression springs. (a)
Unloaded; (b) under initial load; (c) under operating load; (d) under solid load.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Force vs.
Deflection

representation of
deflection, force and
length for four spring
positions.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Buckling Conditions for Compression Springs
Figure 16.7 Critical buckling conditions for parallel and nonparallel ends of
compression springs. [From Design Handbook (1987).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Ends for Extension Springs
Figure 16.8 Ends for extension springs.

(a) Conventional design; (b) side view of
Fig. 16.8 (a); (c) improved design over
Fig 16.8 (a); (d) side view of Fig. 16.8
(c).
1998 McGraw-Hill
Preferred Range of Initial Shear Stress
Figure 16.10 Preferred range of initial shear stress for various spring indexes [From
Almen and Laszlo (1936).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Torsion Spring
Figure 16.11 Helical torsion spring.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Leaf Spring
Figure 16.12 Leaf spring. (a) Triangular-plate, cantilever spring; (b)

equivalent multiple-leaf spring.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Belleville Spring
Figure 16.13 Typical Belleville spring.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Belleville Spring Behavior
Figure 16.14 Force-deflection response of Belleville spring [From Norton

(1996)].
1998 McGraw-Hill
Stacking of Belleville Springs
Figure 16.15 Stacking of Belleville spring. (a) In parallel; (b) in series.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Dickerman Feed Unit
Figure 16.16 Dickerman feed unit. [From SME (1984).]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Case Study - Dickerman Feed Unit Spring
Figure 16.17 Figure used in case study.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 17: Brakes and Clutches

Nothing has such power to broaden the mind
as the ability to investigate systematically and
truly all that comes under thy observation in
life.
Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor
Image: A long-shoe, expanding, internal rim

clutch
1998 McGraw-Hill
Brake and Clutch Types
Figure 17.1 Fives types of brake and clutch. (a)

Internal, expanding rim type; (b) external,
contracting rim type; (c) band brake; (d) thrust
disk; (e) cone disk.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Thrust Disk Clutch Surface
Figure 17.2 Thrust disk clutch

surface with various radii.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Dimensionless Torque vs. Radius Ratio
Figure 17.3 Effect of radius ratio on dimensionless torque for uniform

pressure and uniform wear models.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Properties of
Contacting Materials
Maximum contact pressure,
Maximum bulk temp erature,
b
p m ax
Coefficien t of
Friction material
friction,
psi
Molded
0.25-.045
150-300
W oven
0.25-0.45
50-100
Sintered Metal
0.15-0.45
150-300
Cork
0.30-0.50
8-14
W ood
0.20-0.30
50-90
Cast iron; hard steel
0.15-0.25
100-250
a
When rubbing against smooth cast iron or steel.
b
Use of lower value will give longer life.
a
t m, max
kPa
1030-2070
345-690
1030-2070
55-95
345-620
390-1720
F
400-500
400-500
400-1250
180
200
500
C
204-260
204-260
232-677
82
93
260
Table 17.1 Representative properties of contacting materials operating dry.
1998 McGraw-Hill
a
Properties
Operating
in Oilof friction,
Friction material
Coefficient
Molded
0.06-0.09
Woven
0.08-0.10
Sintered Metal
0.05-0.08
Paper
0.10-0.14
Graphitic
0.12 (avg)
Polymeric
0.11 (avg)
Cork
0.15-0.25
Wood
0.12-0.16
Cast iron; hard steels
0.03-0.16
a
When rubbing against smooth steel or cast iron.
Table 17.2 Coefficients of friction for contacting materials operating in oil.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Forces on Cone
Clutch
Figure 17.4 Forces acting on elements
of cone clutch.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Block (Short Shoe) Brake
Figure 17.5 Block, or short-shoe brake, with two configurations.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 17.3
Figure 17.6 Short-show brake
used in Example 17.3 (All
dimensions are in inches.)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Long-shoe, Internal, Expanding Rim Brake
Figure 17.7 Long-shoe,

internal, expanding rim brake
with two shoes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Forces and Dimensions of Long-Shoe

Expanding Brake
Figure 17.8 Forces and
dimensions of long-shoe,
internal, expanding rim
brake.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 17.4
Figure 17.9 Four-long-shoe, internal,

expanding rim brake used in Example
17.4.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Long-Shoe External Contracting Rim Brake

Figure 17.10 Forces and
dimensions of long-shoe,
external, contracting rim
brake.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pivot Shoe Brake
Figure 17.11 Symmetrically

loaded pivot-shoe brake.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Band Brake
Figure 17.12 Band brake. (a) Forces acting on band; (b) forces acting on element.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 17.7
Figure 17.13 Band brake used
in Example 17.7.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Mobile Crane Hoist Line Brake
Figure 17.14 Hoist line brake for

mobile hydraulic crane.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 18: Flexible Machine Elements

Scientists study the world as it is,
engineers create the world that has
never been.
Theodore von Karman
Image: An assortment of chains and

belts and their associated sprockets
and pulleys. Courtesy of Sterling
Instrument Co.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Open Flat Belt
Figure 18.1 Dimensions, angles of contact, and center distance of open

flat belt.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Weighted Idler
Figure 18.2 Weighted idler used to maintain desired belt tension.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Timing Belt
Figure 18.3 Synchronous, or

timing, belt.
1998 McGraw-Hill
V-Belt in Sheave Groove
Figure 18.4 V-belt in sheave groove.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Driven unit
Agitato rs
Liquid
Semiliquid
Co mpressor
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Co nveyo rs and elevators
Package, oven
Belt
Fans and blowers
Centrifugal, calculating
Exhausters
Fo od machiners
Slicers
Grinders and mixers
Generators
Farm lighting and exciters
Heating and ventilating
Fans and oil burners
Stokers
Laundry machinery
Dryers and ironers
Washers
Machine to ols
Home workshop and woodworking
Pumps
Centrifugal
Recprocating
1998 McGraw-Hill
Overload
facto r
1.2
1.4
Overload Factors
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.2
Table 18.1 Overload service

factors (f1) for various types of
driven unit.
1.2
2.4
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4
Minimum Pulley Pitch Diameter

Belt
type
2L
3L
4L
Size of belt, in.

1/4 x 1/8
1/4 x 7/32
1/2 x 5/16
Minimum pitch diameter, in.

Recommended
Absolute
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.8
Table 18.2 Recommended minimum pitch diameters of pulley for three

belt sizes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Recommended Pulley Diameter

Motor
horsepower, hp
0.50
0.75
1.00
575
2.50
3.00
3.00
Motor speed, rpm

695
870
1160
Recommended pulley diameter, in.
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
3.00
2.50
2.50
1750
2.25
Table 18.3 Recommended pulley diameters in inches for three electric

motor sizes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Loss in arc of
contact, deg
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
in arc of
Arc Correction Loss
Factors
Correction
factor
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.96
0.95
0.93
0.92
0.89
0.89
0.87
contact, deg
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
86
90
Correction
factor
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.76
0.74
0.71
0.69
Table 18.4 Arc correction factors for various angles of loss in arc of contact.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Power Ratings
for Light
Duty in.V-Belt
Pulley effective
outside diameter,
S peed of faster
shaft, rpm
1.00
2.00
1160
1750
3450
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0.05
0.07
0.14
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.08
0.13
0.24
0.05
0.08
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.28
0.31
0.35
3.00
4.00
Rated horsepower, hp
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.35
0.44
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.17
0.22
0.23
0.28
0.27
0.34
0.31
0.40
0.35
0.44
0.38
0.46
0.42
5.00
6.00
0.19
0.28
0.44
0.10
0.19
0.25
0.32
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.21
0.34
0.12
0.21
0.30
0.39
0.44
0.47
Table 18.5 Power ratings for light duty V-belt. (a) 2L section with wt=1/4 in.
and ht=1/8 in.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Power Ratings for Light Duty V-Belt (cont.)

S peed of
faster shaft,
rpm
1160
1750
3450
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1.50
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.04
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.09
Pul ley effective outside diameter, in.

1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
Rated horsepower, hp
0.13
0.18
0.23
0.28
0.34
0.17
0.25
0.32
0.39
0.46
0.25
0.38
0.50
0.62
0.73
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.12
0.16
0.21
0.25
0.30
0.15
0.22
0.29
0.35
0.41
0.19
0.27
0.35
0.43
0.51
0.21
0.31
0.41
0.51
0.60
0.23
0.35
0.45
0.57
0.68
0.25
0.38
0.50
0.62
0.74
0.26
0.40
0.54
0.66
0.78
0.25
0.42
0.56
0.68
0.80
0.26
0.42
0.57
0.69
0.80
3.00
0.39
0.54
0.83
0.19
0.34
0.47
0.59
0.69
0.78
0.84
0.88
0.90
0.89
Table 18.5 Power ratings for light duty V-belt. (b) 3L section with wt=3/8 in.
and ht=1/4 in.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Power Ratings for Light Duty V-Belt (cont.)

S peed of
faster shaft,
rpm
1160
1750
3450
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2.00
2.25
0.12
0.12
0.02
0.08
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.02
-
0.23
0.28
0.30
0.14
0.21
0.26
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.27
0.22
0.15
Pulley effective outside diameter, in.

2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25
3.50
Rated horsepower, hp.
0.34 0.45 0.56 0.67
0.77
0.44 0.60 0.75 0.90
1.05
0.57 0.83 1.07 1.30
1052
0.19 0.24 0.29 0.34
0.39
0.31 0.41 0.50 0.60
0.69
0.40 0.54 0.67 0.81
0.94
0.47 0.65 0.82 0.99
1.15
0.53 0.73 0.94 1.13
1.32
0.56 0.79 1.02 1.24
1.45
0.57 0.83 1.07 1.31
1.53
0.56 0.83 1.09 1.33
1.55
0.54 0.81 1.07 1.30
1.51
0.47 0.75 1.01 1.23
1.41
3.75
4.00
0.88
1.20
1.73
0.44
0.78
1.07
1.31
1.51
1.65
1.73
1.75
1.69
1.66
0.98
1.34
1.92
0.49
0.87
1.20
1.47
1.69
1.84
1.92
1.92
1.84
1.65
Table 18.5 Power ratings for light duty V-belt. (c) 4L section with wt=1/2 in.
and ht=9/32 in.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Pulley combination
Driver pitch Driver pitch
Normal center distance

S hort center
Medium center
Center Distances
diameter, in.
diameter, in.
Belt
number
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.25
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0.
1.5
2.0
3.0
2.5
3.0
4.5
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
9.0
7.0
9.0
10.0
9.0
3L200
3L250
3L210
3L220
3L290
3L240
3L250
3L270
3L290
3L330
3L250
3L310
3L410
3L340
3L390
3L420
3L390
Center
distance,
in.
6.4
7.4
6.6
6.7
8.2
7.3
7.2
7.7
8.1
8.9
8.0
8.6
10.3
9.2
9.9
10.4
10.1
Belt
number
3L250
3L310
3L270
3L280
3L350
3L300
3L310
3L330
3L350
3L390
3L340
3L370
3L470
3L400
3L450
3L480
3L450
Center
distance,
in.
9.4
10.4
9.6
9.7
11.2
10.3
10.3
10.7
11.1
11.9
11.0
11.6
13.4
12.2
13.0
13.6
13.3
Table 18.6 Center distances for various pitch diameters of driver and driven pulleys.
(a) 3L type of V-belt.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Center Distances (cont.)

Driver
pitch
diameter,
in.
2.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.5
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
4.0
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.0
Driver
pitch
diameter,
in.
2. 5
3. 0
4. 5
6. 0
6. 0
7. 0
7. 5
10.0
9. 0
10.5
12.0
10.5
14.0
12.0
14.0
9. 0
18.0
12.0
18.0
14.0
11.0
12.0
15.0
13.0
14.0
Minimum center
Center
Belt
distance,
number
in.
4L170
4. 0
4L200
4. 8
4L240
5. 5
4L300
6. 5
4L280
6. 2
4L320
7. 0
4L320
6. 8
4L410
8. 5
4L360
7. 5
4L420
8. 8
4L470
9. 6
4L410
8. 6
4L530
10.5
4L450
9. 1
4L520
10.4
4L350
7. 5
4L650
12.8
4L440
8. 9
4L480
9. 3
4L510
10.3
4L400
8. 0
4L430
8. 5
4L530
10.3
4L630
12.2
4L490
9. 5
Short center
Center
Belt
distance,
number
in.
4L150
8.0
4L280
8.8
4L320
9.6
4L380
10. 6
4L360
10. 3
4L400
11. 1
4L400
11. 0
4L490
12. 5
4L440
11. 7
4L500
13. 0
4L550
13. 8
4L490
12. 9
4L610
15. 0
4L530
13. 4
4L600
14. 8
4L430
11. 8
4L730
17. 3
4L520
13. 3
4L560
14. 3
4L590
14. 7
4L480
12. 5
4L510
130
4L610
14. 9
4L710
16. 8
4L570
14. 1
Medium center
Center
Belt
distance,
number
in.
4L330
12.0
4L360
12.8
4L400
13.6
4L460
14.5
4L440
14.3
4L480
15.1
4L480
15.0
4L570
16.7
4L520
15.8
4L580
17.1
4L630
18.0
4L570
17.0
4L690
19.1
4L610
17.6
4L680
19.0
4L510
15.9
4L810
21.6
4L600
17.5
4L640
18.5
4L670
19.0
4L560
16.7
4L590
17.3
4L690
19.2
4L790
21.2
4L650
18.4
Table 18.6 Center distances for various pitch diameters of driver and driven pulleys.
(b) 4L type of V-belt.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Wire Rope
Figure 18.5 Cross section of wire rope.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Rope Lay
Figure 18.6 Two lays of wire rope. (a) Lang; (b) regular.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Rope
Wei ght
per
height,
l b/f t
Mini mu
m s heave
di ameter,
in.
1.50d 2
42d
Rope
di ameter,
d, i n.
Wire Rope Data

Materi al
Si ze of
outer
wi res
d/9
d/9
d/9
d/13-d/16
d/13-d/16
d/13-d/16
d/ 22
d/ 22
d/15-d/19
d/15-d/19
-
Modulus
of
elasticitya
psi
Strength b
ps i
Monit or s teel
14 x 10 6
100 x 103
6
P low st eel
14 x 10
88 x 10 3
6
M il d pl ow s teel
14 x 10
76 x 10 3
2
6
6 x 19
1.60d
26d-34d
1/4 - 2 3/ 4
Monit or s teel
12 x 10
106 x 103
6
St andard
P low st eel
12 x 10
93 x 10 3
6
hoi st ing
M il d pl ow s teel
12 x 10
80 x 10 3
2
6
1.55d
18d
1/4 - 3 1/ 2
Monit or s teel
11 x 10
100 x 103
6
6 x 37 Special
P low st eel
11 x 10
88 x 10 3
2
6
fl exibl e
1.45d
21d-26d
1/4 - 1 1/ 2
Monit or s teel
10 x 10
92 x 10 3
6
8 x 19 Ext ra
P low st eel
10 x 10
80 x 10 3
2
fl exibl e
1.70d
1/ 16 - 3/ 8
Corros ion124 x 103
7 x 7 Aircraft
res is tant s teel
3
Carbon s teel
124 x 10
2
1.75d
1/8 - 1 3/ 8
Corros ion135 x 103
7 x 9 Aircraft
res is tant s teel
3
Carbon s teel
143 x 10
2
2.15d
1/32 - 5/16
Corros ion165 x 103
19-Wi re
res is tant s teel
aircraft
Carbon s teel
165 x 103
a
The modul us of el as ti city is onl y approximate; it is affected by the loads on t he rope and, in general , i ncreas es
wi th t he l ife of the rope.
b
The s trength i s bas ed on t he nominal area of t he rope. The figures gi ven are only approxi mat e and are bas ed on 1i n. rope si zes and 1/ 4 in. ai rcraft cable s izes.
6 x 7 Haulage
1/4 - 1 1/ 2
Table 18.7 Wire rope data [From Shigley and Mitchell (1983)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Application
Track cables
Guys
Mine shafts, ft
Up to 500
1000-2000
2000-3000
Over 3000
Hoisting
Haulage
Cranes and derricks
Electric hoists
Hand elevators
Private elevators
Hand dumbwaiters
Grain elevators
Passenger elevators, ft/min
50
300
800
1200
1500
Freight elevators, ft/min
50
300
800
1200
1500
1998 McGraw-Hill
Safety factora, n s
3.2
3.5
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
7.0
5.0
7.5
4.5
7.5
7.60
9.20
11.25
11.80
11.90
Minimum Safety
Factors for Wire Rope
Table 18.8 Minimum safety factors

for variety of wire rope
applications. [from Shigley and
Mitchell (1983)]
6.65
8.20
10.00
10.50
10.55
Loss in Rope Strength vs. D/d Ratio
Figure 18.7 Percent strength loss in wire rope for different D/d ratios.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Service Life vs. D/d ratio
Figure 18.8 Service life for different D/d ratios.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Maximum Allowable Bending Pressures for

Material
Wire
Rope
Wood
Cast
Iron Cast
stee l
Chilled cast Manganese
a
Rope
Regular Lay
6 x7
6 x 19
6 x 37
8 x 19
iron d
Allowable be aring pressure, pall, psi
150
250
300
350
300
480
585
680
550
900
1075
1260
650
1100
1325
1550
Lang Lay
6 x7
165
350
600
715
6 x 19
275
550
1000
1210
6 x 37
330
660
1180
1450
a
On end grain of beech, hickory or gum
b
For H B(min.)=125.
c
30-40 carbon; H B(min.)=160.
d
Use only with uniform surface hardness.
e
For high sp eeds with balanced sheaves having ground surfaces.
stee le
1470
2400
3000
3500
1650
2750
3300
Table 18.9 Maximum allowable bending pressures for various sheave materials and
types of rope. [From Shigley and Mitchell (1983)]
1998 McGraw-Hill
Rolling Chain
Figure 18.9 Various parts of a rolling chain.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Roller
Pin
Link
Average
Strengths
of
Rolling
Chains
Diameter
Width,
diameter
plate
ultimate
Chain
number
a
25
35a
b
41
40
50
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
240
a
b
Pitch
P t , in.
1/4
3/8
1/2
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
2 1/4
2 1/2
3
in.
in.
, d, in.
0.130
0.200 a
0.306
5/16
2/5
15/32
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 13/32
1 9/16
1 7/8
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1
1 1/4
1 13/32
1 1/2
1 7/8
0.0905
0. 141
0. 141
0. 156
0. 200
0. 234
0. 312
0. 375
0. 437
0. 500
0. 562
0. 687
0. 781
0. 937
thickness,
a
0.030
0.050
0.050
0.060
0.080
0.094
0.125
0.156
0.187
0.219
0.250
0.281
0.312
0.375
strength,
S u, lbf
875
2100
2000
3700
6100
8500
14500
24000
34000
46000
58000
76000
95000
130000
Weight
per foot,
lbf
0.084
0.21
0.28
0.41
0.68
1.00
1.69
2.49
3.67
4.93
6.43
8.70
10. 51
16. 90
Witho ut ro llers
Li ghtwei ght rollers
Table 18.10 Standard sizes and strengths of rolling chains.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chordal Rise
Figure 18.10 Chordal rise in rolling

chains.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Transmitted Power
Table 18.11 Transmitted power of single-strand, no. 25 rolling chain.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Rolling Chain Service Factors

Type of driven
load
Smooth
M oderate shock
Heavy shock
Type of input power

Internal
Electric motor
combustion engine
or
with hydraulic
turbine
drive
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.5
Internal
combustion
engine with
mechanical
drive
1.2
1.4
1.7
Table 18.12 Service factors for rolling chains.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Multiple-strand Factors
Number of strands
2
3
4
Multiple-strand factor, a2
1.7
2.5
3.3
Table 18.13 Multiple strand factors for rolling chains.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Dragline
Figure 18.11 Typical dragline.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Chapter 19: Design Projects

In your further operations, you must of course be
guided by the circumstances by which you are
surrounded, and the information you are able to
collect, and must not consider yourself committed to
any particular line of conduct, but be governed by
your good judgment.
Robert E. Lee
Image: A roller coaster.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Vertical Mixer
Figure 19.1 Typical 30-quart vertical mixer with common agitator

attachments.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Vertical Mixer30Requirements
M achine bowl cap acity, quarts

M aximum height, ft
M aximum floor footp rint, ft.
Agitator path
Agitator rotation
Number of sp eeds
High-sp eed target range (rotation), rpm
Low-speed target range (rotation), rpm
Bowl infeed
M otor operating sp eed, rpm
6
2.5 by 3
Circular, clockwise as viewed from the top
Counterclockwise as viewed from the top ,
ap prox. 3 revolutions per agitator path
revolution, but not critical (1 to 5 is
acceptable)
2
100
50
Rack-and-p inion lift to agitator p osition
1000
Table 19.1 Requirements for vertical mizer.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Planetary Gear Train
Figure 19.2 Illustration of planetary gear. (a) With three planets (typical); (b)
with one planet (for analysis only). (The agitator is attached to a planet.)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Vertical Mixer Data

N umber of
s un ge ar
tee th
S un gear
diame ter, in.
Numbe r o f
planet ge ar
te eth
10
20
30
40
50
60
2
4
6
8
10
12
40
35
30
25
20
15
Planet g ear
s peed, pla net,
rpm
325
357
400
460
550
700
S un g ear
s pee d, sun,
rpm
1000
550
400
325
280
250
Table 19.2 Data for the veritcal mixer.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Planetary Gear Head
Figure 19.3 Schematic of planetary gear head.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Roller Coaster Brake
Figure 19.4 Schematic of roller

coaster brake. (a) Open,
allowing cars to pass through;
(b) closed, so that braking is
achieved with flange on cars; (c)
side elevation. (Courtesy of
Custom Coasters International)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Roller Coaster Cars
Figure 19.5 Schematic of typical roller coaster cars. Dimensions

are in inches. (Courtesy of Custom Coasters International)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Brake Cylinder Detail
Figure 19.6 Detail of brake-actuating cylinder with forces shown.

(Courtesy of Custom Coasters, International)
1998 McGraw-Hill
Brake Spring Data
Figure 19.7 Brake spring

data (a) Various sizes of
cylinders/springs.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Brake Spring Data (cont.)
Figure 19.7 Brake spring data (b) spring force curve.

1998 McGraw-Hill
Brake Spring Data (cont.)
Figure 19.7 Brake spring data.

(c) cylinder assembly.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Cylinder Mounting Bolts
Figure 19.8 Details of

pneumatic cylinder mounting
bolts.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Bolt Analysis Results

Thickness
of thinnes t
member,
t w, in.
0. 125
0. 25
0. 375
0. 5
Cres t
diameter,
d c, in.
0. 43
0. 46
0. 50
0. 54
Bolt
diameter
(rounded),
d, in.
0. 5
0. 5
0. 50
0.625
S afety factor, ns
Bending
Shear
Bearing
9. 6
7. 2
6. 0
9. 4
16
17
17
26
9. 2
18
27
46
Table 19.3 Results from Analysis of brake cylinder mounting bolts.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Automobile
Figure 19.9 Car with critical parameters used in dimensioning brakes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Deceleration
Figure 19.10 Deceleration as function of used portion of maximum

coefficient of friction.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Velocity vs. Braking Distance
Figure 19.11 Velocity as a function of braking distance.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Car Forces
Figure 19.12 Forces acting on car.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Brake Shoe Schematic
Figure 19.13 Schematic of car brake

shoes.
1998 McGraw-Hill
Forces on Brake Shoes and Critical Angles
Figure 19.14 Forces

acting on brake shoes, as
well as critical angles.
1998 McGraw-Hill

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Th invention all admird, and each, how he

Image: A modern printing press. Gutenberg described

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

(a) Over-The-Wall Engineering

Text Reference: Figure 1.1, page 5

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Design for Manufacture

Effect of manufacturing and assembly on design of reciprocating power saw.

Text Reference: Figure 1.2, page 14

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Puglsey Safety Factor Approach

Table 1.2: Safety Factor

Text Reference: Tables 1.1 and 1.2, page 9

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

SI Units and Prefixes

Table 1.3 SI units

Text Reference: Table 1.3, page 19

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

(a) Fundamental convers ion factors

1g=9.8066 m/s2 (32.174 ft/s2 )

(c) U s eful convers ion factors

Text Reference: Table 1.4, page 20

Table 1.4 Conversion

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Case Study 1.2: Wheelchair Design as a

Wheelchair, courtesy of Sunrise Medical Equipment Co.

Text Reference: Figure 1.4, page 21

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Chapter 2: Load, Stress and Strain

Image: A dragline lifts a large load in a

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Figure 2.1 A simple crane and

text reference: Figure 2.1, page 30

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

text reference: Figure 2.2, page 31

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Figure 2.3 Sign convention used

text reference: Figure 2.3, page 32

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Figure 2.4 Lever assembly and results.

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Supports and Reactions

Table 2.1: Four types of support with their

text reference: Table 2.1, page 35

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Ladder Free Body Diagram

Figure 2.5: Ladder having contact with the house

text reference: Figure 2.5, page 36

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

External Rim Brake and Forces

text reference: Figure 2.6, page 38

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Sphere and Forces

Figure 2.7 Sphere and forces acting on it. (a)

text reference: Figure 2.7, page 38

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Simply Supported Bar

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Singularity Functions (Part 1)

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Singularity Functions (Part 2)

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid