- 1 4

( .
Thevenin, Norton, , )

, .
, Kirchhoff,

Kirchhoff,
. ,

, .
, ,
, Thevenin, Norton
, ,
.
(4.1)

. ,
Kirchhoff,
Ohm,
.
, , ,
, ,
.

, (mesh current method) (node
voltage method). Kirchhoff
.
,

.
,

, .., .

- 2 ,
(.. Matalb .).
(4.1.1)
,
.
4.1, (.2.5).
,

.

4.1. .

4.1,
, Nb = 7 Nn = 5 .
(.1.5.2), ,
Kirchhoff, Nb Nn +1 + Nn 1 = Nb = 7 .

.
4.1
(.1.2.2), ,

j1 (i = 1,2,3), .
,

. , , j1 , j2 , j3

. , :

I1 j1 , I 2 j1 , I 3 j2 j1 , I 4 j2 , I 5 j3 j2 , I 6 j3 , I 7 j3

, .., .

(4.1)

- 3


V1 Z1 I1 Z1 j1 , V2 Z 2 I 2 Z 2 j1 , V3 Z 3 I 3 Z3 j2 j1 , V4 Z 4 I 4 Z 4 j2 ,



V5 Z 5 I 5 Z 5 j3 j2 , V6 Z 6 I 6 Z 6 j3 , V7 Z 7 I 7 Z 7 j3

(4.2)

, Kirchhoff
4.1,

1: VS 1 V1 V2 V3 0

2: VS 2 VS 3 V3 V4 V5 0

3: VS 3 V5 V6 V7 0
.(4.2) .(4.3) (4.5)


Z1 Z 2 Z 3 j1 Z 3 j2 0 j3 VS 1

(4.3)
(4.4)
(4.5)

(4.6)

Z 3 j1 Z 3 Z 4 Z 5 j2 Z 5 j3 VS 2 VS1

(4.7)

0 j1 Z 5 j2 Z5 Z 6 Z 7 j3 VS 3

(4.8)

.(4.6) (4.8)

Z1 Z 2 Z 3
j1 VS 1
Z3
0

Z3
Z3 Z4 Z5
Z5
j2 VS 2 VS 1

0
Z5
Z 5 Z 6 Z 7 j3 VS 3

(4.9)

Z1 Z 2 Z 3

Z3

Z3

Z3 Z 4 Z5

Z5

Z11 Z12 Z13

Z 21 Z 22 Z 23 Z m
(4.10)

Z 31 Z32 Z 33

, Z m . Z m ,

Z
5
Z 5 Z 6 Z 7

1. Z m .

2. Z ii i 1, 2,3
i.

3. Z ik i, k 1, 2, i k , ,
i k.
4.
, .

, .., .

- 4 , , ,
,
(.4.9),

Kirchhoff (. 4.1 4.8). ,
.

4.1
4.2() .
: vS1(t) = 10 cos (1000t) (V), vS2(t) = 15 cos (1000t + 300) (V), vS3(t) = 20 sin (1000t) (V), R1 = 6
(), R2 = 4 (), R3 = 5 (), L1 = 10 (mH), L2 = 20 (mH) C = 100 (F). : ()

()
.

() 4.2().
(.4.1),

1: VS 1 VS 2 V2 V3 V5 0

2:
V2 V1 V4 0

3: VS 2 VS 3 V3 V4 V6 0

(4.11)
(4.12)
(4.13)

V2 I 5 Z L1 , V1 I 4 R1 , V3 I 2 Z C , V4 I 6 Z L 2 , V5 I 5 R2 , V6 I 3 R3

I 5 j2 j1 , I 4 j2 , I 2 j3 j1 , I 6 j3 j2 , I1 j1 , I 3 j3
.(4.11) (4.13)
,

R Z
2

L1

Z C j1 Z L1 j2 Z C j3 VS 1 VS 2

Z L1 j1 R1 Z L1 Z L 2 j2 Z L 2 j3 0

Z C j1 Z L 2 j2 R3 Z L 2 Z C j3 VS 2 VS 3

, .., .

(4.14)
(4.15)
(4.16)

- 5 -

()

()

()

()

()
4.2. 4.1. () . () .
vS1 (), vS2 () vS3 ().

R2 Z L1 Z C

Z L1

Z
C

Z L1

R1 Z L1 Z L 2

Z L2

j1 VS 1 VS 2
ZC

Z L2
j
0

R3 Z L 2 Z C j3 VS 2 VS 3

(4.17)

, Z m

4.2()

, .., .

- 6
Z m , .(4.1).
:

1
Z L1 j L1 j 10 , Z L 2 j L2 j 20 , ZC j
j 10
C

(.2.5), , ,
. vS1(t) vS2(t) , vS3(t)
.

sin cos cos cos 900
2
2

(4.18)

, :

VS 1 10 0 0 , VS 2 15 30 0 , VS 3 20 900

.(4.17)

Z m . :

j 10
j 10 j1 10 00 15 300 2,99 j 7,50
4

j 10 6 j 30 j 20 j

0
0

(4.19)
j 10
j 20 5 j 10 j3 15 300 20 90 0 12,99 j 27,50

1
j1 4
j 10
j 10 2,99 j 7,50

0
j2 j 10 6 j 30 j 20

j3 j 10

j
20
5

j
10
12,99

j
27,50

j1 0,1162 j 0,0694 0,0613 j 0,0009 0,0335 j 0,0544 2,99 j 7,50

0
j2 0,0613 j 0,0009 0,0685 j 0,0108 0,0688 j 0,0137

j3 0,0335 j 0,0544 0,0688 j 0,0137 0,0906 j 0,0271 12,99 j 27,50

j1 2,1045 j 0,8643 2, 2751 22,330

0
j2 0,3276 j 1,6139 1,6468 78,53
j3 0,0767 j 2,7547 2,7558 91, 600

(4.20)

(.4.20),
:

, .., .

- 7
I 5 j2 j1 1,7769 j 2, 4782 3,0494 125,64 0

I 4 j2 0,3276 j 1,6139 1,6468 78,530

I 2 j3 j1 2,1812 j 3,6190 4, 2255 121,080

I 6 j3 j2 0, 4043 j 1,1408 1, 2103 109,510

I1 j1 2,1045 j 0,8643 2,2751 22,330

I 3 j3 0,0767 j 2,7547 2,7558 88, 410

(4.21)

.(4.14) (4.16) .
:

V1 I 4 R1 1,9656 j 9,6834 9,8809 78,530

V2 I 5 Z L1 24,7820 j 17,7690 30,4940 144,360

V3 I 2 Z C 36,1900 j 21,8120 42, 2549 31,080

V4 I 6 Z L 2 22,8160 j 8,0860 24, 2065 160, 490

V5 I1 R2 8,4180 j 3, 4572 9,1003 22,330

V6 I 3 R3 0,3835 j 13,7735 13,7788 88,410

(4.22)

,
. :

i t 1,6468cos 1000 t 78,53

i t 4,2255cos 1000 t 121,08
i t 1, 2103cos 1000 t 109,51
i t 2, 2751cos 1000 t 22,33
i t 2,7558cos 1000 t 88, 41
i5 t 3,0494cos 1000 t 125,640
0

(4.23)

v1 t 9,8809cos 1000 t 78,530

v t 42, 2549cos 1000 t 31,08

v t 24, 2065cos 1000 t 160,49
v t 9,1003cos 1000 t 22,33
v t 13,7788cos 1000 t 88,41
v2 t 30,4940cos 1000 t 144,360
0

(4.24)

()
.

, .., .

- 8 vS1 I1 VS 1 I1 VS 1 22,330 00 22,330 .

vS2 I 2 VS 2 I 2 VS 2 121,080 300 91.080 .
vS3 I3 VS 3 I 3 VS 3 88, 410 900 1.590 .
, vS1 , vS2 vS3
.

4.2
1.2
. 4.3().
1.2: IS1 = 50 (A), IS2 = 30 (A), E3 = 100 (V), R1 = 6
(), R2 = 20 (), R3 = 4 (), R4 = 3 (), R5 = 25 ().

,
.
IS1 R1 (.1.39),
E1 I S1 R1 50 6 300(V )

(4.25)

1 R1 = 6 (). ,
IS2 R3 ,
E2 I S 2 R3 30 4 120(V )

(4.26)

R3 = 4 () 2. 4.3()
, .

()
4.3. ().

, .., .

- 9 -

()

()
()
4.3. () 4.2. () . ()
() (). () () ().

4.3()
(.4.1),

R1 R2 R3

R3

R3
R3 R4 R5
R5

0 j1 E1 E2
R5 j2 E2
R5 j3 E3

(4.27) :
j1 R1 R2 R3
j
R3
2
j3
0
j1 6 20 4
j 4
2
j3
0

R3
R3 R4 R5
R5
4

0
R5
R5

0
4 3 25 25
25
25

E1 E2
E
2

E3

0 180
300 120 30 4
120 4 32 25 120

100 0 25 25 100

, .., .

(4.27)

- 10 j1 6,9072( A)
j 6,8041( A)
2

j3 2,8041( A)

(4.28)

( 4.3) . :
I1 j1 6,9072( A)
I j j

2 1 2 0,1031( A)
I 3 j3 2,8041( A)

I 4 j2 6,8041( A)
I 5 j2 j3 4,0000( A)

(4.29)

4.3()
Ohm. :
V1 I1 R1
V I R
2 1 2
V3 I 2 R3

V4 I 4 R4
V5 I 5 R5

41, 4432(V )
138,1440(V )

0,4124(V )

20,4123(V )
100,0000(V )

(4.30)

.(4.29), 3
4.3(). ,
,
R1 R3 4.3().
R3 ( 4.3)
() (). ,
Kirchhoff 4.3(),
( ) V, 2 R3. :
V E2 I 2 R3 0
V E2 I 2 R3 120 0,1031 4 120, 4(V )

(4.31)

R3
I R1

V 120,4124

30,1( A)
R3
4

(4.32)

, R1
4.3().
() (), Kirchhoff
4.3(). :
V V I1 R2 0
V V I1 R2 120, 4124 6,9072 20 258,6(V )

, .., .

(4.33)

- 11 R3
I R1

V 258,5564

43,1( A)
R1
6

(4.34)

,
4.3() ,
Kirchhoff 1.2.
(4.1.2)
Kirchhoff
,
. , ,
.(1.4.3),
.
4.4,
(.2.5).
4.4

Nn = 3 (, ) (.1.5.1)

Nn 1 = 3-1 = 2 .
() , .

() () () V V ,
,
, .
4.4 :

4.4. .

V1 VA , V2 VA V , V3 V


I1 VA Y1 , I 2 VA V Y2 , I 3 V Y3

, .., .

(4.35)

- 12

Y1 , Y2 Y3 .
Kirchhoff () (),

I S 1 I1 I 2 0
(4.36)

I S 2 I3 I 2 0
(4.37)
.(4.35) .(4.36) (4.37) :

Y1 Y2 V Y2 V I S 1


Y2 V Y2 Y3 V I S 2

Y1 Y2
Y2 V I S 1


Y2 Y2 Y3 V I S 2

(4.38)

(4.39)

(4.39) 4.4
. :

V

V

1
Y1 Y2
Y2 I S1


Y2 Y2 Y3 I S 2

(4.40)

,
Ohm.
.(4.40), ,
Nn = n , .(4.39)

Y11 Y12 ... Y1n V1 I S 1

Y21 Y22 ... Y2 n V2 I S 2 Y V I

... ... ... ... ... ... n S

Yn1 Yn 2 ... Ynn Vn I Sn

(4.41)

.(4.41), Yn ,

V1 Y11 Y12

V2 Y21 Y22
... ... ...

Vn Yn1 Yn 2

1
... Y1n I S 1

1
... Y2 n I S 2
V Yn I S

... ...
...

... Ynn I Sn

(4.42)

, Ohm .

, .., .

- 13
.(4.41) (4.42): Yn

(nn), V ( ) (n1)

I S (n1).
.(4.39),
:
1. .

2. Yii (i 1, 2,..., n)
i.

3. Yik (i, k 1, 2,..., n, n k ) , ,

i k.

I Si (i 1, 2,..., n) I S
i. ,
.

, Yn I S ,
(.4.41)
, ,
.

4.3
4.5()

. : iS1 = 150 sin(t)
(A), iS2 = 80 sin(t + 600) (A), R1 = 1,2 (), R2 = 0,8 (), R3 = 8 (), L1 = 10 (mH), L1 = 20 (mH), C =

800 (F) f = 50 (Hz).

4.5() . :

I S1 150 00 ( A)

I S1 80 600 ( A)
R1 1, 2 , G1

1 1

0,833( S )
R1 1, 2

, .., .

- 14 R2 0,8 , G2
R3 8 , G3

1
1

1, 250( S )
R2 0,8

1 1
0,125( S )
R3 8

1
1
Z L1 j L1 j 2 f L1 j 2 50 10 10 3 j 3,14(), BL1
j 0,318( S )
j
3,14
Z L1

1
1
Z L 2 j L2 j 2 f L2 j 2 50 20 10 3 j 6,28(), BL 2
j 0,159( S )
Z L 2 j 6, 28

1
1
1
1
1
ZC j
j
j
j 3,981(), BL1
j 0,251( S )
6
C
2 f C
2 50 800 10
ZC j 3,981

(1), (2) (3) (4). Yn

.(4.2). :

Y11 G1 G3 BL1 0,833 0,125 j 0,318 0,958 j 0,318(S )

Y12 G3 0,125( S )

Y13 BL1 j 0,318( S )

Y21 G3 0,125(S )

Y22 G3 BL 2 BC 0,125 j 0,159 j 0, 251 0,125 j 0,092( S )

Y23 BL 2 j 0,318(S )

Y31 BL1 j 0,318(S )

Y32 BL 2 j 0,159 (S )

Y33 G2 BL1 BL 2 1, 250 j 0,318 j 0,159 1, 250 j 0, 477 ( S )

()
4.5. ().

, .., .

- 15 -

()
4.5. 4.3. ()
. () .

Y11

Y21
Y31

Y11

Y21
Y
31

Y12

Y22

Y32

Y13 0,958 j 0,318

0,125
j 0,318

Y23
0,125
0,125 j 0, 092
j 0,159

Y33
j 0,318
j 0,159
1, 250 j 0, 477

Y12

Y22

Y32

1
Y13
0,124 j 0, 248
0,939 j 0, 238 0, 442 j 0, 245

Y23 0, 442 j 0, 245 4,813 j 3,533 0, 205 j 0,804

0,124 j 0, 248 0, 205 j 0,804 0,555 j 0, 206

Y33

.(4.42)

1
V1 Y11 Y12 Y13 I S 1

V2 Y21 Y22 Y23 0

V3 Y31 Y32 Y33 I S 2

V1 0,939 j 0, 238 0, 442 j 0,245 0,124 j 0,248

150

0,
442

j
0,
245
4,813

j
3,533

0,
205

j
0,804
0
2

V 0,124 j 0, 248 0,205 j 0,804 0,555 j 0, 206 40,000 j 69, 282

3

V1 118,71 j 37,03

V2 18,80 j 9,61
V 10,67 j 83,89

(4.43)

Ohm

, .., .

- 16

I3

I4
I
5
I6
I
7
I 8

V1 G1
98,89 j 30,85 103,58 17,330

V1 V2 G3
12, 49 j 3, 43 12,95 15,340

V1 V3 BL1 38, 45 j 34,36 51,57 41,780

0
V2 BC
2, 41 j 4,72 5,30 117,07
14,87 j 1, 29 14,92 4,97 0
V2 V3 BL 2

13,34 j 104,86 105,71 82,75

V3 G2

(4.44)

.(4.44)
Kirchhoff (1) (3) 4.5(). (1)
:

I S1 I 3 I 4 I 5 98,89 j 30,85 12, 49 j 3, 43 38, 45 j 34,36 149,83 j 0,083 I S1

(3)

I S 2 I 5 I 7 I8 38.45 j 34,36 14,87 j 1,30 13,34 j 104,86 39,98 j 69, 21 I S 2

, , .(4.44), :

103,58sin t 17,330

I3
0
12,95sin t 15,34

I
4
0
I 51,57sin t 41,78
5

I6 5,30sin t 117,07 0
I
7 14,92sin t 4,97 0
I 8
105,71sin t 82,750

, .., .

(4.45)

- 17 (4.2)
.(4.1) ,
,
.
,
, . ,
(superposition theorem or principle), Thevenin Norton
(maximum power transfer theorem).
(
) . Thevenin
Norton
,
. ,
,
.
(4.2.1)
,

.
, :
n
, n
, ,
.
,
:
n ,
, n
, ,
.

, .
().

, .., .

- 18 . , ,
, ,
, , .

4.4
4.6(), .

, () , vS1 = 50 (V) vS2 = 120
cos(800t) (V) () , vS1 = 50 cos(800t) (V) vS2 = 120 cos(800t) (V).
: R1 = 8 (), R2 = 4 (), R3 = 8 (), R4 = 15 (), L1 = L2 = 20 (mH), C = 500 (F).

() ,
. 4.6()
4.6().
vS1,
vS2
vS2, vS1.
vS1
vS1
.
(.1.3.3 1.3.4), 4.6()
4.6(). 4.6()
, vS1. R1, R2 R3
:
R1,2,3 R1

R2 R3
4 8
8
10,67 ()
R2
4 8

Ohm (.1.10)
.
I1'

VS1
50

4,69 ( A)
R1,2,3 10,67

I 2' I1' 4,69( A)

I 3' 0

, .., .

- 19 -

()

()

()

()

()
4.6. () ( 4.4) . () .
(), () vS1 vS2 , .
(), () vS1 vS2 , .

I 4' I 2'

R3
8
4, 69
3,13( A)
R2 R3
48

I 5' I 2'

R2
4
4,69
1,56( A)
R2 R3
4 8

I 6' I 5' 1,56( A)

vS2
, vS2
4.6(). 4.6()
(.4.1.1).
:

, .., .

- 20

Z L1 Z L 2 j L1 j L1 j 800 20 103 j 16()

1
1
ZC j
j
j 2,5()
C
800 500 10 6

j1 , j2 j3 (.4.9)

R1 R2 Z L1

R2

R Z
1
L1

R2

R R Z

R Z

8 4 j 16

8 j 16

L2

L2

R1 Z L1

R3 Z L 2

R1 R3 R4 Z L1 Z L 2 Z C

j1 0
j V
2 S 2
j3 0

j1
8 j 16
0

0
8 j 16
j

120

0
2

15

j
16

j
16

j
2,5

j3 0

8 j 16 j1
0

8 j 16 j2 120 0 0

31 j 29,5 j3 0

4
4

8
j 16
8 j 16

12 j 16
4

4
12 j 16

8 j 16 8 j 16

1
j1 12 j 16
4
8 j 16
0

0
4
12 j 16 8 j 16 120 0
j2
j3 8 j 16 8 j 16 31 j 29,5

j1 0,0930 j 0,0298 0,0617 j 0,0014 0,0649 j 0,0108

0

0
j2 0,0617 j 0,0014 0,0930 j 0,0298 0,0649 j 0,0108 120 0
j3 0,0649 j 0,0108 0,0649 j 0,0108 0,0649 j 0,0108

j1 7, 4088 j 0,1723

j2 11,1588 j 3,5777
j3 7,7838 j 1,2973

vS2

I1'' j1 7,4088 j 0,1723 7,411,330

''

0
I2 j3 j1 0,3750 j 1,1250 1,19 108, 44
I '' j3 7,7838 j 1,2973 7,89 9, 460
3''

0
I4 j1 j2 3,7500 j 3,7500 5,30 45,00
I '' j j 3,3750 j 4,8750 5,93 55,300
5'' 3 2

I 6 j2 11,1588 j 3,5777 11,72 17,780

, .., .

- 21 ''
1
''
2
''
3
''
4
''
5
''
6

i
i

i
i

7, 41cos 800 t 1,330

t
1,19cos 800 t 108,440
t
0
t 7,89cos 800 t 9,46

t 5,30cos 800 t 45,000

t 5,93cos 800 t 55,300

t
0
11,72cos 800 t 17,78

, 4.6()
, vS1 vS2,
() :
i1 t

i2 t
i3 t

i4 t
i t
5
i6 t

'
1
'
2
'
3
'
4
'
5
'
6

I
I

I
I

t
t
t

t
t
i t
''
1
''
2
''
3
''
4
''
5
''
6

i
i
i
i
i

4,69 7,41cos 800 t 1,330 A

4,69 1,19cos 800 t 108, 440 A

7,89cos 800 t 9, 460 A

3,13 5,30cos 800 t 45, 000 A

1,56 5,93cos 800 t 55,300 A

1,56 11,72cos 800 t 17,780 A

() , ().
.
vS1
, vS1
4.6(). . :

R1 R2 Z L1

R2
R1 Z L1
j1 VS 1

j 0
R2
R2 R3 Z L 2
R3 Z L 2

j 0
R Z
R3 Z L 2
R1 R3 R4 Z L1 Z L 2 Z C 3
1
L1

12 j 16
4
8 j 16 j1 VS 1

4
12 j16 8 j 16 j2 0

8 j 16 8 j 16 31 j 29,5 j3 0

1
j1 12 j 16
4
8 j 16 VS1


4
12 j16 8 j 16 0
j2
j3 8 j 16 8 j 16 31 j 29,5 0

, .., .

- 22

j1 0,0930 j 0,0298 0,0617 j 0,0014 0,0649 j 0,0108 VS 1

j2 0,0617 j 0,0014 0,0930 j 0,0298 0,0649 j 0,0108 0
j3 0,0649 j 0,0108 0,0649 j 0,0108 0,0649 j 0,0108 0

j1 4,6495 j 1, 4907

j2 3,0870 j 0,0718
j3 3, 2432 j 0,5405

vS1

I1' 4,6495 j 1, 4907

'

I2 1, 4063 j 2,0312
I ' 3,2432 j 0,5405
3'

I4 1,5625 j 1,5625
I ' 0,1562 j 0, 4687
5'

I 6 3,0870 j 0,0718
, ,
4.6() ,
vS2. :

R1 R2 Z L1
R2

R2
R2 R3 Z L 2

R Z

Z
1
L
1
3
L2

R1 Z L1

R3 Z L 2

R1 R3 R4 Z L1 Z L 2 Z C

8 j 16 j1 0

8 j 16 j2 VS 2

31 j 29,5 j3 0

12 j 16
4

4
12 j16

8 j 16 8 j 16

j1 12 j 16
4

4
12 j 16
j2
j3 8 j 16 8 j 16

8 j 16

8 j 16
31 j 29,5

j1 0
j V
2 S 2
j3 0

0
V
S2
0

0
j1 0,0930 j 0,0298 0,0617 j 0,0014 0,0649 j 0,0108

0
j2 0,0617 j 0,0014 0,0930 j 0,0298 0,0649 j 0,0108 120 0
j3 0,0649 j 0,0108 0,0649 j 0,0108 0,0649 j 0,0108
0

j1 7,4088 j 0,1723

j2 11,1588 j 3,5777
j3 7,7838 j 1,2973

vS2

, .., .

- 23

I1'' j1 7,4088 j 0,1723

''

I2 j3 j1 0,3750 j 1,1250
I '' j3 7,7838 j 1, 2973
3''

I4 j1 j2 3,7500 j 3,7500

I '' j j 3,3750 j 4,8750

5'' 3 2

I 6 j2 11,1588 j 3,5777

4.6()
, :

I1 I1' I1'' 2,7593 j 1,6630 A 3, 22 148,920
' ''

0
I2 I2 I2 1,7813 j 0,9062 A 1,99 26,96
I I ' I '' 4,5406 j 0,7568 A 4,60 170,540
3 3' 3''

0
I4 I4 I4 2,1875 j 2,1875 A 3,10 135

I I ' I '' 3,5312 j 4, 4063 A 5,65 128,710

5 5' 5''

0
I 6 I 6 I 6 8,0718 j 3,6495 A 8,86 155,67
:
i1 t

i2 t
i3 t

i4 t
i t
5
i6 t

'
1
'
2
'
3
'
4
'
5
'
6

i
i

i
i

t i t
t i t
t i t

t i t
t i t
t i t
''
1
''
2
''
3
''
4
''
5
''
6

3, 22cos 800 t 148,92 0

1,99cos 800 t 26,960

4,60cos 800 t 170,540

3,10cos 800 t 135,00 0

5,65cos 800 t 128,710

8,86cos 800 t 155,67 0

(4.2.1) Thevenin
Thevenin, Norton ,
,
. Thevenin,
, ,

Vth Z th .
, .
Thevenin
.
, Thevenin

.

, .., .

- 24 Thevenin
:

, ,
. .

(),
Thevenin .
,

, Thevenin, Vth .

Thevenin,
.

, Thevenin Z th ,
.(1.6).
,
.

4.7(), Thevenin

() (), Z L .
Thevenin Thevenin,

Vth Z th ( 4.7).
, , Ohm Kirchhoff

4.7() , Z L .

()
()
4.7. () , () () . ()
Thevenin , () ().

, .., .

- 25
.(1.4.3) .(1.39),
,
. ,
, ( 4.8).
, .(1.39) :

VS Z S I S

(4.46)

()

()
4.8. ()
. ()
.

4.5
4.9() : ()
Thevenin (), () () , ,
5 (), () ()
. : 1 = 100 (V), IS2 = 50
(A), R1 = 1,2 (), R2 = 10 (), R3 = 3,5 (), R4 = 6 ().

() Thevenin, Vth, (), () .

4.9(), Thevenin

, .., .

- 26 (2) (3), R4 . 1
R1 (.1.39)
E1 100

83,33( A)
R1 1, 2

I S1

4.9().
4.9(), (3) (1)
(2) (.4.1.2). (2)
Thevenin. :
G1

1
1

0,833( S )
R1 1, 2

G2

1 1
0,1( S )
R2 10

G3

1
1

0, 286( S )
R3 3,5

G4

1 1
0,167 (S )
R4 6

(1) (2) (3) V1 V2 ,

(.4.39) :
G1 G2 G3 G3 V1 I S1

G3
G3 V2 I S 2

0,833 0,1 0,286 0, 286 V1 83,33

0, 286
0,286 V2 50

V1 1, 219 0, 286 83,33

V 0,286 0, 286 50
2

V
142,85(
V
)
1

317,85(
V
)

Thevenin : Vth = V2 = 317,85 (V).

Thevenin, Rth, 4.9(),
( 4.9). 4.9()
() (), R3, R4
R1, R2. ,
(), (), Thevenin, :
Rth

R1 R2
1,2 10
R3 R4
3,5 6 10,57()
R1 R2
1,2 10

, .., .

- 27 Thevenin () ()
4.9().
() , :

()

()

()
()
4.9. () ( 4.5). () Thevenin. ()
Thevenin. () Thevenin.

IL

Vth
317,85

20, 41( A)
Rth RL 10,57 5

VL I L RL 20,41 5 102,05(V )
PL RL I L2

VL2
102,052
5 20,412
2083(W )
RL
5

4.6
Thevenin () ()
4.10().

Thevenin 4.10().
Thevenin Kirchhoff m,

VL1 VL2 . , j1 j2
. :

, .., .

- 28

R Z L1
0 j1 VS

Z L 2 ZC j2 VS
0

1
j1 R Z L1
0 VS

Z L 2 Z C VS
j2 0

1
j1 8 j 20
0 j 5 0,0172 j 0,0431
0
j5

j 17,6 j 5
0
j 0,0568 j 5
j2 0

j1 0,2155 j 0,0862

0,2841

j2

()

()

()
()
4.10. () ( 4.6). ()
Thevenin. () Thevenin. () Thevenin.

, .., .

- 29

I1 j1 0,2155 j 0,0862( A) 0, 2321 158, 20 0

0
0,2841( A)
I2 j2
0,2841 180,00
I j1 0,2155 j 0,0862( A) 0, 2321 158, 200
3

0
0,2841( A)
I4 j2
0,2841 180,00

I j j 0, 4996 j 0,0862 0,5070 170, 210

5 2 1

Kirchhoff m, :

VL 2 VL1 Vth 0

Vth VL 2 VL1 Z L 2 I 2 Z L1 I1

Vth 20 900 0,284 1800 20 900 0, 2321 158, 20

Vth 1,7240 j 1,3720 2, 203 141,490 (V )

4.10(), , ()
(), .
:

Z L1, L 2 Z L1 Z L 2 2 j 20 j 40()

:

Z R ,C R Z C 8 j 2, 4( )
Thevenin

Z L1, L 2 Z R , C

Z L1, L 2 Z R ,C
j 40 8 j 2,4

Z th
8,6618 j 0,7103 8,6908 4,690 ()
Z L1, L 2 Z R ,C j 40 8 j 2,4

, Thevenin :

Vth 1,7157 j 1,3904 2, 21 141,50 (V )

Z th 8,6618 j 0,7103 8,7 4,70 ()

.
(4.2.2) Norton
Thevenin

Vth Z th .
(.4.46 4.8),
Thevenin Norton.

, .., .

- 30 Norton ,

, I N

Z N ( 4.11). ,
.
Norton ,
Thevenin.

()
()
4.11. () , () () . ()
Norton , () ().

Norton Thevenin
( )
:

Z N Z th

Vth
IN
Z th

(4.47)

Norton
:

, ,
. .

,
Norton . ,

I N
.

Norton Z N ,

. Z N

, .., .

- 31 .(1.6),
.

4.7
4.9() : () Norton
(), () () , ,
5 (), () () .
: 1 = 100 (V), IS2 = 50 (A), R1 = 1,2 (), R2 = 10 (), R3 =
3,5 (), R4 = 6 ().

() Norton. ,
V2 4.12().
:
G3 V1 I S 1
G1 G2 G3

G3
G3 G4 V2 I S 2

1, 2190 0, 2857 V1 83,33

0, 2857 0, 4524 V 50

V1 1,2190 0,2857 83,33 0,9628 0,6081 83,33

V 0,2857 0,4524 50 0,6081 2,5949 50

2
V1 110,64(V )
V

2 180, 41(V )

()

()

()
()
4.12. () ( 4.7). () Norton. ()
Norton. () Norton.

, .., .

- 32 V2 Ohm,
IN I4

V2 180, 41

30,07 ( A) ,
R4
6

(4.47), I N

Vth 317,85

30, 07 ( A) .
Rth 10,57

Norton, RN, (.4.47)

RN Rth 10,57()
IL (.1.10)
4.12().
IL I N

RN
10,57
30,07
20,41( A)
RN RL
10,57 5

VL I L RL 20,41 5 102,05(V )
PL RL I L2

VL2
102,052
5 20,412
2083(W )
RL
5

. , Thevenin
Norton.

4.8
Norton () ()
4.10().

Norton I N

4.13(). :
0
8 j 20
0
j 17,6

j 20 j 20

j1 8 j 20

j2 0
j3 j 20

j 20 j1 j 5

j 20 j2 j 5

j 40 j3 0
0
j 20
j 17,6 j 20
j 20 j 40

j 5 0,1081 j 0,0427 0,1423 j 0,0562 0,1252 j 0,0494 j 5

j 5 0,1423 j 0,0562 0,1872 j 0,0577 0,1648 j 0,0007 j 5

0 0,1252 j 0,0494 0,1648 j 0,0007 0,1450 j 0,0007 0

j1 0,0674 j 0,1708

j2 0,5692 j 0, 2247
j3 0, 2509 j 0,1977

, .., .

- 33 -

()

()

()
()
4.13. () ( 4.8). ()
Norton. () Norton. () Norton.

I N :

I N j3 0, 2509 j 0,1977 0,3187 141,7 0

Norton,

Z N Z th 8,6618 j 0,7103 8,6908 4,69 0 () .

(4.2.3)

( ) .

. ,

, .., .

- 34 4.14(),

Z L RL j X L . , , Z L ,
RL X L ,
( RL 0, X L ).
,
Thevenin
(), () 4.14(). ,

Vth Z th .

()

()

4.14. () . ()
Thevenin () () .

()
, RL ,
2
PL RL I

(4.48)

4.14() Ohm
Kirchhoff

Vth
Vth

I
Z th Z L Rth RL j X th X L

(4.49)

Vth

I
Z th Z L

Vth

Rth RL 2 X th X L 2

(4.50)

.(4.50) .(4.48),
:

, .., .

- 35 PL

2
Vth RL
2

Rth RL X th X L

(4.51)

PL

. , Vth , Rth X th ,
RL X L . :
() RL X L . , PL
,
PL
X L

RL cnst .

2 X th X L RL Vth

Rth RL 2 X th X L 2

(4.52)

.(4.52) ,
X L X th

(4.53)

.(4.53), PL
PL ,max

RL Vth

(4.54)

Rth RL 2

() X L RL . , PL
,
PL
RL

Rth RL 2 X th X L 2 RL 2 Rth RL Vth

2
2
2
Rth RL X th X L
X L cnst .

(4.55)

.(4.55) , .(4.53)
RL Rth

(4.56)
.(4.53) (4.56),
,

RL j X L Rth j X th Z L Z th Z L Z th

(4.57)

: Vth ,

Z th , Z L ,

, Z L Zth .

, .., .

- 36 (4.57),
(matched) . (matching)
(.4.57), ,
(available power) ,
PL ,max

Vth

Vth

4 RL

4 Rth

(4.58)

(efficiency of power transfer)

PL
P
P P
P
L S i 1 i
PS Pi PL
PS
PS

(4.59)

PS , PL
Pi .
4.14(), PS, PL, Pi

PS I Vth

(4.60)

2
PL I RL

(4.61)

2
Pi I Rth

(4.62)

.(4.60) (4.62) .(4.59),

I Rth
Pi
1 1
PS
Vth

(4.63)

.(4.57)
( )

1
I Rth Vth
2

(4.64)

, .(4.63)

I Rth
1
1 1 0,50 50%
2
Vth

(4.65)

, ,
50 %.
,
. .(4.63),

, .., .

- 37 Rth,
Rth, Pi. ,
Rth RL

(4.66)

, Pi,
PL Pi

(4.67)

, ,
.,
,
.
( RL 0, X L 0 ),
RL

RL Z th

(4.68)

.(4.68) .(4.55) X L 0
,

PL
0 RL2 Rth2 X th2 RL Rth2 X th2 RL Z th
RL

(4.69)

( RL 0, X L const . ), X L

Z th Rth j X th X L . ,
.(4.68)

2
RL Zth j X L Rth j X th X L Rth2 X th X L

(4.70)

4.9
4.15()

Z load , Z load
.

; : VS 100 600 (V ) , I S 25 300 ( A) , R1 = 30 (), R2 = 15 (), R3 = 40

(), Z L j 30() , Z C j 5, 2 () .

, .., .

- 38
Thevenin () ()

4.15(). , Z load ,
4.15(). , Thevenin

() () . I S

, VX .
4.15().
4.15() :

VX VL VR 2 0

VS VR 2 VR1 0

VS VC VR3 0
( Ohm):

VR1 I1 R1

VR 2 I 2 R2

VR 3 I 5 R3

VL I 3 Z L

VC I 6 ZC

()

()
4.15. ().

, .., .

- 39 -

()

()

()

()

()

4.15. () ( 4.9). ()
() (). () Thevenin (), ()
. () Thevenin (), ()

.() VX Vth . ()
Thevenin (), () .
() .

, .., .

- 40

I S j1 ( 4.15)
, :

VR1 I1 R1 j2 R1

VR 2 I 2 R2 j2 j1 R2

VR 3 I 5 R3 j3 R3


VL I 3 Z L j1 I S Z L



VC I 6 Z C j3 ZC ZC j3
, ,
,

VX , j2 , j3 . ,
:

R2
0 VX I S R2 Z L
1

0 R R
0 j2 VS R2 I S
1
2

0
0
R3 Z C j3
VS

,
:

VX 1
R2

j2 0 R1 R2
j3 0
0

0
0

R3 Z C

I S R2 Z L

VS R2 I S

VS

1
25 300 15 j 30
VX 1 15
0

100 600 15 25 300
j

0
45
0
2

j 0 0 40 j 5, 2
0

100 60

VX 1 0,3333
0
699,76 j 462, 02

274,76 j 274,10
0
j2 0 0,0222

j3 0
50,00 j 86,60
0
0,0246

j
0,
0032

VX 608,17 j 553,39(V ) 822, 26 42,300 (V )

0
j2 6,11 j 6,09( A) 8,63 135,10 ( A)
j3 0,95 j 2, 29( A) 2, 48 112,530 ( A)

VX

Kirchhoff 4.15(1). , :

, .., .

- 41
VX VL VR 2 0



VX VL VR 2 Z L I S R2 ( j2 I S )

VX j 30 21,65 j 12,50 15 15,54 j 6, 41

VX 608,17 j 553,39(V ).

Thevenin (), ()
Kirchhoff 4.15(2). :

Vth VX VR 3 0

Vth VX VR 3

Vth 608,17 j 553,39 38,00 j 91, 60

Vth 570,17 j 461,79 733, 72 39,000 (V )

Thevenin (), ()

4.15(), R1 R2 , Z C R3

Z L R1 R2 Z C R3 . , Z th :

R1 R2
R3 Z C
ZL
Z th

R1 R2 R3 ZC

30 15 40 j 5, 2
Z th

j 30
30 15 40 j 5, 2

Z th 10, 67 j 24,89 27,08 66,800 ()

Thevenin () ()
4.15().

, Z load , (.4.57):

Z load Z th 10,67 j 24,89 27,08 66,800 ()

() (.4.58):
2
Vth
733,72 2
Pmax

12.614 W
4 Rth 4 10, 67
Ohm
4.15(). :

Vth
733,72 390

Iload
Z th Zload 10,67 j 24,89 10,67 j 24,89

Iload 26, 72 j 21,64 34,38 390 ( A).

, .., .

- 42 4
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]

, . . , , ,
2010.
, . . , , , ,
2002.
, . . , , ,
, , , 2005.
, . . , .. , . . ,
, 2006.
, . , , ..., , 1976.
, . . , , 2000.

, .., .