Pericline

M.ldcosl

Pericline
By Night
Low glare high perlormance Iuminaires.

By Day
Traditional lantern and classic geometric lorms.

Pericline vs. Peri clone

The optlca system of the Mo dcast Pericline has been

olten rnitated, but never replicated. Although there are

numerous products on the market which may physica ly
resembie the Per cl ne (espec a ly mounted 30+ leet in
the air). none can match the performance of the or grnal.
No other manufacturer can equa

[\,4o

dcasts comm tment

to enhancing nighttime visibility at the lowest installed

cost. The Per cline ach eves this by prov d ng h gh ight
levels. un form distribution. remarkable lum na re brlght
ness control. and w de pole spac ngs.

Pericline

Periclone

/n

The Per cllne lower distributing ref ector s a parabolic

contour precisely designed and spun to direct the lght
from the co lect ng ref ector out to 70" above nad

r.

By d recting lght out at this angle (instead of towards

the base of the pole ike a typica shoebox"), uniform ty

and wide po e spacing are assured. Typ cal Peticlones
utiLize

a straight distr but ng cone which reflects iight at

ower angles, resu ting in non uniform distributions and

narrow pole spacings.
Also, the Per cl ne fealures a patented "sharp cutoff
edge" located beneath the upper collect ng rellector

which ensures sharp cutoff at 76''. Per c/ores, however.

typ ca ly produce s gnlficant quantities of h gh ang e
br

ghtness, resu ting in disabil ty glare and ight trespass

in adjacent properties.

Comparison ot Pericline light distribution to a poor

perlorming "look-alike luminaire.

Unsurpassed
Optics
Collecting Rellector

Sharp Cutoff Ledge

Main Distributing Reflector

The [,4oldcast Per c ine ntroduced the outdoor

lghting wor d to the concept of col ect ng and
d str

b!t ng

ref ector systems. and remains the

industry eader I this h gh y effectve. ow bright

ness rrethod of I ghtt me luminatlon. The amp
is ent re y concea ed I the upper porl on ol the
housrng. The co ecting rel ector surrounds the
lanrp, red rect ng

the unrefs towards the d str but

ca e ement then

ng ref ector. This owef opt

d str bLrtes ght out at contro led ang es be ow

cutoff to prov de w de po e spacings afd

un

form ilum nation

-l "

Da i(

ir^

OL rl

,<

ot prod._rr" , r r

ntens i es wh ch strike tlre gro!nd at approx

mate y 2:,' times
Th-" cofvent

the

ona

um na re mounting he ght

hot-spot" beneath the po e gef

erated by shoebox type f xtures s red str blted to

provide increased ight between po es. Above 76
the beam of lght d rn n shes sharp y. eav ng the
umina re v rtua y g are free. Th s sharp cutoff
resu ts lrom [,40 dcast's patented Sharp CL.rtoff

Ledge which renders a I m tat of Per cl ne un ts

nfer or n terms of disab ity g are contro and
lqht trespass

M ldcosf
For over four decades, specifiers have
corne to rely on l\,4oldcast Lighting to

consistently provlde high quality, rugged

commercial outdoor luminaires. For the
last quarter ol a century, Moldcast has
leo the way ,r tl.e design of innovatJve

and effective reflector systems which

have enhanced nighltime visibility.
In addition to lhe Pericline, other
oriqinal Moldcast products such as the

ContraCline, the Paracyl, the MDL, the

Solus, and the Pedestrian ContraCline

creale practical lighiing solulions for

engineers. architects. landscape architects, lighting consultants, and utilities
lhroughout North America.

.rt
i,^

Geometric
{i

Forms o

The d stinct ve straight sides and

cr sp coTners estab ish the form
of the Rectilinear Pericline ser es

These sharp y def ned lum fa res

serve as an explicit
cornplement to the
trad t ona cubic
arch tecture wh ch

continues to be
unlversa ly emp oyed.

The Cylindrical Pericline

ser es s a refresh ng
addit on to both modern

and c ass c arch tectura

themes. The seamless

form s

un form y

e egant and wi

natura y corre ate

to co umns and olh-"r
rounded struc-

tura e -"m-"nls.
. .:-; :.
*--.*:'l
:,ti.-

Ii

':-

!'

II
I

';.,.,
'.

"-j,.

Historical
Forms

I
I

I
t

The Traditional Pericline was

conceived to suggest the Amer can

Coach Lantern style hous ng

which has 0raced nt mate
ne ghborhoods throughout
North America for decades

4-

Th s c assic lorm is

deal y su ted to city

restorations. parks,
and p azas.
The Victorian

Pericline is tru

rem niscent of the

gas anterns

o1 1gth

century Eng and and

the Un ted States.
W th the

high ntens ty

discharge source

artfu y concea ed
in the top of the
hous ng. this

iusonis
susta ned
day and
n

io

ht.

ffii{Elm *i,," Jee.lGF

ll&':trj!&& 4',,W.4 *ia @L:
dffi; *$iS

4!.
!:LhAlffi{**J,r*x ..

{{
t'f i

wK

-"

' t.:
.a-

.:

$t1t

"$i

f&'.
fu -+
tr*s,
:.-

e.ss

;t;# -. *
g!*.\
!T'AE

tA
'

i,;*,
7

j.

Maintenance Features
Because the time honored form of the Traditional Pericline s the cho ce of
many cities across North America, special maintenance features and options

are offered. These characterist cs meet many of the unique requlrements of

municipal and ut lity rnaintenance groups.

Tool-less Relamping
Our innovatlve mechanica des gns make it easy to relamp these fixtures
in minutes without screwdrivers, nut dr vers, hex head wrenches, etc.

Integral Photocontrols
The Tradit ona Pericline features an integral photocontrol receptacle opt on.

This el minates the need for time c ocks, energy management systems
interface, or remote rnounted photocontrols.

Unitized Ballast Tray

Each bal ast s mounted on a tray which is easiy removed through a side door
of the lumina re fltter. Quick e ectrical d sconnects to the primary and secondary
further simpl fy ballast changes.

Rugged Construction
S licone gaskets at

al

points of mater al transition exclude moisture, dirt,

po lutants, and insects. E ectrostatlcaly appl ed po yester powder coat

f nishes reslst fading, abras ons, and peeling.

c Accessories
House Side Cutoff Option

Mansard Roof Option

Two "House Side Cutoff" optional distributions are olfered with

al

Per cline

To establish a more distinctive

models. The "Short" House Side Cutoff (C45) truncates the ight on one side of
the uminaire at approxlmaie y 1r/, mounting he ghts out frorn the base of the

character for the site or to complement

an lluminated traff c lane between the pole and

architecture, lhe Mansard Roof option

po e. This distribution provides

the cutoff point. Where poles are posit oned at the property Ine, the "Full"
House S de Cutoff (C90) crops the distributlon v rtualy at the base of the pole.
Both the C45 and C90 accessories are field installed and are not visible from

norma viewing angles.

All Periclines are available with two house side cutolf options.

Symmetrical distribution

Full house side cutoli

a l\4ansard style roof on adjacent

is available with all three sizes of the

Rectilinear Pericline.

Photometrics
Symmetrical Distribution

Asymmetrical Distribution

Test No. M3034

Test No. M3035

Cal.No.72122

Cat. No. 72122-ASY

Lamp:

Lamp:

150W HPS, Clear

150W HPS, Clear

16,000 Lumens

16,000 Lumens

lsofoolcandle Curve

Mounting Height

9' 11' 13'

B t0 12'

e Pole
5.60 3.70
6.i 0 4.10
3.10 2.00
280 1.90
200 1.40
.95 .63
.36 .24
.08 .06

Po

Pole
2.70
2.90
1.50
1.30

eo.

15'
14'
Po e

2.04
2.24

10"20'30_

.45
.11
.04

40' 50'

70' 3
60"

uh

2i

,/,

.34
.13
.03

11'

0123

't3'

15'

1A 12'
Pole Pole

.00

9'
Poe

'6

Mounting Height
8

lsofootcandle Curve

1.10
1

5.60 3.70 2.74

14

2.aA

.90 1.30
.93
.31
.19
.09

1.00

.6t
.21
.13
.07

Symmetrical Distribution

Test No. l\.43434

Test No.

Cat.No.

721 13

Cat. No. 72123

Lamp:

250W

Candlepower Distribution

1550 3100

Lamp:

4650

.50
.24
.10
.05

.64 .46
.13 .09
04 .03

.35
.07
.02

1.50
1.90

19'

10.20.30.40.

50.

1
4
2 -1

01234

Candlepower Distribution

250W HPS, Clear

'11' 13', 15',

60"

Po e

17'

10' 12 14 16
Pol-a Pole Pole Pole

18'

1.20
1.50

1.00

.80

1.30

1.00

.22
.05
.42

'6

|\,43517

1150 2300

3450

lsotootcandle Curve

19'
18'
Pol-"

3.60 2.60 L90

4.50 3.24 2.44
2.30 1.70 1.30
3.00 2.20 1.60
1.80 1.30 .94

'1 Z

Mounting Heighi

Mounting Height

1A 12 14' 16'
Pole Pole Pole Po e

Side

30,000 Lumens

20,500 Lumens

11' 13', 15' 17'

ilt

Unils ol Mounlinq Heiqhl

Symmetrical Distribution

Clear

)t

'1

,// //

Unils ol Mountinq Highl

l\,4H,

\
\\

Po e

.E

2.80
1.40
.56
.2A
.14

'rl

.//

,/
,/,

.18
.04
.01

01234
Units of l,lounling Heighl

4.60 3.30
5.00 3.60
3.34 2.44
3.24 2.34
1.50 1.10

.17
.28
.11

.55
.24
.08

2.50
2.14

1.20
1.10
.BT
.42
.15
.06

1.90

1.50

2.14

1.70

.96

.77

.86

.69

t u

lsofoolcandle Curve

,/,

.64
.37

.30

.12

.10

.05

04

,,

01234
Unils oi Mounting Heighl

l.

l;

I
E

3E

Symmetrical Distribution

Asymmelrical Distribution

Test No. N/3444

Test No. N43466

Cat. No. 76124

Cat. No. 76124-ASY

Lamp:

Lamp:

400W HPS, Clear

50,000 Lumens

Mounting Height

18', 2A 25'
Po e
Pole Po e
2.20 1.80 1 2A
3.00 2.44 1.60
2.10 .80 1.24
1.30 1.10 .75
.92 .75 .50
.58 .4A .32
.25 .21 .14
09 .08 .05

30
Pole
.85

.85
.53

50,000 Lumens

ao"1

Mounting Height

70-9

,=l

20' 22', 27', 32'

t-'

uh

,,/,

3:

.23
.10

01234

B0 1.50
91 75
.30
.36
.15
.18
.09
.08

\
\\

30'.

1.00

11

.14

.07

.05

.44

.1

il

50
.20

\)

Poe

.36

.44

lsofoolcandle Curve

18' 20' 25'

Pole Poe Poe

lsofoolcandle Curve

1.10

90'-9

.9

20' 22', 27', 32'

400W HPS, Clear

---/: /,-,

tr
)

.9

t))

'/-

-6

01234

Unils of Ntounling Hei9hl

Unirs or rvlounting Heiqhi

Symmetrical Distribution

Asymmetrical Distribution

Test No. N/3444

Test No. N/3441

Cat. No. 791 14

Cat. No. 791 14-ASY

Lamp:

Lamp:

400W L4H, C ear

400W MH, Clear

34,000 Lumens

34,000 Lumens

lsofoolcandle Curve

Mounting Height

Mounting Height

20' 22', 27',

8
Po e
2.10
1.90
1.40
1.30
.92
.43
.10
t2
T

i
I

2A' 25'
Pol-" Po e
1.14 1.10
.50 1.00
1.24 .76
1.10 .72
.76 .50
.36 23
.10 .05
02 01
1

20' 22', 27'.

32',
30'
Po e
.78
.71

.54
.51

10'20_30"

40' 50"

60

t uh
lsolootcandle Curve

,'/,

.36
.16
.04
.01

01234
Unils of l,lounting Height

\
32'

18' 20' 25
Poe Poe Pole

Poe

1.80 1 50 1.00

.11

30

\)

.75

.36
.T8
09

.30
15

08

.50
.24
.10
05

.35
.14
.47
.04

tl
r/
tt
//t

v
4
?
01234

Units ol t{ounling Height

Srde

1Z
'6

Photometrics
Symmetrical Distribution

Asymmetrical Distribution

Test No. 22215

Test No. 16555

CaI- No- 77124

Cat. No. 77124-ASY

Lamp:

Lamp:

400W HPS, Clear

50.000 Lumens

400W HPS, Clear

50,000 Lumens
lsofootcandle Curve

eo1

Mounting Height

27', 32',

37'.

25 30' 35
Pole Pol-a Pole
2.14 150 1.10
1.50 1.10
.80
.85 .61
.45
.81 .62 .46
.59 42 .31

70'

t uh

15

.11

.03

.42

27', 32'

lsofootcandle Curve

\\

37',

25' 30'
Pole Po e

Po e

2.00 1.40

1.10

35

,/
./,

.E

2Z

100

50
2A
.10
.05

'e

0r23

71

.36
.14
.07
04

.27

.-,-,

.11

.03

'6

'/
=

01234

Full House Side Cutoll Option

Test No. lV346B

l!,13467

Cat. No. 79124 ASY C45

Cat. No. 79124-ASY-C90

Lamp:

Lamp:

400W HPS, Clear

50,000 Lumens

400W HPS, Clear

50,000 Lumens
lsolootcandle Curve

lsofoolcandle Curve

Mounting Height

Mounting Height

20' 22', 27'

32',

18 20' 25'
Poe Poe Poe

30'

Poe

\
\'

1 00

.71

.91

75

.50

.35

.36

30
15

.24
.10

.14
.47

08

.05

.04

20' 22' 27'

18' 2A' 25
Po e
Po e
Pole
1.80 1.50 1 00

$\

t)I 1a

t))

.09

tl

Units ot lMounting Helghl

Short House Side Cutoll Option

1.80 1.50

'IZ

.05

Unils ol Mounling Height

No.

'1

:)
'./

,6

,/,

.18

.21
.04

Mounting Height

,/t ,/
'-//
01234
Unils of lllountinq Heiqhl

32'

30

\-

Pole

,9
91

^E

75

.36 .30 .20

.18 .15 .10
.09 .08 05

.14

'\l
)Jl
/

/'

.A7

04

01234
Unlls oi Mounling Heighl

1Z
.g)

Symmetrical Distribution

Asymetrical Distribution

Test No. 22132

Test No. 22290

Cat. No. 771 15

Cat.No.

771 1s-ASY

Lamp:

Lamp:

1000W [/H, Clear

1000W MH, Clear

125,000 Lumens

125,000 Lumens
lsolootcandle Curve
oo' 1

Mounting Height

27', 32', 37', 41',

25' 30' 35' 39'
Po e Pole Pole Pole
5.20
4.20
3.00
2.10
1

40
.82
.36
.15

3.70
3.04
2.10

2.B0

2.24
1

.60

50 1.10
T.00 .75
.58 .44
.26 .20
1 .08
1

.T

2.30
1.80

1.30
.90
.61
.35
.16
.06

709

52',
50
Po e
1.40

40" s0_ 60.

lsofoolcandle Curve

.81

.56

+h
,/,

38

22
.10
04

0123
Unils of ldounling Heiqhl

32' 37' 41'

Pole Pole Po e Po e
10.00 7.10 5.30 4.30
5.00 3.60 2.70 2.20

1.10

27',

25' 30 35 39'

10 20"30_

t-l

Mounting Height

r!

52',
50

Pole
Stt""l

2.70
1.30
1

.9'

2.00 1.40

1.10 86

1.00 .71 .53 .43

50 .36 .27 .22

2A .14 .11 .09

.t

.54

.27

.13
.05

01234
Units ol t\4ounling Height

13

Specifications

t:
r
I
,l

n,

fr

6
Y
A

E
\r

Housing
Rectilinear - 71000, 76000, and 77000 Series
Upper housing is formed extruded {71000) or sheet (76000 and 77000) aluminum with gasketed spun
aluminum lop lamp access cover. Th s upper housing s supported by an internal bracket, assuring thal no
stress ls p aced on the acry ic lens which would result n mater a crazing. Lens enclosure is injection mo ded
(71000 ser es) or fabr cated (76000, 77000) UV res stant acry ic. Opt onal h gh strength polycarbonale
enclosure availab e for extreme vandal env ronments. Aluminum neck casl ng supports the upper housing
and lens enclosure. 4" square (71000), 5" square (76000). or 41/," soft square (77000) cast a uminum
slipfltter is we ded to neck cast ng and is designed to accept a 23ls' O.D. by 4" h gh tenon for mouniing

the

um naire.

Cylindrical - 72000, 78000, and 79000 Series

Upper hous ng is spun a uminum wilh a gasketed spun a um nurn top amp access covet. The upper housing
is supported by an internal bracket, assur ng that no stress is placed on the acry c lens which would resu t in
material craz ng. Lens enclosuTe s Jabr cated UV resistanl acrylic. Optional high strength po ycarbonate en
closure available ior extreme vanda environments. Alum fum neck casting supports the upper housing and
ens enc osure. 4' O.D. (72000), 5^ O.D. (79000), or 41l," soft square (78000) cast a uminum slipfltter ac
cepts a 23tu" O.D. by 4' high tenon for mounting the lumina re.

Traditional - 73000 Series

Fabricated alun'rinum ornamental upper hous ng is secured to main hous ng and h nges up for relamping.
Upper hous ng is supported by main houslng assernbly, assuring that no stress s p aced on the acry c lens
which would resu t in mater a craz fg. Lens enc osure is one piece. vacuum mo ded, UV stabilized, clear
acryl c. Fabr cated ma n housing assen]b y consists of support structure and lower ballast enc osure. Side
access door of bal ast enclosure al ows for ease of e ectrical serv cinq. Cast a um num sl pfitter is we ded 10
ma I housing and accepts a 23fu" O.D. by 4" hiqh tenon for mounling the uTn naire.

Victorian - 74000 Series

Fabricated ornamental upper housing is spun from 14 gauge alun'rinum sheet, s secured to ma I hous ng,
and hinges up for relamping. Upper housing s supported by yoke assemb y, assur ng that no slress is
p aced on the acrylic ens which wou d result in materjal craz ng. Lens enc osure is one piece, injeclion
molded, UV stabilized, clear acrylic. Aluminum neck casting supports the ba ast assembly, d str buting
reflector, and lens enc osure. Cast a um nurn sl piitter js welded to neck cast nq and accepts a 23ls" O.D.

oy4l-g1 Lelorlo moJlrrrg

rhe

lL- rai'e.

Optical System
The dual reflector opt cal syslem consists of co ect ng and distribuling reilector elements. The lamp s entirely concealed in the upper port on of the hous ng. The co ect ng refleclor surrounds the lanrp, Iedirecting
the I ghl towards the parabolic d str buting rel ector. This lower optica e emeni then distributes ight out at
control ed ang es be ow cutolf to prov de w de po e spacings and uniform llumination. The Peric ine optical
sysiem produces max n'rum jntens ties wh ch strike the ground at approximateiy 2314 times the uminaire
mounting helght. Af ntegra, sharp cutoff ledge cuts stray lght above 76", providing contro ol disabilty
glare and ight trespass.
Opt onal factory or field insla ed snap- n distr bul on mod fying elements provide an asymmetric distribution
(ASY), "short' house side cutofl (C45), or'ful" house side cutoff (C90). All of these options are concealed n

the um naire's upper housing and are not

v sib e at normal v ew ng angles.

Electrical
Ballasts are al high power faclor and suitab e ior -20"F starting temperalures. High pressure sod um
ballasts operate lamps with n ANSI trapezoidal limits. l\letal halde balasts are medium regu ation, auto
lransiormer type, providing 110% variatlon frorn lnput vo tage. Lampho der is glazed porce a n w th nickel
plated screw shel . Trad tiona Perlcline (73000) teatures a un tized ballast tray with qu ck e ecirica disconnecls and an access door on the side of the ba last housing 10 iaciltate servicing.

:_

Mechanical Configuration
Geometric

Historical

c
K

F
G

I
I

Cylindrical

Rectilinear

A Larnp access cover

Ba ast mounled to support bracket and concealed withjn

um naire s h gh power factor type des gned for-20'F starting

B Upper enc osure assemb y

lemperatLrre

c Co ect ng rel ector

D 'Sharp cutolf ' edge

tanrp 1by others). vert cal burnifg, base down

D str but

ng relleclor

Upper enclosure support posl and ba ast bracket

S ipfilter lor 23i's' O. D. x

4'

high tef on

K Option N,4ansard roof for 71000, 76000 and 77000 series only
(f ts over slandard hous nq)
Upper enc osure support frame/yoke

ear p ast c lower enc osure. Acry c standard tor a n]odels

(polycarbonate oplion s available with 71000, 72000, 73000,
74000, and 76000 series iumina res)

H C

Specif icatiohs

(continued)

Finish
Each standard um na re s fin shed with premium. abras on and fade res stant, electrostat ca ly app ed. oven
cured, po yester powder coatino.

@." il,?:.';. uL risred and csA approved ror outdoor wer

rocar ons

Dimensions
Cylindrical
Small

72000 Series

lntermediate

79000 Series

rtl
'L7-.'
ri#r

r'.j

tE
qf-',

[E']
E
"lLTl{

J,h

rll\

., l/

'i

LTJ
Large

78000 Series

r..

#r

.lt+
L?;

Traditional
73000 Series

+;l

,l'#

+,"

l-

35'/,

Rectilinear
sq
*--l

t2

12

Small

71000 Series

Itr t;
tT*
T"

'l

lntermediate

76000 Series

20

Large

rt

sq

i*-f

77000 Series

sq

l.-l

,l;l
LE";

35'/!

Victorian

l:-

74000 Series

""1

h;

,-Y,,

l:'o'' I
l,

l,A;

,W

'Ja

ITE' T

ilTT{

Ordering Guide
Compele catalog number consisls of uminare hoLrsing nLrfirber, mo!nlng coniLguraton. lampcode.
ballast vo tage, finish, and opt ons.

Guide
Example

71

oo
112

o@o

27 -BZP -lFU-ASY

Luminaire Housing
71 Sma Rectilnear
72 Sma Cyl ndrical

12 " 12AV
20BV
24AV

20
24

73 ' Trad t ona Coach Lantern

27 277V
34 347V
48 4B0V

76 - lntermediate Rectilnear
77- Large Becl lnear
78 - Large Cy ndrica
79 - lntermediate Cyl ndrical

) Mounting
01
'1 -

Conf iguration

Wal Molnted
S ngle Post Top

Quad

Bronze Po yester

CSP

Co orado S lver Po yesler

Siver Leaf Gray Po yesler

WHT

White Po yesler

BWP3 Black and

11
12

100W MH (E,17)
175W MH (E 28)
13 - 250W MH (E-28)
20 70w HPS (E,23 1i2)
21 - 100W HPS (E-23 1i2)
22, 1sow HPS (E-23 1i2)
23 - 25oW HPS (E-18)

nrerneoiare S ze 176. 79 Ser es/

250W
400W
250W
400W

BZP

SLV

Trpe@120'

@ Lamp Code
STal S /e \71 . 72. 73. 74 Serres)

13
14
23
24

Finish
BLP - Black Polyester
BBL - BlacliBronze Po yester
DZP - Desed Bronze Polyester

2-Twn@180'
3'?-

Ballast Voltage

[,4H (E 28)

MH (E 37)
HPS (E 1B)
HPS (E,18)

G) options
1FU 2FU -

15
24

400W [,4H (E 37)

1000w MH (BT 56)
400W HPS (E 1B)

Singe Fusing (120V 217V,347V)

Double Fus ng (208V 240V 4B0V)

LEX' - Po ycarbonate Lens

ASY - Asymmelr c D str but on
C45 - Shorl House S de Cutolf

C90

GBF

Fu I House Side
Go d Reflector

Cltolf

l\4AN5' Mansard Fool

5SQ6-5 SquareS pftter

5OD'

'

Notes

Large Size (77, 78 Series)

14

Wh te Po yesler
Special Color (Spec fy)

SC

':

5' Diameter Round

S ipf tter

Prelix cata oo number with WM|

- Examp e: \il.,l171o11'12-BZP cao
Nol ava lab e lor 76000.77000.78000
and 79000 ser es.
Not ava ab e with 71000. 73000 76000
and 77000 ser es
Ava lab e w

lh 74000 ser es on y
resislafl acry ic standard.

D sco orat on

Opt on nol ava lab e on 77000 78000

and 79000 ser es prodLrcls.

A.dl"b"'o

000,-6000.. d-7000

um na tes

" ".

6 Avalabe ior 71000 series.

T 25T Doolittle Dr ve
San Leandro CA 94577

Ava lab e lor 72000 seri-"s

Tel510 562 3500

Fax 510 517 5019

Pr nted n U.S A.

MO1025 11/98

15N,4