CKBVMT Cho Chan Nuoi Nho

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)
Hp phn No.: 104.Vietnam 806

Xy dng Hng dn k thut lp bn cam kt BVMT d n chn nui Bo co cui cng
___________________________________________________________________________
Chng trnh Vit Nam-an Mch

Hp tc pht trin v mi trng (DCE)
2005-2010

XY DNG HNG DN K THUT

LP BN CAM KT BO V MI TRNG
D N CHN NUI QUY M NH
TS. L Hong Lan, T vn quc gia ngn hn
Thng 7/2008
10/7/2010

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MC LC
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT .........................................................................................4

1. TM TT NHIM V ..........................................................................................................5
1.1. Gii thiu .........................................................................................................................5
1.2. Mc tiu ...........................................................................................................................5
1.3. Nhim v c th ...............................................................................................................6
2. TNG QUAN V CC VN MI TRNG TI CC C S CHN NUI QUY
M NH ....................................................................................................................................7
2.1. Hin trng pht trin chn nui Vit Nam ....................................................................7
2.2. nh hng pht trin chn nui n nm 2020..............................................................9
2.3. Tnh hnh pht trin chn nui trang tri, tp trung trn ton quc ...............................11
3. HIN TRNG TUN TH PHP LUT V QUN L BO V MI TRNG TI
CC C S CHN NUI THUC CC TNH THAM GIA HP PHN ..........................12
3.1. Tnh H Nam .................................................................................................................12
3.2. Tnh Bn Tre ..................................................................................................................26
4. XUT D THO HNG DN LP BN CAM KT BO V MI TRNG
D N CHN NUI GIA SC, GIA CM QUY M NH ...............................................29
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................31
PH LC 1 ..............................................................................................................................32
M U ..............................................................................................................................33
I. A IM THC HIN D N ....................................................................................37
II. QUY M SN XUT, KINH DOANH .........................................................................39
III. NHU CU NGUYN, NHIN LIU S DNG .........................................................42
IV. CC TC NG MI TRNG ................................................................................45
V. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG TIU CC ...................................................52
10/7/2010

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VI. CAM KT THC HIN ................................................................................................60
TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................................62
10/7/2010

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DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
AR
BVMT
CBM/EPC
CPRGS
CSC
CSO
DANIDA
DCE
DONRE
EIA/TM
EMD
GOV
IO
KHT/MPI
KSN
MDG
M&E
NGO
NSEP
NSTA
PCDA
PPSO
PSO
RDE
SOE
TCVN
T&GTMT
TNMT/MONRE
UBND/PP
UNDP
WHO
10/7/2010
(Awareness Raising) Nng cao nhn thc

Bo v mi trng
(Bn) Cam kt bo v mi trng
Chin lc tng trng v gim ngho
Ban qun l Hp phn
Vn phng h tr Hp phn
T chc H tr pht trin quc t an Mch
Chng trnh Hp tc pht trin v mi trng
S Ti nguyn v Mi trng
nh gi tc ng mi trng
Phng Qun l mi trng
Chnh ph Vit Nam
(Immediate Ojective) Mc tiu c th
(B) K hoch v u t
Kim sot nhim
Mc tiu pht trin Thin nin k
Gim st v nh gi
T chc phi Chnh ph
Chin lc quc gia v Bo v mi trng
T vn ngn hn trong nc
Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho
Vn phng h tr Chng trnh cp Tnh
Vn phng H tr Chng trnh
i s qun an Mch
Bo co hin trng mi trng
Tiu chun Vit Nam
(V) Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng
(B) Ti nguyn v Mi trng
U ban Nhn dn
Chng trnh pht trin Lin hp quc
T chc Y t th gii

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1. TM TT NHIM V
1.1. Gii thiu
Vit Nam hin ang phi i din vi nhiu thch thc v nhim mi trng v suy thoi ti
nguyn thin nhin. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v ang xy dng v t chc thc hin
cc nhim v nhm gii quyt nhng vn ny, trong s c vic xy dng cc vn bn
php quy v nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng cc cp. Hp phn Kim sot nhim
ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA) do Chnh ph an Mch ti tr thng qua T chc
H tr pht trin quc t an Mch (DANIDA) v ang gp phn nng cao nng lc qun
l mi trng cp Trung ng v a phng cng nh xut xy dng v ban hnh cc
vn bn php quy, cc hng dn thc hin v gii quyt cc vn mi trng lin quan.
Vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) dn dn tr thnh thng l Vit
Nam sau hn 15 nm p dng cc quy nh v TM theo Lut Bo v mi trng. Hin nay,
theo quy nh ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng
2005 v Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP sa i mt s iu ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP, cc
c s/trang tri chn nui gia sc, gia cm quy m ln (t 1000 u gia sc v 20.000 u gia
cm tr ln) phi thc hin lp bo co TM trc khi trin khai, nhm gp phn gim thiu
nhim mi trng t cc hot ng chn nui.
Cng theo quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 v cc Ngh nh nu trn, cc c s
quy m nh, k c quy m h gia nh hot ng trong lnh vc chn nui (cn gi l cc
trang tri quy m nh cp x) khng thuc danh mc phi lp bo co TM nhng phi lp
bn cam kt bo v mi trng (CBM) - mt hnh thc bo co TM n gin.
CBM s c ng k v c UBND cp huyn hoc UBND cp x c u quyn cp giy
xc nhn. Quy nh ny gip n gin th tc xin cp giy php hot ng ca cc ch u t
cng nh th tc xt duyt ti cc c quan qun l mi trng c thm quyn. Tuy nhin, y
l quy nh mi trong Lut Bo v mi trng 2005, v vy vic thc hin gp nhiu kh
khn, lng tng cp a phng, c bit l cp huyn v cp x.
Vi s tr gip ca Chnh ph an Mch thng qua Hp phn PCDA, V Thm nh v
nh gi tc ng mi trng (T&GTMT) ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (TNMT)
d kin son tho v ban hnh Hng dn k thut lp CBM i vi cc d n chn nui quy
m nh, loi hnh sn xut rt ph bin ti nhiu tnh ca Vit Nam, trong c 4 tnh tham
gia Hp phn PCDA.
1.2. Mc tiu
Mc tiu tng qut
H tr V TT&GTMT son tho v hon chnh Hng dn k thut lp bn CBM i
vi cc d n chn nui quy m nh.
10/7/2010

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Mc tiu c th
-
Tin hnh nghin cu, kho st thc a ti 4 tnh tham gia Hp phn PCDA thu
thp cc thng tin v d liu cn thit;
Son tho Hng dn k thut lp bn CBM i vi cc d n chn nui quy m nh.
Hng dn ny cn ph hp vi cc tiu chun quc t v k thut TM v p ng
yu cu ca php lut Vit Nam hin hnh;
Trnh np bn d tho Hng dn cho Vn phng qun l Hp phn (CMO), V
T&GTMT t chc Hi tho quc gia nh gi v gp cho bn d tho ny;
Trn c s cc kin ng gp t Hi tho quc gia v V T&GTMT chnh sa
v hon thin bn Hng dn k thut lp bn CBM i vi cc d n chn nui quy
m nh c th ban hnh.
1.3. Nhim v c th
Nhim v 1: Thu thp v tng hp cc thng tin phc v vic xy dng Hng dn k thut
lp CBM.
-
Thu thp cc vn bn php quy lin quan nTM v thc hin lp bn CBM ti mt
s nc c iu kin tng t Vit Nam;
Phn tch cc vn bn php quy hin hnh ca Vit Nam lin quan n bo v v qun
l mi trng;
nh gi hin trng qun l mi trng ti cc c s chn nui quy m nh khng
thuc qun l ca cp Trung ng v cp tnh;
Lp phiu iu tra gi n cc V/S lin quan ca B TNMT v UBND cc
tnh/thnh ly kin v hin trng qun l mi trng ti cc c s chn nui quy
m nh khng thuc qun l ca cp Trung ng v cp tnh.
Nhim v 2: Trn c s kt qu ca Nhim v 1, son tho Hng dn k thut lp bn CBM

i vi cc d n chn nui quy m nh.
-
T chc Hi tho chuyn gia thu thp kin gp ;

Trn c s cc kin ny iu chnh li cc xut;
xut cho B TNMT ban hnh Hng dn p dng cho c nc (p dng trc ht
cho cc tnh Thi Nguyn, Nam H, Qung Nam v Bn Tre)
Bo co:
Bo co tng hp cn cha 3 phn chnh:
-
Tng quan v cc vn bo v mi trng ti cc c s chn nui;

Hin trng tun th php lut v qun l bo v mi trng ti cc tnh tham gia Hp
phn;
xut d tho hng dn lp bn CBM i vi cc d n chn nui quy m nh.
10/7/2010

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2. TNG QUAN V CC VN MI TRNG TI CC C S CHN NUI QUY
M NH
2.1. Hin trng pht trin chn nui Vit Nam
Sn lng lng thc tng nhanh trong thi gian gn y a Vit Nam t mt nc thiu lng
thc trong thp k 80 tr thnh nc xut khu go ng th 2 - 3 th gii. Trong 16 nm xut
khu go (1989 - 2004) Vit Nam cung cp cho th trng th gii hn 45,14 triu tn go, thu
v 10,77 t USD. Sn xut lng thc t sn lng cao to iu kin tt cho s pht trin
cng nghip ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm v a chn nui pht trin nhanh v n nh.
Nm 1994, t trng nng nghip trong GDP c nc l 35,4% (cng nghip 26,6%, dch v
38%). T trng chn nui trong tng gi tr sn lng nng nghip chim 25,82%. Trong c cu
tng thu v sn xut kinh doanh Nng-Lm-Thu sn chim 75,6%, cng nghip-xy dng chim
10,6%, thu t ngnh ngh dch v 13,8%.
Nm 2003, c cu kinh t nng nghip nng thn c s chuyn dch tch cc. C cu tng thu
t ngnh trng trt chim 68,5%, thu t ngnh chn nui chim 29,5%, thu t cc hot ng dch
v nng nghip ch 2%. Trong ngnh trng trt, t l thu t cy hng nm chim 77,8%, thu t
cy lu nm 19,7%.
Cng vi s pht trin kinh t x hi trong thi k i mi, ngnh chn nui t c nhng
kt qu ng k.
Bng 2.1. S lng gia sc, gia cm c nc qua cc nm
G
D
Tru
Tng s b
B sa
Ln
Tng s gia
(con)
(1000 con) (1000 con)
(con)
(1000 con) cm (1000 con) (1000 con)
1980
2313,0
1664,2
4843
10001,2
61522,0
48391,0
173900
1985
2590,2
2597,6
5800
11807,5
87803,0
64816,7
402600
1990
2854,4
3120,8
11000
12260,5
103820,0
80184.0
372800
1995
2963,1
3638,7
18700
16037,4
140004,0
107958,4 550174
2000
2897,2
4127,9
34982
20193,7
198046,0
147050,0 543860
2004
2870,0
4910,0
95800
26140,0
218150,0
196363,5 1020200
Ngun: Cc chn nui (2006)-Bo co tnh hnh chn nui Vit Nam thi gian qua v nh
hng pht trin chn nui dn 2010
Nm
Tc tng n gia sc, gia cm trong 10 nm gn y tnh trung bnh 3,0 - 6,0%, trong n
ln tng 6,77%; b tng 4,1% (b sa tng mnh 48,06%); gia cm tng 6 - 9%/nm; ring n
tru khng tng v mt s vng c xu hng gim (-0,04%).
Tnh hnh chn nui ln
Ln l loi vt nui c kh nng li dng tt cc ph phm cng-nng nghip, kh nng sinh sn
cao, quay vng kh nhanh, cho phn bn nhiu v tt.V vy chn nui ln tr thnh ngh
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truyn thng ca nng dn v l ngnh chn nui ch yu nc ta. Ln c nui ph bin
tt c cc vng sinh thi nng nghip, c bit tp trung nhiu vng ng bng sng Hng:
22,5% tng s u con v 26% tng sn phm, Bc Trung b tng ng 16,4% v 13%, ng
bng sng Cu Long: 15% v 22%. Nh vy, ring ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng
Cu Long n ln chim 37,5% u con v 48% sn lng tht ln ca c nc. n ln vn
c nui ch yu theo phng thc bn thm canh trong nng h (90 - 95%) vi quy m nh (3
- 5 con/h), s h nui quy m ln hn t 6 con tr ln ch chim 1,8%. Mt t l nh n ln (5
- 10%) c nui trong cc trang tri (200 - 300 con) theo phng thc thm canh (cng nghip).
Ln vn l ngun cung cp tht chnh (77% tng lng tht cc loi), nhng tiu th trong nc l
ch yu, mi nm ch xut khu c 5000 - 10000 tn tht. C cu ging ln hin ang nui ch
yu vn l cc ging ln ni. pha Bc n ln ni gn 1,5 triu con trong ni Mng Ci
chim 40 - 45%, ln ni lai 32 - 35%, cc ging a phng khc 10 - 15%, ln ni ngoi hoc
ni lai nhiu mu ngoi ch 1 - 2%. pha Nam 0,73 triu con ln ni th ln ni lai nhiu mu
ngoi v ln Ba Xuyn, Thuc Nhiu chim t l cao (70 - 80%), ln ni ngoi chim 10 - 15%,
cn li l cc ging a phng khc. Trong n ln nui tht, t l ln lai 50% mu ngoi (con lai
F1) l 67%, ln ni 30%, ln ngoi v nhiu mu ngoi mi chim 3%.
Tnh hnh chn nui gia cm
Gia cm l loi vt nui c kh nng sinh sn nhanh nht, vng i ngn nht, vn u t t v
quy m chn nui linh hot, v vy trong nhng nm gn y gia cm l i tng nui quan
trng trong cc chng trnh xo i gim ngho. Gia cm c nui tt c cc vng sinh thi
nng nghip. n g 75% tp trung cc tnh pha Bc (t khu 4 c tr ra), trong khi n vt li
phn b tp trung nhiu ng bng sng Cu Long (hn 50% tng n vt c nc). Phn ln
gia cm (70 - 80%) c nui theo phng thc qung canh, bn thm canh trong cc nng h,
mi h 20 - 30 con, mt s t nui thm canh (cng nghip) trong cc trang tri vi quy m 1000
- 2000 con. Tht gia cm sn xut ra chim 15% lng tht cc loi, ch yu phc v nhu cu
trong nc. Trng gia cm sn xut ngy cng tng nhng cn mc thp (di 50
qu/ngi/nm). Cc ging gia cm nui ch yu vn l cc ging a phng (80%) nng sut
thp, cc ging cao sn nhp ni nng sut cao hy cn t (20%). Nhng nm gn y xu hng
chn nui cc ging g th vn, lng mu ang c quan tm v pht trin vi tc nhanh.
Tnh hnh chn nui tru b
Tru, b l cc loi vt nui n c, c th li dng tt ng c v cc ph phm nng - cng
nghip to thnh tht, sa, sc ko. n b phn b nhiu vng sinh thi nng nghip khc
nhau nhng tp trung cc tnh Bc Trung B v duyn hi min Trung (45,5% tng n), 5
vng sinh thi cn li chim 54,5%, ring Ty Nguyn t ai rng, iu kin thun li nhng
n b ch chim 10,8%. n tru phn b tp trung min ni v trung du pha Bc ( 52%), tip
l khu 4 c ( 22%). n tru, b phn ln nui trong nng h (2 - 3 con/h) theo phng thc
qung canh, bn thm canh. B sa c quan tm pht trin mnh trong nhng nm gn y ch
yu ven cc thnh ph ln: H Ni, H Ch Minh v c nui thm canh. Tht tru, b ch
chim 8% tng lng tht cc loi, lng sa sn xut ra cn t, mi ch chim 8,6% lng sa
tiu th Vit Nam. Mt s vng tru, b c dng cy, ko nhng nhu cu cung cp sc
ko (c bit tru) ngy cng gim. C cu ging b ch yu vn l b ni (b vng Vit Nam)
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chim 85% tng n vi tm vc nh, nng sut tht sa u thp. Khi lng trng thnh b
ci 180 - 200 kg/con, b c 210 - 250 kg/con, t l tht x 40 - 45%, b lai Zbu chim 14,4%,
cc ging b cao sn nhp ni mi chim 0,5% tng n b.
Tnh hnh chn nui cc loi vt nui khc
Trong nhng nm gn y thc hin ch trng chuyn i c cu cy trng vt nui hng ti
chin lc pht trin nng nghip bn vng, ngnh chn nui c quan tm v pht trin a
dng hn. Ngoi cc vt nui truyn thng: ln, tru b, g th d, cu, ngan, chim ct, b cu,
iu cng c ch u t pht trin. ng thi vi vic bo tn qu gen cc gia sc, gia
cm a phng, vic nhp ni cc gia sc gia cm cao sn phc v pht trin chn nui thm
canh, sn xut hng ho c trin khai thc hin nh: b sa cao sn t c; ln c t l nc
cao t B, Nht; g lng mu t Trung Quc; vt cao sn tht, trng t Anh, Thi Lan; ngan Php;
b cu Php to nn s a dng trong sn phm chn nui nc ta, ang gp phn tch cc
trong cc chng trnh xo i gim ngho vn ln lm giu t chn nui v m ra bc
pht trin mi ca ngnh chn nui.
2.2. nh hng pht trin chn nui n nm 2020
Ngy 16/01/2008, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 10/2008/Q-TTg v vic ph
duyt Chin lc pht trin chn nui n nm 2020, trong nu r:
Mc tiu sn xut chn nui n nm 2020
Mc tiu chung ca pht trin chn nui l:
-
n nm 2020 ngnh chn nui c bn chuyn sang sn xut phng thc trang tri, cng
nghip, p ng phn ln nhu cu thc phm m bo cht lng cho tiu dng v xut
khu;
T trng chn nui trong nng nghip n nm 2020 t trn 42%, trong nm 2010
t khong 32% v nm 2015 t 38%;
m bo an ton dch bnh v v sinh an ton thc phm, khng ch c hiu qu cc
bnh nguy him trong chn nui;
Cc c s chn nui, nht l chn nui theo phng thc trang tri, cng nghip v c s
git m, ch bin gia sc, gia cm phi c h thng x l cht thi, bo v v gim
nhim mi trng.
nh hng pht trin chn nui n nm 2020

Lin quan n nh hng pht trin chn nui gia sc, gia cm, Quyt nh s 10/2008/Q-TTg
ch r:
1. Chn nui ln: pht trin nhanh quy m n ln ngoi theo hng trang tri, cng nghip ni c
iu kin v t ai, kim sot dch bnh v mi trng; duy tr quy m nht nh hnh thc chn nui
ln lai, ln c sn ph hp vi iu kin chn nui ca nng h v ca mt s vng. Tng n ln
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tng bnh qun 2,0% nm, t khong 35 triu con, trong n ln ngoi nui trang tri, cng
nghip 37%.
2. Chn nui gia cm: i mi v pht trin chn nui gia cm theo hng trang tri, cng nghip
v chn nui chn th c kim sot:
-
Tng n g tng bnh qun trn 5% nm, t khong trn 300 triu con, trong n g
nui cng nghip chim khong 33%;
n thy cm gim dn cn khong 52 -55 triu con; n thy cm nui cng nghip
trong tng n tng dn, bnh qun 8% nm.
3. n b sa: tng bnh qun trn 11% nm, t khong 500 ngn con, trong 100% s lng
b sa c nui thm canh v bn thm canh.
4. n b tht: tng bnh qun 4,8% nm, t khong 12,5 triu con, trong b lai t trn 50%.
5. n tru: n nh vi s lng khong 2,9 triu con, nui tp trung ch yu cc tnh min
ni pha Bc, Bc Trung B v Ty Nguyn.
6. n d, cu: tng bnh qun 7% nm, t khong 3,9 triu con. Pht trin chn nui d theo
hng trang tri kt hp nui nht v bn chn th vng ni pha Bc, Bc Trung B, Duyn
hi Nam Trung B. Cc tnh Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun v mt s a phng c iu kin sinh
thi ph hp c th m rng chn nui cu.
Gii php thc hin quy hoch
-
Quy hoch chn nui phi ph hp vi c im v li th ca tng vng sinh thi, nhm
khai thc ti a tim nng ca tng loi vt nui trong tng vng sinh thi, m bo pht
trin bn vng, an ton sinh hc v bo v mi trng;
R sot, iu chnh, xy dng quy hoch cc sn phm chn nui, trc ht l cc sn
phm ch lc: ln, gia cm, b sa, b tht:
9 Pht trin chn nui ln, gia cm trng im nhng ni c iu kin v t ai,
ngun nc ngt v bo v mi trng sinh thi nh Trung du, Duyn hi Bc v
Nam Trung B, Ty Nguyn v mt s vng ng bng sng Hng, ng Nam B;
9 Chn nui b sa tp trung cc vng cao nguyn Lm ng, Mc Chu v cc tnh
c iu kin u t, kinh nghim chn nui. Chn nui b tht tp trung Bc Trung
B, Duyn hi Nam Trung B, Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B v mt s vng c kinh
nghim chn nui v kh nng u t;
R sot, iu chnh li quy hoch c s sn xut, ch bin v cung ng thc n chn nui,
vng sn xut nguyn liu, ng c, bn cng, kho chuyn dng nhp khu nguyn liu
thc n chn nui;
Quy hoch, t chc li h thng c s git m v ch bin gia sc, gia cm theo hng
cng nghip gn vi vng chn nui hng ho, v sinh th y, an ton thc phm v x l
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mi trung.
2.3. Tnh hnh pht trin chn nui trang tri, tp trung trn ton quc
Tnh n 01/10/2006, theo bo co ca 60/64 tnh, thnh c tng s 16.012 trang tri, trong
min Bc c 6.101 trang tri, min Nam c 9.911 trang tri (theo tiu ch ca Thng t lin tch
s 69/2000/TTLT-BNN- TCTK ngy 26/3/2000 ca Lin B Nng nghip- Tng cc Thng k).
Chn nui trang tri, tp trung pht trin ch yu l trang tri chn nui ln v b. Hai loi hnh
ny chim 42,5% v 35,9% trong tng s trang tri. Chn nui gia sc khc nh, tru, d...ch
chim 6,2%. Chn nui gia cm chim 15,4%. Tuy nhin, chn nui ln v chn nui gia cm
phn ln l cc ging cng nghip cao sn, u t tp trung, thm canh. Trang tri chn nui gia
cm c th b gim st do nh hng ca 3 nm b dch cm gia cm. Cc ging gia sc ln nh
b, tru, d, cu thch ng vi iu kin chn th tn dng thc n t nhin thch hp vi cc
vng trung du, min ni v ch yu l chn nui th n, s trang tri tp trung khng nhiu.
Chn nui trang tri tp trung pht trin mnh ng Nam b: 6.034 trang tri, chim 37,7%%,
tip theo l ng bng sng Hng: 3.142 trang tri, chim 19,7%; Bc Trung b: 1.546 trang tri,
chim 9,7%, trong cc tnh c nhiu trang tri nht l TP. H Ch Minh: 2.631 trang tri, ng
Nai: 1.261 trang tri, Bnh nh: 834 trang tri, Thanh Ha: 815 trang tri, Gia Lai: 787 trang
tri, Ninh Thun : 690 trang tri, H Ty: 641 trang tri, Thi Bnh: 507 trang tri, Hng yn: 460
trang tri, Hi Phng: 342 trang tri; H Nam: 327 trang tri. Cc vng ng Bc, Ty Bc vi
t ai rng ln nhng s lng trang tri ch chim vi % v ch yu l trang tri chn nui i
gia sc. ng bng sng Cu Long cng cha pht trin nhiu TT, ch c 1.006 TT, chim 6,3%
so vi ton quc.
Li nhun chn nui ph thuc vo quy m, loi hnh chn nui v mc u t. Theo kt qu
phng vn mt s ch trang tri th trong iu kin thun li nui ln tht bnh qun thu li 1.000
/ con/ngy, 100.000- 120.000 /c/la 4 thng. Nui ln sinh sn cho li 2-2,5 triu /c/nm.
Nui g tht li 1.000-1.200 /kg. Nui g trng li 150-200 /qu. Nui b tht li khong 1 triu
ng/c/nm, b sinh sn li 1,5-2,0 triu ng/c/nm. Nh vy, cng nui quy m ln, u t ln
th thu li cng cao.
Chn nui trang tri, tp trung to khi lng sn phm hng ha ln, nng sut, hiu qu chn
nui cao, tng bc kim sot c cht lng sn phm, kim sot dch bnh. Chn nui trang
tri, tp trung tn dng, khai thc tim nng qu t, nht l cc vng i g, t trng, t hoang
ha; khai thc tim nng vn ca mi thnh phn kinh t x hi u t mnh m vo chn nui
cng nghip, to cng n vic lm, tng thu nhp cho ngi dn. Vi hn 17.000 trang tri, bnh
qun s dng t 4-10 lao ng, gii quyt c hng chc vn lao ng vi mc thu nhp
bnh qun t 700.000 - 1.500.000 /ngi/thng, l mt hng chuyn i kinh t rt c hiu qu
trong nng nghip hin nay.
Tuy nhin, cn tn ti mt s kh khn trong pht trin chn nui trang tri tp trung l:
11

___________________________________________________________________________
-
Chn nui trang tri pht trin t pht, khng c quy hoch. Qu t dnh cho chn nui
trang tri l rt hn ch. t ai manh mn, phn tn nh l trong cc nng h ang l tr
ngi u tin v kh khn nht quy hoch pht trin trang tri;
Tn dng cho trang tri cn nhiu kh khn, ngun vn u t ch yu l ca h gia nh,
vay anh em, b bn, vay ngoi li xut cao;
nhim mi trng nghim trng, nhiu trang tri xy dng ngay trong khu dn c. Dch
bnh xy ra thng xuyn, pht trin khng bn vng;
Trnh chuyn mn, kinh nghim sn xut, qun l ca cc ch trang tri cn hn ch;
sn phm cha c kim sot cht ch, th trng khng n nh, nht l khi c dch
bnh.
3. HIN TRNG TUN TH PHP LUT V QUN L BO V MI TRNG TI

CC C S CHN NUI THUC CC TNH THAM GIA HP PHN
3.1. Tnh H Nam
H Nam l mt tnh thuc ng bng chu th Sng Hng vi tng din tch t nhin l 851,7
km2; s dn l 824.335 ngi vi mt dn s trung bnh ton tnh trn 967ngi/ km2 (ngun:
Nin gim thng k H Nam nm 2005, Cc Thng k tnh H Nam). C ta a l nm trong
khong t 20o2200 n 20o4200 v Bc; t 105o4500 n 106o1000 kinh ng.
Pha Bc gip vi tnh H Ty, pha Ty gip vi tnh Ho Bnh, pha Nam gip vi tnh Nam
nh, Ninh Bnh v pha ng gip vi tnh Nam nh, tnh Hng Yn, tnh Thi Bnh.
Bng 3.1. Hin trng s dng t tnh H Nam nm 2006 - 2007
TT
Loi t
t nng nghip
t phi nng nghip (tr t th;
t sn xut, kinh doanh phi nng
nghip; t c mc ch cng cng)
t cha s dng
t th
t sn xut, kinh doanh phi nng
nghip
t c mc ch cng cng
Tng din tch t t nhin
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nm 2006
58.804,07
Din tch (ha)

T l % Nm 2007
68,41
57.903,48
T l %
67,36
11.094,43
12,91
11.279,01
13,12
3.490,12
364,67
4,06
0,42
3.785,84
373,5
4,4
0,44
1.605,01
1,87
1.714
10.596,16
85.954,55
12,33
100
10.902,89
85.958,72
12,68
100
Ghi ch: Tng din tch trn a bn tnh hng nm c khc nhau l do hin nay dng cc
thit b o c hin i (Ngun: Bo co thng k din tch t ca S Ti nguyn v Mi trng
tnh H Nam - nm 2007).
12

___________________________________________________________________________
Bng 3.2. S liu v tng n gia sc, gia cm trn a bn tnh nm 2006 - 2007
L Nhn
2006
2007
325
377
10490
11514
Kim Bng
2006
2007
572
606
6665
6720
S liu
Thanh Lim
2006
2007
592
635
10140
9854
Bnh Lc
2006
2007
401
354
8600
9226
Duy Tin
2006
2007
583
625
10473 11268
250735
247671
118398
205753
129609
158365
372886 319555
43741
47240
Con
Con
Con
14520
94398
220
17796
92982
228
5418
4900
114
15741
55500
86
8579
45285
70
8364
47309
65
18645
202078
165
17757
114438
170
Con
141597
136665
107966
134426
75675
102627
151998
187190
757,5
826,4
646
663
525,05
490,29
781,6
787,5
856,3
7
936,86
475,3
473,6
317
330
318,628
305,169
525,3
520
282,2
352,8
329
333
206,42
185,12
256,3
267,5
345
650
794
510
560
438
815
TT
Tn cc ch tiu
n v
1
2
Tng s tru
Tng s b
Tng n ln (khng
k ln sa)
+ Ln ni
+ Ln tht
+ Ln c ging
+ S con ln tht xut
chung
Tng s n gia cm
Con
Con
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
+ G
+ Vt, ngan, ngng
S h nui gia cm t
100 con tr ln
1000
con
1000
con
H
13

___________________________________________________________________________
3.1.1. Cc thng tin chung v tnh hnh hot ng cc trang tri chn nui tp trung
Tnh H Nam hin ang chuyn dch c cu kinh t nng nghip pht trin ngnh ngh v dch
v nng thn, ly pht trin chn nui l mi t ph trong chuyn dch c cu kinh t nng
nghip. Ln l con nui chnh, chim t trng cao trong ngnh chn nui; Nm 2007 ton tnh c
978584 con ln tng 6,9% so vi nm 2006; Tng n gia cm l 3.704 ngn con tng so vi nm 2006
l 137,53 ngn con; n tru b 51179 con tng so vi nm 2006 l 2338 con (Bng 1).
Hin nay hnh thc chn nui quy m nh l, phn tn l ch yu gy nhim mi trng v
khng c sn phm hng ho tp trung cht lng cao. Tnh hnh pht trin chn nui trang tri,
tp trung bc u hnh thnh. Ton tnh c 327 tri ch yu l cc tri chn nui g, vt ngan v
ln ni, ln tht cn s lng cc tri chn nui b tht, b sa, tru, d th rt t. S lng trang
tri c th nh sau:
-
Tri chn nui ln l 139 tri. trong c 26 tri ln ni v 113 tri ln tht
Tri chn nui gia cm l 134 tri, trong c 41 tri g; 61 tri vt ngan; v 32 tri gia
cm ging
Tri chn nui b l 26 tri, trong c 14 tri b tht; 10 tri b sinh sn; v 2 tri b sa
Tri nui tru: 1 tri
Tri nui d: 27 tri
Trang tri chn nui gia cm.

- G:
Quy m 2.000-5.000
Huyn
(con)
Kim Bng
Duy Tin
7
L Nhn
23
Bnh Lc
2
Ton tnh
32
5.000-8.000
(con)
5
8.000-11.000
(con)
1
3
8
5.000-8.000
(con)
8.000-11.000
(con)
11.000-15.000
(con)
Trn 15.000
(con)
11.000-15.000
(con)
Trn 15.000
(con)
- Vt, ngan ngng:

Quy m 2.000-5.000
Huyn
(con)
Thanh Lim
5
Duy Tin
14
L Nhn
12
Bnh Lc
30
Ton tnh
61
14

___________________________________________________________________________
- Gia cm ging:
Quy m 2.000-5.000
Huyn
(con)
Bnh Lc
32
Ton tnh
32
5.000-8.000
(con)
8.000-11.000
(con)
11.000-15.000
(con)
Trn 15.000
(con)
Trang tri chn nui ln

- Ln ni
Quy m
Huyn
Ph L
Kim Bng
Thanh Lim
Duy Tin
L Nhn
Bnh Lc
Ton tnh
20-50
(con)
2
9
2
4
2
5
24
50-100
(con)
100-150
(con)
150-250
(con)
250-500
(con)
Trn 500
(con)
1
- Ln tht.
Quy m
Huyn
Ph L
Kim Bng
Thanh Lim
Duy Tin
L Nhn
Bnh Lc
Ton tnh
100-200
(con)
3
14
11
20
18
42
108
200-300
(con)
300-500
(con)
500-1000
(con)
1000-1500 1500-2500
(con)
(con)
Trn 2500
(con)
1
1
Trang tri chn nui b

- B tht
Quy m 50-100(con) 100-150(con)
Huyn
Duy Tin
14
Ton tnh
14
150-200(con) 200-500(con)
15
Trn 500(con)

___________________________________________________________________________
- B sinh sn
Quy m
Huyn
Ph L
Kim Bng
Thanh Lim
Duy Tin
Ton tnh
10-20(con)
20-50(con)
50-100(con)
100-200(con)
Trn 200(con)
20-50(con)
50-100(con)
100-200(con)
Trn 200(con)
50-100(con)
100-150(con)
Trn 150(con)
150-200(con)
200-300(con)
Trn 300(con)
1
4
5
10
- B sa trng thnh
Quy m
Huyn
Duy Tin
Bnh Lc
Ton tnh
10-20(con)
1
1
2
Trang tri chn nui tru

Tng n
Huyn
Duy Tin
Ton tnh
20-50 (con)
1
1
Trang tri chn nui d

Quy m
100-150 (con)
Huyn
Kim bng
Ton tnh
27
27
Bng 3.3. Danh sch cc khu chn nui tp trung ang hot ng
STT
1
2
Tn cc khu
Khu chn nui ti thn Tin x V
Bn - Bnh Lc
Khu chn nui ti x Mc Bc huyn Duy Tin
Ln
Quy m
Gia cm
tru b
3120
5000
200
Din tch
(ha)
S h
tham gia
20,4
20,1
16

___________________________________________________________________________
STT
3
4
Tn cc khu
Khu chn nui ti x Tiu ng huyn Bnh Lc
Khu chn nui ti x Nht Tn huyn Kim Bng
Din tch
S h
Quy m
3,93
15
9000
5,4
11
4700
3000
Bng 3.4. Cc khu chn nui tp trung d kin xy dng trong cc nm ti

Huyn
a im
Kim Bng: 9,13 ha
1.X Hong Ty
2. X Tn Sn
Bnh Lc: 20,6 ha
1. X M Th
- Khu Ty Bc ng Vng
- Khu Nam ng Cao
2. X An Ninh
- Thn 3
- Thn 9
3. X ng Du
- ng Mc Ni - ng Ni
- ng Ngi
4. X V Bn
- ng Trung
1. X Chn L (m B)
2. X Ph Phc (Cung in)
3. TT Vnh Tr
1. X Thanh Ngh
2. Thanh Lu
1. Yn Lc x Mc Nam
2. ip Sn x Yn Nam
3. Vc Vng x Yn Bc
4. X Tin Phong
5. quan, x Mc Bc
6. Kim L x Tin Ni
L Nhn: 30,96 ha
Thanh Lim: 8 ha
Duy Tin: 26,5 ha
Din tch
(ha)
6,13
3
S h
2
2
15
15
2
2
1
15
3
5
17
45
4,6
25,7
3,26
2
3
5
4
5
3,5
3
6
5
3
14
1
2
3
5
Ghi ch
3.1.2. Cc thng tin chung v tnh hnh hot ng cc trang tri chn nui khng tp trung
(quy m h gia nh)
17

___________________________________________________________________________
Bng 3.5. Danh sch mt s trang tri in hnh chn nui khng tp trung (c thng k)
Quy m (con)
STT
Tn ch h
1
2
3
Huyn Duy Tin

Nguyn ng Phi
Trnh Vn Quyn
Trn Xun Khoa
5
6
7
ng Vn Hanh
Trng Vn Tuyn
Nguyn Xun Lc
Nguyn Quc Vit
9
10
11
12
14
Huyn Kim Bng

Nguyn Vn Vit
Trnh Vn Bn
Lng nh Quc
Trang tri chn nui
ln ni, nui trng thu
sn
Huyn Bnh Lc
15
Trn Vn
16
17
18
19
20
21
Nguyn Nng ng
ng Vn Khanh
L Vn Vn
Tng Cng Ngc
L Cng Nghim
L c Thun
13
a ch
Ln
Xm Qu Ho - TT Ho Mc
Thn Lng X - Yn Bc
Khu ca min thn L X-Chu
Sn
Thn Thng Tin Ngoi
Thn Vn Bt x - Trc Vn
Chu Giang
Thn Trung Thng Chu
Giang
5400
1600
350
15000
Xm 9 x Nht Tn
Xm 5 Lc Nhu - ng Ho
Xm 7 - Ba Sao
300
X Thi Sn Kim Bng
612
Thn ng Thnh x V Bn
(nu ru)
Thn M - x M
Thn Th Nht x An Lo
Thn Bi Knh x An Lo
Thn An Lo x An Lo
Thn An Lo x An Lo
Thn Bi Knh x An Lo
300
180
133
300
75
Vt
Lng
nc thi
(m3/ngy)
u t h
thng x l
nc thi
2
3
2,5
c
c
Cha c
3
2
2,5
3
Cha c
Cha c
Cha c
Cha c
0,5
0,7
Cha c
Cha c
Cha c
33,2
18
5
20
12
2
2,5
1,5
5
50
6
1,8
2
C
Cha c
Cha c
Cha c
Cha c
Cha c
Than
(tn/nm)
20
250
1,5
4800
400
400
45000
1,5
3000
50
1000
500
250
450
3300
4500
1600
350
1500
18

___________________________________________________________________________
STT
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Tn ch h
Nguyn Gia An
Trang tri chn nui
ln siu nc sinh sn
xut khu tp trung v
nui trng thu sn
Trang tri u t chn
nui ln ni, ln hu b
siu nc
Huyn L Nhn
L Huy Hng
Vn Bnh
H Vn Nh
Trn nh Mo
Nguyn Hu Lc
Vn Hnh
Huyn Thanh Lim
Nguyn Vn Trng
Phm Ngc Tun
Nguyn c Ti
Nguyn Vn Nguyn
Trn Thu Ngh
Tri chn nui gia sc
Tun Hin
Quy m (con)
a ch
X Trnh X
X Tiu ng Bnh Lc
250
6500
X Trng An Bnh Lc
3350
Xm B - x Cng L
Xm Tin Vinh x Cng L
Xm 5 TT. Vnh Tr
Xm 13 x Hp L
Xm 15 Phc H
Xm 14 x Chnh L
Thn Mi Thanh Tm
Ngi Tr - Lim Tuyn
Thn Yn Thng Lim Phong
Thn L Khi X Thanh Thu
X Lim Tuyn Thanh Lim
Than
1,5
10000
4000
600
300
250
Lng
2
82
u t h
Cha c
C
42,8
2
1,5
2
5
3
Cha c
Cha c
c
C
C
Cha c
7000
250
3500
60
100
250
4500
19
200
200
360
2
70
C
C
Cha c
Cha c
C

___________________________________________________________________________
3.1.3. Thng tin v hin trng tnh hnh hot ng, quy hoch mt bng v bo v mi
trng ti cc c s chn nui
Hin trng tnh hnh hot ng v bo v mi trng ti cc c s chn nui
Thng thng cc khu vc xy dng trang tri chn nui trc y l t nng nghip thuc
vng trng, trng la 2 v nng sut thp.
Trong cng tc xy dng c bn cc d n gm qua cc cng vic sau:
-
Gii phng mt bng thi cng.

o p v san lp mt bng ti nn cht v cao yu cu.
Xy dng ng x, h thng giao thng ni b.
Xy dng h thng cp, thot nc.
Thit k lp t h thng li in cng nghip.
Lp t h thng thng tin lin lc.
Xy dng cc hng mc chnh ca khu trang tri nh: chung chn nui, vn phng
lm vic, cc cng trnh v sinh, cc h thng x l nc thi
20

___________________________________________________________________________
Bng 3.6. Danh sch cc trng tri chn nui tp trung gia sc c bn
Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng hoc Cam kt bo v mi trng)
STT
Tn d n
Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Trang tri chn nui ln ni, nui trng
thu sn
Bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng Trang tri chn nui ln
siu nc sinh sn xut khu tp
trung v nui trng thu sn
Khong
Quy m sn xut
cnh n
Din tch Cng sut
a ch
khu dn c
(m2)
(con)
gn nht (m)
X Thi Sn Kim 800
33.910
600 Ln ni
Bng
12 Ln c
X Tiu ng Bnh 500
40.000
300 ln ni
Lc
6 ln c
Bo co nh gi tc ng mi X Trng An Bnh 500

trng Trang tri u t chn Lc
nui ln ni, ln hu b siu nc
Bn ng k t tiu chun mi X Lim Tuyn

trng Tri chn nui gia sc Thanh Lim
Tun Hin
100
21
30.000
6200 ln tht
500 ln ni
Nm hot
ng
Nc thi
(m3/ngy)
Qu I/2008 33,2
Qu
II/2007
82
Qu
III/2007
42,8
50 ln c
20.456
2800 ln ging
v tht
Qu
500 ln ni
II/2006
4000 ln tht
70

___________________________________________________________________________
Cht thi ca ngnh chn nui gia sc, gia cm ch yu l cht hu c, nh mc cht thi rn
i vi gia sc, gia cm (vi nh mc, lng phn thi ra ca: ln 1,5 kg/con/ngy; G, vt,
ngan 0,1 kg/con/ngy; Tru, b 3 kg/con/ngy). Nhng ph thi ca chn nui gia sc cc h
dn thng xuyn bm ra ra ven ng, cng rnh, ao h cng cng gy nhim mi
trng. nhim mi trng do phn nc tiu trong chn nui ch yu lin quan n vic
thi nit v cacbon vo khng kh, nht l Nit v phtpho thm vo t qu cao s tch li
trn mt t. Kh NH3 trong chn nui c th gn vo ht bi gy vim nhim c hi cho con
ngi v vt nui, gy mi hi thi.
Bng 3.7. Nc thi ca mt s c s chn nui.
TT
1
2
3
4
6
a im
NT 1
NT 2
NT 3
NT 4
TCVN 59452005
A
B
C
pH
(mg/l)
7,53
7,46
8,11
7,3
6-9
5,5-9
5-9
COD
(mg/l)
339
507
170
502
50
80
400
Kt qu phn tch
BOD5
SS
Tng Nit
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l-N)
218
170
126,93
340
206,5
29,4
114
92,5
134,68
334
129
168,6
30
50
15
50
100
30
100
200
60
Tng Pht pho

(mg/l)
41,85
25,55
63,75
114,8
4
6
8
Ngun: Trung tm quan trc phn tch Ti nguyn v Mi trng

Ghi ch:
NT 1: Nc thi c s chn nui gia cm h ng Trn Th Ton Nht Tn Kim Bng
NT 2: Nc thi c s chn nui h ng Lan Thng Hong Ty Kim Bng
NT 3: Nc thi c s chn nui Dng Hon Thanh Sn Kim Bng
NT 4: Nc thi c s chn nui Tun Huyn Lim Tuyn Thanh Lim
Di y l kt qu o quan trc cht lng mi trng ti mt s khu vc chn nui:
Bng 3.8. Mi trng khng kh trang tri (V d trang tri chn nui ln siu nc sinh
sn xut khu tp trung ti x Tiu ng Bnh Lc H Nam)
Kt qu
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Thng s
Bi tng s
Ting n tng ng
CO
NO2
SO2
H2S
NH3
Nhit
m
n v
Mg/m3
dBA
Mg/m3
Mg/m3
Mg/m3
Mg/m3
Mg/m3
0
C
%
VT 1
VT 2
VT 3
VT 4
0,281
52,8
1,57
0,182
0,113
0,03
0,131
25,5
71
22
0.278
29,4
8,16
0,192
0,095
0,085
0,11
23,1
75
0.186
30,8
1,53
0,18
0,085
0,027
0,11
23,9
73
0.255
34,1
2,31
0,19
0,118
0,032
0,12
23,4
74
TCVN 5937-2005
TCVN 5938-2005
TCVN 5949-1998
0.3
75*
30
0,2
0,35
0,042
0,2
-

___________________________________________________________________________
Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc phn tch ti nguyn v Mi trng H Nam & Vin Y
hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng
Ghi ch:
-
V tr 1: Pha ng d n
V tr 2: Pha ng Nam d n
V Tr 3: Pha Nam d n
V Tr 4: Pha Ty Nam d n
Ting n p dng cho khu sn xut xen k khu dn c t 6h n 18h
Bng 3.9. Cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc chn nui quy m nh
TT
Bui
(g/m3)
a im ly mu
Khu vc chn nui gia sc Tun Hin
Lim Tuyn Thanh Lim
Khu vc gn c s chn nui Dng
Hon Thanh Sn Kim Bng
1
2
Ting
CO
NO2
SO2
H2S
NH3
n
(g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3)
(dBA)
319
85
1462
633
375
75
141
74
278,5
51
48
106
289
-
Khu vc chn nui x Hong Ty
Khu vc chn nui x Nht Tn
176
67
TCVN 5937 2005
300
3000
200
350
976
-
TCVN 5938 2005
42
200
TCVN 5949 1998
75
Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc phn tch ti nguyn v Mi trng H Nam & Vin Y
hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng
Bng 3.10. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mng tiu khu vc trang tri chn nui
ln siu nc sinh sn xut khu tp trung ti x Tiu ng Bnh Lc H Nam
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Thng s
pH
COD
BOD5
TSS
TDS
Sunfua
NH4+
NO2NO3PO4-3
DO
Cr6+
n v
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Phng php phn tch

in cc thu tinh
K2Cr2O7
T BOD
Trc quan DR 2400
Trc quan DR 2400
Trc quan DR 2400
Trc quan DR 2400
Trc quan DR 2400
Trc quan DR 2400
Trc quan DR 2400
Mng in dn
Trc quan DR 2400
23
Kt qu
7,11
35
24,5
18
393
0,01
6,55
0,17
1
0,3
5,39
0,02
TCVN 59421995 (loi B)

5,5 9
< 35
< 25
80
1
0,05
15
0,05

___________________________________________________________________________
Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc phn tch ti nguyn v Mi trng
Bng 3.11. Cht lng mi trng nc mt ti khu vc mt s khu vc c nhiu c s chn
nui quy m nh
TT
a im
Nc mt ca lng ngh chn
nui Nht Tn
Mng ti ni ng xm 7 Lim Tuyn - Thanh Lim
Nc mt p An Bi huyn
Binh Lc
Nc ao ti h chn nui gia cm
h ng V Vn Dng - Hong
Ty - Kim Bng
A
TCVN 59421995
B
1
2
3
4
5
Kt qu phn tch
BOD5
SS
Tng N
(mg/l) (mg/l)
(mg/l)
pH
(mg/l)
COD
(mg/l)
Tng P
(mg/l
132
45
68
12,2
20,81
7,61
22,5
16,3
47,5
29,05
2,135
7,78
30
49
8,55
2,24
7,27
48
32
31
18,5
2,5
6-8,5
5,5-9
< 10
< 35
<4
< 25
20
80
Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc phn tch ti nguyn v Mi trng

Tnh hnh quy hoch mt bng trang tri
V cng tc quy hoch v xy dng cc khu chn nui tp trung, ton tnh c 4 khu chn nui
tp trung ang hot ng vi tng din tch l 49,83 ha, c 36 h vo tham gia chn
nui. D kin cc nm tip theo s xy dng khong 20 khu chn nui tp trung ti 05 huyn
vi tng din tch l 95,19 ha (bng 3 - 4). Trong nh hng pht trin ngnh chn nui tnh
c Quyt nh 1261/Q-UBND ngy 08/12/2006 ca UBND tnh v Ban hnh n pht
trin Chn nui-thu sn tnh H Nam giai on 2006 2010 v K hoch s 08/KH-SNN
ngy 13/4/2007 v trin khai thc hin n pht trin Chn nui - Thu sn tnh H Nam
giai on 2006 2010 ca S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn nu ra tiu ch la chn
v tr xy dng khu chn nui tp trung, c th nh sau:
Bng 3.12. Tiu ch la chn mt khu chn nui tp trung
STT
Trung ng d
tho hng dn
5 ha tr ln
300 m tr ln
1000m tr ln
1- 5 h
20 nm tr ln
Tiu ch
1
2
3
4
5
Din tch
Khong cch n khu dn c tp trung
Khong cch n tnh l
Quy m h
Thi gian s dng t
Tnh xy dng
3 ha tr ln
300 m tr ln
300- 500m
1- 20 h
20 nm tr ln
Tiu ch la chn a im:

-
Cch xa khu dn c tp trung, gy nhim mi trng mc thp nht; m bo quy m

n: ln t 1000 - 4000 con; gia cm10.000 con; b 200 con tr ln).
24

___________________________________________________________________________
-
m bo thi gian s dng t lu di 20-30 nm tr ln.

V tr xy dng: Cch xa khu dn c 300 m tr ln, cch ng giao thng chnh
500m tr ln, trnh hng gi thi chnh din vo khu chn nui tp trung; giao thng,
thu li, thun li.
Din tch: Mi khu c din tch t 3 ha tr ln, bao gm: din tch xy dng chung
nui ln bnh qun 1,55m2/1con; cc cng trnh ph tr khc 6,45m2/1 con, c tng
din tch bnh qun l 8m2/1conln.
Thc t hu ht cc h tham gia chn nui u mang tch cht bt pht, nh l v th vic
chn nui ch yu tp trung ti khu vc xung quanh cc h gia nh. Vic khuyn khch cc
h gia nh ny vo cc khu tp trung theo quy hoch l rt kh v cc h ny v kinh ph u
t cho chn nui l rt t.
3.1.4. Trin khai cc hot ng bo v mi trng trong giai on xy dng v hot ng
chn nui
Qun l nh nc
-
Quyt nh s: 27/2006/Q-UBND, ngy 29/9/2006 ca UBND tnh v mc thu ph bo v

mi trng i vi nc thi sinh hot trn a bn tnh H Nam.
Ch th s: 13/2006/CT-UBND ngy 18/5/2006, ca UBND tnh v tng cng cng tc qun l
khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc trn a bn tnh.
Quyt nh s: 1212/Q-UBND ngy 24/11/06 ca UBND tnh v ban hnh n Bo v mi
trng tnh H Nam giai on 2006-2010.
Ban hnh n pht trin nc sch nng thn tnh H nam giai on 2006-2010 theo Quyt
nh s: 1263/Q-UBND, ngy 08/12/2006.
Quyt nh s 03/2008/Q-UBND ngy 16/01/2008 ca UBND tnh v vic ban hnh
quy nh Bo v Mi trng Tnh H Nam.
Quyt nh s: 842/Q-UBND, ngy 14/8/2006 v Giao nhim v trin khai thc hin
cc d n x l cc im bc xc nhim mi trng nm 2007-2008.
X l cc khu vc nhim chn nui nh: X l nc thi khu vc Lng ngh chn
nui x Nht Tn - Kim Bng (do d n PCDA ti tr).
thc chp hnh ca cc c s

i vi cc khu chn nui tp trung, cc trng tri c quy hoch cho thu t, tuy
nhin vic xy dng c s h tng nh: h thng x l nc thi, x l rc thi cha c
quan tm u t ng mc cng nh vic lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, y l
yu t tc ng n cng tc qun l mi trng trong thi gian ti.
Cc c s chn nui nh n ln trn a bn tnh khi u t chn nui khng lm cc th tc
nh lp Bo co nh ga tc ng mi trng (hoc Bn cam kt bo v mi trng), hin
nay trn a bn tnh c 04/327 trang tri lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng v khong
86.000 h chn nui/145.849 h sn xut nng nghip chn nui ti h gia nh cha c
qun l. V cng tc xy dng hm Biogas trong chn nui c 4.471 hm/86.000 h chn
nui t 5,2%.
Tnh hnh thc hin cc hot ng quan trc mi trng
25

___________________________________________________________________________
Cng tc quan trc c thc hin theo ng k hoch ra vi tn sut 4 ln/nm v chn
a im quan trc v mi trng nc l 26 im (18 im nc mt, 8 im nc ngm),
mi trng khng kh l 23 im, cc im quan trc th hin c din bin mi trng ca
cc vng . Nhng khu vc b nhim, tn sut quan trc v s im quan trc cng tng
ln theo di c din bin nhim, c bit trong cc nm gn y tp trung sng y,
sng Nhu. Qua cc kt qu quan trc trn xy dng c s d liu mi trng a phng.
V pha c quan qun l hin nay quan trc cc im dn c nng thn nh theo di, quan
trc cc khu vc pht trin mnh v chn nui th ngun kinh ph cn hn hp cha thc hin
c thng xuyn.
V cng tc o kim sot mi trng ti cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh nht l cc c s chn
nui, tnh n thng 06/2008 th cha c mt c s, ci nhn no tham gia o kim gim st
c s mnh.
3.2. Tnh Bn Tre
3.2.2
Hin trng chn nui gia sc, gia cm
Quy m chn nui gia nh ngy cng m rng, bc u hnh thnh nhiu trang tri theo
phng thc nui cng nghip. Cht lng sn phm chn nui c ci thin nh p dng
cc hnh thc lai to v nhn ging mi. n cui nm 2005, tng n heo 299.830 con, n
b 124.306 con Trong nm 2006, n b tng 1,3 ln, n heo tng 1,1 ln.
Bng 3.13. Thng k gia sc v gia cm
n v tnh: con
Huyn
Th x
Chu Thnh
Ch Lch
M Cy
Ging Trm
Bnh i
Ba Tri
Thnh Ph
Tng
Tru
10
11
26
19
97
76
1.062
405
1.706
Ln
3.657
5.723
6.046
36.398
19.160
5.242
65.596
20.835
162.657
6.601
24.792
13.572
169.455
62.222
13.384
18.205
17.603
325.834
G (*103)
33
282
258
343
289
158
178
117
1.658
Vt-Ngan
(*103)
21
89
27
139
227
95
290
70
958
51.441
Ngun: S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh Bn Tre, 2007
Ngnh chn nui gia sc, gia cm ca tnh pht trin di nhiu hnh thc: h gia nh, trang
tri quy m va v nh, Vic pht trin trn lan hnh thc nui ny lm nh hng nghim
trng n mi trng. Mt trong nhng tiu ch c cng nhn trang tri nng nghip hin
26

___________________________________________________________________________
nay l vn mi trng, theo s liu iu tra c trong nm 2005 trang tri nng nghip
t tiu ch v chn nui c phn b cho cc huyn nh sau:
Bng 3.14. S trang tri chn nui t tiu ch mi trng
n v
Th x
Chu Thnh
Ch Lch
M Cy
Ging Trm
Bnh i
Ba Tri
Thnh Ph
Tng
Heo
12
33
22
199
61
13
05
10
355
Phn loi theo vt nui

B
D
9
3
4
1
2
2
1
2
1
6
1
27
10
60
9
Gia cm
21
1
1
23

Tuy nhin, s h c cp giy chng nhn trang tri l rt t, tnh n cui thng 6/2007.
Cn c theo tiu ch v trang tri qui nh trong thng t 116/2006/TT-BNN (18/12/2006),
trong ton tnh cng nhn c mt s trang tri nh sau:
- Chn nui b:.98 trang tri
- Chn nui heo:57 trang tri
- Chn nui g:.02 trang trai
- Chn nui d:.06 trang tri
- Chn nui th: .. 01 trang tri
3.2.3. Hin trng mi trng ti cc trang tri chn nui gia sc
T sau khi c dch cm gia cm (2005), loi hnh chn nui ph bin Bn Tre l chn nui
b v chn nui heo. Hnh thc chn nui gia nh ph bin nht vi qui m trung bnh 10
20 con b v t 40 60 con heo. S h c nui vi con b v heo kh ph bin c coi l
chn nui nh.
Vi qui m chn nui heo trung bnh, nhiu c s u t hm biogas nh gii php chnh
hn ch nhim nc thi, che chn, ch phm EM v tng bao nh gii php chng n
v hn ch mi. Kt qu kho st cho thy p dng biogas v ch phm EM cho kt qu tt.
Nc thi sau x l cn khong BOD 200mg/l so vi u vo khong 1400 mg/l v hm
lng SS gim cn 100 mg/l so vi 800 mg/l (Bng 31). Tuy nhin hiu qu v kim sot
mi trng ch t c vi nhng h kinh doanh c vn rng hay c cch ly vi vnh
ai an ton hay qui hoch tt v tr chn nui. Tng hp vn mi trng mt s c s
chn nui trong bng sau.
27

___________________________________________________________________________
Bng 3.15. Vn mi trng mt s c s chn nui
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Trang tri chn nui

C s nui b Vn Ngn,
An Thnh, M Cy
C s nui b Vn Ca,
An Thnh, M Cy
C s nui heo Nguyn Vn
Hnh Anh, An Thnh
Chn nui heo Nguyn Quc
Khanh, An Thnh
C s nui heo Trng Th
nh Nguyt, An Khnh
C s nui heo H Ph
Sng, Chu Thnh
Phc, trn cn Phng, Chu
Thnh
C s nui heo ng Vn
Cn, Cu V, M Chnh
C s nui heo Trn Vn
Hng, Cu V, M Chnh
C s chn nui b Nguyn
Th Hoa, Ph Li, Ph L
C s nui b, L Vn Ct,
Ph Li, Ph L
Yn, a Phc Hi, M Cy
Su, Khnh Thnh Tn, M
Cy
C s nui heo Bch
Hng, Hi Thnh, a Phc
Hi
C s nui heo Nguyn
Hng Phng, Ph Qui, a
Phc Hi
Ph, Ph Qui, a Phc
Hi
C s nui heo Nguyn TH
Kim Tuyn, Ph Qui, a
Phc Hi
C s nui heo T Vn Hai,
An Thnh, M Cy
C s nui heo H Trn Vn
Chi, B o, M Chnh
Vn mi trng
Gii php p dng
Mi hi, nc thi xung x l s b nc thi
mng
bng h lng
Mi hi,
x l s b nc thi
bng h lng
Mi hi v nc thi trc tip
xung mng vn
Mi hi nh v nc thi trc C vnh ai cch ly
tip xung mng vn
Mi hi v nc thi trc tip C ao cha v cch ly,
xung mng vn
dng ch phm EM v
hm biogas
Mi hi nh v nc thi trc Khu chn nui cch xa
tip xung mng vn
dn, c hm biogas
Bi, mi hi
C ao cha trong trang
tri, dng ch phm EM
v hm biogas
Mi hi v khiu ni ca dn Dng ti biogas
Mi hi v khiu ni ca dn
Dng ti biogas
mi hi, nc thi t thp
chn nui nh (<10

con)
chn nui nh
mi hi, nc thi t thp
Mi hi v nc thi trc tip Dng hm biogas

xung mng vn
Mi hi nh v nc thi trc Vn rng, c hm
tip xung mng vn
biogas
Mi hi nh v nc thi Vn rng, c hm
nhim cc b trong vn
biogas
Mi hi nh
C tng bao, c hm
biogas
Mi hi v nc thi r r c hm biogas
nhim
nc thi nhim cc b Vn rng, c hm
trong vn
biogas
nc thi nhim ngun c hm biogas v trng
nc
cy cch ly
mi hi nh
Vn rng, c hm
biogas
28

___________________________________________________________________________
Bng 3.16. Cht lng nc thi in hnh mt s c s chn nui heo
Chn nui heo
Khng x l
Sau x l
pH
7.2-7.3
7.6-7.7
NH4_N mg/l
7.6-13
7.3-8.1
NO3_N mg/l
0.8-1.0
1.8-5.7
BOD5 mg/l
670-1760
94-640
SS
mg/l
916-1040
87-263
T.
Coliform 4.6*1079.3*1056
MPN/100ml
2.4*10
2.4*106
Ch tiu
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bng 3.17. Cht lng mi trng khng kh mt s c s chn nui

Ch tiu
1
2
NH3 mg/m3
H2S mg/m3
Ngoi khu vc chn nui

Nui b
Nui heo
0.034-0.065
0.081-0.282
0.010-0.025
0.015-0.067

So vi chn nui heo, chn nui b nh hng hn n mi trng vi mc thp hn. Cc
tri chn nui trung bnh, nc thi mi ch c x l s b bng cc h ga, h cha n
gin. Mi trng khng kh o c ti cc c s chn nui u cho thy mi hi hin hu
thng qua mi NH3 v H2S.
Nhn chung, do nh hng ca nc thi v cht thi rn trong chn nui (nht l nui heo)
lm mi trng nc mt b nhim nng, kho st mi trng khu vc chn nui gia sc
b nhim hu c v vi sinh vi BOD: 500-800 mg/l, Coliform: 2,4 x 106 - 4.6*107
MPN/100ml, trng giun sn: 25-300 trng/lt. Hu ht cc c s chn nui cha c mt h
thng x l cht thi mt cch hon chnh v hot ng c hiu qu.
4. XUT D THO HNG DN LP BN CAM KT BO V MI TRNG

D N CHN NUI GIA SC, GIA CM QUY M NH
iu 24 Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 quy nh r: C s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v quy
m h gia nh v i tng khng thuc quy nh ti iu 14 (i tng phi lp bo co
mi trng chin lc) v iu 18 (i tng phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng)
phi c bn cam kt bo v mi trng.
Cc i tng c quy nh ti iu 24 Lut Bo v mi trng nu trn ch c trin khai
hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v sau khi ng k bn CBM. UBND cp huyn
(hoc UBND cp x c u quyn) c trch nhim t chc ng k v cp Giy xc nhn
bn CBM cho cc d n nm trn a bn huyn qun l.
29

___________________________________________________________________________
Da trn cu trc v yu cu chung i vi ni dung ca bn CBM, v trn c s cc kt qu
kho st, thu thp thng tin lin quan n cc vn mi trng ca cc c s chn nui quy
m nh, nhm chuyn gia t vn thc hin nhim v ca Hp phn PCDA d tho hng
dn k thut lp bn CBM cho cc d n chn nui quy m nh (thuc quy nh ca iu 24
Lut Bo v mi trng), tp trung vo 3 loi hnh chn nui ph bin nc ta l chn nui
tru b, ln (gia sc) v g vt (gia cm).
Ni dung chi tit ca Hng dn k thut lp bn CBM i vi cc d n chn nui gia sc,
gia cm quy m nh c trnh by trong Ph lc 1 ca bo co ny.
30

___________________________________________________________________________
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Quyt nh s 10/2008/QQD-TTg ngy 16/01/2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic

ph duyt Chin lc pht trin chn nui n nm 2020
2. Cc chn nui Bo co tnh hnh chn nui ca Vit Nam thi gian qua v nh
hng pht trin chn nui n nm 2010, H Ni 2006
3. Tran Thi Dan, Thai Anh Hoa and others - Project Report Area-wide integration
(AWI) of specialized crop and livestock activities in Vietnam (funded by LEAD
(FAO)), Nong Lam University (UAF), HCMC, Vietnam, July 2003
4.
31

___________________________________________________________________________
PH LC 1
HNG DN
LP BN CAM KT BO V MI TRNG
D N CHN NUI GIA SC, GIA CM QUY M NH
(D tho 07/2008)
32

___________________________________________________________________________
M U
1. Gii thiu
Trong hn mi nm gn y, cng vi vic tng dn s v pht trin kinh t, qu t sn
xut nng nghip b thu hp trong khi nhu cu tiu th thc phm tng ln tr thnh vn
nng nc ta. Thm vo , thu nhp u ngi tng cng vi chnh sch ca Chnh ph v
khuyn khch tiu th tht, trng v sa lm tng mnh nhu cu v cc sn phm ny. Nh
vy, pht tin kinh t v tng tc th ha l nguyn nhn dn ti m rng cc hot ng
chn nui gia sc, gia cm.
Ngoi ra, nhu cu v sc ko trong canh tc, khai thc lm sn, vn chuyn hng ha cng l
nguyn nhn thc y pht trin chn nui.
Cc s liu thng k cho thy, vic pht trin chn nui va p ng nhu cu tiu dng ca
cng ng, va gp phn gip ngi dn ngho vng nng thn v ven tng thu nhp,
xo i gim ngho.
Theo Quyt nh s 10/2008/Q-TTg ngy 16/01/2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph
duyt Chin lc pht trin chn nui n nm 2020, ngnh chn nui s c pht trin
thnh ngnh sn xut hng ha, tng bc p ng nhu cu thc phm cho tiu dng trong
nc v xut khu. Vi quan im tp trung pht trin sn phm chn nui c li th v c
kh nng cnh tranh nh tru b, ln, gia cm, Chnh ph khuyn khch cc t chc v c
nhn u t pht trin chn nui theo hng trang tri, cng nghip; ng thi h tr, to iu
kin h chn nui theo phng thc truyn thng chuyn dn sang phng thc chn nui
trang tri, cng nghip.
Hot ng chn nui l ngun pht sinh nhim mi trng do thi cc cht thi t vt nui
(phn, nc gii) v mt lng tng i ln nc thi v sinh chung tri. Thng k cho
thy trung bnh b thi ra 15 kg cht thi/con/ngy; ln thi 1,5 2,5 kg cht thi/con/ngy v
gia cm thi 100 120 g cht thi/con/ngy. Lng nc s dng cho ln vo khong 100
lit/con/ngy, ch yu l tm ra cho ln v v sinh chung tri (i hc Nng lm TP.H Ch
Minh, 2003).
Cc cht thi, k c nc thi v sinh chung tri t cc hot ng chn nui gy nhim
nghim trng mi trng khng kh v nh hng nng n ti ngun nc v ti nguyn t.
Dch bnh cha khng ch, chn th trn lan, chn nui nh l v hu nh khng c cng
ngh ch bin cht thi l cc nguyn nhn lm chn nui c coi l ngnh gy nhim mi
trng ln nc ta.
Theo quy nh ca Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh
s 80/2006/N-CP v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s diu ca Lut Bo
v mi trng, cc d n chn nui cn thit phi lp v trnh thm nh bo co nh gi
tc ng mi trng (TM) l:
-
D n chn nui gia sc tp trung t 1.000 u gia sc tr ln;

33

___________________________________________________________________________
-
D n chn nui gia cm tp trung t 20.000 u gia cm tr ln; i vi iu t

200 con tr ln; i vi chim ct t 100.000 con tr ln.
Theo iu 24 Lut Bo v mi trng 2005, cc d n chn nui c quy m nh hn quy

nh trn y s phi lp bn cam kt bo v mi trng (CBM). Cc d n quy m nh ny
do h gia nh t u t v thc hin, thng tp trung thnh cc lng ngh, v d nh lng
ngh nui ln x Ngc L, huyn Bnh Lc, tnh H Nam hay lng ngh nui b x Ph
L, huyn Ba Tri, tnh Bn Tre.
2. Cc c s php l v k thut i vi vic lp bn CBM d n chn nui gia sc, gia
cm tp trung quy m nh
2.1. C s php l
C s php l thc hin TM l cc vn bn php quy ca Nh nc, Chnh ph, B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v ca chnh quyn a phng ni thc hin d n. Di y xin dn
ra cc vn bn lin quan n TM ca Nh nc, Chnh ph v B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng:
1. Lut u t 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua ngy 29 thng 11
nm 2005;
2. Ngh nh s 108/2006/N-CP ngy 22/9/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi
tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut u t;
3. Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua ngy
19/11/2005;
4. Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit
v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;
5. Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 ca Chnh ph sa i, b sung mt s
iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP
6. Ngh nh 81/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph quy nh v x pht vi phm
hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng;
7. Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 8/9/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam
kt bo v mi trng;
8. Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn;
9. Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27/7/2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh vic cp php
thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc;
10. Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn
v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng;
11. Cc vn bn php l v bo v mi trng ca a phng ni thc hin d n
12. Cc vn bn php l lin quan n vic thc hin d n.
2.2. C s k thut
Cc ti liu c s dng khi thc hin TM /CBM cho cc d n chn nui gia sc, gia cm
tp trung bao gm:
1. WHO - Assessment of sources of air, water, and land pollution, A guide to rapid
source inventory techniques and their use in formulating environmental control
34

___________________________________________________________________________
strategies. Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution. Geneva,
Switzerland, 1993;
2. Cc kt qu nghin cu c v cht thi vt nui.
2.3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh lp bn CBM
Do yu cu v ni dung trnh by trong bn CBM n gin hn ni dung yu cu trong bo
co TM, qu trnh lp bn CBM ch p dng mt s phng php TM sau y:
1. Phng php thng k: nhm thu thp v x l s liu kh tng thu vn, khu vc
thc hin d n trogn qu trnh la chn a im thuc hin d n;
2. Phng php k tha: k tha cc kt qu nghin cu TM/CBM ca cc d n chn
nui tp trung c;
3. Phng php nh gi nhanh: xc nh v nh gi ti lng nhim t cc hot
ng ca d n cng nh nh gi cc tc ng ca ca chng n mi trng.
3. Ni dung ca bn CBM d n chn nui gia sc, gia cm tp trung quy m nh
Theo quy nh ca iu 24, Lut Bo v mi trng 2005, cc d n chn nui gia sc, gia
cm tp trung quy m nh ch c trin khai hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v sau khi
ng k bn CBM. U ban Nhn dn (UBND) cp huyn c trch nhim t chc ng k
bn CBM; trng hp cn thit c th u quyn cho UBND cp x t chc ng k.
Ni dung ca bn CBM phi p ng cc quy nh ca Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT, bao
gm nhng ni dung sau:
1. Thng tin chung
1.1. Tn d n: (ng nh tn trong bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t)
1.2. Tn ch d n:
1.3. a ch lin h ca ch d n:
1.4. Ngi i din ch d n:
1.5. Phng tin lin lc vi ch d n: (s in thoi, s Fax, E-mail...).
2. a im thc hin
3. Quy m sn xut, kinh doanh
4. Nhu cu thc n, in, nc phc v cho sn xut
5. Cc tc ng mi trng
5.1. Cc loi cht thi pht sinh
5.2. Cc tc ng khc
35

___________________________________________________________________________
6. Bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc
6.1. X l cht thi
6.2. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc
7. Cam kt thc hin
Trong bn Hng dn ny s trnh by c th cc vn cn lu khi thc hin cc ni dung
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 nu trn.
4. i tng s dng bn hng dn lp bn CBM d n chn nui gia sc, gia cm tp
trung quy m nh
L cc i tng trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh lp bn CBM hoc quan tm n s pht
trin ca d n, bao gm:
-
Ch d n;
Nhm chuyn gia t vn gip ch d n lp bn CBM ph hp vi quy nh php lut
Vit Nam hin hnh;
Cng chng chu tc ng ca d n;
UBND huyn, Phng Ti nguyn v Mi trng cp huyn, S ti nguyn v Mi
trng a phng ni thc hin d n;
Cc i tng khc quan tm n s pht trin ca d n.
36

___________________________________________________________________________
I. A IM THC HIN D N
1.1. Vn la chn a im
Do c th hot ng c s dng nhiu nc v thi nc c nhiu thnh phn nhim, vic
la chn a im thc hin d n chn nui gia sc, gia cm tp trung cn phi c bit lu
n ngun cung cp nc v ni tip nhn nc thi. Nu a im c la chn khng ph
hp, c th dn ti nguy c thiu nc sch cung cp cho cc hot ng chn nui hoc/v
gy nhim mi trng ngun nc mt tip nhn nc thi.
Tuy nhin, nhiu d n chn nui quy m nh mang tnh sn xut h gia nh nng thn,
vic yu cu la chn a im kh kh thi v a s cc h chn nui u tn dgn din tch
t ai v xy dng chung tri trong khun vin nh .
m bo gim thiu tc ng n mi trng ngay t giai on chun b d n, xut
phn loi nh sau:
-
Cc d n cn thit cn nhc la chn a im thc hin: l cc d n c quy m

chn nui tru b > 20 con; chn nui ln > 100 con; chn nui gia cm > 1000 con;
Cc d n c quy m nh hn khng cn thit cn nhc la chn a im thc hin.
i vi cc d n cn thit cn nhc la chn a im, trong bn CBM cn trnh by c th

hn v a im thc hin d n nh nu mc 1.2 sau y.
1.2. M t v tr a l
Theo quy nh ca Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT, ni dung m t a im trong bn CBM
bao gm:
-
Ta , ranh gii ca a im thc hin d n v tng din tch s dng (c km theo

s minh ha);
Hin trng cc hot ng dn sinh ti a im thc hin d n: m t c th v cc
i tng cn lu xung quanh a im thc hin d n nh khu dn c; c s sn
xut, kinh doanh, dch v; cng trnh vn ho, tn gio, di tch lch s;
M t ngun tip nhn nc thi: tn, v tr ngun tip nhn nc thi; c im a
l, a hnh, ch thu vn ca khu vc x nc thi.
i vi cc d n cn thit cn nhc la chn a im, vic m t cc ni dung nu trn

khng ch l lit k nhng s liu v thng tin lin quan m cn phi c phn tch, nh gi c
th hn v cc vn sau y:
-
V tr xy dng c ph hp vi quy hoch, k hoch s dng t chi tit v quy hoch

chn nui ca a phng khng?
37

___________________________________________________________________________
-
V tr xy dng c m bo khong cch ti trng hc, bnh vin, ch, cng vin,
khu vui chi gii tr, khu du lch, cng s, nh my, x nghip, khu dn c v cc cng
trnh cng cng khc khng (ti thiu l 20 m)?
Khong cch ti v tr ly nc cp sinh hot (nc mt hoc nc ngm) (ti thiu l
10 m)?
1.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc thc hin d n

Mc ch ca ni dung ny l phn tch ti liu, s liu lin quan n cht lng mi trng
xung quanh khu vc nh gi, so snh theo TCVN v mi trng hin hnh vi cc mc
ch s dng khc nhau.
Cht lng khng kh xung quanh v cht lng ngun nc mt tip nhn cn c m t
theo cc thng s chnh trong bng 1.1 v bng 1.2 sau y:
Bng 1.1. Cht lng khng kh xung quanh khu vc d n
Thi gian o
V tr o (c nh du trn s a im thc hin d n)
V tr
CO
CO2
NOx
Nng cc cht nhim (mg/m3)

SO2
Bi
NH3 H2S TCVN 5937, 5938-2005
u
hng gi
Cui
hng gi
Bng 1.2. Cht lng ngun nc mt tip nhn nc thi t d n
Thi gian ly mu
V tr ly mu (c nh du trn s a im thc hin d n)
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Thng s
pH
BOD5
COD
SS
DO
c
Tng N
Tng P
Du m
Coliform
n v
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
NTU
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100ml
38
TCVN 5942 -1995

(loi A hoc B)

___________________________________________________________________________
II. QUY M SN XUT, KINH DOANH
Theo quy nh ca Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT, trong bn CBM d n chn nui gia sc,
gia cm quy m nh cn thit phi nu tm lc v quy m sn xut; quy trnh chn nui v
lit k danh mc cc thit b, my mc s dng.
2. 1. Quy m sn xut
Nu r s lng v chng loi gia sc, gia cm trong d n theo mu trong cc bng 2.1, 2.2
v 2.3 sau y
Bng 2.1. Quy m tri nui ln
TT
Chng loi
1
2
3
Ln c ging
Ln ni sinh sn
Ln tht
Tng s
S lng
con
S lng
chung
Din tch
chung
Thi gian nui

(ngy)
Bng 2.2. Quy m tri nui tru, b
TT
Chng loi
1
2
3
4
Tru/b sinh sn
Tru/b c thin
Tru/b c ging
Tru/b ci hu b
12-24 thng
Tru/b hu b 612 thng
B/ngh 0-6 thng
Tru/b git tht
Tng s
5
6
7
S lng
con
S lng
chung
Din tch
chung
Thi gian nui

(ngy)
Bng 2.3. Quy m tri nui gia cm
TT
1
2
Chng loi
S lng
con
S lng
chung
G
- G trng
- G tht
Vt
- Vt trng
39
Din tch
chung
Thi gian nui

(ngy)

___________________________________________________________________________
TT
Chng loi
3
4
- Vt tht
Lng p trng
Cc loi khc
Tng s
S lng
con
S lng
chung
Din tch
chung
Thi gian nui

(ngy)
2.2. Quy trnh chn nui

Trnh by c th cc cng on chn nui tng chng loi:
1. i vi d n chn nui ln:
-
Quy trnh chn nui ln c ging

Quy trnh chn nui ln ni sinh sn
Quy trnh chn nui ln tht
Quy trnh phng bnh cho ln
2. i vi d n chn nui tru b:

-
Quy trnh chn nui tru b sinh sn kt hp ko cy

Quy trnh chn nui tru b ly sa
Quy trnh chn nui b ngh
Quy trnh phng bnh cho tru b
3. i vi d n chn nui gia cm

-
Quy trnh chn nui gia cm tht

Quy trnh chn nui gia cm trng
Quy trnh chn nui gia cm con
Quy trnh p trng gia cm
Quy trnh phng bnh cho gia cm
2.3. Danh mc cc thit b, my mc s dng

Lit k tt c cc loi thit b, my mc s dng trong d n theo bng 2.4 sau y:
Bng 2.4. Danh mc cc thit b, my mc s dng trong d n chn nui
TT
Tn thit b/my mc
1
2
3
4
My pht in
My bm nc
My p trng
Cc loi my mc, thit b khc
Ngun gc,
nm sn xut
40
Nhin liu s dng
Ghi ch

___________________________________________________________________________
2.4. Nhn cng
Bng 2.5. S lng nhn cng d kin lm vic trong d n
TT
1
2
3
4
Cng vic
Cn b qun l
Nhn vin k thut
Cng nhn
Cc cng vic khc
S lng
41

___________________________________________________________________________
III. NHU CU NGUYN, NHIN LIU S DNG
3.1. Nhu cu thc n

1. Chn nui ln
Bng 3.1. Nhu cu thc n chn nui ln
TT
Chng loi thc n
1
2
Rau xanh
Thc n tinh (bt ng, bt sn, cm
go, tm,)
Thc n giu m (bt c, kh u
nnh, bnh du lc,)
Premix khong (bt xng, bt s,
v trng, cua)
Premix vitamin (cc loi Vitamin
tng hp)
3
4
5
S lng
(kg/thng)
Ngun gc*
Phng thc
vn chuyn
2. Chn nui tru b

Bng 3.2. Nhu cu thc n chn nui tru b
TT
Chng loi thc n
1
2
Thc n xanh (c, l cy

Ph phm ca ngnh trng trt (rm
r, ngn l ma, thn cy ng,)
Ph phm ca cng nghip ch bin
(b bia, b sn, b u nnh,)
go, tm,)
nnh, bnh du lc,)
v trng, cua)
tng hp)
3
4
5
6
7
S lng
(kg/thng)
42
Ngun gc*
Phng thc
vn chuyn

___________________________________________________________________________
3. Chn nui gia cm
Bng 3.3. Nhu cu thc n chn nui gia cm
TT
Chng loi thc n
1
2
Rau xanh
go, tm,)
nnh, bnh du lc,)
v trng, cua)
tng hp)
3
4
5
S lng
(kg/thng)
Ngun gc*
Phng thc
vn chuyn
* Ghi ch: Nu thc n t ch bin ti ch (nh chua rau xanh cho ln v tru b; rm vi
urea, hay tng lim a dinh dng cho tru b,) th cn m t tm tt cng ngh ch bin
3.2. Nhu cu nc
Bng 3.4. Nhu cu s dng nc cho d n chn nui
TT
Mc ch s dng nc
1
2
Nc n ung cho vt nui

Nc tm ra vt nui, v sinh
chung tri
Cc mc ch khc
S lng
(m3/ngy)
Ngun cung cp
3.3. Nhu cu in/nhin liu

Bng 3.5. Nhu cu s dng in, nhin liu cho d n chn nui
TT
1
2
3
4
5
Mc ch s dng
My pht in
My bm nc
My p trng
Si m
Cc mc ch khc
(nu nng, vn
chuyn,..)
Nhin liu/nng lng s dng

DO/biogas
in
in
in
in, than, xng du, biogas
43
S lng (m3/ngy)

___________________________________________________________________________
3.4. Cc nhu cu khc
-
Thuc st trng :Iodine, Phenol, Glutaraldehyte, Amonium, Chloramin, Virkon,

Biocid,
Ha cht v sinh chung tri: vi bt, NaOH 3-5%, Formol 3-5%,
Ch phm sinh hc x l cht thi: EM,
44

___________________________________________________________________________
IV. CC TC NG MI TRNG
4.1. Cc loi cht thi pht sinh

Trong qu trnh hot ng, d n chn nui gia sc, gia cm thi ra ngoi mi trng phn,
nc tiu v thc n tha. Cc cht ny ng vai tr rt ln trong qu trnh gy nhim mi
trng chn nui. Bn thn cc cht thi ra trong qu trnh chn nui ny cha nhiu nhn t
c hi nhng c th quy ra 3 nhm chnh :
+ Cc vi sinh vt c hi
+ Cc cht c hi
+ Cc kh c hi
C 3 nhm yu t c hi ny c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v ph thuc rt nhiu vo qu
trnh chn nui cng nh bnh tt vt nui.
Ngun gy nhim mi trng t cc c s chn nui bao gm cht thi rn nh lng, phn,
rc, thc n tha v cht thi lng nh nc tiu, nc ra chung, v sinh mng n, mng
ung, nc tm ra cho gia sc.
Theo tc gi Nguyn Th Hoa L (2001), trung bnh mt con ln mi ngy thi ra mi trng
1,5 - 3,5 kg phn v 10 - 50 lt nc thi; mt con b thi 3,5 7 kg phn v 50 - 150 lt nc
thi,100 con g thi 7 30 kg phn mi ngy.
Trong cht thi chn nui c nhiu cht gy nhim mi trng. Cc nh khoa hc phn
chia cc cht nhim trong cht thi chn nui thnh cc loi: cc cht hu c d b phn hu
sinh hc, cc cht hu c bn vng, cc cht v c, cc cht c mi, cc cht rn, cc loi
mm bnh ... Cc cht nhim ny c th tn ti c trong kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn.
Cn lu rng vic s dng thc n trong chn nui lin quan rt ln n ti lng v thnh
phn cht thi pht sinh. Thc n tn dng do cht lng dinh dng km, khng cn bng
hm lng cc cht trong khu phn, con vt phi s dng lng thc n ln (4 - 4,5 kg thc
n/kg tng trng), dn ti cht thi trong chn nui nhiu (3 - 3,5 kg phn/ln/ngy). Thc n
cng nghip do cht lng v hm lng dinh dng cao, chi ph thc n thp (2,2 - 2,4 kg
thc n/kg tng trng) nn lng cht thi cng t hn so vi s dng thc n tn dng. Vic
s dng thc n tn dng, thc n m c trn vi cm, ng c sn ti gia nh ngoi vic
lm tng chi ph trong chn nui cn gp phn lm tng lng cht thi, tng nguy c
nhim mi trng.
Theo yu cu ca Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT, trong bn CBM cn phi nu cc thng
tin v mi loi cht thi: ngun pht sinh, tng lng pht sinh trn mt n v thi gian,
thnh phn cht thi v hm lng/nng ca tng thnh phn.
45

___________________________________________________________________________
Di y s a ra cc thng tin s lc v tng loi cht thi pht sinh trong hot ng chn
nui gia sc, gia cm.
4.2. Kh thi
Cc cht c mi
Cc cht c mi pht sinh t phn v nc thi, gy nhim khng kh. Khng kh trong
chung nui cha khong 100 hp cht kh (Haitung v Phillips,1994 ); H2 v CO2 t nhng
ni cha phn lng di t c th gy nn s ng c cp tnh hoc mn tnh cho vt nui.
Mi phn c bit hi thi khi tch lu phn phn hu trong trng thi ym kh, kh c hi
to ra mi trng xung quanh nng cao c th gy nn ma, ngt th, ngt xu hoc cht
ngi.
Lng NH3 v H2S vt qu gii hn cho php s gy mi hi v kch thch vt nui, c bit
l ln ng h hp. Cc cht gy mi cn c nh gi bi hm lng cht rn bay hi v
m d tha trong cht thi. Cc cht d tha dng cha phn hu to iu kin cho vi sinh
vt gy thi ra pht trin.
Bng 4.1. Cc cht to mi trong nc thi chn nui
Cht to mi
Amin
Amoni
Diamin
Hydrosulfua
Mercaptan
Phn
Sulfit hu c
Cng thc
CH3NH2
NH3
NH2(CH2)4NH
H2S
CH3SH
C8H5NHCH3
(CH3)2SCH3SSCH3
Mi c trng
C n
Khai
Tht thi
Trng thi
Hi
Thi
Bp ci ra
Ngun: Nguyn Th Hoa L, 2005)
Cc cht kh nhim
CO2 l loi kh khng mu, khng mi v, nng hn khng kh (1,98 g/l). N c sinh ra
trong qu trnh th v cc qu trnh phn hu ca vi sinh vt. Nng cao s nh hng xu
n s trao i cht, trng thi chung ca c th cng nh kh nng sn xut v sc chng
bnh tt do lm gim lng oxy tn ti. Nng CO2 s tng ln do kt qu phn gii phn
ng vt v do qu trnh h hp bnh thng ca ng vt trong mt khng gian kn. V vy
trong cc chung nui c mt cao v thng kh km, hm lng cacbonic tng cao c th
vt qu tiu chun v tr nn rt c hi i vi c th vt nui. Theo Helbak v cng s
(1978) tin hnh th nghim i vi g mi nui trong chung c nng kh CO2 l
5% trong 24h thy g ngt th, r, ng khng vng, phn nhiu nc, pH mu gim.
H2S l loi kh c tim tng trong cc chung chn nui gia sc gia cm. N c sinh ra do
vi sinh vt ym kh phn hu protein v cc vt cht hu c co cha Sunfua khc. Kh thi
H2S sinh ra c gi li trong cht lng ca ni lu gi phn. Kh H2S c mi rt kh chu v
gy c thm ch nng thp. Sc vt b trng c H2S ch yu do b my h hp ht vo,
H2S tip xc vi nim mc m t, ho hp vi cht kim trong c th sinh ra Na2S. Nim
mc hp thu Na2S vo mu, Na2S b thu phn gii phng ra H2S s kch thch h thng thn
46

___________________________________________________________________________
kinh, lm t lit trung khu h hp v vn mch. nng cao H2S gy vim phi cp tnh
km theo thu thng. Khng kh cha trn 1mg/l H2S s lm cho con vt b cht trng thi
t ngt, lit trung khu h hp v vn mch ( Ngc Ho,1995) (Dn theo Bi Th Phng
Ho). c v ng c i vi cng nhn chn nui do ht phi H2S nng cao trong cc
chung chn nui. Ngi ta c th xc nh c mi H2S nng rt thp (0,025ppm)
trong khng kh chung nui.
NH3 l mt cht kh khng mu, c mi kh chu, ngng gii hn tip nhn mi l 37
mg/m3, t trng so vi khng kh l 0,59. N c mi rt cay v c th pht hin nng 5
ppm. Nng NH3 in hnh trong chung c mi trng c iu ho v thng thong tt
l 20 ppm v t 50 ppm nu phn tch t trn nn cng. Vo ma ng tc thng gi
chm hn th c th vt 50 ppm v c th ln n 100 200 ppm (Hi ng ht cc Hoa K,
1996). Hm lng amoniac trong cc c s chn nui ph thuc vo s lng cht thi, cht
hu c tch t li trong cc lp n chung, tc l ph thuc vo mt nui gia sc, gia
cm, m, nhit ca khng kh v ca lp n chung, nguyn liu v xp ca lp
n chung.
Thng th khu vc bn cha nhiu NH3 hn khu vc sch. Nng ca NH3 c pht hin
trong cc tri chn nui thng < 100 ppm.
CO l mt cht kh c hi trong khng kh chung nui. Trong khng kh bnh thng CO
nng l 0,02 ppm, trong cc ng ph l 13 ppm v nhng ni c mt giao thng
cao c th ln n 40 ppm. Loi kh ny gy c cho vt nui v con ngi do cnh tranh vi
Oxy (O2) kt ni vi st trong hng cu. i lc lin kt ny cao hn 250 ln so vi O2 do
n y oxy ra khi v tr ca n. Kh CO kt hp vi st ca hng cu to thnh kh
carboxyhemoglobin lm cho O2 khng dc a ti m bo gy nn tnh trng thiu oxy
trong h hp t bo. Nng CO cao ti 250 ppm trong cc khu chn nui ln sinh sn c th
lm tng s lng ln con non, ln con ra b cht nhng xt nghim bnh l cho thy
khng c lin quan ti cc bnh truyn nhim.
CH4 Cht kh ny c thi ra theo phn do vi sinh vt phn gii ngun dinh dng gm cc
cht x v bt ng trong qun trnh tiu ho. Loi kh ny khng c nhng nhng n cng
gp phn lm nh hng ti vt nui do chim ch trong khng kh lm gim lng oxy.
iu kin kh quyn bnh thng, nu kh CH4 chim 87-90% th tch khng kh s gy ra
hin tng kh th vt nui v c th dn n tnh trng hn m. Nhng quan trng hn l
nu hm hng kh metan ch chim 10-15% th tch khng kh c th gy n, y l mi
nguy him chnh ca kh metan.
4.3. Nc thi
Nc thi pht sinh t trang tri chn nui do lm v sinh chung tri, mng n, mng ung,
nc tm ra cho gia sc hng ngy, nc tiu do gia sc bi tit ra mi trng.
Bng 4.2 a ra d bo theo phng php tnh ton nhanh ca T chc Y t th gii (WHO)
v tng ti lng nc thi v ti lng ca mt s cht nhim trong nc thi pht sinh
theo chng loi vt nui trong 1 nm.
47

___________________________________________________________________________
Bng 4.2. D bo ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi do vt nui thi ra
Vt nui
n v
Tru b tht
(360kg)
Tru b sa
(590 kg)
Ln tht (45
kg)
G tht, 1kg
G trng
Con/nm
Th tch cht
thi, m3/n v
8,4
BOD
Kg/n v
164
-nt-
15,6
228,5
1533
82,1
12,0
-nt-
14,6
32,9
73,0
7,3
2,3
21,5
21,5
1,61
1,61
4,2
4,2
3,6
3,6
-ntKg trng
lng/nm
TSS
Tng N
Tng P
Kg/n v Kg/n v Kg/n v
1204
43,8
11,3
Ngun:WHO. 1993
Tc gi Nguyn Hoa L (2001) a ra kt qu thng k v thnh phn ch yu ca nc

thi chung ln nh sau:
Bng 4.3. Thnh phn cc cht nhim trong nc thi chung ln
Thng s
pH
Cn l lng
BOD
Tng N
E.Coli
n v
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100ml
Gi tr o c
5.5 0- 5,8
1900 8500
1380 5900
120 360
107 - 108
Ngun: Nguyn Th Hoa L 2001
Thnh phn nc thi chn nui bin ng rt ln ph thuc vo quy m chn nui, phng
php v sinh, kiu chung tri v cht lng nc v sinh chung tri....Trong nc thi,
nc chim 75 95%, phn cn li l cc cht hu c, v c v mm bnh.
Cc cht hu c d b phn hu sinh hc
Gm cc cht nh: Cacbonhydrat, protein, cht bo.... y l cht gy nhim ch yu ca
nc thi khu dn c, cng nghip ch bin thcphm, l m, ch bin sa.Cht hu c tiu
th xy rt mnh, gy hin tng gim xy trong ngun tip nhn dn n suy thoi v gim
cht lng ngun nc.
Cc cht rn tng s trong nc
Bao gm cht rn l lng v cht rn ho tan, cht rn bay hi v cht rn khng bay hi do
cc cht keo protein, hydratcacbon, cht bo c trong nc thi hoc c to ra khi gp iu
kin nh: pH, nhit , cng thch hp. Lng cht rn l lng cao trong nc gy cn tr
qu trnh x l cht thi.
Cht rn l lng trong nc thi chn nui ch yu l cn phn vt nui trong qu trnh v
sinh chung tri, trong phn c Nitrogen, pht pht v nhiu vi sinh vt. Phn ln N trong
48

___________________________________________________________________________
phn dng Amonium (NH4+) v hp cht nit hu c. Nu khng c x l th mt lng
ln Amonium s i vo khng kh dng Amonia (NH3). Nitrat v vi sinh vt theo nc thi
ra ngoi mi trng c th nhim vo ngun nc ngm v lm t b nhim. Theo nghin
cu ca Hill v Toller (1982) t l phn trm cht rn Nit pht pht trong cht rn l lng
nc thi chung ln nh sau :
Bng 4.4.T l cht rn Nit v Photpho trong nc thi chung ln
Thng s
Kch thc ht (mm)

>1
0,1 - 1
< 0,01
33
12
45
15
15
70
5
27
58
Tng cht rn l lng (TSS), %

Tng N, %
Tng P
Ngun: Nguyn Th Hoa L, 2001
Cc cht hu c bn vng
Bao gm cc hp cht Hydrocacbon, vng thm, hp cht a vng, hp cht c cha Clo hu
c trong cc loi ho cht tiu c kh trng nh DDT, Lindan.....cc cht ho hc ny c kh
nng tn lu trong t nhin lu di v tch ly trong c th cc loi sinh vt.
Cc cht v c
Bao gm cc cht nh Amonia, ion PO43+, K+, SO42- , Cl+. Kali trong phn l cht lng tn ti
nh mt loi mui ho tan, phn ln l t nc tiu gia sc bi tit ra khong 90%. Kali trong
thc n cng c gia sc bi tit ra ngoi. Ion SO42- c to ra do s phn hu cc hp cht
cha lu hunh trong iu kin hiu kh hoc ym kh.
(CH3)2S + 2H2 2CH4 + H2 ( ym kh)
CH3SH + O2 +H2O CH4 + H2SO4 (Mercaptan )
(CH3)2S + O2 +H2O CH4 + H2SO4 (hiu kh)
Clorua l cht v c c nhiu trong nc thi, nng Clorua vt qu mc 350mg/l s gy
nhim t, nc ngm v nc b mt........
Cc yu t vi sinh vt
Trong nc thi c cha mt tp on kh rng cc vi sinh vt c li v c hi, trong c
nhiu loi trng k sinh trng, vi trng v virus gy bnh nh: E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella,
Proteus, Arizona....
Bnh thng, cc vi sinh vt ny sng cng sinh vi nhau trong ng tiu ho nn c s cn
bng sinh thi. Khi xut hin tnh trng bnh l th s cn bng b ph v, chng hn nh
gia sc b a chy th s lng vi khun gy bnh s nhiu hn v ln p tp on vi khun c
li.
49

___________________________________________________________________________
Trong nhng trng hp vt nui mc cc bnh truyn nhim khc th s o thi vi trng
gy bnh trong cht thi tr nn nguy him cho mi trng v cho cc vt nui khc.
4.4. Cht thi rn
Cht thi rn t hot ng chn nui bao gm phn, rc, cht n chung, thc n d tha,
xc gia sc cht hng ngy. T l cc cht hu c, v c, vi sinh vt trong cht thi ph thuc
vo khu phn n, ging, loi gia sc v cch dn v sinh.
Bng 4.5 a ra d bo theo phng php tnh ton nhanh ca T chc Y t th gii (WHO)
v s lng cht thi rn pht sinh theo chng loi vt nui trong 1 nm.
Bng 4.5. D bo s lng cht thi rn do vt nui thi ra
Vt nui
n v
Con/nm
-nt-nt-
Tru b
Ln
G
S lng, kg/n v
4000
700
20
Ngun: WHO, 1993
so snh, bng 4.6 di y dn ra kt qu kho st lng cht thi chn nui ti lng chn
nui Nht Tn, x Nht Tn, huyn Kim Bng, tnh H Nam.
Bng 4.6. Lng cht thi rn t cc h chn nui ca lng Nht Tn
Loi vt nui
Ln
G, vt, ngan
Tru, b
Tng lng CTR
nh mc
thi /ngy
1,5 kg
0,1 kg
3 kg
S n v thi
12.800 con
52. 289 con
78 con
Lng cht thi

rn (tn/ngy)
19,2
5,23
0,234
24,664
Ngun: ng Kim Chi, 2007
Trong cht thi rn cha : nc 56 - 83%, cht hu c 1 - 26%, nit 0,32 1,6%, P 0,25
1,4%, K 0,15 0,95% v nhiu loi vi khun, virus, trng giun sn gy bnh cho ngi v
ng vt.
Cc thnh phn trong cht thi rn c th khc nhau v t l cc thnh phn ny cng khc
nhau tu tng loi gia sc, gia cm.
Ngoi mt s thnh phn nh trn th trong cht thi rn cn cha mt s vi sinh vt gy
bnh cho ngi v ng vt.
Bng 4.7. Mt s vi sinh vt trong cht thi rn ca vt nui
Thng s
Coliform
E. Coli
n v
MPN/100g
MPN/100g
Ln
4.106 - 108
105 - 107
50
B
3.106 - 107
104- 107
G
1,5.108 - 109
5.106 - 108

___________________________________________________________________________
Thng s
Streptococcus
Salmonella
Clo.perfringens
n bo
n v
MPN/100g
Vk/ml
Vk/ml
MPN/100g
Ln
3.102 - 104
10 - 104
10 -102
0 - 103
B
20 30
10 - 104
10 -102
0 - 103
G
5.102 - 104
10 - 104
10 -102
0 - 103
Ngun: Nguyn Th Hoa L, 2004
51

___________________________________________________________________________
V. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG TIU CC
Theo yu cu ca Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT, trong bn CBM cn phi trnh by dy

cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc pht sinh do hot ng ca d n chn nui gia sc
gia cm, c th l:
1. X l cht thi:
-
Mi loi cht thi pht sinh u phi c km theo bin php x l tng ng, thuyt
minh v mc kh thi, hiu sut/hiu qu x l. Trong trng hp khng th c bin
php hoc c nhng kh kh thi trong khun kh ca d n phi nu r l do v c
kin ngh c th cc c quan lin quan c hng gii quyt, quyt nh.
Phi c chng minh rng, sau khi p dng bin php th cc cht thi s c x l
n mc no, c so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin hnh.
Trng hp khng p ng c yu cu quy nh th phi nu r l do v c nhng
kin ngh c th cc c quan lin quan c hng gii quyt, quyt nh.
2. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc: trnh by c th v cc bin php b sung nhm gim thiu
nhim, bo v mi trng
Di y s gii thiu mt s bin php x l cht thi v gim thiu tc ng c p
dng thnh cng ti cc c s chn nui gia sc, gia cm nc ta.
5.1. X l cht thi rn
Nguyn tc chung
Cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu trnh chn nui phi c thu gom gn gng sch s, c ni
thu gom, cha cht thi rn, thng cha phi bng vt liu bn, c np y kn, khng r r,
thm ht, chy trn. Thng xuyn dng ho cht, vi bt st trng ni cha cht thi rn.
Khng tn tr cht thi rn ti chung tri v ni thu gom ca c s qu 24 gi m khng c
bin php x l thch hp. Phng tin vn chuyn cht thi rn phi m bo kn, khng r
r, khng ri vi, khng thot mi hi. Cht thi rn sau khi x l phi m bo t tiu chun
mi trng theo quy nh.
Tt nht nn xy hm Biogas x l cht thi rn v tn dng c ngun cht t cho sinh
hot. Tuy nhin, i vi chn nui quy m nh (< 10 con ln) th phi xy dng b phn
xanh. Hng ngy tin hnh thu gom phn rc tp trung v h hoai mc trc khi s dng
bn cho cy trng. Nn chung nui v h x l cht thi phi c xy v lng xi mng
d dng cho qu trnh c ra v sinh v trnh c s thm thu cht lng ra ngoi mi
trng, to c ym kh ca h , gip phn chng hoai mc.
Quy trnh phn xanh
52

___________________________________________________________________________
phn xanh l qu trnh x l phn v cc cht thi rn bng cch trn ln vi vi bt + t
bt + phn ln + l phn xanh (tt nht l cy ct ln, theo kinh nghim dn gian c tc dng
kh mi rt tt) hoc tru, hoai mc. C 2 cch phn xanh nh sau:
-
trn mt t bng cch ri mt lp vi bt pha trn mt t sau di mt lp

phn, cht n ln. C mt lp phn dy 20-30 cm li ri mt lp vi bt cho n khi
ng phn cao khong 1-1,2m th p kn bn ngoi bng mt lp bn dy khong 57cm.
o h su 2-2,5m, chu vi h tu thuc vo lng cht thi cn x l. Ri mt lp vi
bt ln b mt ca h sau a cht thi xung v lm tng t nh trn mt t,
khong cch t lp cht thi trn cng ti mt t l 50cm.
Sau khi tin hnh kh trng tiu c khu vc xung quanh bng vi bt, hoc cc ho cht
sau: Formol 2-3%, Xt 2-3%, Chloramin, Prophyl, Virkon, Biocid,...
Trong qu trnh , nh k 3- - 5 ngy cn phi ly nc (tt nht l nc thi v sinh chung
tri) ti u trn b duy tr m v cugn cp thm dinh dng cho vi khun k kh
pht trin. Thng thng, sau khong 1 thng th phn xanh hoai ht, ly ra bn cho cy
trng.
H thng Biogas
Biogas l mt loi kh t sinh hc c to ra khi phn hy ym kh phn thi ra ca gia sc.
Cc cht thi ca gia sc c cho vo hm kn (hay ti ), cc vi sinh vt s phn hy
chng thnh cc cht mn v kh, kh ny c thu li qua mt h thng ng dn ti l
t, phc v sinh hot ca gia nh. Cc cht thi ra sau qu trnh phn hy trong hm kn
(hay ti ) gn nh sch v c th thi ra mi trng, c bit nc thi ca h thng Biogas
c th dng ti cho cy trng.
K thut x l bng b Biogas c nhiu cch, ph thuc vo nng sut s dng nh ti sinh
kh Biogas bng cht do, hm c np tri ni v hm c np c nh. Bng 5.1. di y c
tnh sn phm kh thu c t phn ng vt.
Bng 5.1. Sn phm kh t 1kg phn ng vt
TT
1
2
3
Th tch kh sinh ra, m3

0,023 0,04
0,04 0,059
0,056 0,116
Loi vt nui
Tru, b, nga
Ln
Gia cm
Tt nht nn chn v tr xy dng hm phn hu gn chung tri v h thng cp thot nc

thun tin. C th xy dng ngay trong chung tri tit kim t.
Xin gii thiu mt s loi b Biogas ph bin p dng nhiu ni.
K thut kh bng ti cht do
53

___________________________________________________________________________
Phng php kh bng ti cht do c nhiu u im nh gi thnh r v k thut thi cng,
vn hnh n gin. Sau y l mt s c im v h thng ti kh Biogas (S hnh 5.1.)
Kh ga
Nc thi chn nui, phn
gia sc, phn ngi
Bp ga
Ti bng cht
do
Nc ra
Phn hu c
sinh hc
Hnh 5.1. M hnh s dng ti Biogas bng cht do
Vt liu: ti bng cht do PE; kinh ph mua vt liu: 600.000 ng

K thut hm biogas np c nh
Cng ngh x l cht thi chn nui bng hm Biogas c np c nh th hin trn hnh 5.2.
Kh biogas
Nc thi chn nui, phn

gia sc, phn ngi
Bt than bn
Hm Biogas
Nc ra khi hm
Biogas
ym kh khng
hon ton
Phn hu c sinh
hc
Hnh 5.2. M hnh s dng hm Biogas np c nh
54
X vo cng
thot chung

___________________________________________________________________________
Bng 3.2. Mt s kch thc c bn ca hm Biogas
R(m)
0,9
0,9
1,1
L1(m)
1,8
3,5
3,5
L2(m)
1,8
2,2
2,5
H1(m)
0,8
0,8
1
H2(m)
1,8
2
2
V1(m3)
4
7
10
V2(m3)
V1+V2(m3)
2
6
3,5
10,5
4
14,5
Khi h thng Biogas hot ng, mt mt cung cp ngun nng lng kh gas cho cc h s
dng trong sinh hot (un nu), ng thi nc sau khi x l b Biogas (thc cht l qu
trnh x l ym kh) c th gim c 40-50% hm lng cht hu c trong nc thi v nh
vy gim c nhng nh hng ca nc thi n mi trng chung. Ngoi ra lng bn
cn thu c c hm lng dinh dng cao, y l ngun phn bn rt tt cho nng nghip.
5.2. X l nc thi
Nguyn tc chung
Phi m bo h thng thot nc v sinh chung tri lun khai thng, khng t ng pht
sinh mi hi, rui mui. Nc thi phi c x l bng hm t hoi, hm biogas, ao lng lc
v cc phng php khc m bo khng pht sinh mi hi hoc chy trn ra mi trng
xung quanh. Nc thi sau khi x l phi m bo t tiu chun theo quy nh.
i vi cc c s chn nui nh, h gia nh khng c h thng x l nc thi th ton b
nc thi trong qu trnh chn nui, v sinh chung tri,... phi c x l bng cc ho cht
st trng trc khi chy vo h thng thot nc chung. Ngoi ra c th xy dng h thng b
lng lc c trng cy thu sinh x l.
i vi cc c s chn nui ln, nc thi trong qu trnh chn nui, v sinh chung tri,...
phi c x l qua h thng x l nc thi trc khi thi ra ngoi, m bo v sinh an
ton dch bnh, v sinh mi trng.
Thng thng, nc thi v sinh chung tri c x l cng vi cc cht thi rn trong hm
Biogas, tuy nhin phn nc thi sau Biogas thi ra vn lm nhim mi trng xung quanh.
Bng 3.3 di y dn ra s liu v nc thi sau hm biogas ti lng chn nui Nht Tn,
huyn Kim Bng, tnh H Nam.
Bng 3.3. c tnh nc thi sau x l trong hm biogas
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ch tiu
pH
SS
COD
BOD5
Tng N
Tng P
n v
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Gi tr
7,2-7,6
1000
2500
1800
400
50
55
TCVN 5945-2005 (B)

5,5-9
100
100
50
60
8

___________________________________________________________________________
Di y s gii thiu mt s m hnh x l nc thi chn nui ang p dng nc ta.
X l nc thi bng cy thy sinh:
Nc thi t cc tri chn nui cha rt nhiu nitrogen, phosphorus v nhng hp cht v c
c th ho tan c. Rt kh tch nhng cht thi ny khi nc bng cch lc thng thng.
Tuy nhin mt s loi cy thy sinh nh bo lc bnh, c mui nc c th x l nc thi,
va t tn kinh ph li thn thin vi mi trng.
-
Cy mui nc (cn gi cy cn ty nc) l loi bn a ca vng ng Nam , thn

v l ca n c th n sng hoc chn nh mt loi rau. N sinh sn theo cch phn
chia r v sinh trng tt trong mi trng nc nng cho ti 20cm.
Cy bo lc bnh (bo Nht Bn) c ngun gc Nam M, sinh trng v pht trin
nhanh, kho v ni trn mt nc.
Nc thi t cc chung gia sc trc tin cho chy vo b lng, cht thi rn lng xung
y. Sau vi ngy cho nc thi trong chy vo b m c bo lc bnh hoc c mui nc.
Mt nc trong b c cy che ph (mt khong 400 cy/b). Nu l bo lc bnh, b c
th lm su tu , i vi c mui nc th nc nng mt cht, su b x l khong
30cm. C mui nc cn thi tit mt m, cn bo lc bnh ph hp vi thi tit m. Kch c
ca b tu thuc vo lng nc thi cn c x l. V d, cht thi ca 10 con gia sc vo
khong 456 lt, s cn b mi cnh 6m, su 0,5m. B phi c tng khi lng 18m3 v din
tch b mt 36m2. B c th cha nc thi chung nui khong 30 ngy. Nc thi c gi
trong b x l 10 ngy. Thi gian ny, lng phospho trong nc gim khong 57-58%, trong
khi 44% lng nit c loi b BOD5 (l phng php xc nh mc vt cht hu c
trong nc). Trong thi gian gim x l 10 ngy, BOD5 gim khong 80-90%. Nhng bin
php x l nc thi theo cch ny p ng tiu chun ti thiu. Nc thi ra sng h, sui
mt cch an ton m khng cn x l thm.
Ngoi ra, cc cy thu sinh ny c th thu hoch v dng lm phn hu c. Bn thn chng c
th trc tip lm phn xanh hoc phn trn.
B lc sinh hc
Trung tm ng dng v chuyn giao tin b khoa hc v cng ngh xy dng th nghim
h thng x l cng sut 3-5 m3/ngy m ti trang tri chn nui ln ca ng Trn Vn
Thanh, thn ng Hng, phng ng Tm (Vnh Yn) vi tng din tch trang tri l 6
ha, trong din tch chn nui 2.500m2, quy m 700 1.000 con ln, quy m hm Biogas 2
chic. Nh vy vi mt trang tri c tng lng nc thi ra khong 3-5 m3/ngy m th
tng u t cho xy dng s ht khong 17.250.000 ng.
Cc hng mc chnh ca h x l gm:
-
B thu gom v iu ho nc thi kt hp phn ng hiu kh nh h thng khuy trn,

kch thc b 2x2.5x1.5(m).
B lc sinh hc kiu nh git kch thc 1x1x2.5 (m) bao gm 4 lp vt liu mang vi
sinh dy 20-25cm. Vt liu mang vi sinh thng c s dng y l si nh.
56

___________________________________________________________________________
-
Ao sinh hc kch thc 5x5.1.2 (m), bm nc thi th chm bng Inox cng sut
0,3 KW, my khuy ng c 3 pha - cng sut 0,5KW; h thng in iu khin bao
gm c ch chy t ng v chy bng tay.
ng ng cng ngh, cc thit b ph tr nui vi sinh cho h x l.
Kt qu nc thi sau khi x l ao sinh hc nh sau: tng cht rn l lng dao ng t

113mg/l-165m/l; COD dao ng t 298mg/l 315mg/l .
Chi ph vn hnh thng xuyn h thng 4m3/ngy m bao gm my bm 0,3KW chy
theo ch : hot ng 20 pht, ngh 10 pht (t ng chy v t ng ngt theo chu k). Nh
vy 1 ngy my bm hot ng 16h, tng in nng tin tn l 4,8kW. My khuy 0,5KW
chy theo ch : hot ng 10 pht, ngh 30 pht (t ng chy v t ng ngt theo chu k
trn) nh vy 1 ngy my khuy hot ng 6h, tng in nay tiu tn l 3KW. Tng in
nng tiu th l 7,8KW. Gi in tm tnh 1.000/kW, tng ng 7.800. Chi ph cho x l
1m3 nc thi l 1.950ng. y l gi ton ton c th chp nhn c cho vic x l nc
thi.
Nc sau khi x l nn dng ti cho cy trng, khng nn x thng ra ngun tip nhn.
Nu mun x thng ra cc ngun tip nhn nh sng, sui, ao h th cn c bin php x l
tng cng.
B t hoi k kh
B t hoi k kh c cc vch ngn mng, dng chy hng ln v ngn lc k kh ABR
(hay cn gi l b BASTAF baffled septic tank with anaerobic filter) c cu to nh hnh
5.3.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 5.3. M hnh b t hoi k kh c cc vch ngn mng, dng chy hng ln khng c (a)
v c (b)ngn lc k kh
Nguyn tc lm vic:
Nc thi c a vo ngn th nht ca b, c vai tr lm ngn lng ln men k kh,
ng thi iu ha lu lng v nng cc cht bn trong dng nc thi. Nh cc vch
ngn hng dng, nhng ngn tip theo, nc thi chuyn ng theo chiu t di ln trn,
tip xc vi cc vi sinh vt k kh trong lp bn hnh thnh y b trong iu kin ng, cc
cht bn hu c c cc vi sinh vt hp th v chuyn ha, lm ngun dinh dng cho s
pht trin ca chng. Cng nh c cc ngn ny, cng trnh tr thnh mt dy b phn ng k
57

___________________________________________________________________________
kh c b tr ni tip, cho php tch ring pha (ln men axit v ln men kim). Qun th vi
sinh vt trong tng ngn s khc nhau v c iu kin pht trin thun li. nhng ngn u,
cc vi khun to axit s chim u th trong khi nhng ngn sau, cc vi khun to metan s
l ch yu. B ABR cho php tng thi gian lu bn, nh vy hiu sut x l tng trong khi
lng bn cn x l li gim.
nng cao hiu qu x l ca b ABR, c th b tr mt hay mt s ngn lc k kh vo
cui b. Cc ngn lc k kh c tc dng lm sch b sung nc thi, nh cc vi sinh vt k
kh gn bm trn b mt cc ht ca lp vt liu lc v ngn cn l lng tri ra theo nc.
Ngn lc vi vt liu l than x hay cc nha ti ch cho php nng cao hiu sut x l ca b
trung bnh 5-10%. Ngn lc k kh cn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic trnh ra tri cc
cht rn ra khi b.
Thi gian lu nc thi ti u t 24 n 48h. Hiu sut x l trung bnh theo COD, BOD5 v
SS ca thit b ny c th t 80-85%. Nc thi sau x l b ABR thi ra ao c c tnh
nh sau:
BOD5 = 180 mg/l
COD = 300 mg/l
SS
= 100 mg/l
Lng bn tch ly trong b tng i nhanh trong 3 thng u, sau tc tch ly bn

chm dn, do s n nh ca qu trnh x l v phn hy bn trong b. Lng cn v vng ni
tch ly ch yu trong ngn u cho thy vai tr iu ha v tch cn, vng ni ca ngn ny
trong b ABR.
u im c bn ca b ABR l vn hnh n gin, khng tiu tn ha cht cng nh in
nng trong qu trnh vn hnh. b ABR vn hnh hiu qu phi m bo cc h ga trn
rnh thot hot ng tt v tin hnh ht bn trong ngn lng 6 thng/ln.
Nhc im ca b ABR l hiu qu kh N v P khng cao. Tng P ch c loi b mt
phn nh c ch lng v hp ph. Tng N c loi b mt phn nho bay hi NH3 v qu
trnh xy ha sinh ha amoni trong iu kin k kh (Anamox). Do cn thit phi c qu
trnh x l tip tc sau b ABR. Ao thng kh ng vai tr h sinh hc c th khc phc c
nhc im ny.
5.3. X l kh thi, mi hi
Thng xuyn v sinh chung tri gim thiu mi hi pht sinh trong qu trnh chn nui.
Kh thi trong qu trnh nui nht, tn tr cht thi phi c x l bng cc bin php thch
hp khng pht sinh mi hi nh hng n mi trng xung quanh.
5.4. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc
-
X l ting n: Cc khu vc tp trung ng dn c, chung tri phi c tng bao

quanh, xy dng cao ti thiu l 2 m. Ting n phi x l t tiu chun theo quy nh
TCVN 5949-1998.
58

___________________________________________________________________________
-
St trng, v sinh chung tri: nh k phun dipterex tr rui, mui, k sinh trng;
nh k ty u chung tri v mi trng chung quanh.
Trng cy xanh to bng mt v chn c gi lnh, gi nng, ngoi ra cy xanh
cn quang hp ht kh CO2 v thi kh O2 rt tt cho mi trng chn nui. Nn trng
cc loi cy nh: nhn, vi, keo du, mung.
Tiu c kh trng i vi phng tin vn chuyn gia cm, sn phm gia cm
Trang b dng c bo h lao ng khi s dng ha cht (phun thuc st trng, thuc
ty u,)
59

___________________________________________________________________________
VI. CAM KT THC HIN
6.1. Cam kt thc hin cc quy nh chung v bo v mi trng c lin quan n d n

Trong qu trnh thit k v trin khai d n chn nui quy m nh, Ch u t cn cam kt
tun th cc tiu chun v cc quy nh sau y:
Cc tiu chun mi trng
-
TCVN 5937:2005 - Cht lng khng kh. Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung
quanh
TCVN 5938:2005 Cht lng khng kh. Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht
c hi trong khng kh xung quanh
TCVN 5942:1995 - Cht lng nc. Gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cho
php ca cc cht nhim trong nc mt
TCVN 5944:1995 - Cht lng nc. Tiu chun cht lng nc ngm
TCVN 5945:2005 - Nc thi cng nghip. Tiu chun nc thi
TCVN 5949:1998 m hc. Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c. Mc n ti a
cho php
Cc quy nh v bo v mi trng
-
Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn

v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng;
Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/6/2003 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi
trng i vi nc thi v Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP ngy 08/1/2007 sa i, b
sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP;
Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27/7/2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh vic cp php
thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc;
Thng t lin tch s 125/2003/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT ca cc B Ti chnh, Ti
nguyn v Mi trng hng dn thc hin Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/ 6/
2003 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi;
Thng t s 02/2005/TT-BTNMT ngy 24/6/2005 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
hng dn thc hin Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ca Chnh ph quy nh vic cp
php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc;
Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn;
Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP ngy 29/11/2007 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi
trng vi cht thi rn
6.2. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu

Ch u t cn cam kt cc ni dung sau y:
-
Thc hin cc bin php khng ch v gim thiu nhim khng kh nu trong bn
CBM;
60

___________________________________________________________________________
-
p dng cc bin php qun l v k thut gim thiu nhim nc thi nu trong
bn CBM;
Thu gom v x l ton b lng cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu hot ng ng nh
nu trong bn CBM.
61

___________________________________________________________________________
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. ng Kim Chi, Hong Thu Hng Bo co hin trng kinh t, x hi, mi trng v cc
gii php ci thin mi trng lng ngh Nht Tn, huyn Kim Bng, tnh H Nam, Hp phn
Kim sot nhim vng ng dn c ngho, 11/2007
2. Nguyn Th Hoa L - Mt s vn lin quan n x l cht thi trong chn nui, l m,
Tp ch th y - s 2 , 2005 (Tr 75-86)
3. Tran Thi Dan, Thai Anh Hoa and others - Project Report Area-wide integration (AWI) of
specialized crop and livestock activities in Vietnam (funded by LEAD (FAO)), Nong Lam
University (UAF), HCMC, Vietnam, July 2003
4. WHO - Assessment of sources of air, water, and land pollution, A guide to rapid source
inventory techniques and their use in formulating environmental control strategies. Part 1:
Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution. Geneva, Switzerland, 1993
62

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Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Hp phn No.: 104.Vietnam 806

Chng trnh Vit Nam-an Mch

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

XY DNG HNG DN K THUT

TS. L Hong Lan, T vn quc gia ngn hn

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

DANH MC CC CH VIT TT .........................................................................................4

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

(Awareness Raising) Nng cao nhn thc

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Nhim v 2: Trn c s kt qu ca Nhim v 1, son tho Hng dn k thut lp bn CBM

T chc Hi tho chuyn gia thu thp kin gp ;

Tng quan v cc vn bo v mi trng ti cc c s chn nui;

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

nh hng pht trin chn nui n nm 2020

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

3. HIN TRNG TUN TH PHP LUT V QUN L BO V MI TRNG TI

Din tch (ha)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Trang tri chn nui gia cm.

- Vt, ngan ngng:

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Trang tri chn nui ln

Trang tri chn nui b

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Trang tri chn nui tru

Trang tri chn nui d

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Bng 3.4. Cc khu chn nui tp trung d kin xy dng trong cc nm ti

Kim Bng: 9,13 ha

Bnh Lc: 20,6 ha

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Huyn Duy Tin

Trn Xun Khoa

Nguyn Quc Vit

Huyn Kim Bng

X Thi Sn Kim Bng

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Gii phng mt bng thi cng.

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Bo co nh gi tc ng mi X Trng An Bnh 500

Bn ng k t tiu chun mi X Lim Tuyn

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Tng Pht pho

Ngun: Trung tm quan trc phn tch Ti nguyn v Mi trng

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Khu vc chn nui x Hong Ty

Khu vc chn nui x Nht Tn

TCVN 5937 2005

TCVN 5938 2005

TCVN 5949 1998

Phng php phn tch

TCVN 59421995 (loi B)

Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA)

Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc phn tch ti nguyn v Mi trng