lin kt con ngi v thin nhin

PanNature

TRUNG TM CON NGI V THIN NHIN

S 3, ng 55, ph Quang, H Ni
in thoi: 04-3556 4001 * Fax: 04-3556 8941
Email: policy@nature.org.vn
INSTITUTE
Website: www.nature.org.vn

THO LUN CHNH SCH

NH GI
TC NG
MI TRNG
VIT NAM:
T PHP LUT
N THC TIN

nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM)
l cng c php l v k thut quan
trng xc nh, phn tch, d bo
tc ng mi trng ca cc d n, cc
k hoch, quy hoch pht trin; cung cp lun
c khoa hc cho chnh quyn, c quan qun l
chuyn ngnh v doanh nghip cn nhc trong
qu trnh ra quyt nh u t. Cc yu cu v
TM c lut ha v quy nh bi Lut Bo
v Mi trng ca Vit Nam t nm 1993. Hn 15
nm thc hin cng tc TM gip Chnh ph
Vit Nam tng bc c th ha v ci thin h
thng quy nh TM, to lp v pht trin nng
lc i ng thc hin TM, v quyt nh
chm dt hoc buc iu chnh nhiu d n c
nguy c, ri ro cao i vi mi trng. Tuy nhin,
hot ng TM Vit Nam vn bc l nhiu
bt cp v yu km v c cht lng cng nh
vic tun th quy trnh TM nh php lut
quy nh. Nhn chung, TM v ang b hnh
x nh l mt th tc nhm hp thc ha qu
trnh thm nh v ph duyt cc d n v hot
ng u t. Bn thn quy nh lut php hin
hnh v TM cng cha cht ch. Nhiu hu
qu nghim trng v mi trng t nhin v
kinh t - x hi xy ra do cc yu cu v TM
b lm ng hoc khng c thc hin nghim
chnh, in hnh l v x thi xung sng Th
Vi ca Cng ty TNHH Vedan b pht hin nm
2008 ng Nai. Trc thc trng ny, Vit Nam
cn c nhng nh gi v nhn thc li v khi
cnh php l cng nh hin trng thc hin ca
hot ng TM. Nhng cn nhc ny, nu c
xem xt k lng v thu o, s gip ci thin
cc quy nh php lut cng nh ci thin hiu
qu ca cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng
(TM) Vit Nam.

H Ni, 2009

THO LUN CHNH SCH

1
TIN TRNH XY DNG
H THNG PHP LUT
V TM CA VIT NAM
Quy nh TM ca Vit Nam ln u tin c c a ra trong Lut Bo v
Mi trng nm 1993, v n nay c nhng iu chnh ng k. C th
chia qu trnh xy dng h thng php lut v TM ca Vit Nam thnh hai
giai on: giai an nghin cu, hc hi v giai on lut ha.
1.1. GIAI ON NGHIN CU V HC HI
Giai on ny din ra t trc nhng nm
1990, nh du bng vic t chc cc kho
tp hun, nghin cu v TM trong nc v
nc ngoi. Nm 1981, Chng trnh Nghin
cu Mi trng Quc gia t chc kho tp
hun nhng phng php lun u tin cho
vic p dng TM Vit Nam vi s tham gia
cu trn 200 nh khoa hc t cc trng i
hc, cao ng, vin nghin cu (Le Thc Cn,
1994b).
Trong giai on ny, cc trng i hc, cc
vin nghin cu thc hin mt s nghin
cu xem xt, nh gi ban u v mi trng
(IEE: Initial environmental examination) hoc
theo hng nh gi tc ng mi trng
i vi mt s d n ln. Tuy nhin, ti thi
im , qu trnh quy hoch pht trin hon
ton khng c nhng quy nh php lut bt
buc lin quan n TM; cng nh nhng
phng php tin hnh TM cha c bit
n rng ri Vit Nam, nn nhng nghin
cu trn thc hin khng theo mt chun
mc nht nh, v tch bit hon ton vi qu
trnh quy hoch cng nh qu trnh xy dng
d n.

12

Cng trnh xy dng nh my thu in Ho

Bnh bt u t nm 1979 l mt trong nhng
d n ln nht Vit Nam. Trong sut qu trnh
xy dng v vn hnh nh my ny, khng c bt
k nghin cu hay nh gi no v tc ng mi
trng cng nh yu cu ca php lut no lin
quan. n nm 1989, d n nghin cu v TM
thy in Ho Bnh c xem l mt hnh mu
in hnh cc nh khoa hc v quy hoch tr
li cu hi ti sao vic nghin cu v p dng
TM Vit Nam li cn thit (Hirch, P 1992).
1.2. GIAI ON LUT HA TM
Giai an ny c bt u t nm 1993 n
nay, v cc ch ti v TM c quy nh trong
Lut BVMT nm 1993 v 2005 (sa i) v cc vn
bn php quy di lut km theo. C th phn
bit h thng lut php TM trc nm 2005 v
sau nm 2005 thi im Lut BVMT sa i ca
Vit Nam c hiu lc.
(a) H thng lut php TM trc khi Lut
BVMT (sa i) nm 2005 c hiu lc
TM ln u tin c quy nh ti iu 17 v
18 ca Lut BVMT ban hnh ngy 27/12/1993,
v tip l Ngh nh 175/CP ca Chnh ph v
hng dn thi hnh Lut BVMT 1993.

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG VIT NAM: T PHP LUT N THC TIN

HP 1:
Nhng quy nh v TM u tin trong Lut Bo v mi trng 1993 s 29/L-CTN ngy 27 thng 12 nm 1993
iu 17. T chc, c nhn qun l c s kinh t, khoa hc, k thut, y t, vn ho, x hi, an ninh, quc phng
hot ng t trc khi ban hnh Lut ny phi lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca c s mnh c
quan qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng thm nh. Trng hp khng bo m tiu chun mi trng, t
chc, c nhn phi c bin php x l trong mt thi gian nht nh theo quy nh ca c quan qun l Nh
nc v bo v mi trng.
Nu qu thi hn quy nh m c s x l khng t yu cu th c quan qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng
bo co ln c quan Nh nc cp trn trc tip xem xt, quyt nh nh ch hot ng hoc c bin php x l
khc.
iu 18. T chc, c nhn khi xy dng, ci to vng sn xut, khu dn c, cc cng trnh kinh t, khoa hc, k
thut, y t, vn ho, x hi, an ninh, quc phng; ch d n u t ca nc ngoi hoc lin doanh vi nc ngoi,
ch d n pht trin kinh t - x hi khc phi lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c quan qun l Nh
nc v bo v mi trng thm nh.
Kt qu thm nh v Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt trong nhng cn c cp c thm quyn xt
duyt d n hoc cho php thc hin.
Chnh ph quy nh chi tit vic xy dng v thm nh Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng v c qui nh ring
i vi cc c s c bit v an ninh, quc phng ni ti iu 17 v iu ny.
Quc hi xem xt, quyt nh i vi d n c nh hng ln n mi trng. Danh mc d n loi ny do U ban
Thng v Quc hi quyt nh.

Cc quy nh ny yu cu tt c cc d n trong
nc v u t nc ngoi Vit Nam u
l i tng p dng phi thc hin TM.
Cc d n i vo hot ng cng cn lp
bo co nh gi tc ng di dng kim
ton mi trng theo quy nh ca Thng t
1420-TT/MTg-BKHCNMT ngy 26/11/1994
Hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng i
vi c s ang hot ng. Theo thng k ban
u, c khong 14 vn bn quy phm php
lut lin quan n TM ban hnh t nm
1994 n 2005.

(b) H thng lut php hin hnh c ban

hnh sau lut BVMT 2005
T sau nm 2005, h thng vn bn quy phm php
lut v TM ngy cng a dng v chi tit hn.
Lut BVMT sa i ban hnh ngy 29/11/2005
dnh mt chng (chng III: nh gi mi trng
chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam
kt bo v mi trng, gm 14 iu t iu 14 n
iu 27, quy nh v cng tc nh gi mi trng
chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam
kt bo v mi trng. Theo thng k ban u, t
nm 2006 n nay, c hn 20 vn bn php lut
lin quan n TM c ban hnh.

31

THO LUN CHNH SCH

HP 2:
Mt s vn bn php lut quan trng lin quan trc tip n TM hin hnh Vit Nam (cn hiu lc)
1. Lut Bo v Mi trng s 52/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005. Chng III. nh gi mi trng chin lc,
nh gi tc ng mi trtng v cam kt bo v mi trng.
2. Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006. Hng dn chi tit v thi hnh lut bo v mi trng 2005. Trong
ngh nh ny, c ban hnh danh mc cc d n phi tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng v danh mc d n
lin ngnh, lin tnh do BTN&MT thm nh.
3. Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008. V sa i b sung 1 s iu ca ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v quy
nh chi tit v thi hnh lut bo v mi trng 2005. Danh mc cc d n phi thc hin bo co nh gi tc ng
mi trng (162 d n).
4. Ngh nh 81/2006/N-CP ngy 03/09/2006. V x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.
5. Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 10/10/2006. Hng dn chi tit thc hin mt s ni dung v nh gi tc
ng mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng.
6. Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/12/2008. Hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc
ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. Thay th thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT.
7. Thng t 276 -TT/Mtg-BKHCNMT ngy 06/03/1997. Hng dn kim sot nhim i vi cc c s sn xut,
kinh doanh sau khu c ph chun bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
8. Thng t 1420-TT/MTg-BKHCNMT ngy 26/11/1994. Hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi c s
ang hot ng.
9. Quyt nh 13/2005/Q-BTNMT ngy 2/12/2005. V chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn va c cu t chc ca V
Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng.
10. Quyt nh 13/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006. Ban hnh quy ch v t chc v hot ng ca Hi ng
thm nh bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc, Hi ng thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
11. Quyt nh 19/2007/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/11/2007. Ban hnh quy nh v iu kin v hot ng dch v
thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.

im khc bit c bn ca 2 h thng vn bn

quy phm php lut ny nm quy trnh thc
hin TM v khi nim mi TM b sung. Nu
nh bc tin hnh bo co TM s b c coi
l bt buc i vi cc d n trc khi c Lut
BVMT 2005, th sau khi lut ny c hiu lc, bc
ny b xo b. Giai on t nm 1994 n trc
khi Lut BVMT 2005 c ban hnh l giai on
va lm - va hc - va rt kinh nghim ca
Vit Nam (World Bank, 2006). n nm 2008, mt
bng danh mc cc i tng gm 162 loi d

n khc nhau phi lp bo co TM c quy

nh ti Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ca Chnh ph
ban hnh ngy 28/2/2008. Vi mi d n, nu c
tn trong danh mc ny th s phi thc hin bo
co TM chi tit; nu khng ch cn thc hin cam
kt BVMT. i tng ca quy nh TM b sung
l cc d n m rng hoc thay i cng ngh ca
cc c s ang sn xut. Khi nim ny thay th
cho dng bo co TM ca cc c s ang hot
ng trc y.

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG VIT NAM: T PHP LUT N THC TIN

2
THC TIN T CHC
THC HIN TM
VIT NAM
2.1. XY DNG V PHT TRIN MNH I
NG THC HIN TM
S lng nhng ngi tham gia lp bo co
TM tng nhanh mt cch t pht, p ng
nhu cu th trng trong bi cnh cc hot ng
v d n u t, sn xut n r trn ton quc.
i ng chuyn gia t vn, cc t chc t vn v
dch v t vn TM trong v ngoi nh nc u
d dng tip cn. Gn 10 nm trc y, hu ht
cc d n ln u t vo Vit Nam u phi thu
chuyn gia nc ngoi thc hin bo co TM;
th hin nay, rt nhiu c quan c th m
nhim c vai tr ny v a ra nhiu bo co
c cht lng tt (Nguyn Khc Kinh,2004). Tuy
nhin, yu cu v nng lc m bo thc hin
TM ca lc lng ny vn cn b ng, cha c
ch ti php l no rng buc. Do vy, iu kin
bt buc phi c mt vn bn php l chng
minh nng lc i vi cc cn b thc hin cng
tc TM Vit Nam l thc s cn thit.
Cn b thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM
cp trung ng thuc V Thm nh (B Ti
nguyn - Mi trng; nay trc thuc Tng Cc
Mi trng, B TN-MT) v Quc Hi, Chnh ph,
Th tng chnh ph hoc B trng B TN-MT
chu trch nhim ph duyt i vi nhng d n
thuc thm quyn ca mnh. cp a phng,
trch nhim thm nh l ca Phng Thm nh
thuc S TN-MT v Ch tch UBND tnh hoc
thnh ph hoc Hi ng nhn dn cng cp
s chu trch nhim ph duyt. Thm na, hin
nay cn c thm hnh thc mi l dch v thm
nh, y l cc c quan c lp nng lc theo
yu cu ca Quyt nh s 19/2007/Q-BTNMT
V vic ban hnh Quy nh v iu kin v hot

ng dch v thm nh bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng, s c la chn m nhim
vai tr thm nh, thay th cho vic lp hi ng
thm nh. Kt qu hot ng ny t nm 1994
n nm 2004 l c hn 800 bo co TM ca
cc d n v c s ang hot ng c thm
nh v ph duyt cp trung ng; gn 26.000
bo co TM v bn ng k t Tiu chun Mi
trng c thm nh v ph duyt cp a
phng (Nguyn Khc Kinh, 2004).
Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia, nng lc thm
nh bo co TM c nng cao ng k
do c nhiu cn b c o to, tp hun
trong nc v nc ngoi cng nh kh nng
hc thng qua hnh t thc tin cng vic.
n nay, lc lng cn b ny c th t m
ng c vic t chc thm nh cc bo co
TM theo mc c phn cp(Nguyn Khc
Kinh,2004). Tuy nhin, cp tnh, i ng cn b
thm nh TM vn cn yu v thiu, cha p
ng c yu cu a dng v kin thc khoa hc
mi trng c lin quan n nhiu ngnh khc
nhau.
2.2. BO CO TM C PHI L TRANG
SC CHO D N (?)
(a) Quan nim sai lch v yu cu TM
Bn cht ca cng tc TM l qu trnh tm hiu,
d bo cc tc ng mi trng v tc ng x
hi tiu cc, xut gii php ngn nga, hn
ch cc tc ng ny khi d n c thc hin,
m bo d n khng ch mang li li ch kinh
t m cn thc y pht trin an sinh x hi v
bo v mi trng. Tuy nhin, mt b phn cc
nh qun l v ch u t cha nhn thc c

THO LUN CHNH SCH

ngha cu cng tc ny. H thng coi yu cu

lp bo co TM nh l mt th tc trong qu
trnh chun b hoc thc hin d n. Thm ch
nhiu ngi cn li cho yu cu thc hin
TM cn tr hot ng pht trin sn xut v
u t. V vy, khi c yu cu lp bo co TM,
h ch lm ly l, ch trng lm cho th tc
d n c thng qua ch khng quan tm n
nhng tc ng v nguy c mi trng thc s.
Phong tro cp php t cho cc d n xy dng
sn golf Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua l mt
minh chng in hnh. Nu cc d n ny tun
th thc hin TM nghim tc v cht lng th
s khng c nhng xung t xy ra gia cc ch
d n v cng ng a phng do tranh chp
quyn s hu, tip cn, s dng ti nguyn t,
rng v ngun nc.
(b) Hin tng khng tun th y quy
trnh v cc quy nh v xy dng ni dung
bo co TM l kh ph bin.
Hin tng cc chuyn gia t vn thng c
khon lm mt bo co TM cho ph hp vi
yu cu ca php lut l rt ph bin cc a
phng. V vy, vic tun th quy trnh v yu
cu cht lng bo co TM thng b lm ng
hoc xem nh. Bo co TM hin nay mi ch
quan tm n tc ng c hi, trc tip, trc
mt, tc ng ti mi trng t nhin trong khi
t quan tm n cc tc ng c li, gin tip, lu
di v tc ng x hi. Cc phng n gim thiu
tc ng th hoc l qu s si, hoc thiu tnh
kh thi, hoc ch l li ha hn khng c c s
(Phng Ch S, 2003).
Thc s Phm Quang T, Vin trng Vin T vn
Pht trin (CODE) nhn mnh kha cnh x hi
ca bo co TM hin nay rt nht nha v dn
chng bng cc bo co TM cu d n xy dng
nh my thy in Hng Sn v d n khai thc
m Titan tnh H Tnh. Ni dung cc bo co

TM cho thy phn nh gi tc ng x hi

thng ngn gn v rt chung chung, thiu c
s khoa hc, v t thuyt phc. V d, phn nh
gi tc ng x hi trong bo co TM cu d
n Titan H Tnh ch c trang; d n thy in
Hng Sn c 01 trang; cc nh gi c trnh
by chung chung, khng c chiu su, v hon
ton khng khc bit so vi tt c cc d n
khc. Bo co TM ca d n thy in Lai Chu
- mt trong ba cng trnh thu in ln trn sng
vi cng sut thit k l 1.200MW, ton b ni
dung dy ti 200 trang, nhng phn nh gi tc
ng kinh t - x hi ch cng chim 2 trang (1%
ton b ni dung). R rng, yu cu nh gi tc
ng x hi khng c cao trong yu cu
lp bo co TM.
(c) chnh xc ca thng tin trong bo co
TM khng cao v thiu tin cy
Theo Trn Hiu Nhu (2003), nh gi khong
20% s bo co TM ng tham gia thm nh
(cho n nm 2003) c copy t cc bn bo
co khc, thm ch nhiu trng hp ch u t
cn qun thay i a danh cho ph hp vi d
n mi. Bn cnh , c nhng bo co c
tnh lm ng hoc nh gi thp cc gi tr v vai
tr ca mi trng v h sinh thi ni d n
xut can thip. V d, VQG Tam o c quy
hoch v khng nh l khu rng a dng sinh
hc cao vi rng ln thng xanh in hnh, tuy
nhin bo co hin trng mi trng phc v
cho chun b d n Tam o II (xy dng khu gii
tr do nc ngoi u t) vng li VQG nh
gi l khu vc ngho a dng sinh hc, khng
c gi tr bo tn. Tng t, bo co TM cho
xut d n xy dng thy in Ro n 1 v
Ro n 2 trong vng rng nguyn sinh k VQG
V Quang x Sn Kim (H Tnh) khng
cp n tc ng ca d n i vi cc loi th
ln b e da c gi tr bo tn trn ton cu nh
Sao La, Voi.

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG VIT NAM: T PHP LUT N THC TIN

(d) Ch u t chi tin thu t vn lp bo co

TM: Ai quyt nh cht lng bo co?
Theo thng l quc t, chi ph lp mt bo
co TM thng chim t 1 n 3% so vi tng
kinh ph ca mt d n (Vit Nam, K hoch
quc gia v mi trng v pht trin lu bn
1991 -2000). Tuy nhin, theo cc chuyn gia,
Vit Nam c nhng d n u t tr gi n hng
chc t ng, nhng chi ph thc hin TM thm
ch ch l vi chc triu ng. y l iu khng
hp l v vi mc chi nh vy kh c th p ng
mt lot cc yu cu kho st v o c mt cch
nghim tc v cp nht cc ch tiu mi trng
cc khu vc d n c th. Chi ph khng
nhng bo co vn c lp xong l c s
nghi vn tin cy v thng tin v cht lng
bo co. Bn cnh , ch u t lun t ra mc
ch cao nht l xut d n c cc c quan
c thm quyn chp thun cho thc hin, v th
kh c th ni rng h chi tin (ca mnh) thu
c nhn hay t chc t vn lp bo co TM
dn ti quyt nh d n b tr hon hoc chm
dt ngoi mong mun ca h.
Tn ti ni trn l mt s tht khch quan do
chnh cc quy nh lut php rng buc t chc,
c nhn l ch u t d n thuc i tng phi
lp bo co TM phi t tin hnh hoc thu
t chc t vn c iu kin tin hnh cng
tc TM v lp bo co TM ca d n (iu 1,
Chng III, thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT hng dn
v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc
ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng),
ni cch khc chnh ch u t l ngi chi tin
cho hot ng TM ca d n. Nhng phn nh
ni trn, mc d khng phi i din cho tt c
cc trng hp, nhng cng l tnh hung in
hnh gip nhn nhn tt hn v nhng khim
khuyt ca chnh sch TM hin nay. Theo cc
chuyn gia phn bin, bn cnh nng lc v kin
thc, ngi lp bo co TM v ch d n liu

cn phi thc c lng tm, trch nhim

ca mnh v bo v mi trng v an sinh x hi
ca ngi dn hin ti v mai sau. Quy nh lut
php c th khng rng buc c lng tm
ca ngi lp bo co TM, nhng cc ch ti v
cam kt cht lng v s trung thc ca bo co
TM cn c p dng trit .
(e) Thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM:
nh gi m lm (!?)
Thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM c php
lut phn cp cho B TN-MT (cp trung ng) v
UBND (cp a phng). Theo cc chuyn gia,
nhng u tin v d n u t v pht trin kinh
t ca c Chnh ph, ngnh v c bit l cc tnh,
thnh t cc c quan (v c nhn) chu trch
nhim thm nh bo co TM vo th khng
c lm tri cp trn, nht l cc d n u t
quy m ln ca nc ngoi nhng tim n ri ro
cao v mi trng nh xy dng thy in, cng
bin, khai thc khong sn, sa cha tu bin,
ti ch rc thi,...C th ni, tnh c lp, phn
bin v chu trch nhim trc php lut, th
hin qua trch nhim v quyn hn ca hi ng
thm nh bo co TM cha c quy nh r
rng. V th, c nhng kin bn khon v quyt
nh ph duyt bo co TM b thin lch v
li ch ca cc nh u t hn l li ch chung ca
cng ng v x hi.
Cc kin nh gi ca hi ng thm nh
hu nh ch mang tnh cht t vn, tham kho
trong qu trnh ra quyt nh cui cng. Ngha
l, quyt nh thng qua bo co TM c nh
ot bi hi ng ph duyt ch khng thuc
thm quyn ca hi ng thm nh. Nh vy,
trong trng hp d n c thng qua v i
vo hot ng mi gy ra nhng tc ng v suy
thoi mi trng th s kh quy trch nhim cho
cc bn lin quan. Bt cp ny hin cng cha
c quy nh r rng trong h thng vn bn

THO LUN CHNH SCH

QPPL v TM m mi ch dng li vic quy

nh trch nhim kim tra gim st thc hin ni
dung cu bo co TM.
Quan im v phng php lun v nh i
gia mi trng v pht trin cha c vn
dng su sc trong qu trnh thm nh v ph
duyt bo co TM. Trong bi cnh pht trin,
chc chn phi c s nh i gia li ch kinh
t vi li ch mi trng, nhng vi nhiu trng
hp, s cn nhc nh i ny c chuyn
thnh b qua. V d, din n tho lun v i
d n khai thc ch bin qung Bauxit Ty
Nguyn do Tp on Cng nghip Than-Khong
sn Vit Nam lm ch u t tr thnh mt
ch nng. Cc nh khoa hc v mi trng,
cc nh nghin cu vn ha kch lit phn i
i d n ny do c nhng lo lng v hu qu
nhim mi trng trn din rng khng th
trnh khi, hiu qu kinh t thp, e da vn ha
bn a, ri ro v an ninh chnh tr v mt cng
bng x hi. Tuy nhin, quyt nh thc hin
c Th tng Chnh ph v UBND tnh k
Nng thng qua. Quan im mt v lnh o
tnh k Nng phn nh s la chn: Khng
lm th bauxit vn vn l t thi.
Quyt nh ph duyt ca c quan chc nng
thiu tnh thng nht gia cc d n trong quy
hoch tng th pht trin. V d, d n xy dng
cp treo Vinpearland phc v du lch lm
ph sn hon ton d n pht trin cm cng
nc su mang tm quc t Nha Trang (Khnh
Ha). Hay tnh trng xy dng t cc nh my
thu in va v nh: Trong mt tnh nh nh
Qung Nam, c n 8 nh my thu in va v
hng chc thu in nh; chc chn ti nguyn
thin nhin v x hi ca tnh ny s phi ng
trc nguy c v cng to ln, vy m vn c
thng qua.

(f) Nng lc gim st sau ph duyt cn yu km

Cc c quan qun l khng c nhn lc, trang
thit b v thi gian gim st mi trng
trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng ca d
n. H cng cha c quyn cng ch vic
thc thi cc yu cu c ghi trong quyt nh
ph chun bo co TM. l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn dn n v Cng ty TNHH Vedan
(ng Nai) trng trn vi phm Lut BVMT - x tri
php nc thi (cha qua x l) xung sng Th
Vi ko di lin tc trong 14 nm. Khi v vic b
lc lng Cnh st Mi trng pht hin v iu
tra th c ti 3 ti danh khng x pht c do
ht thi hn x pht hnh chnh (qu 2 nm).
C ba ti danh ny u lin quan n bo co
TM b sung v cam kt bo v mi trng.
S ra i ca lc lng Cnh st Mi trng
t nm 2006 tr gip tch cc cho cng tc
thanh tra, gim st thc hin d n v pht hin
nhng sai phm nh khng thc hin y ni
dung TM hoc bn cam kt bo v mi trng.
Kt qu thanh tra cho thy 100% c s b thanh
tra khng thc hin gim st mi trng nh
k, hoc khng thc hin y ni dung gim
thiu tc ng mi trng (B Cng an, 2008).
Tuy nhin, hin cha c quy nh php lut no
v hot ng ca CSMT nh l mt c quan iu
tra chuyn trch; hay i vi hot ng thanh tra
mi trng, ch c thc hin khi c quyt nh
thanh tra. Chnh nhng thiu ht lin quan n
quyn hn ca thanh tra v cnh st mi trng
lm hn ch hiu lc hot ng ca h.
(g) Chnh sch m bo an ton ca cc nh
ch ti chnh a phng i vi cc d n cho
Chnh ph vay vn ang b n gin ha.
Ngn hng Th gii (WB) v Ngn hng Pht
trin Chu (ADB) gn y ph duyt cho
Chnh ph Vit Nam vay vn xy dng nh my

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG VIT NAM: T PHP LUT N THC TIN

thy in Trung Sn (Thanh Ha) v Sng Bung

4 (Qung Nam). Bn thn cc nh ch ti chnh
ny u c nhng chnh sch m bo an ton
(safeguard policies bao gm chnh sch an
ton mi trng, chnh sch ti nh c v chnh
sch ngi dn tc bn a), cc chnh sch v
minh bch thng tin cng nh c u ban thanh
tra m bo tnh tun th cc nguyn tc an
ton khi thc hin d n. Nhng hin nay, cc t
chc mi trng quc t ang cht vn cc ngn
hng ny v d nh n gin ha cc chnh sch
m bo an ton, nhm y nhanh tc cho
vay, v y trch nhim thc hin cc chnh sch
an ton cho chnh ph vay vn. Cc t chc mi
trng yu cu WB v ADB cn phi iu chnh
cc chnh sch chi tit v cht ch hn, c
bit phi ch trng quyn li v s tham gia ca
cc cng ng a phng chu nh hng.
(h) Yu cu thng tin v tham vn cng ng
v TM thng b xem nh hoc lm ng
Yu cu tham vn cng ng trong hot ng
TM, thng tin minh bch vi cng ng v d
n v kt qu TM c cp n trong cc
vn bn php lut v TM. Tuy nhin cc yu cu
ny vn cha r rng, c th. Theo cc chuyn
gia, c mt s bt cp trong vic nhn thc v
ch th cng ng ai l cng ng (?) ca
chuyn gia, t chc t vn, nh u t v chnh
quyn a phng tham vn ng a ch.
Khi nim cng ng cha c lut php Vit
Nam quy nh r rng, nn chuyn gia t vn
TM thng khng hi kin ngi dn m li
hi cn b ca y ban Mt trn T quc hoc Hi
ng Nhn dn ca a phng v cho rng y
l nhng t chc i din cho dn. TS. V Quang,
ging vin Khoa Lut ca i hc Quc gia H
Ni bnh lun Thng thng, U ban Mt trn T
quc l c quan i din cho nhn dn. Nhng
bn thn c quan ny khng quan tm n lnh
vc mi trng v mang tnh cht nh nc

nhiu hn, nn thc s liu c ph hp khi i

din cho cng ng trong hi ng thm nh
TM?. Hn na, i vi cc hi v t chc x hi
dn s - vi vai tr l cu ni gia cng ng v
cc c quan chc nng chnh ph, nhng nhng
quy nh lin quan n vai tr v quyn li tham
gia ca h vo cng tc TM gn nh cha c
cp n trong cc quy nh php lut.
Trong qu trnh TM, tham gia v lng nghe
kin cng ng l yu cu khng bt buc, ch
c thc hin khi c yu cu. Do vy, vic
thc hin yu cu ny din ra cc mc
khc nhau ty tng a phng. Cc thnh ph
ln nh H Ni, t.p. H Ch Minh, cng tc ny
c thc hin kh nghim chnh; cn cc a
phng khc, cn ngho, vng min ni, hoc
dn tr thp th hu nh hot ng ny khng
din ra, hoc c din ra th cng ch mang tnh
cht hnh thc (Nguyn Khc Kinh, 2004). Tuy
nhin, i vi nhng d n u t nc ngoi
ti Vit Nam, cng tc ny li c thc hin rt
cn thn. in hnh l D n nhit in Ph M 2
ti B Ra Vng Tu do WB h tr thc hin rt
tt vic t chc cc bui hp bo vi s tham gia
cu cc bn lin quan: chnh quyn, s, ngnh,
cc t chc lin quan v cc h dn nm trong
vng d n; trnh by minh bch cc thng tin
chung lin quan n d n cng nh bin php
gim thiu nhim.
Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca yu cu
trn, nn thng 12/2008, B TN-MT ban hnh
Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/12/2008
v Hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng
chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v
cam kt bo v mi trng quy nh r rng
hn cc iu v tham vn cng ng v c ch
minh bch thng tin. C th, ti iu 2: Tham vn
kin cng ng, chng III Thng t 05/2008/
TT-BTNMT quy nh: ch d n phi gi vn bn

THO LUN CHNH SCH

thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc

vn mi trng, cc gii php bo v mi
trng ca d n v ngh U ban nhn dn,
U ban mt trn t quc cp x ni thc hin d
n tham gia kin; ng thi cng b cng khai
bng vn bn nhn dn bit v thc hin i
thoi vi ch d n;...
(i) Quy nh v k qy bo v mi trng: Ch
ti phng nga tc ng mi trng
Nm 2008 Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh
Quyt nh s 71/2008/Q-TTg v K qu ci to,
phc hi mi trng i vi hot ng khai thc
khong sn, vi mc tnh ph k qu c th bng
100% chi ph d n.y l mt gii php php
lut hp l, tuy nhin mi ch c p dng i

vi cc d n khai thc khong sn. Cng trong

nm 2008, Hi tho nh gi tc ng mi
trng chin lc h thng thy in lu vc Vu
Gia - Thu Bn do UBND tnh Qung Nam t chc
vo ngy 13/3/2008, xut p dng bin
php k qu h tr tc ng mi trng i vi
cc nh u t xy dng thy in ti tnh ny
nhm h tr gip ngi dn chu tc ng
xu ca mi trng. y l mt hng i mi
khuyn khch cc nh u t v doanh nghip
c trch nhim hn i vi nhng hot ng
ca mnh, ng thi gp phn h tr cng ng
khi nhng tc ng xu do cc d n mang li.
(k) Ch ti x pht vi phm quy nh TM cn
qu nh

Hnh vi vi phm (*)

Mc x pht

Thc hin khng ng mt trong cc ni dung ca bo co TM c ph

duyt v cc yu cu khc trong quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM

Pht tin t 8 - 10 triu ng

Khng thc hin y cc ni dung trong bo co TM c ph duyt

v cc yu cu khc trong quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM

Pht tin t 11 - 15 triu ng

Khng lp bo co TM m tin hnh xy dng hoc a cng trnh vo hot

ng i vi trng hp phi lp bo co TM

Pht tin t 20 - 30 triu ng

Khng lp bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc i vi trng hp phi

lp bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc

Pht tin t 30 - 40 triu ng

(*) Theo iu 9, chng II Ngh nh 81/2006/N-CP v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.

Cng ch thi hnh l mu cht cho vic thc thi

tt php lut.Hnh thc x pht hin nay i vi
hnh vi vi phm quy nh TM mi ch l x pht
hnh chnh, vi mc pht t 8-40 triu ng cho
cc li vi phm: khng thc hin ng ni dung
trong bo co TM v khng lp bo co TM
m tin hnh trin khai d n (iu 9, Chng
II, Ngh nh 81/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 v

10

X pht hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi

trng). Tuy nhin, hnh thc v mc x pht
ny l cha thc s tho ng v thiu tnh rn
e; i vi mt d n u t hng t ng th
mc x pht nh vy l qu nh, d khuyn
khch nh u t chp nhn lm sai v chp nhn
b x pht.

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG VIT NAM: T PHP LUT N THC TIN

3
LI KT

Hn 15 nm tri qua k t khi c quy nh u tin v TM Vit Nam, khng th ph nhn nhng
c gng v n lc cu Chnh ph Vit Nam trong vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng. T
qu trnh hon thin dn h thng vn bn QPPL n pht trin i ng v nng lc thc hin TM
c nhng pht trin ng ghi nhn. Tuy nhin, bn thn quy nh lut php TM vn cn nhiu
l hng v bt cp, cha rng buc c trch nhim php l v yu cu tun th cht ch ca ch
u t, chnh quyn a phng, c quan qun l nh nc chuyn ngnh, c nhn v t chc t vn
TM. Nu coi ton b h thng quy nh php lut TM hon thin l mt cc nc th c th ni
rng n nay, Vit Nam c c mt na cc nc. H thng php lut y v nghim minh
s gip Vit Nam loi tr c nhng bt cp lin quan n cng tc TM nh hin nay.

Ti liu tham kho

CC VN BN QUY PHM PHP LUT
1. Lut Bo v Mi trng ca nc Cng ha XHCN Vit Nam, s 29/L-CTN ngy 27/12/1993
2. Lut Bo v Mi trng ca nc Cng ho XHCN Vit Nam, s 52/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005
3. Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 V sa i b sung 1 s iu ca ngh nh
80/2006/N-CP v quy nh chi tit v thi hnh lut bo v mi trng 2005
4. Ngh nh 81/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 V x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo
v mi trng.
5. Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 10/10/2006 . Hng dn chi tit thc hin mt s ni dung
v nh gi tc ng mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v
mi trng.
6. Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT Hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng
mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng
7. Thng t 1420-TT/MTg-BKHCNMT ngy 26/11/1994 Hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng
i vi c s ang hot ng
8. Quyt nh s 71/2008/Q-TTg v K qu ci to, phc hi mi trng i vi hot ng khai
thc khong sn
9. Quyt nh s 19/2007/Q-BTNMT V vic ban hnh Quy nh v iu kin v hot ng dch
v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng

11

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B Cng an, 2008. K yu hi tho khoa hc 2008: Phng nga, u tranh chng ti phm v vi
phm php lut v bo v mi trng trch nhim ca chng ta. (trang: 62 63).
2. Hirsch, P (1992). Social and environmental implication of resource development in Viet Nam: the
case of the Hoa Binh reservoir. RIAP occasional paper no 17, Research Institute for Asia and the
Pacific, Sydney.
3. L Thc Cn, 1994b. Research activities on environmental protection in Viet Nam, Ecology
International Bulletin,21. Pages 97-103
4. Nguyn Khc Kinh, 2004. Bo co 10 nm thc hin cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng.
http://www.nea.gov.vn/tapchi/Toanvan/12-2k4-06.htm
5. Viet Nam, K hoch quc gia v mi trng v pht trin lu bn 1991 -2000. U ban Khoa hc Nh
nc;UNDP, C quan pht trin Quc t ca Thy in (SIDA),UNEP, IUCN,1991. Bng 7, trang 28
6. World Bank, 2006. Environmental Impact Assessment: Regulation and Strategic Environmental
Assessment Requirements _ Practice and Lesons Learned in East and Southeast Asia.
http://www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment/sea-asia
THAM KHO KHC
1. 10 l do ngh tm ngng d n Bauxit Ty Nguyn
http://www.tuanvietnam.net/vn/thongtindachieu/5543/index.aspx
2. Chuyn Lm pht sn Golf trn trang ThienNhien.Net
http://www.thiennhien.net/content/?page=26
3. nh gi mi trng... trn giy.
http://www.nea.gov.vn/thongtinmt/noidung/kt_14_2_03.htm
4. Lnh o c Nng: Khng lm th Bauxit vn l t thi!
http://www.tuanvietnam.net/vn/thongtindachieu//5486/index.aspx
5. Thu in nh gy hi ln cho mi trng
http://www.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/diendan/ykien/5831/

lin kt con ngi v thin nhin

Tho lun chnh sch ny c thc hin trong khun kh D n Nng cao
nng lc gim st thc thi lut php v chnh sch bo v mi trng Vit
Nam do Qu Ford (Hoa K) ti tr (2008-2010).

PanNature

Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin (PanNature) l t chc phi li nhun

hot ng nhm bo v mi trng, bo tn s a dng v phong ph ca
thin nhin, nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca cng ng a phng
thng qua tm kim,I N Squng
b, thc hin cc gii php bn vng v thn
TITUTE
thin vi mi trng.

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www.nature.org.vn
Thit k: nghiemhoanganh267@yahoo.com