PHT TRIN BN VNG TI NGUYN KHONG SN

TS. Nguyn c Qu
Hi Tuyn khong Vit Nam
Bo co trnh by nhng c im, khi nim v ti nguyn, d n pht trin v ngnh cng
nghip khong sn. Cng s b nh gi tim nng, hin trng v xut phng hng pht trin
bn vng ngun ti nguyn khong sn ca Vit Nam.

Pht trin ngnh cng nghip khong sn (CNKS) l yu cu tt yu ca cc

nc ang pht trin. Vic la chn chin lc pht trin bn vng (PTBV) ti nguyn
khong sn (TNKS), son tho chnh sch v lut php c lin quan n qun l
TNKS v hot ng khong sn c v tr rt quan trng, c bit trong nn "kinh t th
trng ton cu ha v kinh t tri thc" hin nay.
Di y xin nu mt s vn c lin quan n phng hng pht trin bn
vng TNKS ca th gii v Vit Nam.
1.Pht trin TNKS
1.1. c im ca TNKS
Trong cc loi ti nguyn thin nhin (TNTN) khong sn l ti nguyn hu
hn, khng ti to v c nhiu c im:
- Ty theo iu kin thnh to, trong qung m khong sn c th trng thi
rn, lng, kh hoc hn hp; thng dng tp hp cc khong vt hoc cc nguyn
t c gi tr kinh t, s dng.
- Trn mt vng lnh th khong sn thng tn ti cng mt s TNTN khc
nh ti nguyn t, nc v sinh vt... Nhng ti nguyn ny cng l thnh phn quan
trng ca mi trng t nhin.
- TNKS ngy cng ngho v iu kin khai thc, ch bin cng kh khn v
phc tp hn.
- Khong sn c th s dng trc tip sau khi khai thc, ch bin th hoc sau
khi ch bin su v sn xut thnh cc nguyn vt liu, cc sn phm tiu dng.
1.2. V tr ca TNKS
- Khong sn c s dng lm nguyn vt liu cho hu ht cc ngnh cng
nghip, quc phng v dn sinh...
- Cng vi cc ti nguyn khc nh t, nc, sinh vt v nng lng... TNKS
l mt trong nhng TNTN c bn con ngi tn ti v pht trin.
- Nhu cu nguyn vt liu khong sn ngy cng nhiu do dn s th gii ngy
mt tng (nm 2050 9 t ngi) v qu trnh cng nghip ha, th ha ca cc nn
kinh t mi ni v cc nc ang pht trin.
- Ngnh CNKS pht trin hp l s pht huy c ngun ni lc, li th so
snh v gp phn thc y pht trin cc ngnh kinh t quc dn, chuyn dch c cu
lao ng v kinh t ca cc nc ang pht trin.

- Khong sn l ngun hng xut khu quan trng thu ngoi t cho giai on
tch ly cng nghip ha ban u ca nhiu quc gia.
Nh vy, TNKS l ngun TNTN c bn, l ngun ni lc quan trng v l li
th s snh trong s nghip pht trin kinh t x hi ca mi quc gia. Nhng TNKS
khng phi l ng lc ca s pht trin m ch l i tng lao ng v l mt yu t
cu thnh lc lng sn xut.
1.3. D n pht trin khong sn
Cn c vo c im ti nguyn v cng ngh pht trin huy ng ngun lc
TNKS phc v s nghip pht trin kinh t x hi (KTXH) qui trnh pht trin TNKS
bao gm nhiu giai on c nu trong Hnh 1.
Khong sn

Giai on

I. Nghin cu
iu tra nh gi

Nghin cu iu tra c bn a cht khong sn

Lp bo co u t v bo co mi trng chin lc

Thm d a cht, nghin cu, th nghim cng ngh

Lp bo co tin kh thi v bo co TMT s b

Lp d n u t v bo co TMT y

Thit k k thut v bn v thi cng

III. u t xy dng

Xy dng cng trnh cng nghip, BVMT, h tng...

IV. Hot ng

V. ng ca m

II. Chun b u
t

D n chy th v hot ng Monitoring TMT

Ht qung, ng ca m, hon phc mi trng

Hnh 1. Cc giai on v qui trnh ca d n pht trin khong sn

T Hnh 1 thy r mt d n pht trin khong sn, cng tc giai on I
nghin cu iu tra v nh gi c v tr rt quan trng (cc bc 1, 2 v 3).
Khi nh gi d n c hiu qu s chuyn sang giai on chun b u t II (cc
bc 4, 5 v 6), tip theo l giai on u t xy dng III.
Sau khi d n hot ng (IV) khai thc ht qung s tin hnh ng ca m v
hon phc mi trng (V).
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Cc hot ng ca d n pht trin khong sn khng th trnh khi tc ng n

mi trng t nhin, vn ha v KTXH. Trong cc giai on hot ng pht trin
TNKS phi lun lun cp ti cng tc bo v mi trng nh lp bo co lc
duyt mi trng hay mi trng chin lc, bo co tc ng mi trng (TMT) s
b, bo co TMT y v bo co hon phc mi trng khi ng ca m. V vy
giai on hot ng pht trin TNKS phi lun lun cp ti cng tc bo v mi
trng.
2. Pht trin bn vng TNKS
2.1. Quan im pht trin bn vng
Ngun gc ch yu s bin i mi trng sng l cc hot ng ca con
ngi trong t nhin v x hi nhm mc tiu ci thin khng ngng cht lng cuc
sng v kinh t v vn ho, v vt cht v tinh thn.
Pht trin l yu cu ca cuc sng, l quy lut khch quan ca tin ho nhn
loi v ang din ra trn hnh tinh ca chng ta. Nhng quan trng l pht trin
nh th no? Hi ngh Rio-92 nht tr ly PTBV lm mc tiu hot ng ca nhn
loi trong th k 21.
Theo nh ngha ca Hi ng Th gii v Mi trng v Pht trin (WCED)
th: "PTBV l s pht trin p ng cc nhu cu hin ti m khng lm tn hi kh
nng p ng cc nhu cu ca cc th h tng lai".
- Nhng thch thc ca PTBV l: S suy gim v tr lng v cht lng ca
TNTN; Tc v quy m suy thoi mi trng ngy cng ln hn; Hin tng bin
i kh hu ton cu v hiu ng nh knh ngy cng tng v Nn i ngho v s
cch bit giu ngho trong cc tng lp nhn dn ngy cng tng.
- Tiu ch PTBV: i vi mi quc gia v khu vc thng xem xt 4 tiu ch
ca PTBV l kinh t, pht trin con ngi HDI, mi trng v cng ngh.
- Bin php PTBV bao gm: Khuyn khch cc x nghip thay th dn cng
ngh lc hu bng cng ngh sch hn, gim ti thiu lng tiu hao ti nguyn thin
nhin v nng lng; p dng cng ngh t hoc khng ph thi cng nh nghin cu
ti ch v s dng cc cht thi; hn ch vic s dng nhin liu ho thch v y
mnh vic s dng cc ngun nng lng mi, nng lng sch v ti to; gii hn
mc tng cc kh nh knh, bo v tng ozn; u t cho gio dc v pht trin con
ngi; nghin cu v p dng cc gii php cng ngh, cc chnh sch qun l ti
nguyn v bo v mi trng.
- Nguyn tc PTBV. Ti Hi ngh v Mi trng v PTBV hp ti
Johannesburg, Nam Phi thng 2/2002, do LHQ triu tp thng qua 9 nguyn tc
PTBV: tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng cng ng ca khu vc d n; ngoi li
ch ca nh u t v quc gia, d n phi gp phn ci thin cht lng cuc sng
con ngi; bo v s sng v tnh a dng ca tri t; s dng hp l, tit kim v
hiu qu TNTN, c bit l ti nguyn khng ti to; gi vng kh nng ti trng mi
trng ca tri t; thay i thi v thi quen sng ca con ngi vi ti nguyn v
mi trng; to iu kin cc cng ng t qun l mi trng sng v hot ng
ca mnh; to h thng chnh sch v lut php quc gia thng nht v PTBV; v bo
v ti nguyn mi trng v con ngi; kin to c cu lin minh ton cu v s PTBV
trn ton th gii.
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2.2 . Quy trnh pht trin v chu trnh sng ca TNKS

X hi loi ngi mun tn ti v pht trin phi tin hnh cc hot ng pht
trin TNTN, trong c hot ng pht trin TNKS, gi tt l hot ng khong sn.
Hot ng khong sn bao gm ton b qu trnh hot ng sng ca con ngi tc
ng ln i tng lao ng l TNKS t kho st, iu tra thm d a cht, khai thc,
ch bin n sn xut hng ha, lu thng, phn phi v s dng TNKS. Trn Hnh 2
th hin cc qu trnh pht trin ca khong sn, cng nh Chu trnh sng ca
khong sn t ni n m.
Trong hot ng khong sn phi coi TNKS l i tng lao ng ca ton b
cc qu trnh hot ng khong sn. Trnh nhn thc mt cch phin din v khng
y thng tn ti cc nc bt u pht trin CNKS, ch quan tm n mt s
giai on hot ng, khng ph hp vi c im TNKS v quan im PTBV.
S d c nhng nhn thc cha y v hot ng khong sn v trnh
pht trin ngnh CNKS ph thuc vo trnh pht trin KHCN v KTXH ca mi
quc gia trong tng thi k lch s nht nh. Trong thi k ch ngha thc dn, v
vt TNKS ca cc nc thuc a hot ng khong sn ch yu l cng tc khai thc
m v ch bin th. Ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin hin nay, hot ng khong
sn tp trung ch yu vo pht trin cc ngnh ch bin su, sn xut s dng cng
ngh cao sn xut cc sn phm c gi tr gia tng ln v siu li nhun; Cc nc
ny cng c bit ch n vn d tr v s dng hiu qu tit kim nguyn vt
liu khong sn.
Ti cc nc bt u cng nghip ha, trong c Vit Nam, pht trin bn
vng TNKS cn phi quan tm n cc vn Bo v v d tr ti nguyn, sn phm
khong sn v ti ch, s dng ph thi.
2.3 Pht trin bn vng ti nguyn khong sn
"Mi trng l ni m tt c chng ta ang sng v pht trin l ci m tt c
chng ta ang c gng lm cho s phn ang tn ti ca chng ta tt hn. Hai vn
khng th tch ri nhau". Pht biu ca Th tng Na Uy Gro Bruntlan - Ch
tch U ban Th gii v pht trin v mi trng, ti Oslo - 20/3/1987.
T khi pht hnh cun "Tng lai chung ca chng ta", l bo co ca U ban
Th gii v Pht trin v Mi trng, pht trin bn vng ngy cng c xem nh
mc tiu ch yu ca ton Th gii. Vy khi nim v S pht trin bn vng ti
nguyn khong sn" c hiu nh th no?
Lng t

Kho st, iu tra a cht

Lu tr vt mu
ti liu

Thm d, nghin cu nh gi

Lu tr vt mu
ti liu

M
khong
sn
Khai thc

Bo v, d tr
ti nguyn

Nguyn
liu th
sinh

Hnh 2. Cc qu trnh hot ng pht trin v chu trnh sng ca TNKS

Khi nim sau y c nhiu ngi cng nhn: "S pht trin bn vng ti
nguyn khong sn l mc s dng khng c vt qu kh nng pht hin ra
khong sn mi, nhng nguyn liu thay th c th chp nhn c v kh nng ti
ch s dng cc ph thi. ng thi, phi lun lun p dng cng ngh x l
ko di n mc ti a thi gian tn ti ca ngun ti nguyn khai thc.
Ti nguyn khong sn c th to ra ca ci vt cht nhng n cng c th b
cn kit v khng th ti to c. V s PTBV, ngun ti nguyn ny phi c
kim sot sao cho ngun ca ci do con ngi to ra c th thay th mt cch c hiu
qu ngun ti nguyn khong sn ang b cn kit. Qu trnh ny c bit quan trng
i vi nhng nc pht trin ph thuc nhiu vo nhp khu nguyn vt liu khong
sn.
Hot ng khong sn khng th trnh khi gy ra tc ng ng k i vi
mi trng sung quanh nh ph hoi phong cnh t nhin, lm nhim bn ngun nc
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mt, nc ngm, nh hng n cht lng khng kh trong khu vc d n v a

phng; dn n vic lm nhim bn v xi mn t trng trt v gy xo trn cc b
cuc sng ca ng vt hoang d v cy trng, vt nui
hot ng pht trin khong sn vn c th bo v mi trng sinh thi v
hiu qu kinh t, iu ct yu l phi cp y n kh nng phng nga v ngn
chn tc ng mi trng ngay giai on chun b trin khai d n, thng qua
phng php chung hin nay c cng nhn l nh gi tc ng mi trng
(EIA).
3. Cng nghip khong sn va hoat ng khong sn
3.1. Khi nim chung
Cn c s phn bit khc nhau v khi nim pht trin TNKS vi ngnh CNKS.
Thng thng ngi ta ch quan tm n mt giai on hot ng khong sn ring r
nh ngnh a cht, ngnh m, ngnh luyn kim, ngnh ha cht, ngnh vt liu xy
dng...
Trong nn kinh t sn xut hng ha CNKS l ngnh kinh t k thut lin hon
t pht trin ti nguyn (R) n sn xut hng ha (P) v phc v ngi tiu dng (C).
Cc hot ng khong sn ch yu trong d n pht trin TNKS c m t
trong Hnh 2. Ty thuc vo mc tiu c th mi d n c th gm mt, hai hoc
nhiu giai on hot ng khong sn; sn phm ca mi giai on hot ng khong
sn c th s dng trc tip hoc lm nguyn vt liu ca qu trnh ch bin sn xut
tip theo.
Cng nh cc ngnh cng nghip khc, ngnh CNKS phi bo m c im
ca nn kinh t cng nghip l chuyn mn ha, tiu chun ha, hp tc ha, lin hp
ha, a dng ho v c gii ha, t ng ha. Trong xu th PTBV hin nay cn thm
c im thn thin vi mi trng hoc sn xut sch hn.
Trn th gii xu th pht trin ca ngnh CNKS hin nay l p dng cng
ngh khai thc, ch bin hp l, s dng tng hp, tit kim v c hiu qu TNKS;
hnh thnh cng ngh t v khng ph thi nhm bo v ti nguyn, bo v mi trng
v bo v con ngi.
Nh vy trong nn kinh t sn xut hng ha ngnh CNKS l t hp cc hot
ng khong sn v bo v mi trng c tnh lin hp v hp tc cht ch vi nhau
t kho st thm d a cht, khai thc, ch bin, sn xut n lu thng phn phi v
tiu th s dng hng ha (Hnh 3).
Ti nguyn khong sn
1
Sn phm

Kho st thm d a cht

Thi

Khai thc

Ch bin

6
Ch to, sn xut sn phm

Mi
trng

Hnh 3. Cc hot ng khong sn

Pht trin cng nghip khong sn phi ph hp vi nhng c im ca mt
ngnh kinh t k thut c i tng hot ng l TNKS l ti nguyn hu hn, khng
ti to vi nhng c th: a dng v thnh to, v thnh phn vt cht v kh nng
ch to, v kh nng s dng rng ri cc sn phm trong hu ht cc ngnh kinh t
quc dn
C nhn thc ng, y v tng hp v c im ca TNKS cc hot ng
khong sn v cc giai on ca d n pht trin khong sn trong nn kinh t sn xut
hng ha mi cho php chng ta nghin cu son tho cc chnh sch, lut php, qui
hoch, k hoch v cc d n pht trin khong sn mt cch hp l v c hiu qu.
ng thi cng cho php la chn nhng phng php v cng c qun l, kim sot
thch hp cc hot ng khong sn m bo s pht trin bn vng ngnh CNKS
ca mi quc gia.
3.2. Cc phng php v thit b trong cng ngh khong sn
Trong mi giai on hot ng khong sn c nhiu cng on v trong mi
cng on li c nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau. Trong mi qu trnh cng ngh
li c th s dng nhiu h thng cng ngh v thit b khc nhau. Trong mi cng
on hoc qu trnh cng ngh chnh cn c cc h thng thit b v cng ngh ph
tr.
1) Giai on kho st thm d a cht: khoan, o (ho, ging, l), a vt l,
trc a, hng khng, vin thm
2) Giai on khai thc: l thin (moong su hay nng), hm l (l ngang, l
bng, ging ng), sc nc, my xc, tu cuc, bm ht, kh ha than, ha tch ti
m (ha cht, vi sinh)
3) Ch bin khong sn: ty thuc vo yu cu cht lng sn phm, thng
phm v c tnh nguyn liu u vo, c th ch bin th hay ch bin su vi nhiu
phng php khc nhau:
- Cc phng php vt l: tuyn trng lc (mi trng nc hoc mi trng
nng, mi trng kh), tuyn in, tuyn t, ma st, sc gi, quang hc
- Cc phng php ha v ha l: tuyn ni, ha tch, chit, trao i ion, in
phn, x l b mt
- Cc phng php nhit: nhit luyn, l in, in luyn, nung thiu bay hi,
thiu kt
- Phng php vi sinh vt.
- Cc phng php ch bin hn hp
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4) Ch to v sn xut sn phm khong sn

Trong giai on ch to v sn xut, t cc nguyn vt liu khong sn ban u
c th to ra sn phm tiu dng trc tip hoc lm nguyn vt liu cho nhiu ngnh
cng nghip tip theo v c phn chia thnh nhiu ngnh kinh t k thut:
- Ngnh luyn gang thp v hp kim cha st.
- Ngnh luyn kim mu, qu v him.
- Ngnh sn xut ximng.
- Ngnh gm s v thy tinh.
- Ngnh ha cht v phn bn.
- Ngnh nng lng: nhit in (chy than, du, kh), in nguyn t
- Ngnh vt liu in, in t, kim loi bt, siu sch v vt liu nano
S ging nhau ca cc ngnh ny u s dng nguyn liu l cc ch phm t
khong sn. Nhng s khc bit ca cc ngnh ny l phi s dng cc h thng cng
ngh v thit b chuyn bit (cng ngh cao), ph hp vi yu cu phng n sn
phm thng phm v c im nguyn liu.
Trong cc ngnh cng nghip thng thnh lp cc "x nghip lin hp hoc
cc t hp" khai thc ch bin v sn xut chuyn ngnh khong sn th d nh Lin
hp gang thp, Lin hp sn xut ximng, Lin hp luyn kim mu, T hp kh
in m, Lin hp boxit alumin nhm
Tnh lin hip v hp tc gia cc giai on hot ng trong ngnh CNKS phi
c th hin khng phi ch t chc, qui m sn xut m cn phi c th hin
c cc mt cng ngh, phng n sn phm v bn sn phm cng phi c th
hin trong, php lut, chnh sch, qui nh v th ch ca cc t chc qun l nh
nc v hot ng khong sn, c bit i vi nhng khong sn c ngha quan
trng i vi s pht trin bn vng KTXH v an ninh quc phng.
3.3. c im ca CNKS
So vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc ngnh CNKS c nhng c im:
- Pht trin CNKS ph thuc vo th trng, trnh pht trin KHCN v
KTXH ca mi quc gia.
- Ngnh CNKS c tc ng tng i ton din n cc thnh phn mi trng
t nhin (t, nc, khng kh v sinh thi) mi trng lao ng, mi trng kinh t
v mi trng vn ha x hi.
- Ngnh CNKS l mt trong nhng ngnh c mi trng lao ng nng nhc
v c hi nht, d xy ra tai nn lao ng v gy nhiu bnh ngh nghip.
- V l do i mi cng ngh, bo v mi trng, v nng cao hiu qu kinh
t trn th gii ang c xu hng chuyn dch cc c s ch bin v sn xut c
cng ngh lc hu (ngnh luyn kim, sn xut VLXD, ha cht) sang cc nc ang
pht trin c ti nguyn khong sn hoc cc nc bc u cng nghip ha.
- V khong sn l ti nguyn hu hn nn mi khu m khong sn c "tui
th" nht nh. Do , vic s dng cc ti nguyn thin nhin nh t, rng, nc...
trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n khong sn l c thi hn. ng thi, ngay t
8

giai on nghin cu tin kh thi ca d n phi cp n giai on "ng ca

m" v "hon phc mi trng".
- Trong qu trnh hot ng ca cc d n khong sn cng tc u t, xy
dng c bn v mt s ni dung cng tc bo v v hon phc mi trng phi tin
hnh ng thi v thng xuyn t giai on nghin cu m m n giai on ng
ca m.
- Ngnh CNKS l ngnh c nhiu ri ro v s thay i v tr lng v cht
lng ti nguyn th trng khong sn lun bin ng (k c do u c). Cho nn
vic nghin cu v d bo th trng tiu thu v tin b KHCN (ch to vt liu thay
th, cng ngh v thit b mi) c ngha quan trng n thnh cng ca mt d n.
- Ti cc nc ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam v lut php cn nhiu k
h v qun l yu km; do nhu cu gii quyt vic lm v nng cao mc sng; v li
ch c nhn, li ch cc b, a phng v li ch trc mt, ph bin l tnh trng
chim ot, tranh chp ti nguyn, khai thc khong sn ba bi, ph hoi ti nguyn,
hu hoi mi trng v xut khu khong sn th c gi tr thp.
4. Bo v mi trng khong sn trn th gii
4.1. Bo v mi trng hot ng khong sn
Pht trin TNKS c nhiu nc xem nh con ng t mc tng
trng kinh t ng tin cy, c bit nhng quc gia v khu vc giu ti nguyn
m cc ngnh cng nghip khc cha pht trin. Hiu qu ca CNKS ng gp cho
phc li ca t nc ph thuc vo hng lot nhn t, trong c trnh ngi lao
ng, c cu t chc v trnh qun l ti nguyn v qun l mi trng khong sn.
Cc hot ng khong sn thng gy ra s bin i mi trng mc cao
v c tc ng tiu cc n mi trng t nhin, mi trng x hi v mi trng
nhn to. Mt s hot ng, c bit l khai thc quy m nh cng c th gy suy thoi
mi trng nhng khu vc rng ln.
Qu trnh ch bin khong sn c th c tc ng lu di v cn ch hn.
Nu khng c qun l mt cch hp l, qu trnh r r qung ui vo lng t c
th tr thnh ngun nhim mi trng lu di. Cc ngun thi c hi pht tn vo
khng kh v ngun nc s gy nguy him cho sc khe ngi lao ng v cng
ng.
Nhng hot ng khong sn c gii php bo v mi trng hp l l kt qu
ca h thng php lut c hiu qu v kh nng qun l mi trng ng n. Khi cc
hot ng khong sn gy suy thoi mi trng t nhin a phng th trong d n
phi quy nh y v qun l v bo v mi trng. Bo v mi trng khu vc
phi c xem nh mt phn rt quan trng ca d n hot ng khong sn.
Qun l mi trng khu vc d n khong sn phi bao gm c vic nghin
cu nh hng v vn ha v kinh t x hi; nh hng i vi khu vc dn c xung
quanh v nh hng ti lc lng lao ng c lin quan vi d n v vn di c,
nhp c...
Pht trin CNKS phi ng gp cho vic hon thnh cc mc tiu vn ha, x
hi, kinh t khu vc. V vy bt k d n pht trin khong sn no cng phi mang

li li ch cho ngi dn a phng, nhng ngi phi nhng t ai v rng l

ngun cung cp ca ci v lng thc ca h.
Cui nhng nm 1950, Chnh ph mt s nc ch n nhng vn bo
v mi trng khong sn. Nhng h thng php lut cn cha mnh, cc bin
php thi hnh cn ngho nn v hiu qu thp.
Nm 1987, Bo co ca U ban Th gii v Pht trin v Mi trng a ra
quan im pht trin bn vng. Bn cam kt mang tnh ton cu v mc tiu ny cng
c thng qua ti Hi ngh v Pht trin v Mi trng ca LHQ UNCED Hi
ngh thng nh v tri t din ra Rio de Janeiro nm 1992. Cc Chnh ph
tham gia Hi ngh ny thng qua Bn tuyn b Rio (cng b nhng nguyn tc
chung) v Chng trnh ngh s 21 (k hoch hnh ng).
Hi ngh Quc t v pht trin Mi trng v khai thc m (6/1994) din ra
Washington (do Ngn hng Th giiWB, Chng trnh Mi trng LHQUNEP, Hi
ngh thng mi v pht trin ca LHQUNCTAD, v Hi ng Quc t v kim loi
v mi trngICME ng ti tr) nu bt mt s xu hng gn y v chnh sch
bo v mi trng v nh hng x hi c lin quan n khai thc m. N c tm
tt nh sau:
- Lut php, chnh sch v nhng qui nh, tiu chun v bo v TNKS v
bo v mi trng trong hot ng khong sn ch do chnh ph trung ng c
php ban hnh v phi cung cp y thng tin n ch doanh nghip v cng ng.
Vic phn cp qun l; kim tra v gim st phi hp l v ph hp vi trnh ngun
nhn lc v c s vt cht
- Cc quy nh v bo v mi trng phi c tnh hin thc, r rng, n nh v
to iu kin thc y d n u t pht trin khong sn;
- Vn li ch cng ng vi mc tiu PTBV ngy cng c ch . Cc Cng
ty khai thc m khng nhng phi tha mn nhu cu pht trin ca t nc m cn
phi trin khai cc bin php nh gi hp l nhng gi tr ca ti nguyn khong
sn v truyn thng vn ha ca a phng.
4.2. Nguyn tc ch o Berlin v pht trin khong sn v bo v mi
trng
Trc Hi ngh thng nh v tri t nm 1992, nguyn tc ch o Berlin
c trnh by ti Hi ngh bn trn vi ch "Mi trng v khai thc m" din ra
vo thng 6/1991. Hi ngh ny do V Hp tc k thut v s pht trin ca LHQ
trc y (UN/DTCD) v Din n v chnh sch pht trin ca t chc pht trin
quc t c (DSE) cng ng ra t chc.
Vic thit lp Nguyn tc ch o Berlin c da trn s tha thun ca cc
i din t chc cng nghip, chnh ph v phi chnh ph. Nguyn tc ch o ny
nu ln s cn thit phi chuyn thut ng pht trin bn vng thnh tiu chun c th
p dng c nhn bit nhng yu cu i vi chnh ph, cng ty khai thc m v
cc ngnh ch bin, sn xut sn phm t khong sn.
Trong nguyn tc ch o Berlin:
- Tha nhn vic qun l mi trng ca d n pht trin khong sn c u
tin mc cao, nht l trong qu trnh cp php hot ng v thc hin h thng
qun l mi trng (EMS). N bao gm vic nh gi y TMT ngay t u,

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kim sot nhim v nhng bin php phng nga v gim thiu khc, cc hot ng
kim tra, gim st v quy trnh ng cu khn cp cc s c mi trng.
- Cng c trch nhim ca chnh quyn mc cao nht trong vic qun l
mi trng cng nghip v m bo chun b sn nhng phng sch, nhn lc thch
hp v cng tc o to cn thit thc hin n bo v mi trng.
- m bo s tham gia v i thoi vi cng ng a phng v cc bn c
quan tm trc tip v vn tc ng v bo v mi trng tt c cc giai on ca
hot ng pht trin khong sn.
- Chn phng php tt nht gim thiu nhim mi trng, nht l trong
trng hp khng c cc quy nh c th v mi trng.
- Chn cng ngh bo v mi trng hp l trong tt c cc giai on hot
ng khong sn v tng cng vic chuyn giao cng ngh thch hp gim thiu
TMT, bao gm c nhng tc ng t hot ng khai thc quy m nh.
- Thc hin nh gi tc ng v kim sot ri ro mi trng (EIA) khi lp d
n u t v khi thit k, m m v khi ngng khai thc. Vic nh gi v kim sot
TMT (Monitoring) bao gm c khi s dng v x l cht thi c hi trong khai
thc, ch bin v trong cc hot ng khong sn khc.
- Cng c c s h tng, dch v h thng thng tin, o to v k nng qun l
mi trng c lin quan n hot ng khong sn.
- Tha nhn mi quan h ca cc thnh phn mi trng nh h sinh thi, iu
kin vn ha x hi, sc khe con ngi v an ton lao ng ti khu vc d n cng
nh mi trng thin nhin sung quanh.
- Khuyn khch u t lu di trong pht trin khong sn bng cch a ra
nhng tiu chun r rng v mi trng vi mc chun v th tc tin hnh n nh v
c th d bo tc ng mi trng.
5. Pht trin bn vng TNKS Vit Nam
5.1. Tim nng TNKS Vit Nam
Vit Nam l nc giu trung bnh v TNKS. Ngun TNKS tng i phong
ph v a dng nhng c nhiu c th v iu kin thnh to, chng loi, cht lng
v phn b Ngoi mt s m c qui m tr lng va v ln; phn ln cc m c
tr lng nh v phn tn.
Nu c tip tc thm d v c chin lc khai thc, ch bin v s dng hp
l ngun TNKS khng nhng p ng c nhu cu nguyn vt liu cho cc ngnh
cng nghip trong nc m cn c kh nng xut khu v gp phn pht trin bn
vng KTXH ca t nc.
5.2 Hin trng ngnh CNKS Vit Nam
Trong thi gian qua ngnh CNKS t c kh nhiu thnh tu quan trng, gi
tr sn xut thng chim ti 30% gi tr ton ngnh cng nghip v 810% tng gi
tr GDP trong c nc.
Tuy ngnh CNKS t c mt s thnh tu nhng vic khai thc ba bi, ch
bin v s dng cha hp l nn gy lng ph TNKS v suy thoi mi trng nhiu
khu vc trong c nc.
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Li dng k h ca lut php v qun l yu km C ch xin cho trong cp

php hot ng khong sn, xut khu khong sn th qua ng tiu ngch, nhp
khu ph thi c hi kh ph bin.
Vic khai thc, ch bin v s dng cha ph hp vi tim nng TNKS; trnh
KHCN trong nc v trn th gii; khng p ng c nhu cu nguyn vt liu
khong sn cho cc ngnh cng nghip trong nc v tng gi tr ngun hng xut
khu v nh hng n s pht trin bn vng KTXH ca t nc.
5.3 Nguyn nhn km pht trin ca ngnh CNKS Vit Nam
a) Nguyn nhn khch quan: Vit Nam l mt nc kinh t km pht trin; sc
p dn s v vic lm tng i ln; trnh qun l, trnh dn tr v trnh pht
trin KHCN cn nhiu bt cp.
b) Nguyn nhn ch quan: Cha nhn thc y c im ca TNKS, c th
ca d n pht trin TNKS v ngnh CNKS.
- Chnh sch v lut php sa i v b sung khng kp thi. Cng tc kim tra
v s l cc sai phm km hiu qu.
- Xy dng chin lc, qui hoch v k hoch pht trin khong sn cn ch
quan; v li ch c nhn cc b v a phng; thiu c s khoa hc v kinh t; thiu
tnh kh thi.
- Bung lng qun l nh nc v bo v ti nguyn. v bo v mi trng
trong hot ng khong sn.
- T chc sn xut (cc Cng ty, Tng Cng ty, Tp on) cn ty tin. B tr
mt s cn b qun l v lnh o khng trnh nng lc v phm cht chnh tr
vo cc v tr quan trng trong ngnh.
- Cha xy dng v pht huy c tim lc KHCN quc gia v p dng cc
tin b KHCN ca th gii i mi cng ngh v thit b.
- Phn chia khng hp l a t TNKS v li nhun hot ng khong sn.
5.4. Phng hng pht trin ngun TNKS Vit Nam
Pht trin hp l ngun TNKS l bin php tch cc, quan trng v hiu qu
nht bo v ti nguyn v bo v mi trng, gp phn pht trin bn vng KTXH
ca t nc. Trong qu trnh son tho chin lc, qui hoch, chnh sch v php lut
c lin quan n pht trin TNKS, cng nh trong cng tc qun l hot ng khong
sn cn lu n mt s vn sau y:
1) Tip tc nghin cu, iu tra thm d a cht b sung chng loi v tr
lng TNKS. Trong cn lu :
- S dng cc phng php v thit b a cht tin tin.
- Ch n mt s loi khong sn c gi tr, c u th v tr lng v cht
lng v c th trng tiu th.
- Quan tm n cng tc nghin cu, th nghim v th nghim cng ngh, c
bit vi cc khong sn mi, c th, phc tp v ngho.
2) La chn phng n, qui trnh cng ngh thit b thch hp vi tng loi
khong sn, khong sng.
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3) Theo Lut php Vit Nam TNKS thuc s hu ton dn v nh nc thng

nht qun l. Trong lut php v chnh sch cn phi qui nh r v phn bit quyn
s hu, quyn qun l v quyn hot ng khong sn, cng nh mi quan h php
ch hnh chnh kinh t v hnh s gia quyn hn v trnh nhim, quyn li v ngha
v. Phi phn chia hp l a t v li nhun cho cc giai on hot ng pht trin
khong sn, cho cng ng dn c, cho doanh nghip v nh nc; u tin thch ng
li ch cho a phng c ti nguyn. Trong cn quan tm n mt s vn :
- Tnh trng cp v chuyn nhng giy php hot ng khong sn tri php
lut theo kiu xin cho, chia m ln thnh nhiu m nh.
- Tnh trng xut nhp khu tiu ngch khong sn ch bin th v nhp khu
cc ph thi c hi.
- nh gi TNKS, quy nh thu v ph TNKS cng nh thu v ph bo v mi
trng. Khc phc tnh trng cho khng TNKS hin nay.
- Bo m ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc, li ch ca a phng v cng
ng dn c.
4) pht huy ngun lc TNKS trong thi k cng nghip ha t nc:
- Sa i, b sung lut php v chnh sch, c lin quan n hot ng khong
sn ph hp vi c th ca TNKS, c im ca qui trnh pht trin TNKS v ca
ngnh CNKS. Cn ch n d tr ti nguyn v nguyn vt liu khong sn.
- Tin hnh xy dng chin lc, qui hoch v k hoch pht trin cho ton
ngnh, tng loi khong sn v tng vng m mt cch hp l, ph hp vi nn kinh
t th trng v kinh t tri thc, k c vng m nh v phn tn.
- u tin u t chiu su i mi cng ngh v p dng cc tin b KHCN
cho cc c s ang hot ng khong sn. Tng cng tc qun l ti nguyn, mi
trng v cng ngh.
- Nhanh chng trin khai d n pht trin m khong sn c u th v tr
lng, cht lng v gi tr, c th trng trong nc v kh nng xut khu.
- Nghin cu u t xy dng cc c s ch bin su, sn xut cc nguyn vt
liu v sn phm khong sn c cht lng v gi tr cao cung cp cho cc ngnh
cng nghip trong nc thay th hng nhp khu v tng gi tr ngun hng xut
khu.
- T chc b my, h thng qun l v sn xut ngnh khong sn hp l. Ti
nhng v tr quan trng cn b tr nhng cn b c trnh , nng lc v phm cht
chnh tr.
- T chc cc lp tp hun nng cao trnh chuyn mn v qun l cho cc
quan chc c lin quan n cng tc qun l nh nc v lnh o cc doanh nghip
hot ng khong sn.
5) Trong mi d n pht trin khong sn cn la chn trnh t v quy m, u
t; cng ngh v phng n sn phm thch hp vi c im ca m v c th ca
ngnh khong sn; ph hp vi nhu cu ca th trng v xu th pht trin KHCN ca
th gii: Khai thc, ch bin hp l v s dng tng hp, tit kim v hiu qu TNKS;
hnh thnh cng ngh t hoc khng ph thi; bo v ti nguyn, bo v mi trng v
bo v con ngi.

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6) khc phc tnh trng lc hu, km pht trin ca ngnh CNKS Vit Nam
hin nay v KHCN cn phi:
- Xy dng tim lc KHCN quc gia mnh v to mi iu kin KHCN
tr thnh lc lng trc tip sn xut v l ng lc pht trin ngun TNKS phong
ph, a dng nhng c nhiu c th ca t nc.
- Khc phc tnh trng thiu phi hp ca mt s c quan qun l nh nc, c
quan nghin cu trin khai KHCN v doanh nghip trong cng tc i mi cng ngh,
thit b v p dng cc tin b KHCN.
- Nghin cu gii quyt nhng vn KHCN c lin quan n cc khong sn
c c th hoc u th; n ch bin su v sn xut cc nguyn vt liu khong sn;
n ti ch v s dng cc cht thi v bo v mi trng.
- C Chng trnh Quc gia v cc chnh sch, bin php t chc, hnh chnh
v kinh t mnh khuyn khch vic ci tin, i mi v hin i ha ngnh
CNKS.
7) gp phn hn ch tnh trng khai thc ba bi, ph hoi TNKS v suy
thoi mi trng ngoi cc bin php t chc, hnh chnh, kinh t:
- Cn c cc chnh sch v bin php hu hiu xa i, gim ngho nng cao
mc sng v trnh dn tr ca cng ng dn c cc khu vc c TNKS thng l
vng kinh t km pht trin v thiu vic lm.
- Ci tin v nng cao cht lng o to ca cc trng i hc, cao ng
chuyn ngnh. Nghin cu a ni dung gio dc c bn c lin quan n TNKS v
k nng hot ng khong sn vo cc trng ph thng v dn tc ni tr ti cc khu
vc c hot ng khong sn.
- S dng cc phng tin truyn thng i chng, m cc lp tp hun, xy
dng cc m hnh trnh din cng ngh khai thc ch bin khong sn tin tin. Huy
ng cc t chc qun chng, x hi v ngh nghip trong cng tc tuyn truyn, gio
dc v nhn thc v k nng khai thc ch bin v s dng hp l TNKS.
6. Kt lun
1. Khong sn l ti nguyn hu hn v khng ti to, l mt trong nhng
TNTN c bn, l ngun ni lc quan trng v l li th so snh pht trin KTXH
ca mi quc gia, c bit trong thi k u cng nghip ha.
pht trin hp l ngun TNKS, gp phn pht trin bn vng KTXH cn
phi c nhn thc y v c im ca TNKS, c th ca qui trnh v cc giai
on pht trin TNKS cng nh c im ca ngnh CNKS trong nn kinh t sn xut
hng ha.
2. Pht trin bn vng TNKS l mc khai thc v s dng khng c vt
qu kh nng pht hin cc khong sn mi; nhng nguyn liu thay th v kh nng
ti ch, s dng cc ph thi. ng thi phi p dng cng ngh x l ko di thi
gian tn ti v s dng ca ti nguyn khai thc
3. Xu th pht trin KHCN trn th gii trong ngnh CNKS hin nay l Khai
thc v ch bin hp l; s dng tng hp, tit kim v hiu qu TNKS; hnh thnh
cng ngh t v khng ph thi; bo v ti nguyn, bo v mi trng v bo v con
ngi.
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4. Vit Nam l nc c ngun TNKS tng i phong ph, a dng nhng c

nhiu c th. Ngnh CNKS t gi tr sn xut khong 30% ton ngnh cng nghip
v chim 810% tng GDP. Nhng ngnh CNKS cha pht huy c tim nng
TNKS, cng tc qun l nh nc cn nhiu tn ti, trnh KHCN khng hp l v
lc hu nn v ang gy ra tnh trng ph hoi ti nguyn, suy thoi mi trng v
nh hng n trt t an ninh x hi ti nhiu a phng, e da n s pht trin
bn vng KTXH v an ninh quc phng ca t nc.
5. Trong nn kinh t th trng ton cu ha v kinh t tr thc hin nay,
pht trn hp l ngun TNKS v gp phn pht trin bn vng KTXH ca Vit Nam
cn phi nng cao nhn thc v i mi t duy v TNKS, quy trnh pht trin TNKS v
ngnh CNKS trong cng tc ban hnh lut php; chnh sch c lin quan n cng tc
qun l ti nguyn, hot ng khong sn v bo v mi trng. ng thi sm c cc
bin php thch hp v hu hiu khc phc nhng tn ti trong cng tc qun l ti
nguyn v mi trng cng nh trong qun l cc doanh nghip ang v s tham gia
hot ng khong sn hin nay./.
Ti liu tham kho
1) Nguyn c Qu, ng Huy Hunh, Nguyn Thng Hng, Nguyn An
Phong; V khai thc v s dng hp l mt s ti nguyn thin nhin Vit Nam
Tuyn tp Ti nguyn mi trng NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni 2001.
2) Nguyn c Qu, V mt s quan im ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam
Tuyn tp Mt s vn qun l cng nghip m nc ta Lt 2002.
3) Nguyn c Qu, Pht trin cng ngh ch bin hp l v s dng tng
hp ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam Tuyn tp Hi ngh KHCN Tuyn khong ton
quc ln II H Ni 2005.
4) Li Hng Thanh, Tng quan hot ng khai thc khong sn Vit Nam,
thc trng v gii php Tuyn tp Mt s vn qun l cng nghip m nc ta
Lt 2002.
5) "nh hng Chin lc pht trin bn vng Vit Nam", Ngh nh s
153/2004/NCP ca Chnh Ph k ngy 17/08/2004.
6) A.P. Snurnikov, S dng tng hp nguyn liu trong luyn kim mu(Ting
Nga), NXB "Luyn kim", Moskva 1977.
7) Yu.N.Spitrak v nnk, Bo v mi trng v s dng hp l khong sn c
ch (Ting Nga); NXB Lng t Moskva 1993.
8) UNRFNRRE, Environmental Protection Guidelines; New York NY 10017
USA.

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