Levnu 0013

Gio trnh in t
Phan tch
he thong moi trng
Environmental systems analysis
Dnh cho hc vin Cao hc ngnh Qun l Mi trng

Thi lng: 30 tit
TS.GVC. Che nh Ly
Mc tiu mn hc
1.
Gip ngi hc trang b t duy v phng php lun h thng,

nm vng cc khi nim (concepts) v nguyn l (principles), vn
dng vo thc tin ngnh ngh cng nh cuc sng i thng,
2.
Trang b cho ngi hc mt s cc cng c phn tch lin quan n

cc h thng t nhin, x hi nhm gii quyt cc nhim v phn
tch trong lnh vc mi trng nh: Phng php phn tch SWOT,
Phng php LOGFRAME, nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA =
Envieonmental Impacts Assessment); nh gi chu trnh sng (LCA
= Life cycle Assessment); Phn tch lung vt cht (Material Flow
analysis = MFA hay SFA = Substance Flow analysis); Phn tch ri
ro mi trng (Environmental Risk Assessment = ERA); Phn tch
u vo-u ra (Input-Output analysis =IOA). . . .
3.
Pht trin cho ngi hc cc k nng ca 6 bc tri thc: kin thc

hiu p dng phn tch tng hp - nh gi nhm p dng
vo nghin cu , qun l trong lnh vc mi trng.
Chng trnh ni dung mn hc

Bi 1: Phn tch h thng mi trng - Phng php lun h thng :
cc khi nim c bn v khoa hc h thng, Phn tch h thng,
t duy h thng, tip cn h thng v cng ngh h thng.
Bi 2: Nhn thc cc h sinh thi vi phng php lun h thng
Bi 3: Phng php phn tch SWOT xy dng nh hng chin
lc pht trin cho cc h thng
Bi 4: Phng php LOGICAL FRAMEWORK xy dng v qun l d n
MTTN
Bi 5: Cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng, ng dng cng c
LCA, IOA xc nh mc tiu qun l mi trng
Bi 6: Phn tch h thng trong cc h qun l v h thng qun l
mi trng Phng php xydng qui trnh qun l trong ngnh
mi trng
Bi 1: Phn tch h thng mi trng

Phng php lun h thng
1. Khi nim v phn tch h thng mi trng (environmental system
analysis = esa)
2. Phn bit cch tip cn phn tch c in v cch tip cn phn tch
h thng
3. Phn loi cc h thng
4. C s phng php lun ca tip cn h thng: iu khin hc
(cybernetics) v khoa hc h thng (system science)
5. Khi nim h thng v cc khi nim c bn lin quan
6. Bn thnh phn ca phng php lun h thng: Phn tch, T duy,
Tip cn v Cng ngh h thng
Bi 2: Phn tch h thng cc h sinh thi

1. NGHA V S CN THIT CA VIC PHN TCH H THNG
CC H SINH THI
2. KHI NIM V SINH THI HC
3. CC KHI NIM V H SINH THI
4. PHNG PHP V K NNG PHN TCH CC H SINH THI
4.1) Thnh phn cu trc tng qut ca cc h sinh thi
4.2) Ranh gii H sinh thi v mi trng: mi trng ni
h v mi trng ngoi h
4.3) Cc tin trnh bin i c bn trong cc h sinh thi
4.4) ng thi ca cc h sinh thi t nhin:
4.5) C cu cp bc trong h sinh thi a cu
5. CC NG DNG CA PHN TCH H THNG CC H SINH
THI
Bi 3: Phng php phn tch SWOT xy dng nh

hng chin lc pht trin cho cc h thng
1. Khi nim v SWOT
2. ngha ca SWOT
3. Su giai on thc hin phng php phn tch SWOT
3.1) Xc nh mc tiu ca h thng
3.2) Xc nh ranh gii h thng
3.3) Phn tch cc bn quan (thnh phn bn trong h thng, cc
thnh phn bn ngoi h thng) xy dng khung lm vic cho
phn tch SWOT
3.4) Phn tch SWOT
3.5) Giai on vch ra chin lc hay gii php
3.6) Giai on x l xung t mc tiu v xp th t cc chin lc
Bi 4: Cng c phn tch Logframe

1. Nhn dng cc d n lin quan n mi trng ti nguyn
2. Khi nim v phng php LOGFRAME
3. S dng LFA
4. Cc thut ng trong LFA
5. Cc giai on thc hin LFA
5.1) Giai an phn tch
5.1.1/ Phn tch tnh hung hon cnh Phn tch cc bn c lin quan
- Hi tho v khung lun l:
5.1.2/ Phn tch vn (The Analysis of Problems):
5.1.3/ Phn tch mc tiu (Objectives Analysis):
5.1.4/ Phn tch chin lc (Strategy Analysis):
5.1.5/ Kim tra tnh hp l (logic) ca cy
5.2) Giai on lp k hoch (The Planning Phase)
5.2.1/ Lp ma trn khung lun l
5.2.2/ Thit lp tin thc hin cc hat ng
5.2.3/ Thit lp cc bng thng k d tr ngun lc cho d n
5.2.4/ Vit thuyt minh d n
Bi 5: :Cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng

1. Tng quan v cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng
2. Tm tt v cng c nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA hay TM)
3. Phn tch chu trnh sng sn phm (LCA)
4. nh gi ri ro mi trng (ERA)
5. Phn tch lung vt liu (MFA)
6. Phn tch bin vo bin ra (IOA)
Thc hnh: ng dng LCA xc nh nh hng bo v MT
Bi 6:Phn tch h thng trong cc h quan l

qui trnh qun l .
Phn tch h thng ng dng chung cho cc lai h thng qun l
Nhng ng dng phn tch h thng mi trng trong cc doanh
nghip
Nguyn l v ni dung thit k h thng qun l mi trng
1) Phn tch cu trc h thng
2) Xc nh ranh gii h thng qun l
3) Phn tch mc tiu ca h thng qun l
4) Cc tin trnh bin i trong h thng qun l
5) ng thi ca cc t chc qun l
6) C cu cp bc cc t chc qun l
7) Xem xt tnh tri ca h thng trong qun l
8) ng dng: xy dng cc qui trnh qun l
Ti liu tham kho chnh

1.
FitzGerald J. and FitzGerald A.F.(1987) . Fundamentals of

system Analysis, John Wiley &Sons Inc,NewYork.
2.
on Minh Khang dch t Ota K. et al (1981) Sinh thi hc

ng rung, Nh xut bn Nng nghip H Ni.
3.
ng mng Ln (2001). Cc cng c qun l mi trng. Nh

xut bn Khoa hc K thut H Ni.
4.
Phm vn Nam,(1996). ng dng l thuyt h thng trong

qun tr, Nh Xut bn Thng k
5.
Trn Kin, Hong c Nhun, Mai S Tun (1999)- Sinh thi

hc v Mi trng , Nh Xut bn Gio dc.
6.
Nguyn th kim Thi, L hin tho (2003) Sinh thi hc v bo

v mi trng. Nh xut bn xy dng.
7.
o th Tun (1984) - H Sinh thi Nng nghip, Nh xut

bn Khoa hc K Thut - H Ni.
Qui ch hc tp v thi cui mn

1.
c im chng nhn hc b tc kin thc:
2.
Hc vin phi c mt > 80 % thi gian (c mt > 5 chuyn )
3.
Thc hin mt tiu lun chuyn v cc ti c lin quan n 6

chuyn ca mn hc (ly cc bi tho lun nhm) Np bn
in t (khng nhn bn in). Thi gian np: trc khi kt thc
mn hc. Tiu lun 40 % im.
4.
Thi vit 120 pht , 60 % im. (Thi khng tham kho ti liu)
5.
Seminar nhm + chuyn cn = im thng
Tiu ch tiu lun:

Phi l bi vit cha np trong bt k mn hc no, th hin c 6
bc tri thc: kin thc hiu p dng phn tch tng hp v
nh gi)
Ti thiu 6 trang A 4
Ch :
+ T chn t cc bi tho lun nhm, vn dng vo mt trng hp
nghin cu c th
+ T chn t cc t liu mi su tm trn mng internet
+ Kho lun v cc vn , ch t ra trong mn hc.
+ Np bn in t v k xc nhn.
Bi 1
PHN TCH H THNG MT V
PHNG PHP LUN

H THNG.
MC TIU HC TP BI 1
1. Khi nim v phn tch h thng mi trng (environmental system
analysis = esa)
2. Phn bit cch tip cn phn tch c in v cch tip cn phn tch
h thng
3. Phn loi cc h thng
4. C s phng php lun ca tip cn h thng: iu khin hc
(cybernetics) v khoa hc h thng (system science)
5. Khi nim h thng v cc khi nim c bn lin quan
6. Bn thnh phn ca phng php lun h thng: Phn tch, T duy,
Tip cn v cng ngh h thng
1. KHI NIM V PHN TCH H

THNG MI TRNG
(ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM
ANALYSIS = ESA)
1.1) Lnh vc nghin cu ca phn tch h thng mi trng

nh gi h qu i vi mi trng t nhin ca cc thnh phn
sn xut k thut, thnh phn x hi.
Do v mt s lng cng nh mc c hi, ESA hin nay lin
quan n pht trin, s dng v nh gi cc phng php v
cng c cho vic nh gi mi trng ca cc h thng k thut.
Nghin cu vai tr ca cc phng php ny trong vic ra quyt
nh , qun l v giao tip .
Nghin cu cc mi quan h gia cc cng c khc nhau (s khc
bit, tng t, cc b d kin chia x, lung thng tin gia cc
cng c..) .
Trong cc phng php c nghin cu l nh gi chu trnh sng
(LCA) v cc cng c lin quan, cc ch s bn vng, nh gi
cng ngh mi trng v nh gi mi trng ca t chc.
Hnh 1.1 : Phm vi quan tm ca phn tch h thng mi trng

(h k thut h x hi v h t nhin) (ngun: t liu
internet).
Hnh 1.2: Vai tr ca cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng
1.2) V sao phi ng dng cch tip cn phn tch h thng trong
ngnh mi trng
Vn mi trng ngy nay pht sinh ch yu do cc hat

ng sn xut kinh t k thut thng qua cc h thng sn xut
v s pht trin h thng x hi lm pht sinh cht thi.
V vy, vn mi trng khng cn hn ch trong h sinh thi
t nhin m lin quan n h thng phc hp: k thut x hi
t nhin, i hi cc gii php lin ngnh.
V th mun nhn thc v gii quyt c hiu qu vn mi
trng bt buc phi tip cn bng phng php lun h thng.
ngnh mi trng [2]
cc h thng phc hp:
nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mt d n trong cc ngnh cng
nghip, cc qu trnh sn xut, cc ri ro mi trng c th pht
sing trong mt khu vc, mt nh my. . .cc i tng nghin cu
ny l cc h thng k thut phc hp. Khng tip cn theo quan
im h thng th rt kh nhn thc v thc hin vic nh gi tc
ng mi trng.
Thit k cc tin trnh x l nhim (nc, khng kh, cht thi
rn) bao gm nhiu cng on khng thun nht nh l (nghin,
t. ..), ha (ha tan, kh. . .), sinh (s dng vi sinh), xy cc h
thng x l nc thi. ..
Xy dng cc h thng qun l mi trng trong mt doanh
nghip, nm trong h thng qun l doanh nghip.
ngnh mi trng [3]
Cc h thng phc hp:
Qun l mi trng vng, tnh thnh, qun huyn, l cc h sinh thi
th phc tp, nhiu thnh phn khng thun nht.
Qun l cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc khu du lch sinh thi l cc
h sinh thi phc hp, khng thun nht.
Xy dng cc h thng thng tin qun l mi trng bng h thng
thng tin a l hoc cc h thng thng tin qun l.
Vi cc h thng phc hp ni trn, khng th tip cn bng phng
php phn tch truyn thng, ngi cn b mi trng bt but phi s
dng phng php tip cn phn tch h thng.
2. PHN BIT CCH TIP CN

PHN TCH C IN V CCH
TIP CN PHN TCH H THNG
2. PHN BIT CCH TIP CN PHN TCH C IN V CCH

TIP CN PHN TCH H THNG
2.1) Cc tip cn phn tch c in (analytic approach)
Chia nh mt h thng thnh cc phn t c bn
Nghin cu chi tit v nhn bit cc kiu tng tc hin hu gia
cc phn t.
Thay i mt bin s trong mt thi gian, d bo tnh cht ca h
thng di nhng iu kin khc nhau.
p dng cc quy lut cng tnh cht ca cc phn t c bn.
H thng thun nht, chng bao gm cc phn t ging nhau v
s tng tc gia chng vi nhau yu.
Cc quy lut thng k c p dng
Trong cc lnh vc vt l, ha hc nh cc nghin cu v c hc,
cu to cc nguyn t, phn t, dung dch. .
2.2) Cch tip cn phn tch h thng

Cc quy lut cng cc tnh cht c bn khng p dng c cho cc h
thng phc hp cao, bao gm mt s lng ln cc phn t a dng,
nhiu kiu, lin h vi nhau bi s tng tc mnh m.
Xem xt h thng trong tng th v ng thi ring ca h thng.
Thng qua m phng, ngi ta c th ti hin h thng v quan st
trong thi gian thc cc tc ng ca cc loi tng tc gia cc phn
t ca n.
S nghin cu tp tnh ny theo thi gian xc nh cc quy lut c
th iu chnh h thng hay h thng thit k cc h thng khc.
Cch tip cn phn tch truyn Cch tip cn phn tch h thng thng - Analytic Approach
Systemic Approach
Phn lp Ht thnh phn t v tp
trung nghin cu phn t
Hp nht phn t v tp trung vo

s tng tc gia cc phn t
Nghin cu tnh cht ca s tng

NC tc ng ca s tng tc
tc
Nhn mnh s chnh xc ca cc
chi tit
Nhn mnh tm nhn tng th
Thay i mt bin s theo thi

Thay i ng thi nhiu nhm bin
gian
s
Duy tr s c lp cc phn t
Tch hp theo thi gian v s khng
trong sut thi gian; Hin
th lp li.
tng c quan st c th lp
li.
Cch tip cn phn tch truyn thng - Cch tip cn phn tch h thng - Systemic
Analytic Approach
Approach
Lun c da trn cc phng php

chng minh th nghim trong
phm vi mt l thuyt
Cc lun c thng qua s so snh tp

tnh ca m hnh vi hin thc.
S dng s chnh xc v cc m hnh S dng cc m hnh cha chnh

xc lm c s tri thc nhng rt
chi tit km hu dng trong iu
hu dng cho cc quyt nh v
hnh thc t (v d, cc m hnh
hnh ng.
kinh t)
C mt cch tip cn hiu qu khi cc C mt cch tip cn hiu qu khi cc
tng tc l tuyn tnh v yu.
tng tc l phi tuyn tnh v mnh.
Dn n s gio dc chuyn su theo
Dn n s gio dc lin ngnh
ngnh
Dn n hnh ng c sp xp
theo chi tit
Dn n hnh ng theo mc ch
Chim lnh kin thc chi tit nhng

tnh mc ch thp
Chim lnh kin thc theo cc mc ch,

cc chi tit m nht (fuzzy details)
3. PHN LOI H THNG
3.1) Cc kiu h thng tng qut

a. Cc h thng t nhin
HT Sng ngi, ni non. .
b. Cc h thng nhn to
HT mng, HT giao thng, HT li in
c. Cc h thng t ng (Automated systems)
HT T ng sn xut (SCADA), GIS
3.2) Phn loi theo c im ca mi lin h vi mi trng
chung quanh.
H thng kn: khng c giao tip vi mi trng bn ngai
H thng m: Han tan giao tip vi mi trng bn ngai
H thng tng i m: giao tip mt phn vi mi trng bn ngai
3.3) Phn loi cc h thng theo ngnh khoa hc:[1]

A. Cc h thng khoa hc tru tng v h thng c th
H thng tru tng bao gm nhng kin hay khi nim. Nhng
h thng x hi bao gm c hai dng tru tng v c th. V
d t chc kinh doanh va c nhng ti nguyn vt cht va c
nhng trit l kinh doanh, mc ch v chnh sch...
B. Cc h thng x hi:
V d: tp th sv mt nm no , dn c mt thnh ph c
nghin cu trong x hi hc.
3.3) Phn loi cc h thng theo ngnh khoa hc:[2]
C. Cc h thng sinh hc
V d: h thn kinh ca ngi, h thng mch thc vt, qun th
rng, cc h thng sinh thi... trong ngnh sinh iu khin hc
(bio - cybernetic).
D.Cc h thng k thut: V d cc b x l, my in ton, cc b
iu khin, robot dy chuyn sn xut t ng trong ngnh t
ng ha (robotic), cc ngnh cng ngh -k thut.
E. Cc h hn hp nh con ngi + my, h sinh thi nhn
vn....trong ngnh KH ng dng.
4. C S PHNG PHP LUN CA

TIP CN H THNG: IU KHIN
HC (CYBERNETICS) V KHOA
HC H THNG (SYSTEM
SCIENCE)
4. C S PHNG PHP LUN CA TIP CN H THNG: IU KHIN

HC (CYBERNETICS) V KHOA HC H THNG (SYSTEM SCIENCE)
i tng nghin cu c nhiu dng:

l cc tin trnh hay qu trnh: nh
Tin trnh tuyn sinh i hc (bt u t np n thi n khi c
kt qu trng tuyn hoc khng);
Tin trnh sinh sn (bt u t giao phi n khi sinh );
Tin trnh x l nc thi (bt u t nc thi ra do sn xut v
sinh hot n khi nc thi ra qua x l). . .
l cc thc th, i tng: nh cc doanh nghip , cc c th
sinh vt, cc thit b in t ; cc ngi nh, cc quc gia, mt
hnh tinh; v cng c th l cc phng trnh ton, mt h
phng trnh. . .
u vo
H thng
(c t chc)
u ra
Cc thc th, i tng, cc trin trnh c th l c trong t nhin

hay do con ngi to lp ra thc hin mt nhim v no
vi mc ch phc v cho li ch ca con ngi.
C c cu t chc hay sp xp (structure), c cu thnh t
nhiu phn t hay phn t (components - cn gi l phn t) v
c mt ranh gii c th phn bit vi chung quanh.
Gia cc phn t ca "hin tng, qu trnh hay thc th, i
tng" c s lin lc, ni kt hay trao i thng qua cc lung
thng tin - tn hiu .
u vo
H thng
(c t chc)
u ra
C s trao i thng qua cc thng tin - tn hiu gia cc phn t

thuc hin tng, qu trnh hay thc th, i tng vi mi
trng bn ngoi, l tp hp cc yu t c nh hng n s
tn ti v pht trin ca hin tng, qu trnh hay thc th, i
tng ,
Trong qu trnh pht trin theo thi gian, cc hin tng, qu trnh
hay thc th, i tng c biu hin s vn ng, bin i theo
thi gian(c ng thi - dynamic) v hot ng ca cc hin
tng, qu trnh hay thc th, i tng lun c mc ch.
Bc x mt tri, ma, gi,

nc mt, bo t,ht ging. .
Dinh dng khang trong
t
H ng vt
H thc vt
H vi sinh
t nc
khng kh
Sn lng sinh hc
t (xi mn)
Nc (chy)
Khng kh (gi)
Hnh 1.3: u vo, cu trc h sinh thi v u ra
in
nng
Sng
pht hnh
My
Truyn
Linh . . . . . . .
kin 1
...
hnh
Linh
kin n
Hnh 1.4: u vo, cu trc my tivi v u ra
hnh
nh
m
thanh
Tin vn u t
Lao ng
Nguyn vt liu
Cng ngh sn xut
.............
X nghip
Phn xng
. ...........
Phng ban
Ban Gim c
Sn phm
Li nhun
Cht thi
Thng hiu trn th
trng
.............
Hnh 1.5: u vo, cu trc mt cng ty v u ra
Hnh 1.6: u vo,

cu trc tin trnh kinh
doanh v u ra
Pht thi kh
Cht thi
Nng lng
Nguyn liu th
Vt liu ph
Cht t
Tin trnh
kinh doanh
Bao b
Nng lng
Cht thi
Cht thi
c kim
sot
Dch v
Sn phm
Khoa hc mi, chuyn nghin cu v khi qut cc c

trng chung cu cc hin tng v qu trnh cp trn
y. Khoa hc l iu khin hc (cybernetics) v khoa
hc h thng (system science)
LTHT c ngh nm 1940 bi nh sinh hc Ludwig von
Bertalanffy : (General Systems Theory, 1968), v sau bi
Ross Ashby (Introduction to Cybernetics, 1956).
Bertalanffy n lc thng nht cc khoa hc. Ong nhn mnh
rng cc h thng thc u l cc h thng m, tng tc vi
mi trng v chng c th c cc tnh nng mi v mt nh
lng thng qua tnh tri sinh ra t s pht trin lin tc.
iu khin hc bt ngun t nh ngha nm 1947 bi Wiener

trong khoa hc iu khin v truyn thng v s pht trin l
thuyt thng tin ca Shannon , c thit k nhm ti u ha
s chuyn i thng tin thng qua cc knh truyn thng (vd:
ng in thoi) v khi nim phn hi c dng trong cc
h thng cng ngh truyn thng.
iu khin hc v khoa hc h thng l cc khoa hc v

phng php lun.
Khoa hc h thng l khoa hc m t cc khi nim v
nguyn l ca cc kiu t chc (l cc tin trnh, thc th
(trong x hi cng nh t nhin), cc khi nim v nguyn
l ny c lp vi cc tin trnh hay thc th hay h thng
c th m chng ta tm thy trong thc t.
KH v KHHT l mt khoa hc c lp, tng hp nhng
kha cnh, c tnh chung, tng t ca cc h thng sng
v phi s sng
5. KHI NIM H THNG V CC

KHI NIM C BN LIN QUAN
5.1) nh ngha h thng

mt h thng l mt nhm cc phn t tng tc nhau, lin h ln
nhau, ph thuc ln nhau hnh thnh nn mt phc hp thng
nht.
H thng l tp hp cc phn t c nh ngha c ch ch, lin
kt ln nhau bng tp hp cc mi lin h a dng, sao cho tp hp
c sp xp ny nh l mt tng th c kh nng thc hin mt
nhim v t ra.
Hnh1.7:Mt. H
thng trong s
tng tc vi mi
trng bn ngoi.
nh ngha theo l thuyt h thng:

H thng iu khin l tp hp cc c trng v c im nghin
cu, c nh ngha (gn) trn cc hin tng, i tng, qu
trnh c th ngha l i tng nghin cu ca KH khng phi l
mt hin tng, i tng c th no, m l cc hin tng, i
tng hay qu trnh c ng thi, thay i theo thi gian, tun
theo cc quy lut hiu c.
h thng iu khin c th ra i sm hn i tng, thc th

m n c lin quan n, ng thi, trn mt thc th c th
xc nh nhiu h thng, ty theo quan im m chng ta
gn trong qu trnh nhn thc v h thng.
Con ngi
Quan im NC
Sinh l hc
Tm l hc
Thnh phn cu trc
H tun hon,
h hp, bi tit,
sinh dc, thn kinh. . .
Tr nh, tnh cm, xc cm,

c tng tng, suy lun. . .
ng thi
Tng trng th trng
Hnh vi, tnh cch
Cng vin
Quan im NC
Thnh
cu trc
Thc vt hc
Kin trc cnh quan
Kinh doanh du lch
phn Cy i mc, cy trung H thng ng, bn hoa, Khu n ung, khu dch vu
mc, hoa king, c, rong mng rng, cng trnh th thao, khu vui chi,
ru. . .
kin trc
khu thng ngon , khu
tham quan. . .
ng thi
Tng trng sinh khi v S pht trin v bin i S pht trin qui m, s
pht trin chng loi
b cc khng gian kin a dng sn phm du lch.
trc, s lin tc.. . .
..
Lung tn hiu
bin i
Vt cht (l ha) , nng Tnh hi ha cn i, Lung khch vo ra,

lng
thm m
lung tin doanh thu-chi
ph. . .
5.2) i tng hnh nh nhn thc m hnh ca h thng
Hnh 1.8 : Xem xt i tng hnh thnh hnh nh ca i tng

Mt i tng c quan st (object)
Mt s nhn thc v i tng quan st to ra hnh nh nhn thc
(image)
Mt m hnh (model) hay s din t mt i tng c nhn thc.
Mt ngi quan st c th xy dng nhiu m hnh din t
mt i tng.
5.3) H thnh phn v h chuyn

+ Xem xt theo kiu h thnh phn: (subsystem)
Hnh 1.9 a,b: Xc

nh ranh gii h
thng gii hn
h thnh phn (H
thng xt theo
thnh phn)
Khi xy dng hnh
nh nhn thc ca
h thng theo kiu
h thnh phn,
chng ta xt tt c
cc kiu quan h
gia cc phn t c
trong h thng
+ Xem xt theo kiu h chuyn : (aspect system)

Ty vo quan im chng ta xem xt m vic c th ha kiu quan
h c thc hin. Cng trn mt thc th cc quan im nghin
cu c th c rt nhiu, do trn cng mt thc th, c th xy
dng hnh nh nhn thc ca h thng theo nhng kha cnh
chuyn khc nhau, chng phn bit nhau bng cc quan im
khc nhau.
Hnh 1.10: Trn
cng mt h thng,
c th c hai hay
nhiu hnh nh nhn
thc theo tng kha
cnh
5.4) Ranh gii gia h thng v mi trng bn ngai

+ H thng m: l h thng c nhn bin vo (input) t mi trng
bn ngoi v p ng phn ng li mi trng bng cc bin ra
(output).
+ H thng kn: l h thng khng hoc rt t giao tip vi mi
trng bn ngoi. H thng khng hoc rt t nhn bin vo
(input) t mi trng bn ngai v cng khng hoc rt t p ng
phn ng li mi trng vi cc bin ra (output).
+ Ranh gii c th: l ranh gii a l, ranh gii mang tnh vt l
phn bit bng trc quan.
+ Ranh gii tru tng: quy nh bng th hi vin (ngi c th
l trong h thng), bng quyt nh thnh lp t chc (c tn
trong quyt nh l trong h thng).
5.5) Phn r h thng (decomposition), Tch hp h thng

(system integration) v h thng tch hp (integrated system):
Hnh 1.11: Phn r h
thng trong nhn thc
phn tch h thng
Hnh 1.12: Tch

hp cc h thng
chuyn khc
nhau thnh mt
h thng tch hp
5.6) Ni dung v cu trc h thng

Ni dung ca h thng l tp hp ton b cc phn t hnh
thnh nn h thng, khng xem xt n quan h gia cc
phn t .
Cu trc ca h thng l tp hp cc phn t, ng thi bao
gm c cc mi lin h ln nhau ca cc phn t trong h
thng.
5.7) Tin trnh bin i ca h thng, bin vo, bin

ra, bin trung gian
Cc s o u vo gi l cc bin vo (input) v kt qu bin i l
h thng phn hi li mi trng cc yu t kt qu, cc s o kt
qu gi l cc bin ra (output). Cc i lng o c trong qu
trnh bin i trong phm vi ni b h thng ta gi l cc bin trung
gian (throughput).
Hnh 1.13: Cc
lai bin: vo,
trung gian, ra
5.7) Tin trnh bin i ca h thng, bin vo, bin ra, bin
trung gian [2]
Hnh 1.14: M t tin trnh bin i trong h thng - V d trong mt

khu DLST
5.8) ng thi ca h thng (system dynamics)

ng thi ca h thng l s bin i ca h thng theo thi
gian. ng thi ca h thng thng c biu th qua vic
theo di hnh vi ca h thng theo thi gian (behavior of time).
Biu din ton hc ca ng thi thng th hin bng th
BOT (behavior of time graph).
Hnh 1.15: V d v th biu th ng thi
6. CC THNH PHN CA PHNG

PHP LUN H THNG
1. T duy h thng (system thinking): l phng php dng
m t h thng.
2. Phn tch h thng (system analysis) l phng php dng
tm kim, thu thp hiu bit v h thng.
3. Tip cn h thng (system approach) l phng php dng
gii quyt vn trong nghin cu khoa hc hay qun l.
4. K thut h thng (System engineering) l phng php
dng xy dng, pht trin cc h thng.
6.1. T duy h thng

6.1.1) Khi nim t duy h thng
T duy h thng l mt cch gip mt ngi xem xt th gii
chung quanh, bao gm cc t chc bng mt cch nhn tng th,
bao gm cc cu trc, cc kiu hnh cc cc s kin (cc lp s
kin cng loi), hn l ch xem xt bn thn cc s kin ring l.
T duy h thng l mt cch nhn thc hin thc nhn mnh
vo xem xt quan h tng tc gia cc phn ca h thng hn
l xem xt chnh bn thn cc thnh phn ny.
N nhn mnh tng th hn l b phn, nhn mnh vai tr ca
cc mi quan h ln nhau bao gm vai tr mi chng ta gi trong
cc h thng lm vic trong i sng ca chng ta.
N nhn mnh s phn hi vng lp (v d, A dn ti B, B dn ti
C, C dn n tr v A) hn l quan h nhn qu tuyn tnh (A
dn ti B, B dn ti C, C dn n D . . . .)
6.1.1) Khi nim t duy h thng [2]

T duy h thng l :
+ T duy tip cn tng th tan cc trc khi i vo chi tit
+ Quan tm n tng tc gia cc thnh phn ca h
+ T duy vng lp, nhn qu
+ T duy ng (xt din bin theo thi gian)
+ T duy khi qut (thy c tnh chung ca cc h cng lai)
+ T duy hnh ng (thit k, ci tin)
+ T duy da vo nh lng v th nghim qua m hnh
Theo Barry Richmond (1999) c 7 k nng t duy h thng

Cc kiu din bin nhn thy c, khng ch cc s kin ring l.
T duy vng khp kn: cc tin trnh c lin h ln nhau thay v
cc mi quan h mt chiu,
T duy khi qut: thy c cu trc chung ngoi cc triu chng
c th.
T duy cu trc: suy ngh theo cu trc kho tr v lung (stock
and flows)
T duy vn hnh: mt h thng sn xut sa nn bao gm c cc
con b
T duy tng hp: tm kim cc con ng, cch thc gia cc thi
cc trng v en,
T duy khoa hc: lm cho mi vic c th nh lng v th
nghim c.
Hnh 1.16: Cc k nng cn rn luyn trong t duy h thng
6.1.2) Cc cng c t duy h thng

+ Nhm cng c nhn thc:
Cc s h thng (gm cc vng lp nhn qu (causal loops),
th ng thi theo thi gian (Behavior over time BOT graph)),
Cc s kho tr v lung (Stock and flow diagrams)
Cc nguyn mu h thng (archetypes)
+ Nhm cng c th nghim:
+ Cc m hnh m phng trn my tnh
+ Cc b m phng bay (flight simulators) s gip th nghim cc
tc ng c th xy ra cho h thng khi can thip ln h thng trong
nhng iu kin gi nh (thay i thng s, xem kt qu v tc
ng ca cc hu qu. . .).
6.1.2.1) Cc s h thng (systems diagrams)

S dng cc s khi, trong , cc khi hnh dng khc
nhau th hin thnh phn, cc mi tn th hin mi lin h
gia cc thnh phn (phn bit hoc khng phn bit theo
lung).
Hnh 1.17: V d v s khi din t cu trc h thng
-S dng cc vng lp nhn qu (causal loop diagrams = CLD):
Hnh 1.18: Cc v d v cu trc ng thi ca hai loi vng

lp: cn bng v khuch i bin ng
S dng cc s kho tch tr v lung (Stocks and flows

diagrams) kt hp vi CLD.
Hnh 1.19: Cc v d v s kho tr v lung

Kho (t) = Kho (t0) + [ Lung vo (t) Lung ra (t)] dt
Cc kho l cc bin trng thi hay tch phn ca h thng.
Chng tch ly (tch hp) cc lung vo ca chng t hn cc
lung ra .
Cc lung l tt c nhng g l tc hay o hm.
6.1.2.2) th din bin theo thi gian (BOTG = Behaviour on

time graph)
th BOT l th ghi li din bin ca mt hay nhiu bin s
theo thi gian. Khi v nhiu bin trn cng mt th, chng tc
c th hiu bit s tng tc gia cc bin theo thi gian.
BOTG l th c cc c trng sau:
+ Trc honh biu th yu t thi gian .
+ Trc tung biu th i lng bin i theo thi gian.
Hnh 1.20: V d v th biu th ng thi BOT
Cc thng s xc nh c trng ca BOTG

Nhng th BOTG (ng cong bin i) trong cc h thng c th
xc nh bng ba thng s c lp:
Chiu hng tng qut ca s bin i (tng, gim hoc mc )
dao ng tng i quanh xu th tng qut (ln hay nh)
Nhp dao ng (thng xuyn/khng thng xuyn)
Hnh
1.21:
c
trng
th
biu
th
ng
thi
Kiu din bin ca ng thi

+ Kiu tuyn tnh (linear)
+ Kiu din bin hm m (exponental)
+ Kiu din bin tim cn mc tiu (goal-seeking family)
+ Kiu din bin dao ng
+ Kiu din bin dng ch S
Hnh 1.22: V d v th kiu din bin ng thi h hm m
Hnh 1.23: Su kiu din bin ng thi theo thi gian
Hnh 1.24: Cc kiu din bin tim cn

mc tiu
Hnh 1.25: Mt kiu

din bin hnh ch S
Hnh 1.26: Cc kiu din bin tim cn mc tiu
Hnh 1.27: Mt kiu

din bin hnh ch S
6.2. Phn tch h thng

6.2.1) Mc tiu t ra khi nghin cu h thng
phn tch h thng thng l nhm mc ch xem xt cc thc th,
i tng thc (theo quan im l thuyt h thng), nhn bit cu
trc v cc quy lut vn ng ca h thng c th ci tin, iu
chnh nhm bo m cho h thng pht trin ng mc tiu
nh trong iu kin thay i ca mi trng bn ngoi.
Mc tiu ca bn thn h thng
Mi h thng c mc tiu vn hnh ring ca n
Vd: Chic tivi c mc tiu pht hnh v m thanh
H sinh thi th c mc tiu pht trin bn vng
Doanh nghip c mc tiu kinh t v mi trng
6.2.2) Xc nh quan im phn tch
Hnh 1.28: Xem xt h thng

theo quan im h thnh
phn, gii hn phn t, khng
gii hn mi lin h.
Hnh 1.29: Quan im xem

xt kiu h chuyn , bao
gm tt c cc phn t
nhng gii hn mt kha
cnh xem xt (xt mi lin
h k thut).
6.2.3) Xc nh quan im phn tch

Quan im Kinh t / H thng
Nghin
k tan ti
cu h
chnh
thng
K thut/ HT QL
Sn xut
Mi trng/ HT
qun l MT
Thnh
Phiu
thu
chi, B phn cung H thng quan trc,
phn
Phiu
nhp
ng, tip th,
h thng bo
cu trc
xut, Tin thu,
sn xut, vn
co nh gi, B
tin chi, qu
chuyn. . .
phn sn xut
tn,
bng
sch hn. . .
lng, qun tr
thit b, vt t. .
.
ng thi
Tin thu, chi, tr Sn lng, nng Dim

bin
lng,
in
sut, S lng
lng
nc, vt t. . .
hng ha nhp
trng.
xut. .
cht
mi
Tm tt cc ni dung c bn ca phn tch h thng
Hnh 1.30: Tm tt cc ni dung c bn ca phn tch h thng
6.2.4) Phn tch cu trc ca h thng
Hnh 1.31: Xc nh cu trc h thng bng cch gii hn phn

t c trong h
Phng php trnh by cu trc h thng

1) M t bng li vn, hnh nh thuyt minh , hnh v
Hnh 1.32: V d
m t h thng
bng hnh v
(Tin trnh bin
i Ni t trong
kh quyn)
u im ca cch din t bng hnh v l d hiu, nhc

im l khng din t ht thnh phn v mi quan h gia
cc thnh phn i vi cc h thng ln v phc tp.

M t bng li vn
i km vi cc hnh v, h thng thng c m t bng li vn:
v d: h thng DLST bao gm cc tuyn . . . . v cc im tham
quan . .
u im ca din t bng li vn l c th m t v gii thch t
m cc thnh phn, mi lin h tng tc gia cc thnh phn.
Nhc im l di dng, khng hp dn ngi c. Thng c
dng thuyt minh kt hp vi cc cch khc.
Din t bng s khi
Hnh 1.33: V d m t h
thng bng s khi
Khi s dng s khi, c th dng cc hnh (khi) khc nhau

din t cc thnh phn, cc mi tn khc nhau th hin cc lung
thng tin tn hiu v mi lin h tng tc. Ranh gii h thng
c v bng khung khng lin nt.
u im ca cch biu th bng s khi tng i n gin, d
hiu, d nh hng v thnh phn, cu trc v ng thi vn
hnh ca h thng. Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng nhiu thnh
phn, cch din t bng s khi kh din t ht nhng quan
h phc tp, a phng.
6.2.5) Xc nh ranh gii h thng: phn nh gia h thng v

mi trng:
Ranh gii ny c th l:
Vt cht vt l (bin gii tnh, thnh ph, da c th, v my )
Tru tng hay phi vt cht (nh l hi vin ca mt t chc x
hi no , on vin, ng vin, ngi c v vo cng, nhn
vin khu DLST c eo ph hiu. . .).
Ranh gii h thng rt quan trng v nhiu l do:
Cc ranh gii bo m v xc nh h thng nh l mt tng th
c mc ch .
Cc quan h gia HT v mi trng ca n din ra ch yu l
bin gii. ranh gii HT, cc tn hiu i vo (input= bin vo)
v i ra khi h thng (output=bin ra)
Ranh gii lin quan n chi ph ca qu trnh phn tch nh gi.
Mi trng ca mt h thng l tng hp tt c cc phn t bn

ngoi h thng.
Thuc tnh ca mi trng thay i, tn hiu vo h thng thay i
lm cho bn thn h thng bin i.
Ngc li, do hot ng ca h thng, thuc tnh ca cc phn t
trong mi trng cng b thay i.
Mi trng ca mt h thng tp hp cc phn t c nh ngha
c mc ch ch nh. Cc phn t khng thuc v h thng
nhng th hin c mi lin h vi n v cc mi lin h phi c
ngha i vi mc tiu ca h thng.
Hnh 1.34: S din t phn tch cu trc v xc nh ranh gii

h thng
6.2.6) Phn tch cc tin trnh lung (flows) trong h thng:

Bin vo - bin ra Cc mi lin h tng tc gia cc phn t
trong v ngoi h thng
Cc tin trnh (process) trong khoa hc h thng c hiu l
nhng lung thng tin tn hiu chuyn ti qua h thng, chng i
t mi trng vo h thng (inflow), qua cc thnh phn
(throughflow) ri i ra ngoi (outflow). Lung i din cho cc i
lng bin i theo thi gian m khi m phng bng ton hc ta
thng gi l bin s. V d:
Thc n, nc, khng kh. . . l cc lung i qua c th sinh vt.
Nguyn vt liu, tin, nhn lc, trang thit b, thng tin th trng
l cc lung i qua mt x nghip.
Vt cht (dinh dng khong, cc cht v c hu c di dng
t, nc v khng kh) v nng lng (nhit, bc x mt tri. . .)
, chng loi sinh vt (ht ging, bo t, ng vt di c) l cc
lung i qua cc h sinh thi.
6.2.6) Phn tch cc tin trnh - lung (flows) trong h thng: Bin vo - bin
ra Cc mi lin h tng tc gia cc phn t trong v ngoi h thng [2]
Hnh 1.35: Bin trung gian l cc

i lng tn ti tm thi trong
h thng (bn thnh phm, cht
thi ti nh my. .
Bin vo (Input) ca h thng c coi l tt c nhng lung
g m mi trng tc ng vo h thng, Bin vo ca mt
phn t trong h thng l i lng vo do s tc ng ca
cc phn t ln cn hoc t mi trng bn ngoi.
Bin ra (Output) ca h thng l nhng g m h thng tc
ng vo mi trng. Bin ra ca mt phn t trong h thng
l i lng xut ra t phn t n cc phn t ln cn
hoc ra mi trng bn ngoi.
Hnh 1.36: V d v tin trnh
Hnh 1.37: V d v tin trnh trong h sinh thi
6.2.7) Phn tch ng thi din bin ca h thng theo thi gian
Din bin theo thi thi gian hay ng thi h thng l mt ni
dung quan trng nht khi phn tch hot ng h thng. Bit
c din bin theo thi gian ca h thng, ngi quyt nh
mi c c s la chn cc phng n quyt nh. V d, bit
din bin theo thi gian ca ti lng cc cht nhim mi c
th ra bin php ci tin h thng qun l mi trng, a ra
cc gii php gim thiu, khc phc.
Phn tch ng thi l s din t bng th din bin theo thi
gian ca mt hay nhiu bin s trong h thng ang phn tch.
th thng c gi l BOT (behavior over time). S dng
BOTG s ha hiu bit v nhn thc ca chng ta v h
thng . (Xem phn t duy h thng).
6.2.8) C cu cp bc ca cc h thng (hierarchy) : v tr ca

h thng trong tng th v phm vi nghin cu:
Cc h thng thng c s sp xp theo c cu cp bc hnh nhnh
cy. Mt h thng thng thng c th bao gm cc phn h, v
bn thn h thng cng c th l phn h ca h thng bc trn.
Vic xc nh v tr ca h thng trong tng th s gip ch rt nhiu
trong vic gii hn phm vi nghin cu trong nhiu lnh vc khoa
hc. V d, h sinh thi a cu bao gm 3 loi h sinh thi c bn:
HST t nhin (ng c, rng, ao, h, ni . . ) ; HST th (cc
thnh ph ln, khu cng nghip) v h sinh thi nng nghip.
Khi xc nh vn nghin cu mi trng, ty theo vn xy
ra mt khu vc c th hay xy ra ton cu. Nu c th, chng ta
s gii hn trong phm vi HST tng ng v ch quan tm trc tip
HST ang nghin cu v nhng h sinh thi ln cn v mt a l.

h thng trong tng th v phm vi nghin cu [2]
Hnh 1.38: C cu cp bc ca cc h thng

h thng trong tng th v phm vi nghin cu [2]
Vng ng Nam B
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Ni thnh: qun x,y,
Ngoi thnh
ng ph
Rung
Nh
t nng
nghip
Hnh 1.39: C cu cp bc ca cc h thng
6.2.9) Tnh tri hay tnh u vit ca h thng

Tnh tri ca h thng l tnh cht ca mt h thng m tnh cht
khng th c trong cc phn t ring r. Khi thit lp mt h
thng nh mt c th hu c, c s phn nh chc nng c th,
khng trng lp nn h thng s to ra nhng c tnh mi m
tng phn t ng ring l khng c c.
Vd: H sinh thi c kh nng to ra sinh khi v tch hp sinh vt v
mi trng vt l. Bn thn mi trng vt l khng to ra sinh khi
v sinh vt khng tn ti c nu khng c mi trng
Doanh nghip kt hp my mc v nguyn nhin liu vi hat ng
qun l to ra sn phm v dch v, cht thi. . .
9. PHNG PHP TIP CN H

THNG DNG GII QUYT VN
TRONG NGHIN CU V QUN
L MI TRNG
TiP CN H THNG (System approach)

Gii quyt vn ca h thng
Trong thc tin c nhng trng hp i hi chng ta pht hin
vn v gii quyt vn pht sinh ca h thng trong qu
trnh tn ti v pht trin ca n.
Ty theo tm quan trng ca vn m ta quyt nh c tin
hnh phn tch h thng tan din hay khng.
Tin cn h thng gip tit kim v thi gian v cng sc v
khng phi lm vic tha.
9.1) Cch tip cn vn a ngnh (multi - disciplinary problem

approach)
Cch tip cn a ngnh c nhn bit khi cch tip cn ca
cc chuyn gia chuyn mn ha n ngnh, mi ngi xc nh
vi chuyn mn gc ca ngnh mnh khi hon thnh c vic
phn tch vn (mt phn) v a ra gii php tng phn.
Cch tip cn ny ch thnh cng nu ngi qun l d n vi
thi a ngnh lm cho mi ngi hnh ng tch hp cc
phn tch vn tng phn trong phn tch ton cc v thc
hin s tch hp gii php tng phn thnh mt hay nhiu gii
php ton cc.
Hnh 1.40:
Cch tip
cn a
ngnh
9.2) Cch tip cn vn lin ngnh (interdisciplinary

problem approach)
L cch tip cn p dng bi nhng ngi gii quyt vn ti
thiu vi kin thc c bn ca mt vi n ngnh v mt xu
hng xc nh vn thay v vi chuyn ngnh gc ca anh ta
hay bt k chuyn ngnh no khc. Ngha l, tp hp kin thc
nhiu lnh vc n ngnh gii quyt cng mt vn thay v
ch phn tch v gii quyt vi kin thc chuyn ngnh ca chnh
mnh.
Hnh
1.41:
Cch
tip cn
lin
ngnh
10. KHI NIM V

CNG NGH H THNG
10.1. Khi nim cng ngh h thng

Thit k, xy dng cc h thng ln, phc tp
Cng ngh h thng l mt cch tip cn lin ngnh v cc

phng php cho php thc hin cc h thng ln, phc tp
thnh cng. Cng ngh h thng l mt phng php lun
vn dng l thuyt h thng. Theo ngha c th, cng ngh h
thng l vic thit k ra cc cng trnh xy dng, my mc,
thit b hay c dy chuyn sn xut v cng ngh nhm t
c cc mc tiu xc nh trc.
10.1. Khi nim cng ngh h thng
Cng ngh h thng c nhiu pht huy tc dng trong cc

lnh vc:
1. Xy dng cc chin lc pht trin kinh t quc gia.
2. Quy hoch tng th, quy hoch vng, th.
3. Lnh vc t chc nghin cu khoa hc.
4. Thit k cc h thng k thut phc hp nh cc h thng
nng lng, cc h thng sn xut t ng . . .
5. Pht trin cng ngh phn mm
6. Quy hoch chin lc pht trin Du lch sinh thi quy m ln.
10.2. Cc giai on ca cng ngh h thng trong cc d n

ln phc hp
1. Xc nh cc yu cu, mc tiu h thng, phn tch h thng:
cc thnh phn v chc nng, mi quan h gia cc thnh
phn . . .
2. Ngi ph trch tng cng trnh thc hin thit k h thng
tng th:
3. Phn r thnh cc h thng con, phn cho nhng chuyn gia
c chuyn mn thch hp thit k chi tit
4. Tich hp thnh h thng tng th
5. Lp t v thi cng thc hin h thng
6. Vn hnh th nghim, han thin h thng
7. Ci tin h thng trong qu trnh pht trin
8. Thu hi, hy b h thng
Hnh 1.42: Cc tin trnh c bn trong cng ngh h thng
CU HI THO LUN NHM

1) Biu bng s khi thnh phn ca h sinh thi rng ngp
mn Cn Gi v mi trng bn ngoi ca n?
2) Biu bng s khi thnh phn ca Khu cng nghip Tn
To v mi trng bn ngoi ca n?
3) Biu bng s khi thnh phn ca mt khu du lch sinh thi
v mi trng bn ngoi ca n?
4) V s ng dn trong mi trng t nhin ca Ch (Pb)
trong h sinh thi th TpHCM?
5) V s ng dn trong mi trng t nhin ca Thuc tr
su trong h sinh thi th TpHCM?
Bi 2
NHN THC CC
H SINH THI VI
PHNG PHP LUN
H THNG
Mc tiu Bi 2:
1. Gip ngi hc vn dng cch tip cn h thng bi
1 vo vic nhn thc cc quy lut ca cc h sinh thi
c s nn tng ca qun l mi trng
2. Nhn bit s pht trin ca khi nim h sinh thi v
sinh thi hc
3. Nhn dng cc i tng h sinh thi trong thc t
qun l mi trng.
4. Cu trc h sinh thi t nhin: Sinh vt v mi trng
t nhin
5. Cc tin trnh bin i trong HST T nhin:vt cht
nng lng- chng lai
6. Cc quy lut thay i theo thi gian ca thnh phn t
nhin trong h STNV
1. NGHA V S CN THIT CA VIC NHN THC CC H

SINH THI BNG PHNG PHP LUN H THNG
+ Phn tch h thng xy dng cc m hnh sinh thi

+ ng dng phn tch h sinh thi trong xy dng cc
bo co hin trng, nh gi tc ng mi trng
+ Xc nh phm vi v qui m phn tch mi trng
+ S tng tc v thch nghi ca sinh vt i vi yu t
mi trng
S PHT TRIN CA KHI NiM H SINH THI
Hnh 2.1: S pht trin ca khi nim h sinh thi theo phng
php lun h thng
2.1) Khi nim h sinh thi t nhin

Hnh 2.2:
S tch
hp thnh
h sinh
thi
h sinh thi t nhin (ecosystem), l mt khi nim v mt t

chc c nim khng gian trong h thng bao gm cc thnh
phn hu sinh (sinh) v v sinh (thi) trong c p dng vi
nhiu cp khng gian, t kch thc ca mt git phn cho n
c hnh tinh. V d, ton th khu vc sa mc c th nghin cu
nh l mt h sinh thi. Tng t nh vy, mt lng trn c o
hay ngay c cc cnh ng trn c o ca sa mc c th phn
bit nh l mt h sinh thi.
Hnh 2.3: S n gin ca mt h sinh thi trong t

nhin
2.2) Khi nim h sinh thi nhn vn
Hnh 2.4 a,b:

Cc m hnh
n gin ca h
sinh thi nhn
vn
2.3) H sinh thi tch hp ( th cng nghip)

nhn mnh vai tr ca cc h thng cng ngh- k thut (cc nh my,
phng tin giao thng l cc h thng chuyn ha vt cht v nng
lng do con ngi to ra).
h sinh thi th, c cu thnh t 3 h con: h thng cng ngh k
thut h sinh thi t nhin h x hi:
Hnh 2.5 : Tip cn h thng tch hp : h k thut h x hi v

h t nhin
2.3) H sinh thi tch hp ( th cng nghip)

Thnh phn t nhin:
Sinh vt + Mi trng vt l
Thnh phn k thut Cng

ngh
+ Khu CN. Khu CX
+ Nh my
+ Phng tin giao thng
Hnh 2.6: M hnh h sinh thi tch hp
Thnh phn x hi:

+ Gia nh
+ HT t chc chnh tr
+ H thng sn xut
+ HT Gio dc
+ HT Tp quan l hi
+ H thng lut php
+...... .
CC NGUYN L CHUNG V H SINH THI

2.1) Nguyn l v cu trc thnh phn t nhin
Nhm cc yu t v sinh hay mi trng ni h
Mi trng ni h hay cc yu t l ha trong tt c cc loi h
u biu hin 3 mi gii chnh mi trng chnh: t - nc v
khng kh. Trong bao gm:
Nhng cht v c (C, N, CO2, H2O,. . .) tham gia vo cc tin trnh
bin i, trong sinh thi hc c in gi l cc chu trnh tun hon
vt cht.
Nhng cht hu c: (protein, gluxit, lipit v cc cht mn hu c.
.) lin kt cc thnh phn hu sinh v v sinh.
Ch kh hu (nhit v cc yu t vt l khc)
2.1) Nguyn l v cu trc thnh phn t nhin

Nhm cc yu t sinh vt (qun x sinh vt)
Sinh vt sn xut: gm cc sinh vt t dng: ch yu l cy
xanh, v cc thnh phn hp thu nng lng nh sng, s dng
cc cht v c n gin v to nn cc hp cht phc tp.
Sinh vt tiu th (Thnh phn d dng = n thc n khc), l
cc ng vt n sinh vt khc, s dng, sp xp li v phn hy
cc hp cht phc tp. (Con ngi vi t cch mt loi sinh vt
thuc v nhm sinh vt tiu th)
Sinh vt hoi sinh: ch yu l cc vi khun, nm phn hy cc
hp cht phc tp ca cht nguyn sinh cht, hp th mt s sn
phm phn hy, v gii phng cc cht v c dinh dng thch hp
cho sinh vt sn xut, cng nh gii phng cht v c l ngun
nng lng, l cht c ch hoc kch thch i vi thnh phn khc
ca h sinh thi.
2.1) Nguyn l v cu trc cc h sinh thi t nhin
Hnh 2.7 a: M hnh cu trc h t nhin
2.1) Nguyn l v cu trc cc h sinh thi t nhin
Hnh 2.7b: M hnh cu trc h t nhin
2.1) v d v cu trc h sinh thi t nhin

H sinh thi ao h:
- Cc hp cht v sinh: v c v hu c c bn nh: nc, axit
carbonic, xy, canxi, mui, nit, photpho, amino axit, axit humic. .
.hin din trong t bn y ao, nc ao.
- Sinh vt sn xut: cc thc vt bm v thc vt nh tri ni nh:
to (ph du, phiu thc vt).
- Sinh vt ln tiu th: gm u trng, phiu sinh ng vt, cc loi
thy sn n tht hay n cht hu c.
- Sinh vt hoi sinh gm vi khun, trng roi, nm. . .

H sinh thi rng ngp mn:
Thnh phn bao gm: Qun th thc vt (rng g, cy tiu mc,
cy thn tho. . .),
qun th ng vt rng (Heo rng, nai, kh, c su. . .);
qun th ng vt di nc (tm, c, gip xc. . .) ;
qun th phiu sinh ng vt; vi khun . . .;
nc thy triu;
ch kh hu;

H sinh thi bin:
Cc hp cht v sinh: v c v hu c c bn nh: nc, axit
carbonic, xy, canxi, mui, nit, photpho, amino axit, axit humic. .
.hin din trong t y bin v nc bin.
Sinh vt sn xut: cc thc vt bm v thc vt nh tri ni trong
nc bin (ph du, phiu thc vt).
Sinh vt ln tiu th: gm u trng, phiu sinh ng vt, cc loi hi
sn n tht hay n cht hu c.
Sinh vt hoi sinh gm vi khun, trng roi, nm. . .
2.1) Nguyn l v cu trc cc h sinh thi nhn vn nng nghip

Mt h STNV (mt khu rng, mt vng nng nghip, mt
th trn lun cu thnh bi hai phn h : h sinh thi t
nhin v h thng x hi. Hai phn h ny c quan h tc
ng qua li v ph thuc ln nhau.
Hnh 2.8a: M hnh n gin cu trc h sinh thi nhn vn

a) Phn h t nhin
Nhm cc yu t v sinh hay mi
trng vt l (ni h)
t - nc v khng kh. Trong
bao gm:
Nhng cht v c (C, N, CO2,
H2O,. . .) tham gia vo cc tin
trnh bin i, trong c thm
cc hp cht trong phn bn v
thuc tr su.
Nhng cht hu c: (protein,
gluxit, lipit v cc cht mn hu
c. .) lin kt cc thnh phn hu
sinh v v sinh.
Ch kh hu (nhit v cc
yu t vt l khc)
Nhm cc yu t sinh vt
(qun x sinh vt)
Sinh vt sn xut gm cc
cy trng (ngn ngy, di
ngy) sn xut ra nng
sn.
Sinh vt tiu th ch yu
l vt nui (tru b, heo,
g. . .) v con ngi.
Sinh vt hoi sinh: ch
yu l cc vi khun, nm
phn hy, n6m nhn
to. .

b) Phn h x hi
Gia nh, t chc chnh tr, hi an,
hp tc x, doanh nghip-cng ty
gia nh c cc bin vo nh lng tin, thi gian, ti sn s
hu hay kim c , cc bin trung gian nh trao i tin
tr cho cc dch v, thc phm , dng, cc bin ra nh
sinh ra cht thi, chi tin ra. . . .
Cc gia nh l cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng x hi.
Bn cnh gia nh, cc t chc chnh tr x hi, hi an, bn
thn, cc doanh nghip, cng ty cng l cc thnh phn c
bn ca h x hi thuc h sinh thi nhn vn nng nghip.
2.2) Khi nim h sinh thi nhn vn
Hnh 2.8b: M hnh n gin cu trc h sinh thi nhn vn
2.1) Nguyn l v cu trc cc h sinh thi th tch hp

Mt h sinh thi th l mt tng th tch hp bao gm 3 phn
h: t nhin v x hi v k thut cng ngh, c quan h ph
thuc ln nhau.
Hnh
2.9:
M
hnh
n
gin
cu
trc
h
sinh
thi
tch
hp
2.1) Nguyn l v cu trc cc h sinh thi th tch hp
Thnh phn
K thut
Cng ngh
K thut Cng Kinh t x hi

ngh
Cung cp dch v,
sn phm p
ng nhu cu x
hi
Kinh t x hi
a ra cc quyt
nh sn xut, cc
chnh sch, lut
m bo pht trin
bn vng
T nhin
Cung
cp
ti Cung cp mi
nguyn,
khng trng sng, ngh
gian sn xut. . .
ngi gii tr. . .
T nhin
Thi cht thi gay
nhim, lm h thng t
nhin mt n nh
Khai thc ti nguyn. . .
.
a ra cc quyt nh
khai thc ti nguyn, cc
chnh sch, lut m
bo pht trin bn vng,
tng dn s to ra p
lc.
2.2)Nguyn l v ranh gii h thng mi trng bn ngoi

Mi h STNV c mt ranh gii a l v mt khng gian, chu tc ng
ca hai loi mi trng bn ngoi : mi trng t nhin v mi trng
kinh t x hi v c tc ng ngc li.
Tng tc h STNV Mi trng t nhin
Cc h STNV trong thc t u c ranh gii a l xc nh v
mt hnh chnh . V d mt Qun, mt Tnh, Thnh ph. . .
Mi trng t nhin bn ngoi tc ng ln h ST th thng
qua cc u vo l cc yu t t nhin nh : ma, kh hu, nc
lt, bo, ging gi, cung cp cc khang sn, g, cy trng. . .
Ngc li cc bin u ra t h ST th tc ng ngc li mi
trng t nhin nh sinh ra cht thi, gy nhim, gy cn kit
ti nguyn. . .

Tng tc H STNV Mi trng Kinh t X hi
Mi trng kinh t x hi bn ngoi tc ng n h ST th
thng qua cc bin vo l cc yu t nh: tri thc (internet,
sch, bo truyn thng), k thut cng ngh, my mc thit b,
ngi nhp c, t gi tin t, gi c, sn phm tiu dng, du
nhp vn ha, lut cng c quc t. . .
Ngc li cc bin ra t h ST th tc ng ngc li mi
trng kinh t x hi bn ngai nh : tri thc, cng ngh, xut
khu sn phm, xut khu lao ng, di c. . .

Cc tc ng vng lp phn hi ny thng qua cc tin trnh
bin i to ra cc tc ng tch cc ln tiu cc cho h ST
th v mi h ST th phi c s thch nghi c th
pht trin bn vng.
Khng phi ch c s thay i mi trng bn ngai mi gy
ra s bin i ca h ST th. Mt s thay i trong thnh
phn ca chnh h ST th cng to ra hiu ng thay i
tng th.
V d, mt s thay i trong h sinh thi t nhin nh l lt
cng c th gy ra thay i h x hi (thay i cch sng,
cch t chc tr n sng chung vi l. . ) t lm thay i
tng th h STNV.

2.3) Nguyn l v tin trnh bin i trong cc HST
C nhiu tin trnh bin i phc tp din ra trong cc h STNV,
cc tin trnh bin i ny din ra theo dng vng lp phn hi.
C 5 nhm tin trnh bin i chnh trong cc h sinh thi :
+ Tin trnh bin i vt cht (t nhin nhn to)
+ Tin trnh bin i nng lng (t nhin nhn to)
+ Tin trnh bin i chng loi
+ Tin trnh bin i thng tin
+ Tin trnh bin i ti chnh (dng tin)
+ Tin trnh bin i vt cht (t

nhin nhn to)
Bin i vt cht t nhin

S vn chuyn cc nguyn t cn thit cho s sng v cc hp cht
v c thng c khi qut trong cc chu trnh cc cht dinh
dng khong:Nc, Nit, Oxy, Dioxid Carbon (CO2), Phosphat
(PO4), Lu hunh (SO4).
Trong cc h ST th, phn tch lung vt cht cn tnh n cc
cht gy nhim c hi cho sc khe con ngi nh: (SOx nh
SO2, SO3.); (NOx nh NO2, NO3.); cc kim loi nng nh Arsen,
Ch, thy ngn. . . nng thn, cn ch n lung phn bn v
thuc tr su.
Vic nghin cu chu trnh cc cht dinh dng rt c ngha trong
vic bo m s cn bng ca h sinh thi. Vic nghin cu cc c
t v chu trnh chuyn ha ca chng qua cc thnh phn trong
HST c ngha rt ln trong vic bo v mi trng, ngn nga
nguy c suy thoi mi trng, bo m pht trin bn vng.
Hnh 2.10: Tin trnh chu chuyn nc trong sinh quyn
Hnh 2.11: Tin trnh chu chuyn cc bontrong sinh quyn
Hnh 2.12: Tin trnh chu chuyn ni t trong sinh quyn
Hnh 2.13: Tin trnh chu chuyn pht pho trong sinh quyn
bin i vt cht nhn to

u vo: cc yu t vt cht i vo h sinh thi nh: s du nhp sn
phm, nguyn liu t cc h sinh thi khc, s pht thi cc cht
gy nhim t bn ngoi h sinh thi (v d nhim t cc ni
khc pht tn n), nc chy theo sng sui c ngun gc t HST
khc, nc thy triu t HST bin. . .
u ra: cc yu t vt cht i ra khi h sinh thi nh: s xut khu
sn phm, nguyn liu n cc h sinh thi khc bn ngai, s pht
thi cc cht gy nhim t bn trong h sinh thi ra cc h khc
bean ngai, nc chy theo sng sui c ngun gc t HST chy ra
bn ngai, nc ra bin. . .
Bin i vt cht trung gian: l s bin i trong ni b HST. Trong
bin i ny, cn quan tm c bit n bin i v lan truyn cc
cht gy nhim.
+ Tin trnh bin i vt cht (t nhin nhn to)
bin i vt cht nhn to
Hnh 2.14: Tin trnh bin i vt cht nhn to trong HST

th
+ Tin trnh bin i

nng lng (t nhin
nhn to)
+ Bin i nng lng t nhin

u vo l nng lng bc x do nh sng mt tri mang li thng
qua sinh vt sn xut to ra cht hu c. S vn chuyn nng lng
dinh dng t ngun thc vt, i qua hng lot sinh vt trong chui
dinh dng, c tip din bng cch mt s sinh vt ny dng sinh
vt khc lm thc n gi l chui thc n.
Trong sinh thi hc c in, phn tch lung nng lng ca h thng
qua cc khi nim: chui thc n, li thc n v bc dinh dng,
cu trc dinh dng, v cc hnh thp sinh thi.
Lu : quan tm n cc nh lut vt l nh bo ton nng lng,
bin i cc dng nng lng. i vi cc HST nhn to, khi phn
tch lung nng lng cn ch n s tham gia lung nng lng
ca s nng lng ha thch (du ha, than , kh thin nhin) i
vo h thng.
+ Tin trnh bin i nng lng (t nhin nhn to)
+ Bin i nng lng nhn to

trong h sinh thi xy ra ch yu trong thnh phn hk thut cng
ngh . Nhn bit cc tin trnh bin i trong cc thnh phn k thut
cng ngh rt cn thit cho cc gii php ngn nga nhim, sn
xut sch hn . . (xem hnh 2.14)
2.15: Tin trnh bin i nng lng mt tri
Phn chiu bi my v
kh quyn
23
100
8
Hp th bi kh
20
quyn v my
Phn chiu bi
b mt
S
phn
chiu
57
2
47
Hp th bi quang hp
Hp th nhit
Sc ti mi trng (Carrying Capacity)

i vi mt h sinh thi bn vng, qui m qun
th v kh nng cung cp thc n phi cn
bng lu di d c th dao ng trong thi gian
ngn no
Sc ti mi trng l s c th ca mt lai
no cn bng bn vi h sinh thi trong thi
gian di nu khng c s suy thoi ca mi
trng.
Hnh 2.16: Sc ti mi trng (Carrying Capacity)
Sc ti mi trng ca mt qun th no c th c h
tr v mt ngun ti nguyn no , mt cch lu di.
Qun th n nh khi qui m di sc ti mi trng ,
Nu vt qu, qun th c th b hy dit v t vong c th
xy ra
Tim nng sinh hc (Biotic potential) l tc

tng trng ti a ca qun th do cc c th ci
trong qun th c th sinh sn v tt c cc c th
c th sng qua thi k ti sinh sn.
S khng mi trng (Environmental
resistance): Cc yu t nh cung cp thc n, thi
tit, dch bnh v th d c th lm cho mt qun
th pht trin di tim nng sinh hc ca n.
Hnh 2.17: Thp nng lng trong h sinh thi
Hnh 2.18: Nng lng thc phm cho lai ngi cc

bc dinh dng khc nhau
Hnh 2.19: Lung nng lng i qua cc h sinh thi
Mt cch n gin:
SV Sn xut
Nhit
SV tiu th
SV phn hy
Nhit
Hnh 2.29: Mng thc n (Food Web)
Mt mng
thc n bao
gm cc
ng dnPrimary
qua nng
Producer
lng v
dng cht
i qua mt
h sinh thi
http://www.uakron.edu/biology/peter/principles/
Hnh 2.30: Mng thc n trn cn/di nc

(Terrestrial/aquatic food web)
Quan h gia cc sinh vt trn cn. Mi tn ch mi quan h gia th n tht v con

mi . Cc chm mu ch r loi sinh vt trn thp dinh dng
Hnh 2.31: Mng thc n trn cn
Hnh 2.32: Thp s lng (Pyramid of Numbers)
10
NG VT N THT
100
NG VT N C 10,000
SINH VT SN XUT 100,000
Hnh 2.33a :Thp sinh khi (Pyramid of Biomass)
2o ng vt n tht
24 kg
495 kg
ng vt n c 11,810 kg
Sinh vt sn xut 280,000 kg
Hnh 2.33b :Thp sinh khi (Pyramid of Biomass)
http://www.awbl.com/classes/science/ecology/lesson02/02-02.html
Hnh 2.34: Thp nng lng (Pyramid of Energy)
Nng lng hu dng cho mi bc dinh dng

10
SV tiu th sau cng

90% mt nhit
100
SV tiu th th cp
90% mt nhit
1000
SV tiu th s cp
90% mt nhit
10,000
Sinh vt sn xut s cp
Hnh 2.35: S tch t khuch i sinh hc (Biological

Magnification)
Bin i nng lng trong h sinh thi

Quang hp (Photosynthesis)
CO2 + H2O + nng lng
C6H12O6 + O2
709 kcal
Hiu qu quang hp < 2%,

Tin trnh quang hp b gii hn bi s kh
dng ca CO2
Bin i nng lng trong h sinh thi

H hp (Respiration) (t chy - combustion)
Bin i nng lng tr trong cc hp cht ha
hc c s dng bi cc t bo cho tng
trng , vn ng , t duy . . .
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O + nng lng

674 kcal
35 kcal

+ S nhp c (nhn to hay t nhin) ca cc loi i vo
h sinh thi
+ S di c (nhn to hay t nhin) ca cc loi i ra khi
h sinh thi

c s dch chuyn ca cc loi ng thc vt gia cc HST
1. Gi mang ht ging, bo t, nhiu cn trng nh v nhn.
2. Nc ngm hoc trn mt t mang ht ging, cn trng.
3. Cc loi bit bay (chim, di, ong) mang ht ging, bo t, cn
trng trong cnh hoc cp chn, v cng mang ht ging trong
rut.
4. Cc loi vt sng trn mt t (ng vt c v v loi b st)
mang cc loi vt khc nh tri cy nh bn ngoi v ht ging
bn trong rut v thi ra dng phn.
5. Cui cng con ngi mang rt nhiu loi-khng nhng ch bm
vo qun o, bn trong rut m cn trong cc vt cha hoc
phng tin chuyn ch nhiu loi (c gii, bn c gii).
+ Tin trnh bin i thng tin

Tt c cc lnh vc hay cc h thng thnh phn ca h sinh thi u
c qu trnh bin i thng tin:
H k thut cng ngh: thng tin th trng, vn, cng ngh, ti
nguyn sn xut.
H kinh t x hi: thng tin KHCN, thng tin th trng, thng tin
vn ha gio dc. .
H t nhin: thng tin truyn theo m di truyn ca cc lai
thch nghi v tin ha t i ny sang i khc.
+ Tin trnh bin i ti chnh

(dng tin)
Bin i kinh t ti chnh ch xy ro trong phm vi h kinh t x
hi. Trong phm vi nghin cu qun l mi trng, c bit l
nghin cu lin quan n lp cc d n nh gi tc ng mi
trng, d n sn xut sch hn, ngn nga, kim sat nhim,
nh qun l cn phi quan tm n dng ti chnh ca d n, nhn
bit chi ph li ch c cn c cho cc nh lnh o ra quyt nh.
2.3.6. Cc c ch ca s tng tc gia cc h sinh

thi nhn vn cn k:
2.3.6.1) C ch vn chuyn (vectors):
Gi mang nhiu th bao gm: nng lng, nhit,nc, bi, kh
sng v cc cht gy nhim, tuyt, m thanh, ht ging, bo
t, nhiu cn trng nh v nhn.
Nc ngm hoc trn mt t mang cc cht khong dinh dng,
ht ging, cn trng, rc cng, phn bn v nhiu cht c.
Cc loi bit bay (chim, di, ong) mang ht ging, bo t, cn trng
trong cnh hoc cp chn, v cng mang ht ging trong rut.
Cc loi vt sng trn mt t (ng vt c v v loi b st) mang
cc loi vt khc nh tri cy nh bn ngoi v ht ging bn
trong rut v thi ra dng phn.
con ngi mang rt nhiu loi-khng nhng ch bm vo qun o,
bn trong rut m cn trong cc vt cha hoc phng tin
chuyn ch nhiu loi (c gii, bn c gii).
2.3.6. Cc c ch ca s tng tc gia cc h sinh

thi nhn vn cn k [2]
2.3.6.2) Cc lc (Forces):
a) S khuch tn
l lc chuyn dch vt cht trng thi ha tan hoc trng thi
dung dch t ni c nng cao sang ni c nng thp. V
d, mt nh my x khi vi mt cao s lan ta n khu
dn c k cn hoc s dng Arsenic trong cc bi khai thai
vng s khuych tc c cht vo cc sui, sng.
b) Lung vn chuyn (Mass flow hay transport, transfer)
l s di chuyn vt cht theo s phn bc nng lng.
b.1) Lung vn chuyn do nc:
b.2) Lung vn chuyn do gi
c) Lc vn ng (Locomotion)
L lc di chuyn mt vt t ni ny sang ni khc bng s tiu
hao nng lng.
NG THI CA CC
H SINH THI
2.4) Nguyn l v ng thi ca h sinh thi nhn vn

Cc h sinh thi nhn vn u bin i theo thi gian. Mt s thay i
mi trng bn ngoi hay s thay i ca cc phn h u tc ng
n s bin i ca ton h thng.
ng thi ca h sinh thi c th c biu th bng th BOTG ca
cc yu t c trng cho cc lung thng tin tn hiu nh: Nng
lng, vt cht (cc yu t l ha sinh), chng loi (s lng c th,
s lng loi. . .) theo thi gian. Cc th ny l cc kt qu quan
trc qua nhiu nm.
Nhng ng cong din bin ng thi ca cc h sinh thi c th xc
nh bng ba thng s c lp:
Chiu hng tng qut ca s bin i (tng, gim hoc mc )
dao ng tng i quanh xu th tng qut (ln hay nh)
Nhp dao ng (thng xuyn/khng thng xuyn)
Hnh 2.36: S din th (succession)

2.4.1.1) S n nh ca cc h sinh thi
Hnh 2.37: M hnh "i Nga" v s n nh v n nh tm thi

ca mt h thng vt l. Mt hn bi di chuyn t ch lm ny
n ch lm khc, ty thuc vo cng (mc nng lng)
ca mt s thay i mi trng nh l s rung (shake)

2.4.1.1) S n nh ca cc h sinh thi
Hnh 2.38: Mt m hnh n nh tm thi cho mt h sinh thi. Sinh

khi tch ly thng qua din th, v cc nhiu lon lm gim sinh
khi. Tng tnh nh tm thi ch rng nhng thay i mi trng
ln hn l cn thit lm nhiu h thng. Vi nhiu lon lm thay
i mi trng lm cho n c cc c trng hon ton khc khi tch
ly sinh khi lin tc. Cc im A, B v D biu th 3 kiu n nh c
bn.

Hnh 2:39) Mc tc ng v gii hn chu ng ca cc h sinh thi
Hnh 2.40: V d v nhng kh nng s bin i tnh trng ca HST

RNG
2.5) Nguyn l v c cu cp bc v tng tc cn k
Hnh 2.41: C cu cp bc ca cc h sinh thi
2.5) Nguyn l v c cu cp bc v tng tc cn k [2]

Cc h sinh thi th c c cu cp bc (hierarchy structure),
trong , cc h ln cn v mt a l lun c s tc ng ln nhau.
Hng gi : gi c th a kh nhim ca cc HST bn ngai vo
th.
Cao trn lu vc : th h ngun chu tc ng ca cc HST
thng ngun v nhim nc, nhim c trong ngun nc
mt.
Kt cu a cht ca tng nc ngm : vic khai thc nc ngm qu
ca mt khu vc bn ngai c th gy st ln t v suy gim
mc nc ngm ca mt H St khc.
Tc ng tng tc ca thy triu vi HST th ven bin c th gy
ra vn xm nhp mn
Hnh 2.42: C cu cp bc sinh thi
C th (bc thp nht)
Qun th (Population)
Qun x (Community)
H sinh thi (Ecosystem)
Sinh i (Biome)
Sinh quyn
(Biosphere) (bc cao nht)
Hnh 2.42: T chc khng gian ca s sng
Cc lai
Nhm cc sinh vt
nui dng ln
nhau
Qun th
Cc c th ca cng lai trong
mt khu vc hay vng
Qun x (Community)
Tt a cc qun th trong
mt khu vc hay vng
H sinh thi
Cc qun x + Cc yu t phi sinh vt
ca mt khu vc hay vng
Cu hi tho lun nhm

1. Lp mt bng ma trn trnh by mi lin h tng tc gia cc
thnh phn trong:
+ H sinh thi rng ngp mn
+ Mt khu cng nghip
2. V s ng dn trong mi trng t nhin ca Ch (Pb)
trong h sinh thi th TpHCM?
3. V s ng dn trong mi trng t nhin ca Thuc tr
su trong h sinh thi th TpHCM?
4. V s khi thit k mt h thng sinh thi cng nghip gm
cc nh my: ch bin g, nh my giy, nh my ng, nh
my sn xut st, nh my sn xut phn bn. Cn thm nhng
thnh phn no khc khu cng nghip sinh thi pht trin bn
vng v thn thin mi trng.
Bi 3
PHNG PHP PHN TCH

SWOT XY DNG NH HNG
CHIN LC PHT TRIN CHO
CC H THNG
1.Khi nim v SWOT

l mt cng c tm kim tri thc v mt i tng da trn nguyn
l h thng, trong :
Phn tch im mnh (S= strength), im yu (W= weakness) l s
nh gi t bn trong, t nh gi v kh nng ca h thng
(i tng) trong vic thc hin mc tiu, ly mc tiu lm
chun xp mt c trng no l im mnh (h tr mc
tiu) hay im yu (cn tr mc tiu).
Phn tch c hi (O= opportunities), thch thc (T= threats) l s
nh gi cc yu t bn ngoi chi phi n mc tiu pht trin
ca h thng (i tng), ly mc tiu lm chun xp mt
c trng no ca mi trng bn ngoi l c hi (h tr
mc tiu) hay thch thc (cn tr mc tiu).
MANH, TCH
CC
YEU, TIEU
CC
BEN TRONG
HE THONG
Cac iem manh
Cac iem yeu
MOI TRNG
BEN NGOAI
Cac c hoi
Cac thach thc
Hnh 3.1. M hnh SWOT
2. ngha ca SWOT
bao cao nh ky, trong xay dng mi mot to chc,
vgap mot th thach can phai quyet nh,
vxay dng chien lc phat trien cho mot to chc. . .
ap dung cho cuoc song i thng cua ca nhan,
khi can phai quyet nh trc nhng phng an chon la cho
hng tng lai,
vach ra hanh ong e thc hien mot muc tieu nao o.
3. Su giai on:
3.1) Xc nh mc tiu ca h thng
3.2) Xc nh ranh gii h thng
3.3) Phn tch cc bn quan (thnh phn bn trong h
thng, cc thnh phn bn ngoi h thng) xy
dng khung lm vic cho phn tch SWOT
3.4) Phn tch SWOT
3.5) Giai on vch ra chin lc hay gii php
3.6) Giai on x l xung t mc tiu v xp th t
cc chin lc
3.1) Xac nh muc tieu cua he thong

a muc tieu: Vd Du lch sinh thai co 3 muc tieu : bao ton thien nhien, an
sinh xa hoi (s tham gia cua cong ong a phng) va kinh doanh co li
nhuan.
chu y s xung ot mau thuan muc tieu.
Mot ac trng co the la iem manh oi vi muc tieu kinh te nhng la iem
yeu cua muc tieu bao ton.
Mot muc tieu chnh va cac muc tieu ket hp:
v du trong d an phat trien khu dan c mi, muc tieu chnh la tao ra mot
tieu he sinh thai nhan van phat trien ben vng, trong o bao gom cac muc
tieu ket hp la ben vng kinh te, ben vng xa hoi va ben vng moi trng.
n muc tieu : v du nh d an bao ve moi trng co s tham gia cua cong
ong co muc tieu chnh la bao ve moi trng.
3.2) Xac nh ranh gii he thong:

+ Ranh gii cu the: la ranh gii a ly, ranh gii mang tnh
vat ly phan biet bang trc quan.
+ Ranh gii tru tng: quy nh bang the hoi vien (ngi
co the la trong he thong), bang quyet nh thanh lap to
chc (co ten trong quyet nh la trong he thong).
3.3) Phn tch cc bn c lin quan

+ Cc bn c lin quan bn trong h thng
Lin h n mc tiu a ra y cc thnh phn ca h
thng
+ cc bn c lin quan bn ngai h thng
Lin h n mc tiu a ra y cc thnh phn ca mi
trng bn ngai h thng c nh hng n vic t mc tiu
HT.
Khng a cc thnh phn khng c ngha i vi vic t mc
tiu ca HT
Biu th bng mt s khi.
S s gi cho ta suy ngha v SWOT
Hnh 3.2: Vd: Phn tch cc bn c lin quan n Du lch sinh thi
3.4) Phan tch he thong, xay dng khung lam viec

cho phan tch SWOT
Xay dng hnh anh nhan thc ve he thong va ve ra s o cau truc
he thong tng oi chi tiet:
- He thong bao gom nhng thanh phan nao (phan ra he thong
thanh cac thanh phan chi tiet en mc o ap ng c muc tieu
he thong)
- Nhng thanh phan nao ben ngoai moi trng co tac ong quan
trong en viec thc hien muc tieu he thong
- Nhng hoat ong nao hien co trong qua trnh hoat ong cua he
thong.
-S bien oi cua he thong co g ang quan tam oi vi muc tieu
phat trien
-C cau cap bac cua he thong co lien quan en muc tieu phat trien
-Tnh troi cua he thong co lien quan en muc tieu phat trien
Phan tch SWOT (S)

a) iem manh - u the (Strengths) t ben trong he thong
vCac ac trng ho tr muc tieu cua he thong ang co?
vCai g la u iem so vi muc tieu ban can at ?
vNguon lc nao thch hp nao ban can phai tiep can e thc hien
muc tieu?
vXet t ben ngoai, ngi khac thay g ve cac u the cua he thong?
vXem xet u the theo quan iem ben trong he thong va quan iem
cua ben ngoai ma he thong lien he.
v Trong khi tm u the, suy ngh ve chung trong moi lien he vi he
thong canh tranh, oi thu.
Phan tch SWOT (W)

b) iem yeu: (Weaknesses ) t ben trong he thong
Ban co the cai tien he thong cai g?
Cai g lam cho he thong kem?
He thong nen tranh khoi cai g?
He thong nen xem xet iem yeu cua ben trong va t cach nhn t ben
ngoai: Ngi khac co nhan ra iem yeu ma he thong ma he thong cha boc
lo khong (iem yeu tiem tang)?
He thong canh tranh vi he thong ang xem xet co lam tot hn khong?
hay oi mat vi bat ky s that khong mong muon nao khi co the.
Phan tch SWOT (O)
c) Phan tch cac c hoi (Opportunities) t ben ngoai

au la cac c hoi tot ma he thong se gap?
Cac xu hng co li ma he thong ang co la g?
Cac c hoi co ch co the en t nhng viec nh:
Thay oi trong cong nghe va th trng qui mo nho cung nh ln.
S thay oi chnh sach cua chnh phu lien quan en nganh DLST.
Thay oi trong xa hoi, dan so, kieu song, i song tang len.
Cac bien co a phng co tac ong en muc tieu cua he thong hay cua to
chc cua he thong ang xet?
Mot cach tiep can hu ch e tm c hoi la tm u the va t hoi cac u
the nay co m ra c hoi nao khong. Mat khac, tm trong iem yeu xem co
c hoi nao e loai tr chung.
Phan tch SWOT (T)

d) Cac thach thc (Threats) t ben ngoai
qCac can tr nao ma he thong se gap khi thc hien muc tieu?
qCac he thong oi thu canh tranh ang lam g?
qCac qui nh yeu cau trong cong viec, san pham hay dch vu co ang thay
oi.
qS thay oi cong nghe, s canh tranh, s au t cua nc ngoai co e doa
v tr cua he thong?
qThc hien cac phan tch nay se lam sang to cai g can c lam va a
van e ra e nhan thc.
qBan cung co the ap dung phan tch SWOT cho he thong oi thu canh tranh
cua ban. ieu o co the sinh ra cac ieu thu v.
3.5) Giai oan vach ra chien lc hay giai phap

1.Chien lc S/O: Phat huy iem manh e tan
dung thi c va ngc lai, tranh thu thi c e phat huy u
the(
2. Chien lc W/O: Khong e iem yeu lam mat
c hoi, tan dung c hoi e khac phuc iem yeu
3. Chien lc S/T: Phat huy iem manh e khac
phuc vt qua thach thc
4. Chien lc W/T: Khong e thach thc lam phat
trien iem yeu.
O
T
S+O
S-T
O-W
-W -T
3.6) Giai on x l xung t mc tiu v xp th t

cc chin lc
1. u tin cc chin lc pht huy th mnh
2. C s lp i lp li nhiu ln nht l chin lc u tin nht.
3. Chin lc khng cha ng s mu thun vi mc tiu c
u tin tip theo.
4. Chin lc cha ch mt xung t, mu thun nhng khi thc
hin, s tn hi mc tiu th hai l khng nghim trng v c
th khc phc c.
5. Cc chin lc cn li th cn nhc s tn hi cc mc tiu
gi li hay b i.
6. Kt qu xp th t u tin cc chin lc s l cn c xy
dng k hoch chin lc pht trin cho h thng
Cu hi tho lun nhm

p dng phng php phn tch SWOT nh
hng pht trin h thng giao thng th theo
mc tiu pht trin giao thng cng cng
hng pht trin du lch thin nhin cho khu d tr
sinh quyn Cn Gi
hng pht trin c quan hc vin ang cng tc.
Bi 4
PHNG PHP PHN

TCH LOGICAL
FRAMEWORK
XAY DNG CAC D AN PHAT TRIEN
TRONG LNH VC MOI TRNG TAI
NGUYEN
1. NHN DNG CC D N LIN QUAN N MI

TRNG TI NGUYN
Cc d n pht trin du lch sinh thi: gn cng tc bo tn thin
nhin, an sinh x hi v kinh doanh.
Cc d n pht trin khu dn c, th mi.
Cc d n bo v mi trng c s tham gia ca cng ng
Cc d n quy hoch th, quy hoch khu dn c. . .
Cc d n giao t, giao rng cho ngi dn qun l , bo v
D n cm dn c vng ngp l ng bng sng Cu Long.
Cc d n gii ta, ti nh c
Qui nh v cc tiu chun ring ca Ngnh ph trch qun l
nguyn l chung trong qu trnh hnh thnh, xy dng v qun l d
n.
Khung lun l l mt phng php lun, da

trn trit l Nu Th:
Cac hoat ong cua d an
Cac ket
qua hoat
ong
Cac
nguon
lc
Muc tieu tong quat
(Quoc gia, nganh, c
quan tai tro)
CAC MUC TIEU THANH PHAN
Muc tieu d an
Hnh 4.1: Tm tt nguyn l ca phng php Phn tch khung

lun l (Logical Framework Analysis)
2. Khi nim v phng php

LOGFRAME
LFA l mt cng c phn tch, din t v qun l gip cc nh
qun l v lp k hoch:
Phn tch tnh hnh hin ti trong qu trnh chun b d n;
Thit lp c cu cp bc cho cc gii php t cc mc tiu;
Cc nh cc ri ro tim tng khi t mc tiu v cc kt qu
bn vng;
Thit lp cch theo di v nh gi cc kt qu v hu qu.
Din t tm tt mt d n theo hnh thc chun v
Theo di v xem xt cc d n trong qu trnh thc hin.
3. S dng LFA
LFA c th c dng trong chu trnh qun l cc hot ng
trong vic:
Xc nh v nh gi cc hot ng c ph hp khng trong
cc chng trnh quc gia.
Chun b cho vit thit k d n mt cch c h thng v
logic.
nh gi cc thit k d n ang c
Thc hin cc d n c duyt. v
Theo di, xem xt li v nh gi tnh trng v tin b ca d
n.
4. Cc thut ng trong LFA

Bn m t d n: cho ra m t tm tt ci g d n nh t
c v bng cch no. N m t cc phng thc cc
mc tiu yu cu c th t c (Logic dc)
Mc tiu tng th
Ch cc mc tiu quc gia hay mc tiu ngnh m d n lp ra
d phn thc hin v d: tng thu nhp, ci thin tnh trng
dinh dng , gim ti phm, bo v mi trng, pht trin
bn vng.
Mc tiu tng th gip xc lp bi cnh v m trong d n
p ng v m t tc ng lu di m d n d kin s gp
phn theo hung (nhng t n khng t c hay c th
c xc lp ring l)
Cc thut ng trong LFA (tt)

Mc tiu d n
L nhng g d n d kin t c trong khun kh kt qu
pht trin bn vng . V d, gia tng sn xut nng nghip ,
nc sch, ci thin dch v php l.
Mc tiu d n ch nn bao gm mt cu pht biu v mc tiu.
Mc tiu thnh phn
Khi d n ln v c mt s thnh phn (kt qu/lnh vc hot
ng), nn xc nh mt mc tiu cho mi thnh phn
Cc mc tiu ny cho ra lin h logic gia cc kt qu ca
thnh phn v mc tiu d n.

Cc kt qu (Outputs)
L cc kt qu xc nh v kt qu c thc (hng ha v dch
v). Vd: cc h thng thy li, cc cng trnh h tng, cc
chnh sch c a ra, s nhn vin c hun luyn.
Mi thnh phn nn c ti thiu mt kt qu v thng c
n 4-5
Phn b ca cc kt qu d n nn rng ri di s kim
sot ca qun l d n

Cc hot ng (Activities)
L cc nhim v thc hin nhm t c cc kt qu cn t.
Vd: cp nc cho cng ng mi nn gm: thit k mi, thnh
lp y ban ngi s dng nc, lp qui trnh bo qun, thu
thp vt liu a phng , xy dn h cha, lp t ng
nc, o h thot nc v lp y ban.
Ma trn Logframe khng nn bao gm qu nhiu chi tit v
cc hot ng v s qu di, cng nhc. Nu s xc nh
hot ng cn chi tit ha, nn din t ring trong mt lch
trnh hot ng di dng gin Gantt. Khng nn a vo
ma trn.

Ngun lc u vo (Inputs)
L cc ngun lc cn cho vic thc hin cc hot ng v to ra kt
qu . Vd: nhn lc, thit b, vt liu. .
Tuy nhin, cc u vo khng nn bao gm trong hnh thc ma trn.
Cc gi nh (Assumptions)
m ch cc iu kin c th nh hng n tin b hay thnh cng
ca d n nhng theo , ngi qun l d n khng kim sot trc
tip. V d, thay i gi c, chnh sch t ai thay i, thay i lut
l. Mt gi nh l mt pht biu tch cc ca mt iu kin cn phi
c mc tiu d n t c.
Mt ri ro l mt pht biu tiu cc v nhng g ngn tr thc hin
mc tiu d n.

Ch th (Indicators)
L thng tin ta cn gip ta xc nh tin b ca d n theo
hng t mc tiu d n a ra. Khi c th, mt ch th
nn xc nh r rng n v o v mt ch n chi tit v s
lng, cht lng v thi hn kt qu d kin t c.
Phng php kim nh (Means of verification (MOVs).
Nn xc nh r rng v ngun thng tin ta cn thu thp. Ta cn
xem xt thng tin thu thp bng cch no (phng php), ai
s c trch nhim v tn sut thu thp cung cp thng tin.
5. Cc giai on thc hin LFA
Hnh 4.2: Tm tt Cc giai an thc hin phng php Phn tch

khung lun l (Logical Framework Analysis)
5.1) Giai on phn tch (Analysis phase)

5.1.1/ Phn tch tnh hung hon cnh (Situation
Analysis)
D n s tp trung vo nhng lnh vc hoc ti lin quan no?
D n nhm t c ci g?
D n s tp trung vo cc t l khng gian no, gii hn trong ch
(t tng th / v m ti chi tit / vi m) hoc mang tnh a l (t a
phng n ton cu)
D n s hot ng trong cc lnh vc no: chnh tr, kinh t-x hi,
cng ngh, mi trng sinh thi?
Ai s thc hin d n?
Thi gian mong i ca d n l bao lu?
Mc ti tr mong i l bao nhiu?
Phn tch cc bn c lin quan

Mc ch chnh ca phn tch cc bn c lin quan l:
+ Nhm th hin tt hn cc tc ng x hi tc ng phn phi
ca d n v chnh sch
+ Xc nh cc xung t hin ti v tim tng ca li ch v cc
chin lc gim thiu cc yu t thch hp vo thit k cc hot
ng.
Phn tch cc bn c lin quan t ra cu hi vn ca ai v
nu mt chin lc can thip trong d n c ngh th ai s
l ngi hng li ch. Phn tch cc bn c lin quan rt cn
trong cc d n lin quan n ti tr, ngho i. .
Ai l cc i tc chnh?
Cc i tc s lin quan n quy trnh thit k, thc hin, gim st, nh
gi v bo co nh th no?
Ai s tip tc tc ng ti cc vn c sn? H s lm g?
Ai s ti tr cho d n?

Ma trn phn tch cc bn c lin quan b tc ng bi vn
nh th no?
Cc bn c lin quan
B tc ng bi vn
nh th no
Kh nng/ng c
tham gia trong vic
nu ra vn
Quan h vi cc bn
c lin quan (ng
hnh hay mu thun)

Ma trn phn tch cc bn c lin quan Cc tc ng d kin
ca cc can thip/gii php ngh
Cc bn c
lin quan
Mc tiu
chnh ca
bn c lin
quan
Cc tc
ng/li
ch tch
cc
Cc tc
ng/li
ch tiu
cc
Tc ng
thun
Hi tho v khung lun l:
Ai s lin quan n hi tho v khung lun l?

Hi tho s tin hnh u?
Ai s to iu kin cho hi tho?
Ti liu cn bn, cc tham lun v kin chuyn mn c th
cn cho hi tho bao gm nhng g?
Cc ti liu v cc vn hu cn cn thit l g?
5.1.2/ Phn tch vn (The Analysis of Problems):

Cy vn l mt gin ghi li cc vn t ra trong d n
v cc nguyn nhn ca n.
D n lin quan n vn g?
Nguyn nhn ca nhng vn l g?
Bi cnh rng hn m nhng vn v cn nguyn ca n
xut hin l g?
Nhng mi lin h ca nhng vn l g?
Phn tch vn (The Analysis of Problems) (tt)

Cc k thut c th c dng xc nh cc vn chnh.
Nu ra mt vn lin quan n ch chnh ca d n.
Nu ra cc nguyn nhn ca n.
Sau khi a ra ht cc nguyn nhn ca vn , tip tc nu
ra vn mi.
Di chuyn cc vn t cc nhm vn . Thm vo cc vn
ni cm.
Nu vn mi ny l nguyn nhn ca cc vn nu, xp
n pha lp nhnh di ca cy. Nu n l hu qu ca vn
nu, xp n vo nhnh trn ca cy. Nu vn mi khng l
nguyn nhn, khng l hu qu, th xp ngang hng vi vn
nu ra trc .
Sau cng cc vn c trnh by ra sau nn c gp li
vo cc nhm vn tng t nhau.
Cc vn c th di chuyn ln xung cy vn khi cn.
Hnh 4.3: V d v phn tch vn - lp cy vn
5.1.3/ Phn tch mc tiu (Objectives Analysis):

Phn tch mc tiu c thc hin sau khi hnh thnh cy vn .
Cy mc tiu s l sn phm ca bc phn tch mc tiu. Cch n
gin hnh thnh cy mc tiu l nh x t cy vn theo nguyn
tc nh x 1-1. Cy mc tiu l hnh nh phn nh tch cc ca cy vn
.
Bng cch gii quyt vn , s hnh thnh mc tiu.
Sau khi nh x chuyn i vn thnh mc tiu, ngi phn
tch cn sp xp mt cch c h thng:
Xc nh mc tiu mc tiu chnh ngn cy.
Xp hng cc mc tiu cc bc tip theo pha di.
Lu :
Cc mc tiu ca mi thnh phn tham d vo mt hon cnh
xc nh.
Cc vn s gi ra cc mc tiu.
Trn nh cy l Kt qu v cc mc tiu thp hn l cc gii
php.
Hnh 4.4: V d v phn tch mc tiu chuyn cy vn thnh

cy mc tiu
5.1.4/ Phn tch chin lc (Strategy Analysis):

Tm kim v quyt nh v cc gii php.
Tip theo phn tch vn v mc tiu.
L iu kin tin quyt thit k cc chin lc hnh ng.
c kt mt phn tch chin lc: (Conducting a Strategy Analysis)
Xp th t chui cy mc tiu v vn .
Gp nhm cc mc tiu.
Tnh kh thi ca s can thip khc nhau.
Cc nhim v cn tip tc trong qun l d n.
Cc im cn xem xt:
Cc khi nim tng qut, cc k hoch chin lc, cc mc tiu.
Con ngi, cc nhm cn nhm n, cc t chc, c quan.
Cc phng php quy trnh, tin trnh.
Cc cng ngh, dch v, sn phm, kt qu t c.
Cc s o, hnh ng, vt liu, ngun vo.
Logic chiu ng
Hnh 4.5: V d v phn tch chin lc xy dng logic chiu

ng
Hnh 4.6: V d tm tt kt qu phn tch chin lc chun b lp

bng khung lun l
5.1.5/ Kim tra tnh hp l (logic) ca cy

a.Phn tch cu trc mc ch (intent)
Hnh 4.7: Kim tra logic ca cy chin lc bng phn tch cu

trc mc ch
b. Phn tch min ng lc (Force Field Analysis)
Hnh 4.8: Kim tra logic ca cy chin lc bng phn tch min
ng lc
c. S dng phng php phn tch SWOT:
Hnh 4.9: Kim tra logic ca cy chin lc bng phn tch SWOT
5.2. Giai on lp k hoch (The Planning Phase)

5.2.1/ Lp ma trn khung lun l
Ma trn khung lun l l kt qu ca phn tch khung lun l.

Ma trn cung cp mt bng tm tt v thit k d n
Khng nn di qu 5 trang
Ma trn khung lun l c 4 ct v thng c 4 hay 5 dng chnh,
ty vo s cp mc tiu c dng l gii quan h phng
thc mc tiu ca d n
Lp ma trn khung lun l (tt)

Logic chiu ng th hin d n nh lm g, lm sng t cc
quan h nhn qu v xc nh cc gi nh quan trng v s m
h khng chc chn ngoi s kim sot ca ngi qun l d
n.
Logic chiu ngang xc nh cc mc tiu d n c xc nh
trong s m t d n s c o lng nh th no v cc o
lng c kim tra nh th no. Nhng ch dn s cho
mt khung lm vic theo di v nh gi d n.
Vic thc hin ma trn phi theo cch tip cn tin trnh tng
tc tng bc: Khi mt phn ca ma trn c thc hin, cn
xem ngc li cc phn trc nhm xem li v trc nghim
xem logic c cn gi c khng. Tin trnh ny thng i hi
iu chnh phn m t trc .
Lp ma trn khung lun l (tt)

TM TT
Cc mc tiu
(Goals/
Objectives)
CC CH TH S
O
CC PHNG
PHP KiM
TRA
CC GI THIT
QUAN TRNG
Cc s o s t c Cc ngun thng tin Mi lin h mc tiu /

mc tiu
v phng php
mc ch
khc nhau c
dng
Mc ch d n Tnh trng lc kt Cc ngun thng tin Mi lin h mc ch /

thc d n
v phng php
kt qu
(Project purpose)
khc nhau c
dng
u ra / kt qu Qui m ca kt qu, Cc ngun thng tin Mi lin h u ra /

v phng php
u vo
ngy kt thc d
(Output / Results)
n d kin theo k
hoch
u vo / Hot
ng
(Input/Activities)
khc nhau c
dng
Cc kiu / mc ca D liu d n, cc Cc gi thit ban u

ngun lc, ngy
ngun thng tin
lin quan n
bt u
khc
ngun gc, nguyn
nhn ca chng
trnh
Cu trc ma trn khung lun l v trnh t thc hin

M t d n
Cc ch th - s
o
Cch thc kim

tra
Cc gi nh
1. Mc tiu tng th
10. Cc ch th
11.MOV
2. Mc ch d n
12. Cc ch th
13.MOV
9. Cc gi nh
3. Cc mc tiu
thnh phn
14. Cc ch th
15.MOV
8. Cc gi nh
4. Cc kt qu
16 Cc ch th
17.MOV
7. Cc gi nh
5. Cc hot ng
Cc mc thi gian
thc hin xc nh
trong lch hot
ng
Cc k hoch lm
vic cc bo co
qun l v cc tin
ti chnh v vt
cht
6. Cc gi nh
Logic chiu ng
Th hin quan h nhn qu nu th
Nu c ngun lc, th cc kt qu s thc hin c.
Nu cc kt qu thc hin c, th cc kt qu s c to
ra.
Nu cc kt qu c to ra th cc mc tiu tng phn s
t c.
Nu cc mc tiu tng phn s t c th mc tiu ca
d n s c hon thnh
Nu mc tiu ca d n s c hon thnh th s gp phn
cho mc tiu tng th.
Nh vy, mi cp cho ra l l cho cp k di: mc tiu
tng th gip xc nh mc tiu d n, mc tiu d n
gip xc nh mc tiu thnh phn. . . .
Logic chiu ngang

Logic ngang lin h n theo di v nh gi d n
Logic ngang ca ma trn gip thnh lp c s cho theo di v
nh gi d n.
Theo di v nh gi khung lun l
Cp bc khung lun l
Loi hot ng theo di

v nh gi
Mc thng tin
Mc tiu tng th
nh gi t bn ngoi sau
d n
Hu qu/tc ng
Mc tiu d n
nh gi lc hon thnh v
xem xt tin
Hu qu/ s hiu qu
Cc mc tiu tng
phn
Cc kt qu
xem xt tin
s hiu qu v bn vng
Theo di v xem xt
Kt qu
Cc hot ng
Theo di
ngun lc u vo/ cc kt
qu
Cc ngun lc u vo
Hnh 4.10a: Thut ton v cc gi nh trong xy dng Khung lun l
Hnh 4.10b: Thut ton v cc gi nh trong xy dng Khung lun l
Thut ton v cc gi nh trong xy dng Khung lun l
Cc ch tiu kim tra khch quan (Objectively Verifiable Indicators OVI)

Specific
C th
Measurable
C th o c
Mc tiu phi xc nh, khng c s dng cc mc tiu qu

chung, tng qut. Vd, bo v mi trng l mc tiu chung
chung. Lm cho mi trng khng c rc thi, khng ngp
nc v khng kh trong lnh l mc tiu tng qut nhng
c th.
Mc tiu phi nh lng, c kh nng xc nh v s lng v
cht lng. Vd: gim 10 % lng nc tiu th.
Mc tiu phi kh thi, chp nhn c trong phm vi kinh ph

ti tr cho php ca c quan xem xt, kh thi trong iu kin
Chp nhn c,
kinh t x hi ca ni trin khai d n
kh
thi
(feasible)
Acceptable
Relevant
Ph hp
Timely
Thi hn
Mc tiu phi ph hp vi tp qun v vn ha a phng ph

hp vi quy m ti tr ca d n. . .
Mc tiu phi th hin mc thi gian cn phi hon thnh,
nhm c th nh gi c l han thnh hay khng trong
thi hiu ca d n
5.2.2/ Thit lp tin thc hin cc hat ng

Thng 1
Tn cng vic
7
14
21
Thng 2
28
Su tp gi c
Kh
x x
Lit k cc lnh vc
Th
x x
Lit k cc lnh vc
Kh
Th
Nghin cu kh thi my
tnh
Kh
Th
Thit k li mu bng
lng
Thng 3
14
21
28
14
21
Thng 4
28
Kh
Th
Lp thi biu cho d n bng Biu Biu Gantt.
14
21
28
5.2.3/ Thit lp cc bng thng k d tr ngun lc cho

d n
Bng d tr kinh ph
Bng d tr nhn lc
Bng d tr trang thit b
5.2.4/ Vit thuyt minh d n

Tng quan, bi cnh thnh lp d n
Mc tiu ca d n (tng th, c th)
Cc hot ng ca d n
D tr kinh ph, ngun lc thc hin d n
Ph lc:
Bng khung lun l ca d n
Cc thnh phn d n
Mt thnh phn d n bao gm mt nhm cc u vo, hot ng v
cc kt qu phc v ring cho mt mc tiu thnh phn.. Cc thnh
phn c th c xc nh trn c s mt s bin s c th c nh:
+ Cc c tnh k thut (Vd d n v sc khe c th c cc thnh
phn tp trung vo kim sot st rt, bnh tiu chy, nhim trng h
hp cp tnh. . )
+ V tr a l (Vd, d n h tr dn s tp trung kh nng ca n xy
dng cc hot ng cc tnh, vng khc nhau),
+ Nhm ch im (Vd d n gio dc mi trng nhm vo hc sinh,
sinh vin, ngh nghip. . )
Cc thnh phn d n
+ Cu trc t chc/qun l (Vd: d n nng nghip chia thnh khuyn
nng, o to, nghin cu. . )
+ Giai on ca cc hot ng d n chnh (vd: d n in kh ha
nng thn i hi nghin cu kh hti, th nghim pilot, thc hin v
giai on bo tr)
Xc nh u thnh phn ph hp s ty vo yu t bi cnh c th.
Nn xc nh cc thnh phn d n thng qua qu trnh hi tho
khung lun l vi t vn ca cc bn c lin quan.
Bi 5
CC CNG C PHN TCH H

THNG MI TRNG
Phng php nh gi chu trnh sn phm
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Tng quan v cc cng c phn tch h thng mi
trng
2. Tm tt v cng c nh gi tc ng mi trng
(EIA hay TM)
3. Phn tch chu trnh sng sn phm (LCA)
4. nh gi ri ro mi trng (ERA)
5. Phn tch lung vt liu (MFA)
6. Phn tch bin vo bin ra (IOA)
1. TNG QUAN V CC CNG C PT HT MT

TT
Cng c
Tn ting Anh
1 nh gi tc ng mi trng
2 nh gi chu trnh sng
3 nh gi ri ro mi trng
4 Kim ton lung vt liu
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
5 Phn tch u vo u ra
Input-Output Analysis (IOA)
6 Phn tch chi ph li ch
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
7 Phn tch nhu cu nng lng tch ly Cumulative Energy Requirement

Analysis (CERA)
8 Phn tch cng vt cht

9 Phn tch a tiu chun
Material Intensity Analysis (MIA)
Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA)
Cng c
Mc tiu
Phm vi
i tng phn
tch
Cc c
khng gian
tnh
Cc c
thi gian
tnh
LCA
Qun l mi
trng cho cc
h thng sn
phm
Tt c cc lung vo
v ra lin quan n
n v chc nng
Cc sp (hng ha
v dch v) v cc
kiu khc ca
chc nng
Tng qut hay

cp vng, khng
c a in xc
nh
Tnh hay trng

thi tnh
MIPS
(MateriaL
input per unit
of service)
Gia tng sc
sn xut ti
nguyn ca cc
HT chc nng
o vt liu u vo
ca mi n v sp
tt c cc cp sx.
Cc SP (hng ha
v dch v) v cc
kiu khc ca n
v
Tng qut hay

cp vng, khng
c a in xc
nh
Tnh hay trng

thi tnh
ERA
Qun l ri ro
Ri ro mi trng t
cc ha cht n con
ngi v h sinh thi
Cc ha cht
a phng / cp
vng v a im
xc nh
M hnh ha
trng thi tnh
MFA/
SFA
Qun l vt liu
hay ha cht
nhm mc ch
s dng c hiu
qu ti nguyn
Trnh t ca cc thay
i qun l i vi cc
lung v kho tr ca
cc vt liu v ha
cht
Cc vt liu hay
ha cht
a phng / cp
vng v a im
xc nh
Tnh, trng thi

tnh v m hnh
ha trng thi
tnh
CERA
(Cumulative
Energy
Requirement
Analysis)
Tit kim nng

lng
Nhu cu nng lng

u tin cho sn xut,
tiu dng v phn
hy
Sn phm hay
dch v
Tng qut v a
im khng xc
nh
Tnh
Cng c
Can thip
n mi
trng
V tr trong
chui nhn
qu
Mc chi
tit
Ch th an
tan
Tha nhn
chnh thc
Phng
php
nh gi
LCA
Cc kiu tc
ng mi
trng lin
quan n chc
nng
Thng l mc
ch chnh sch
(im gia); i
khi mc thit
hi
T cc gin
lung LCA nh
tnh trong qu
trnh LCA n
cc LCA nh
lng han tan
Sc khe con
ngi, h sinh
thi v ti
nguyn thin
nhin
ISO, UNEP va
SETAC
Khang cc
n mc
tiu, tnh
thnh tin v
cc phng
php panel
MIPS
(MateriaL
input per unit
of service
Sinh hc, Cc
nguyn liu
sinh hc th,
nc, t v
khng kh
Mc can thip
T phun tro
n k tan chi
tit lung vt
liu (t ngun
n ni chn vi
Sc khe con
ngi, h sinh
thi
Wuppertal
institute
Trng s
tuyt i
trn c s
khi lng
ERA
Ch pht thi
c cht
Thng l mc
ch chnh sch
(im gia); i
khi mc thit
hi
Giai an r
sat, anh gi
tinh lc v nh
gia y
Sc khe con
ngi, h sinh
thi
OECD, EU, US
EPA, SETAC
nh gi ca
chuyn gia,
phn tch
chnh thc
MFA/SFA
Vt liu v ha
cht hay nhm
ha cht cn
phn tch
Mc can thip ,
i khi SFA kt
hp vi ERA
C th c xc
nh mc vt
liu khi lng
ln n tng ha
cht ring r.
Sc khe con
ngi, h sinh
thi v cc ti
nguyn
S dng bi
cc chnh ph
Trng s
tuyt i
trn c s kg
CERA
(Cumulative
Energy
Phng tin
mang nng
lng ban u
Mc can thip
Rt chi tit
Cc ti nguyn
v Sc khe
con ngi mt
Hip hi K s
c
Khng
2. NH GI TC
NG MI TRNG
(EIA HAY TM)
2.1) KHI NIM V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG (EIA HAY TM)
TM (nh gi tc ng mi trng) hay EIA (Environment

impacts assessment) l qu trnh thc hin bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng v mt cng trnh, d n gip cho cc nh
lnh o quyt nh c nn hay khng nn ph duyt d n v l
do bo v mi trng.
nh gi tc ng mi trng l vic thc hin mt bo co v
nhng tc ng mi trng ca mt hat ng kinh doanh, sn
xut hay xy dng c s h tng (khu dn c, xy dng cu, p
thy li, thy in. )
ngha ca TM l gip cho vic trin khai d n khng lm nh
hng xu n mi trng, nu c nh hng th cc tc ng
c quan tm x l gim thiu. ngha su xa ca TM l
m bo pht trin bn vng, pht trin hat ng kinh t nhng
khng lm tn hi n mi trng.
KHI NIM V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG (EIA HAY TM)
Hnh 5: Mi quan h gia cc bc v bc nh gi mi trng.

(Ngun ([2])
2.1.1/ Phn tch mi trng Chin lc (SEAN) (Strategic

Environment Analysis)
p dng vi k hach v chng trnh ca ngnh v cc k
hach pht trin vng hin c (ch yu cho ngnh nng lng,
giao thng v qun l cht thi).
SEAN nhm mc ch a ra nhng vn mi trng trong giai
an ban u ca qu trnh quyt nh, c tch hp vi cc
phng php lun nh gi kinh t x hi v t chc, nhm mc
ch d phn vo vic hnh thnh mt chin lc pht trin trong
, nhng vn mi trng c tch hp mt cch han tan
(quan tm n mi trng trong quy hach pht trin)
Phn tch mi trng Chin lc (SEAN) (Strategic Environment

Analysis)
Cc bc phng php lun
Cc thnh t ca khung lun l
SEAN
Bc 1: Tm kim cc bn c
Xc nh nhm trng tm v cc khu vc
lin quan ph hp v cc chc
quan tm
nng mi trng
Bc 2: nh gi cc chiu
Cc ch th vi cc gi tr ban u v
hng trong cc chc nng mi chiu hng hin ti; v nhn bit chui
trng.
nhn qu.
Bc 3: nh gi cc tc ng Xc nh mc tiu tng th v mt gi tr
ca chiu hng bin i ln
kinh t x hi (mc tiu sau cng)
cc bn c lin quan
Cc bc phng php lun SEAN
Bc 4: Thit lp cc ngng v tiu Th hin cc ri ro mi trng v cc thch thc

chun cho cc chiu hng bin i
nh cc gi thit i vi mc tiu tng th v
mi trng
mc tiu c th ca d n ; Cc tiu chun v ch
tiu cho cc ch th kinh t x hi.
Bc 5: Xc nh cc vn mi
trng
ra cc mc tiu tng th v mc ch c th.
Bc 6: Phn tch cc vn mi
trng: xc nh cc hat ng l
nguyn nhn, cc tc nhn v cc yu
t c bn.
Xc nh cc gi thit bt li (cc yu t c bn
u tin khng th gii quyt c) (2) Cc gi
thit khc (Cc cc yu t c bn u tin lin
quan n ngi khc) (3) C kt qu d kin
(Cc cc yu t c bn u tin vi cc c hi cho
d n gii quyt) Xc nh cac tc nhn tham gia.
Bc 7: Thu thp cc thun li so a ra cc mc tiu thng th v mc tiu thnh

snh v cc c hi ph hp vi mi phn
trng
Cc bc phng php lun

SEAN
Bc 8: Phn tch c hi : xc
nh cc tc nhn v cc yu t
nhm thc hin cc c hi mi
trng
Bc 9: Quy hach chin lc
ca mt k hach hnh ng
vi cc lnh vc hnh ng v
mi trng

Xem bc 6
Xc nh tm nhn v cc mc tiu tng

th , vi cc mc tiu thnh phn v kt
qu d kin cho cc ngnh, khu vc, cc
ch hay cc nhm trng tm u tin
c chn. Chn lc cc bn ng hnh
tim nng, xc nh cc ch th ph hp
v phng php thm nh.
Bc 10: Chin lc thc Xc nh cc ch th ph hp v phng

hin chnh sch pht trin bn php thm nh.
vng
2.1.2/ nh gi mi trng chin lc (Strategic Envieronment

Assessment)
SEA l tin trnh c tnh h thng nhm nh gi cc h qu mi
trng ca sng kin v chnh sch, k hach hay chng trnh c
lp ra nhm m bo chng c cp y v th hin ph hp
trong giai an sm nht c th ca qu trnh ra quyt nh , bn cnh
cc xem xt v kinh t x hi. (Therivel et al, 1994; Sadler & Verheem,
1996).
SEA c thit lp nhm nu ra cc vn mi trng ngai cp

d n, cp chin lc ca cc chnh sch v chng trnh ca
ngnh , n to ra khung lm vic cho vic hnh thnh d n.
nh gi mi trng chin lc (Strategic Envieronment

Assessment)
Mc ch ca SEA l:
M rng d n c nh hng EIA theo hng m rng
khung thi gian v nhn dng cc gii php.
nh gi cc hu qu mi trng ca cc gii php chnh
sch, k hoch hoc c ngh.
Nh l mt phn ca khung xc nh chnh sch ton
din.
2.1.3/ nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA, TM)

Chu trnh d an
Hnh 5.2: Cc vn bn qui nh c lin quan n TM Vit nam
Qu trnh EIA bao gm nhiu bc:

1) Sng lc :
Xc nh s cn thit ca TM. Nu d n nh, c quan cp
quyn s dng t khng yu cu th khng cn thc hin TM.
2) Xc nh phm vi:
Cn xem xt : Vn v tc ng no s c xem xt?
M t phm vi, cc hnh ng trin khai ca d n (san lp, tn
to, m ng, o knh lm cu, lm ro. . .) v hot ng trin
khai khi d n DLST i vo hat ng.
Xc nh cc tc ng ch yu ca cc hat ng trong d n
3) Lp Bo co TM chi tit
D on cc tc ng
nh gi ngha ca cc tc ng
Xc nh cc gim nh
Din t kt qu trong phn nh gi tc ng
4) Thm nh v (5) ph duyt

L cng vic ca c quan qun l Mi trng v Ti nguyn Tnh
Thnh, ni trin khai d n hoc ca B Ti nguyn Mi trng
nu d n qui m vng, quc gia. . .
6) Thit k, thc hin
L giai an thi cng d n. Ch u t phi ng thi thc hin
cc gii php gim thiu tc ng mi trng ra trong bo
co TM cng vi vic thi cng cc hng mc trong khu DLST.
7) Gim St
Theo di sau khi quyt nh cho php trin khai d n, kim ton
cc d on v mc gim nh tc ng. L cng vic ca ch u
t (gim st ni b) v gim st bn ngai ca c quan qun l
Mi trng v Ti nguyn Tnh Thnh, ni trin khai d n.
2.2) Phng php thc hin bo co TM

Phng php EIA
Danh mc kim
tra (Checklists)
Cc ma trn
Matrices
Cc mng li
Networks
Chng ln bn
Overlays
im mnh
im yu
Khng phn bit gia tc ng trc
D hiu v d s dng
H dng khi chn a im v tip v gin tip
Khng lin kt gia hnh ng
xc nh u tin
Xp hng v can i trng s trong d n v tc ng
Tin trnh tch hp cc gi tr c th
n gin
gay tranh ci
Lin kt gia hnh ng trong Kh phn bit cc tc ng trc
d n v tc ng
tip v gin tip
L phng php tt trnh C th tnh ton tc ng hai ln
by kt qu EIA
Lin kt gia hnh ng v tc C th tr nn phc tp nu khng
ng
s dng dng n gin
Hu ch trong cc hnh thc
n gin kim sot cc tc ng
th cp
Phn bit cc tc ng trc
tip v gin tip
D hiu
Km thch hp trong vic din t
Tp trung v trnh by cc tc di ca tc ng hay xc xut xy ra.
ng trong khng gian
L cng c chn a im rt
tt
C th l cng c hin i
3. NH GI CHU
TRNH
SN PHM
(LCA)
3.1) KHI NiM NH GI CHU TRNH SN PHM (LCA)

LCA l mt phng php nh gi nh lng v tc ng ca mt
sn phm i vi mi trng mi giai an ca i sng hu
dng ca n, t lc l nguyn liu th, n lc ch to v s dng
sn phm bi ngi khch hng n khi phn hy cui cng.
LCA l mt phng php lun gip thu thp thng tin v cc tc
ng mi trng do mt sn phm hay dch v trong sut c chu
trnh sng ca n.
Cc bc khi qut ca mt tin trnh t

m n ni chn lp.
Cc ti nguyn s cp
Khai thc ti nguyn
Nng lng
Pht thi
Ch to vt liu
Sn xut sn phm
S dng
Sai bit
Vn chuyn
Chn lp
1. Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi nh gi (aims and scope) ra

cc mc tiu v ranh gii ca vic nh gi.
2. Phn tch qua trnh sn xut sn phm. p dng IOA phn tch
cc u vo v u ra cc cng on sn xut.
3. Phn tch kim k chu trnh sng (Life Cycle inventory analysis): nu
r cc u vo v u ra (vd, tt c nguyn liu v nng lng
dng v hao ph) ca mi cng an trong chu trnh sng sn phm.
4. nh gi tc ng ca chu trnh sng (Life cycle impact
assessment): nhm nh gi c hai tc ng thc ti v tim tng
i vi mi trng v sc khe lin quan n s s dng ti nguyn
v thi ra mi trng
3.2) Mc ch ca LCA
Gim lng cht thi
nh gi v kim sot ri ro,
Pht trin sn phm thn thin mi trng
Vai tr trong vic cp nhn sinh thi cho sn phm
Nhn dng cc vn mi trng
Xc nh thu mi trng
3.3) Qui trnh LCA

3.3.1/ Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi LCA
3.3.2/ Phn tch qui trnh sn xut
3.3.3/ Phn tch kim k gii hn
3.3.4/ Lp bng nh gi tc ng
3.3.5/ Lp bo co LCA
3.3.6/ ng dng kt qu LCA
3.3.1/ Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi LCA

Xc nh r mc ch ca LCA l g?
Gim lng cht thi
nh gi v kim sot ri ro,
Pht trin sn phm thn thin mi trng
Vai tr trong vic cp nhn sinh thi cho sn phm
Nhn dng cc vn mi trng
Xc nh thu mi trng
Xc nh phm vi nh gi l ton b chu trnh sng ca sn phm
hay ch gii hn mt phn chu trnh do gii hn v thi gian kinh
ph v thng tin
3.3.2/ Phn tch vng i sn phm, qui trnh sn

xut
+ S dng s khi m t vng i sn phm , nu phm vi
LCA l c chu trnh)
+ S dng s khi m t vng i sn phm , nu phm vi
LCA gii hn trong qu trnh sn xut ti nh my)
+ Thuyt minh chi tit v vng i hay qui trnh
3.3.2/ Phn tch vng i sn phm, qui trnh sn

xut
3.3.3/ Phn tch kim k u vo u ra

+ S dng s khi , phn tch u vo v u ra ca tng giai
an trong vng i (nu phm vi LCA l c chu trnh)
+ S dng s khi , phn tch u vo v u ra ca tng
cng an sn xut m t vng i sn phm , nu phm vi LCA
gii hn trong qu trnh sn xut ti nh my)
+ Thuyt minh chi tit v u vo (nng lng, nguyn liu, ph
gia. . .), u ra ca tng giai an v cng an
+ Lp bng kim k nh lng hay bn nh lng v u vo,
u ra cho tng giai an hay cng on
Bng phn tch kim k chu trnh sn phm

Nguyn liu
vo
Sn xut cc
nguyn liu
c bn
Ch to, sn
xut
Phn phi
S dng sn
phm
Kt thc chu
trnh SP
Nng lng
dng
Thi v ta ra
3.3.3/ Phn tch kim k u vo u ra (tt)
3.3.4/ Lp bng nh gi tc ng
Xem xt tc ng mi trng
Ma trn nh gi tc ng
Chn lc v xp hng cc tc ng
Phn loi tc ng
M t c im tc ng
Tng hp thnh nhm
nh gi v xem xt kt qu phn tch kim k
cc ch s sau y c dng:
+ Lm suy yu ti nguyn
+ Nng ln tan cu
+ Khi bi
+ Axt ha
+ S ph dng ha
+ Cht thi c hi
+ Gim a dng sinh hc
S xp hng c th a ra qua cc s biu th, v d:
0 Khng c tc ng r rng.
1 tc ng nh
2 tc ng c ngha
3 tc ng nghim trng
4 tc ng rt nghim trng
SX
nguyn
liu
Suy gim ti
nguyn
Lm nng tan
cu
Khi bi
Axt ha
Ph dng ha
Cht thi c
hi
Gim a dng
sinh hc
Ch
Phn phi
to, SX
S dng
Cui chu
trnh
Tng s
im
3.3.5/ Lp bo co LCA
+ Bi cnh, gii thiu v a im, nh my sx sn phm
+ Mc tiu LCA
+ Phm vi LCA
+ Phng php thc hin, ngun ti liu
+ Qu trnh nh gi: chu trnh, qui trnh sn xut, phn tch kim
k, nh gi tc ng
+ Cc pht hin qua nh gi c lin quan n mc ch ca LCA
+ Cc ngh (gim thiu, qun l ri ro, nh thu gy nhim,
nh hng qun l mi trng. . .) t kt qu LCA
3.3.6/ ng dng kt qu LCA

1. K hach, gii php gim lng cht thi
2. Qun l kim sot ri ro,
3. Nhng ci tin khi thit k sn phm thn thin mi trng
4. Cp nhn sinh thi cho sn phm
5. Nhn dng cc vn mi trng a vo k hach qun l mi
trng
6. Xc nh thu mi trng theo nguyn tc gy nhim nhiu
ng thu nhiu. . .
8.3.2) Y ngha ca LCA (1)

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) l mt phng php lun c tha
nhn quc t nh gi s hnh thnh cc sn phm v dch v
trong s lin quan n tc ng ca chng i vi mi trng.
LCA xem xt tt c cc cng an ca chu trnh sng sn phm,
bao gm s quan st cc u vo ca sn phm v tt c tc
ng mi trng ca sn phm ca mi cng an ca chu trnh
sng ca sn phm.
V vy, LCA c th h tr cc nh thit k sn phm suy ngh v
thit k sn phm thn thin mi trng hn.
8.3.2) Y ngha ca LCA (2)

LCA cung cp cch ph hp nh gi v tng hp d kin v
s thi ra mi trng :
+ c trng ha ty cc lai hnh tc ng: nng ln tan cu,
khi bi, axt ha, ph dng ha. .
+ T hp trng s ca cc lai tc ng khc nhau thnh mt ch
s (ty theo yu cu)
+ C th c dng hnh thnh s o qun l mi trng mt
cch nh lng.
+ C th p dng nhiu qui m khc nhau.
7.3. NH GI RI
RO
MI TRNG
(ERA)
7.3. NH GI RI RO MI TRNG (ERA)

nh gi ri ro mi trng (Environmental Risk Assessment (RA)) l
mt k thut nhm nh gi mt cch c h thng cc tc ng c
hi thc t hay tim tng ca cc cht nhim ln sc khe ca thc
vt, ng vt hay ton b h sinh thi.
ERA cn phi tr li cu hi: Cc nhim c kh nng v ang
gy tn hi nh th no?
Mc ch ca vic thc hin nh gi ri ro mi trng:
Mc ch ca thc hin nh gi ri ro l xc nh con ngi hay cc
yu t mi trng b tc ng tn hi bi nhim t, nc v khng
kh? iu s cho php ngi qun l t quyt nh v vic qun
l cc ri ro trong vng c lin quan.
Cc khi nim c bn:

Mi nguy hi (Hazard)
Mi nguy hi c nh ngha l nhng trng hp, kh nng m
trong nhng tnh hung c th c th dn ti nguy him. (The Royal
Society, 1992).
Ri ro (Risk)
Ri ro l s kt hp ca xc sut hay tn sut ca s xut hin mt
mi nguy hi xc nh no v tm quan trng ca nhng hu qu
t s xut hin (The Royal Society, 1992).
Cc khi nim c bn:

Phn tch ri ro (Risk Analysis)
Phn tch ri ro l s s dng c h thng nhng thng tin c sn
xc nh cc mi nguy hi v c lng ri ro i vi c nhn,
qun th, ti sn, hoc mi trng. Phn tch ri ro bao gm vic xc
nh cc s c khng mong mun, cc nguyn nhn v cc hu qu
ca cc s c .
nh gi ri ro (Risk Assessment)
nh gi ri ro l tin trnh thng qua , cc kt qu ca phn tch
ri ro c s dng cho vic ra quyt nh hoc thng qua xp hng
tng i ca cc chin lc gim thiu ri ro hay thng qua so snh
vi cc mc tiu ri ro.
C 5 thnh t trong mt cuc nh gi ri ro mi trng:

Xc nh vn
Phn tch c tnh ca ni nhn
nh gi s phi nhim (Exposure Assessment )
nh gi c (Toxicity Assessment )
Phn tch c trng ca ri ro (Risk Characterisation).
nh gi ri ro mi trng c th thc hin 3 cp chi tit:
mi cp , 5 nhim v chnh c thc hin cung cp thng tin.
Sau , cc thng tin v d liu ny c s dng ra quyt nh
hay quyt nh c cn phi tip tc thc hin nh gi cp cao hn
v i hi chi tit hn.
mc chi tit v nh lng ca d liu mi cp :
Cp 1: m t nh tnh.
Cp 2: bn nh lng
Cp 3: nh lng
Hnh 7.10: Khi qut qui trnh v cp nh gi ri ro mi trng
Hnh 7.11: Mt mu hnh ca nh gi ri ro mi trn
nh gi ri ro sc kho (HRA)
HRA l tin trnh s dng cc thng tin thc t xc nh s phi
nhim ca c th hay qun th i vi vt liu nguy hi hay
hon cnh nguy hi. nh gi ri ro sc kho c 3 nhm chnh:
Ri ro do cc ngun vt l (c quan tm nhiu nht l nhng ri
ro v bc x t cc nh my ht nhn hoc cc trung tm
nghin cu ht nhn).
Ri ro do cc ho cht
Ri ro sinh hc (nh gi ri ro i vi lnh vc an ton thc
phm, hoc nh gi ri ro i vi nhng sinh vt bin i
gen).
nh gi ri ro sinh thi (EcoRA)

V c bn, nh gi ri ro sinh thi (EcoRA) c pht trin t
nh gi ri ro sc kho (HRA). HRA quan tm n nhng c
nhn, cng vi tnh trng bnh tt v s ngi t vong. Trong
khi , EcoRA li ch trng n qun th, qun x v nhng
nh hng ca cc cht ln t l t vong v kh nng sinh sn.
EcoRA nh gi trn din rng, trn rt nhiu sinh vt.
nh gi ri ro sinh thi c 3 nhm:
nh gi ri ro sinh thi do ho cht
nh gi ri ro sinh thi i vi cc ha cht bo v thc vt
nh gi ri ro sinh thi i vi sinh vt bin i gen
nh gi ri ro cng nghip (IRA)
C cc ni dung:
nh gi ri ro i vi cc a im c bit c s pht thi khng
theo quy trnh.
nh gi ri ro i vi cc a im c bit c s pht thi theo
quy trnh.
nh gi ri ro trong giao thng
nh gi ri ro trong vic lp k hoch ti chnh
nh gi ri ro sn phm v nh gi chu trnh sn phm
a ra cc s liu v gim thiu ri ro.
8.5. PHN TCH LUNG VT LIU (MFA)

MFA l phng php lun ghi li ng i ca cc lung vt liu
trong mt vng trong mt thi k xc nh. Cng c th hiu cch
khc l s cn bng vt liu hay chuyn ha k ngh (Ayres and
Simonis, 1994),
Cc cng c ny cho php nh phn tch ln theo du ca lung
ca cc dng a vt liu i qua nn kinh t. Cc cng c lai ny
c th xc nh cc c hi lm gim tc ng gy ra bi tc ng
ph ca qu trnh sn xut v tiu th. Cc m hnh trong nhm
ny c th c p dng cp chnh sch v trong vic thit
k , quy hach cc h thng vng to ra vng lp khp kn.
MFA l mt phng php nh gi hiu qu ca vic s dng

vt liu bng cch dng thng tin t kim ton lung vt liu.
MFA gip biu th v xc nh cht thi ca cc ti nguyn thin
nhin v cc vt liu khc trong nn kinh t m vic xc nh
khng c nhn bit trong cc h thng theo di kinh t
thng thng.
Phn tch lung vt liu p dng cho qui m nn kinh t c
xy dng t nhng nm 1990 di s hp tc ca nhiu t
chc nghin cu.

Nme 2001 cc phng php ny c tiu chun ha trong
bn hng dn phng php lun (Eurostat, 2001a). Mc
ch ca phng php lun MFA l nh lng ha s trao
i vt cht gia nn kinh t quc gia v mi trng trn c
s tng khi lng vt liu chuyn t mi trng vo nn
kinh t (vt liu vo) v t nn kinh t quc gia i ra mi
trng.
MFA cung cp mt c s d liu quan trng thit lp mt
lot cc ch tiu p lc mi trng.

S xy dng mt phn tch lung vt liu cho mt vng bt u bng
mt s phn tch h thng:
+ Cc sn phm v tin trnh no cn c a vo h thng?
+ u l ranh gii h thng?
+ Khong thi gian no s xem xt?
Mt cuc phn tch lung vt liu bao gm:
Thc hin phn tch h thng bao gm cc sn phm v tin trnh
Xc nh cc lung khi lng ca tt c cc sn phm trn mt n v
thi gian.
Xc nh s tp trung ca cc thnh phn vt liu chn lc trong cc
sn phm ny.
Tnh ton khi lng v cc lung vt liu t khi cc lung hng ha
v cc thnh phn vt liu.
Din t v trnh by cc kt qu
Hnh 7.12: V d v phn tch lung vt vt cho mt thnh ph trong thi im 1995
Hnh 7.12: V d v phn tch lung vt vt cho mt thnh ph trong thi im 1998
Hnh 7.13: Cc lung vt liu thng qua nn kinh t nc Anh (UK) nm 2000 (kt = 1000 tn)
(Ngun : t internet ca Bowman process technology t s liu cung cp bi Valuplast (2000))
PHN TCH BIN VO BIN RA (IOA)

IOA l mt bin th ca phng php c in 50 nm trc y
ra bi Leontief .
IOA l cch nh gi quan h tng tc gia mt lat cc b phn
kinh t trong mt nn kinh t quy m quc gia. Cc m hnh IOA
thay th cc lung vt cht gia cc b phn i vi cc lung tin
c dng nh l phng tin trong IOA c in.
Cc m hnh ny c th c ch trong vic th hin cc vt liu u
vo cn sn xut mt sn phm han chnh. Theo cch ny,
chng c mt vi c trng ca giai an kim k trong LCA,
nhng tip cn vn han tan khc. M hnh ha EIO c
dng kho st kh nng nhm ti ch trong nn kinh t quy m
th (Duchin, 1992).
PHN TCH BIN VO BIN RA (IOA)

Duchin ch ra rng cch tip cn ny cho s t hp thng tin vt
cht v kinh t cn cho nhng ngi hach nh chnh sch hay
cc nh u t tim nng v c s h tng.
ng dng ca IOA trong mi trng thng gn lin vi qu trnh
phn tch chu trnh sn phm v nh gi kh nng sn xut sch
hn , kim tan cht thi.
ng dng ca IOA da trn nguyn l bo tan vt cht v nng
lng.
Bi 6
PHN TCH H THNG

QUN L
Trong chng ny bn s hc:
1. Hng dn nhn thc cc lai h thng qun l bng phn tch h
thng
2. ng dng phn tch h thng mi trng trong cc doanh nghip:
phng php xy dng qui trnh qun l
1) S cn thit nghin cu h thng qun l

Trong lnh vc mi trng, ngui cn b lun phi lm vic trong cc
b my t chc: cc c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng nh S
Ti Nguyn Mi trng, Phng Qun l th Qun Huyn, cc cng
ty mi trng (nh nc hoc t nhn); cc doanh nghip , cng ty
sn xut, cc t chc phi chnh ph trong v ngoi nc.. . .
+ Cc S Ti Nguyn Mi trng, Phng Qun l th Qun Huyn
c mc ch qun l cc h sinh thi trong phm vi ph trch pht
trin bn vng.
+ Cc Cng ty v doanh nghip c mc tiu pht trin li nhun ng
thi vi mc tiu sn xut hp vi tiu chun mi trng (qun l mi
trng trong phm vi cng ty sao cho khng tc ng n mi trng
ca h sinh thi.
p ng nhn thc cho c hai nhm h qun l, trc tin nghin cu
cc ng dng chung cho cc loi h qun l.
1.1) Phn tch h thng ng dng trong cc h

thng qun l
1. Cu trc
2. Ranh gii gia h thng v mi trng
3. Cc tin trnh h thng
4. ng thi h thng
5. C cu cp bc cc t chc qun l
6. Tnh tri hay tnh tp hng
1.1) Phn tch cu trc ci tin h thng qun l

Ba im cn ch
+ Ly mc tiu ca h thng lm chun nh gi s cn thit
ca mt thnh phn trong h thng.
Thnh phn khng ng gp vo vic thc hin mc tiu h thng
l thnh phn tha, khng cn cho h thng.
+ Ch 2 mc : c nhn n v, trong ly chc nng
nhim v lm chun phn bit cu trc.
+ Xc nh cu trc chnh thc ca h thng, v nu c th c cu
trc khng chnh thc.
Mt v d c th cho mt s t chc v ra cc quan h chnh thc

cho h thng sn xut sch.

Thnh phn cu trc ph bin
CU TRC T CHC KIU PHN KHU VC
Cc b phn cng chc nng trong mt cng ty
Cng ty m -cng ty con

CU TRC T CHC KIU MA TRN

CU TRC T CHC KIU CHC NNG
1.2) Xc nh ranh gii gia h thng v mi

trng gip tm nguyn nhn s c, vn mi
trng trong qun l mi trng th
Qun l mi trng thng phn cp theo ranh gii hnh chnh.
C phn bit gia h thng v mi trng mi c th tm ra
nguyn nhn v gii php ng: nguyn nhn t bn trong hay
bn ngoi
Phng php:
Dng s khi biu th cc bn c lin quan
1.3) Xc nh ranh gii, phn tch khng gian sn

xut - lm vic hay b tr mt bng
B tr mt bng l mt trong cc biu hin ca cu trc h thng ra
bn ngoi
Cn nh gi s phn b khng gian hin ti v v b ngoi ca
con ngi, thit b v lung cng vic. Hnh thc ca vn phng c
th c mt tc ng c ngha i vi cc quan h gia c nhn.
V d, mt bng cht hp hay s sp xp khng hp l mt bng
sn xut c th l nguyn do ca vn trong nghin cu HT.
Phn tch khng gian sn xut, b tr mt bng l mt trong cc ni
dung quan trng ca ng dng phn tch h thng b tr sn
xut hp l, tit kim nng lng, nc. . .
1.4) Phn tch cc tin trnh h thng xy

dng qui trnh qun l
Nh nhng loi h khc, cc tin trnh h thng bin i cc u

vo (input), qua cc tn hiu trung gian (throughput) thnh cc
u ra (output). Nhn bit cc tin trnh h thng l mt ni dung
rt quan trng, li cng quan trng hn khi phn tch cc h
thng qun l.
Cc mi lin h gia cc thnh phn v gia HT v mi trng
hnh thnh nn mt mng cc qui trnh lin h v tng tc
nhau, chng lin kt nhau to ra s thng nht hnh ng
chung nhm hon thnh cc mc tiu xc nh ca HT.
1.4) Phn tch cc tin trnh h thng xy dng qui trnh qun l
qui trnh cp giy chng nhn khng gy nhim mi trng

S Ti nguyn mi trng no (v d).
Cc qui trnh thnh phn ca HT to thnh mt tng th.

Mt qui trnh (procedure) l mt lot cc ch dn tng bc ch ra:
Ci g s c lm?;
Ai s lm n?;
khi no n c lm ?;
N c lm bng cch no? (What, Who, When, How).
Cc qui trnh ni ln cc cu phn tch hp thnh tng th.
ng dng phn tch tin trnh h thng xy dng qui trnh trong
qun l mi trng:
1) Xc nh mc tiu h thng qun l, mc tiu ca qui trnh
2) Phn tch cu trc thnh phn ca t chc (h thng qun
l)
3) Nhn bit ranh gii h thng mi trng
4) Xc nh thng tin u vo ca qui trnh
5) Phn tch cc bc bin i thng tin v mt lun l (logic):

thng tin u vo, thng tin u ra , nhim v bin i thng tin
ca bc.
6) Trong mi bc, xc nh : vic g cn lm, ai lm, khi no
lm, lm nh th no?
7) B tr phn cng nhim v cho tng thnh phn ca t
chc (phn tch v mt vt l)
8) Bin son qui trnh thnh vn bn bao gm qui trnh cho ni b
h thng qun l v hng dn thng tin u vo v qu trnh
thc hin qui trnh cho bn ngoi.
1.4) Phn tch cc tin trnh h thng xy dng qui trnh

qun l
Xc nh mc tiu h thng qun l

Cn phn nh mc tiu ca h thng qun l l g,
t xc nh nhim v ca qui trnh qun l l
gp phn vo thc hin mc tiu chung ca t
chc qun l.
Vd: Mc tiu h thng l qun l ti nguyn nc
Mc tiu qui trnh l cp giy php khai thc nc
ngm

qun l
Phn tch cu trc thnh phn ca t chc (h thng

qun l)
Nhn dng cc thnh phn ca h thng hiu r
chc nng ca tng b phn trong t chc qun l
nhm phc v cho phn tch b tr phn cng trong
qui trnh (phn tch vt l)
Vd: S Ti nguyn Mi trng bao gm cc phng ban
no? Chc nng v nhim v mi phng ban l g?

qun l
4) Nhn bit ranh gii h thng mi trng

Xc nh r ranh gii h thng qun l bit ni i
vo v ni i ra khi qui trnh
Vd: Ai l i tng khch hng ca qui trnh?

qun l
5) Xc nh thng tin u vo, u ra ca qui trnh

Xc nh yu cu u vo qui trnh
Xc nh sn phm u ra ca qui trnh (cn phn tch tt
c cc tnh hung m bo cc u ra ca qui trnh
ph hp)
Vd: i vi qui trnh cp php khai thc nc ngm
+ u vo cn c giy t g, ni dung ca cc giy t k
khai, n nh th no?
+ u ra ca quy trnh l vn bn g? Giy php hay
thng bo?. . ..
S qui trnh cp giy chng nhn

t tiu chun mi trng

qun l
6) Phn tch cc bc bin i thng tin v mt lun l

(logic): thng tin u vo, thng tin u ra , nhim
v bin i thng tin ca tng bc.
Xy dng mt lu v tin trnh bin i thng tin
ca qui trnh
V d v phn tch logic (lun l) cho qui trnh cp chng

nhn t tiu chun mi trng ca mt S Ti nguyn mi
trng

qun l
7) Trong mi bc, xc nh : vic g cn lm, ai lm, khi no
lm, lm nh th no?
C th ha tng bc nhm bo m cho mi bc thc hin
c s bin i thng tin u vo thnh thng tin u ra.
Vic g cn lm trong bc ny?
+ Ai s lm n? (nhn vin hay lnh o, chuyn gia k thut. . .)
+ Khi no th thc hin n? Trong thi gian bao lu?
+ Cng vic s c thc hin nh th no, m t c th chi tit
nhm m bo thng tin u vo c bin i thnh thng tin
u ra ca bc ny.
V d v phn tch logic (lun l) cho qui trnh cp chng nhn t tiu
chun mi trng ca mt S Ti nguyn mi trng
Bc nhn h s:
+ Vic g: Tip nhn h s ng k
+ Ai lm: Nhn vin phng tip nhn h s.
+ Khi no lm: Ngay khi nhn h s t cc doanh nghip
+ Lm nh th no:
- Kim tra h s theo qui nh gm n v bng ng k mi
trng.
- V s, cho s h s,
- Lm bin nhn h s (phiu hn)
- Lm phiu chuyn h s sang bc thm nh.
8) B tr phn cng nhim v cho tng thnh phn ca t

chc (thit k v mt vt l)
Xem xt chc nng v nhim v ca cc thnh phn trong t chc
b tr phn cng trch nhim v cc bc thc hin phn
tch trong phn phn tch logic.
9) Bin son qui trnh thnh vn bn bao gm qui trnh cho
ni b h thng qun l v hng dn thng tin u
vo v qu trnh thc hin qui trnh cho bn ngoi.
+ Qui trnh cho ni b:
+ Mc ch ca qui trnh
+ Cc bc thc hin (th hin vic g cn lm, ai lm, khi no lm
v lm nh th no?)
+ iu khon thc hin (Phm vi thi hiu p dng)
Qui trnh hng dn khch hng:
+ Cc bc m khch hng cn thc hin t c mc tiu .
1.5) Phn tch ng thi tm nguyn nhn ca vn

trong cc t chc qun l
+ Tnh trng ca h thng: nu ra cc gi tr ca cc bin trng
thi m t tnh trng ca h thng v cc tn hiu c bn: ti chnh,
nguyn vt liu, nhn s, k thut cng ngh, cht thi. . .
Tnh trng ca h thng thng c trnh by di dng cc bng
thng k.
+ Din bin ng thi bin i ca h thng:
Phn tch s bin i ca cc tn hiu c bn: ti chnh, nguyn vt
liu, nhn s, k thut cng ngh, cht thi. . . theo thi gian bng
th BOTG ( xem chng 1, phn t duy h thng).
1.5) Phn tch ng thi tm nguyn nhn ca

vn trong cc t chc qun l
1.5) Phn tch ng thi tm nguyn nhn ca

vn trong cc t chc qun l
1.6. Xem xt c cu cp bc cc t chc qun l

xc nh quan h trong qun l
Vic xem xt c cu cp bc hay ph h ca h thng qun l
gip ch rt nhiu trong qu trnh thu thp thng tin tin hnh
phn tch h thng. Vic xem xt c cu cp bc gip nh qun
l xc nh quan h no l cn thit, quan h no gn gi cn
quan tm.
T chc qun l (c quan nh nc hay doanh nghip) bao gi
cng nm trong ph h ca cc t chc . Khi phn tch cn v ra
s , th hin cc t chc cp di, ngang cp v cp trn. Cn
c vo s , bit c mi quan h ngang, dc c th
thu thp cc thng tin c lin quan phc v cho qu trnh phn
tch.
1.6. Xem xt c cu cp bc cc t chc qun l

xc nh quan h trong qun l
Cu trc cp bc trong c cu cp bc ca phng Qun l th

qun ti Tp HCM
1.7. Xem xt tnh tri hay tnh tp hng ca d n

h thng tng thuyt phc cho d n
Tnh tp hng hay tnh tri l tnh cht ny sinh khi cc phn t
ring l hp thnh h thng hot ng c mc ch. Khi ng
ring, cc thnh phn khng c tnh .
Trong phn tch cc h thng qun l nhm mc ch ci tin
sn xut c hiu qu hn, cn ch n vic thay i cu trc
to ra tnh tp hng. V d , c th st nhp cc t, cc Ban
gim chi ph gin tip, hoc a hai dy chuyn ring bit vo
cng mt cng nhn nguyn liu u vo, c th dn n gim bt
nng lng in v thi gian di chuyn. . .
Nhn thc v tnh tri s gip ngi lp d n nu ra tnh thuyt
phc, hiu qu ca d n lin quan n h thng.
1. NHNG NG DNG PHN TCH H THNG MI

TRNG TRONG CC DOANH NGHIP
2.1 Xc nh mc tiu qun l mi trng

2.2) Phn tch tin trnh sn xut thc hin sn xt sch
hn
2.3) Phn tch tin trnh sn xut ci tin thit k sn
phm thn thin mi trng.
2.4) Xc nh ranh gii, phn tch mt bng xc nh cc
mi nguy hi trong nh gi ri ro mi trng.
Hnh 4.11: Hai hng thc hin mc tiu bo v mi trng ca doanh nghip

Mc tiu nh hng u vo:
nh hng v gi gn, gim thiu s dng ngun ti nguyn l
nguyn liu v nng lng.
Tm cch trnh khng s dng cc yu t nguyn liu u vo
gy tn hi bng cch dng nguyn liu thay th hoc bng
vic pht trin cc cng ngh mi, s dng vi t l t hn
(gim bt) cc nguyn liu gy h qu mi trng. V d:
ngnh may mt khng s dng cht lm mm vi, cadmi
trong sn xut mu v chi tr em.
Mc tiu nh hng u ra:

gim sn xut cc sn phm khng mong mun v d nh: dung mi
trong sn v mu, cht CFC lm kh xt v cht lm mt, lm lnh,
cadmi l thnh phn ca mu, bao b kh phn hy, ch trong
xng. . .
Chuyn i c cu sn phm, a ra cc sn phm khng gy
nhim hoc gim thiu nhim, chuyn i dn c cu sn phm
theo xu hng sn xut sch hn, s dng v ti ch cc sn
phm tha.
Cng c th t ra mc tiu: tng ti a chuyn ha nguyn liu v
tng ti a khi lng ti sinh ca cht thi rn, lng v nhit ta
ra.
2.2) Phn tch tin trnh sn xut thc hin sn xt sch

hn
2.2) Phn tch tin trnh sn xut thc hin sn xt sch hn
Sn xut sch hn l mt chin lc v trit l c bn qun

l mi trng cc nc pht trin.
Cc c hi SXSH c th c phn loi nh sau:
Thay i nguyn vt liu; Qun l ni vi; Kim sot qu trnh tt
hn; Ci tin thit b
Thay i cng ngh; Thu hi ti s dng trong nh my; Sn
xut cc sn phm ph c ch; Ci tin sn phm. . .
Cc c hi sn xt sch hn ch c th c pht hin thng
qua vic p dng cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng
nh: LCA, IOA . .
2.3) Phn tch tin trnh sn xut ci tin thit k sn

phm thn thin mi trng.
S dng cc cng c phn tch nh gi chu trnh sn phm (LCA),

phn tch bin vo ra (IOA) s gip cc doanh nghip tm cch
gim thiu tc ng mi trng trong cc cng on sn xut, t
gip thit k gim thiu, thay th cc nguyn liu c hi, lm cho
sn phm t gay tc ng mi trng. (Xem cng c LCA, IOA
chng 7)
2.4) Xc nh ranh gii, phn tch mt bng xc nh cc

mi nguy hi trong nh gi ri ro mi trng.
Khi thc hin bc xc nh mi nguy hi cho mt doanh
nghip, cn xc nh ranh gii, xem xt cc thnh phn cu trc
khng gian ca mt bng v xc nh cc ngun pht sinh nguy
hi. Vic phn tch gip cho vic qun l ri ro hiu qu, tit
kim. (Xem cng c nh gi ri mi trng, chng 7)
Cu hi tho lun nhm
1. S dng phng php phn tch tin trnh qun l, xy dng

qui trnh qun l mi trng sau y:
+ Qui trnh cp chng nhn nh gi tc ng mi trng
trong cp giy php u t ca S Ti nguyn mi trng
+ Qui trnh x l khiu kin mi trng ca S Ti nguyn mi
trng
+ Qui trnh X l s c mi trng ca S Ti nguyn mi
trng

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Gio trnh in t

Dnh cho hc vin Cao hc ngnh Qun l Mi trng

Gip ngi hc trang b t duy v phng php lun h thng,

Trang b cho ngi hc mt s cc cng c phn tch lin quan n

Pht trin cho ngi hc cc k nng ca 6 bc tri thc: kin thc

Chng trnh ni dung mn hc

Bi 1: Phn tch h thng mi trng

Bi 2: Phn tch h thng cc h sinh thi

Bi 3: Phng php phn tch SWOT xy dng nh

Bi 4: Cng c phn tch Logframe

Bi 5: :Cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng

Bi 6:Phn tch h thng trong cc h quan l

Ti liu tham kho chnh

FitzGerald J. and FitzGerald A.F.(1987) . Fundamentals of

on Minh Khang dch t Ota K. et al (1981) Sinh thi hc

ng mng Ln (2001). Cc cng c qun l mi trng. Nh

Phm vn Nam,(1996). ng dng l thuyt h thng trong

Trn Kin, Hong c Nhun, Mai S Tun (1999)- Sinh thi

Nguyn th kim Thi, L hin tho (2003) Sinh thi hc v bo

o th Tun (1984) - H Sinh thi Nng nghip, Nh xut

Qui ch hc tp v thi cui mn

c im chng nhn hc b tc kin thc:

Hc vin phi c mt > 80 % thi gian (c mt > 5 chuyn )

Thc hin mt tiu lun chuyn v cc ti c lin quan n 6

Seminar nhm + chuyn cn = im thng

Tiu ch tiu lun:

PHN TCH H THNG MT V

PHNG PHP LUN

1. KHI NIM V PHN TCH H

1.1) Lnh vc nghin cu ca phn tch h thng mi trng

Hnh 1.1 : Phm vi quan tm ca phn tch h thng mi trng

Hnh 1.2: Vai tr ca cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng

Vn mi trng ngy nay pht sinh ch yu do cc hat

2. PHN BIT CCH TIP CN

2. PHN BIT CCH TIP CN PHN TCH C IN V CCH

2.2) Cch tip cn phn tch h thng

Hp nht phn t v tp trung vo

Nghin cu tnh cht ca s tng

Nhn mnh tm nhn tng th

Thay i mt bin s theo thi

Lun c da trn cc phng php

Cc lun c thng qua s so snh tp

S dng s chnh xc v cc m hnh S dng cc m hnh cha chnh

Chim lnh kin thc chi tit nhng

Chim lnh kin thc theo cc mc ch,

3. PHN LOI H THNG

3.1) Cc kiu h thng tng qut

3.3) Phn loi cc h thng theo ngnh khoa hc:[1]

3.3) Phn loi cc h thng theo ngnh khoa hc:[2]

4. C S PHNG PHP LUN CA

4. C S PHNG PHP LUN CA TIP CN H THNG: IU KHIN

i tng nghin cu c nhiu dng:

Cc thc th, i tng, cc trin trnh c th l c trong t nhin

C s trao i thng qua cc thng tin - tn hiu gia cc phn t

Bc x mt tri, ma, gi,

Hnh 1.3: u vo, cu trc h sinh thi v u ra

Hnh 1.4: u vo, cu trc my tivi v u ra

Hnh 1.5: u vo, cu trc mt cng ty v u ra

Hnh 1.6: u vo,

Khoa hc mi, chuyn nghin cu v khi qut cc c

iu khin hc bt ngun t nh ngha nm 1947 bi Wiener

iu khin hc v khoa hc h thng l cc khoa hc v

5. KHI NIM H THNG V CC