AC

1. ( Voltage )
AC . ,
.

AC .

, , , , RMS .
RMS .
RMS .
2. ( Current )
.
.
.
3. ( Frequence )
AC .
, 1 .
4. ( Phase Angle and Power Factor )
AC .
(0~360) (0~2) .
, (volt) 0-360 2 .
.
0-360 2 .
.
( ) () ,
( ) () .
.
(degree) (phase angle).
.
AC , (cos) .
PF = cos 0 90 Radians .
2
5. ( Watts and Vars )
(P) .
(P=EI).
X X (cos)
. (P=EIcos).
()

.
X () .
0( ) cos 1 P=EI.
.
.
( ) .
.
, ?
: .
6. (Watthours) ( Varhours)
,
.
,
.
.
100 watt 1 100wh .
10,000vars(10Kvars) 24 240KVARHs
.
.


AC
.
AC
. , , , , ,
.
AC
.
AC , , , AC
.

1. ?
* .
* .
* .
* .

2. ?
*
* PT CT
*
*
*
*
*

AC
Accuracy () : .
Apparent Power () : (Cos ) (VA)
Average Value ( ) :
. , 0.637 .
Balanced Load ( ) : 2 (13, 33, 34)
AC .
Burden : .
.
I x Z= VA
I =
Z =

. .
E / Z= VA
E =
Z =
.
CT : AC . (Current Transfomer)
CT Ratio : 2 1 .
Error : () .
Frequence : 1 . (cycle/second)
Harmonic :
.
Harmonic distortion :
.
SCR Triac .
Hertz :
High Voltage : 15KV 250KV
Horse Power : 1HP = 746Watts.
.
Inductor : ()
.
. , .
Killowatt : 1000Watt

:W

Killowatthour : 1 1000watt
Lagging Current : .
90 . , ,

.
Leading Current : .
90 .
Low Voltage : 600volt
Midium Voltage : 600volt 15kv
Ohm's Law : DC
V = I R,

I = R/V

AC
Power Factor = COS = P/V x I
Z = V/I = P/ I x COS
I = V/Z = P/V x COS
V = IZ = P/I x COS
P = I x Z x COS = V x I x COS
Phase Angle : , .
-
0 P.F = 1 .
-
90 P.F = 0 .
0 COS = 1, P=VI .
90 COS = 0, P=0 .

P = V x I x COS .
COS power factor .
Power Factor(P.F) : P.F AC
cosin
P.F =

VICOS
VI

P.F :
VICOS :
VI :
V :
I :
Primary :
. ( 1 )
Reactive Power : . (VAR )
VAR = V x I x SIN
R M S : Root mean square . . RMS
() watt .
DC .
RMS = 0.707 x
R T U : Remote Terminal Unit .


. RTU SCADA SYSTEM .
SCADA : supervisory control and data aquisition.

.
Secondary :
. ( 2 )
Sinusoidal Voltage and Current :
: 0.707 x = RMS
: 0.637 x
True Power : . watt .
WATT = V x I x COS
Unbalanced Load ( ) : 2 (13, 33, 34
)
.
V.A : Volt Ampare .
volt ampare .
VAR : VA . watt
WATT : 1 1
1A 1 .
watt . "W"
Watthour : 1 watt 1 .
"WH".

AC
1.
.
: ,
, .
AC .
AC .

. .
2 .

(220)volts .
, (220)VAC 110V .

 . 220VAC ,
1/2. 180 .
.

.
3HP 3 3 .
(A B, B C, A C) 220VAC 440VAC.

(Y) .
AC .
. , 3
.
) : 380VAC (A-B, B-C, A-C)
: 380/3 = 220VAC (A-N, B-N, C-N)

1) AC

AC .
.

2) AC

AC AC .
Ohm's Law : = X (E=IR). ,
.
AC 10ohm 15ohm 110 Volt AC
.
E= IR
110 VAC = I ( 10 Ohm) + (15 Ohm)
110 VAC = I ( 25 Ohm)
110VAC
25Ohm

= I

4.4 Amps = I 4.4 A .

:
E= IR
E= ( 4.4 Amps) (10 Ohm) = 44 Volts AC
E= ( 4.4 Amps) (15 Ohm) = 66 Volts AC


Kirchoff's Voltage Law .

0 .
44 VAC + 66 VAC = 110 VAC ( )
110 VAC .
,
.
( ),
.

. 1 . 1
.
CT AC .

.
CT 2 0-1mA DC 4-20mA DC DC
.
DC , , AC
.

. .
( ) VA VA .

10 : 1

: VAp = Ep x Ip = 1000 VA

Ep = 100 VAC

VAs = VAp - = 1000 VA

Ip = 10Amps AC

Es = Ep / 10 = 10 VAC

= 0

Is = VAs / 10 = 100 Amps

2 2 .
CT :

2 VA .
. : 0.1 Ohm ( )
VA in = 50000 VA ( 100 V, 500 A )

: 1

E = IR, E = 5 Amps x 0.1 Ohm = 0.5 Volts : 2

CT CT , 0
.
CT CT 2
.
100 VAC x CT
100 VAC x

500
5

100 VAC x 100 = 10,000 Volts

 CT (arc)
CT , ,
CT 2 .

.
.
:
Motor

3)
.
(PT) .
DC
(0 1 mA DC 4~12~20 mA DC) .

. 60Hz 5Hz 1 mA DC
60Hz 0 mA DC . 55 Hz -1 mA DC , 65 Hz
+1 mA DC .
4~20 mA DC . 60Hz 12 mADC
(12 mADC 4 mA DC 20 mA DC ) ,
55 Hz 4 mA DC 65 Hz 20 mA DC

4) ( Watt Transducer )
"". .
.
1 watt 1ohm 1volt 1 amp 1 volt.

AC
P= V x I x .

 ,
.
fullscale
.
. 85-150 VAC 0-5
Amp . 0
150 VAC x 5 Amps x 1 = 750 watts .
, 110VAC 150volts
CT .
, (per element)
full scale 500watts .
. (single element)
fullscale 500 watts , .
Measured watts
fullscale watts

308
500

= 0.616

output range x 0.616 = 308 watts

* 0~1 mA DC
1 mA DC x 0.616 = 0.616 mA DC
* 4~20 mA DC
16 mA DC x 0.616 = 9.856 mA DC + 4 mA DC = 13.856 mA DC .
( 0 )

Muti-Element Transducer fullscale

2 Element Transduce

2 3 3 .

 2 2 . 1 500watts
1000 watts.
3 : P = 3EIcos .
, 2
. fullscale 1000watts 951watts
3 Element Transducer

3 34 . .
.
full scale 1500 watts. 1666, 2000, 4000watts
.

5)
. ;
VAR = V x I x sin.
30 (Lagging) .

P= VI x cos (cos ) ,
, .

 watts .
.
.
1, 2 3 . ,
PT's CT's .
.
. motor
0.6 (Lagging)
.
.

.
.
,
.
, . ,

.
.
, .

6)
.
.
, 1000 KWH/day .
.
? (
) .
15 . 15

X KWH , Y .
,
.
,
.
, (
) . (Load shedding) .

.

 .
.
() ()
.

7)
. 1 VARH 1 VAR 0.1
10 VAR
15
.
,
.
, .
.

AC

.
AC
AC .
AC
. , , AC-DC
.
AC . ,
.
.
.
, .
,
.

.
,
.
, 1
.

 ,
.

.
.
90 , 0 .
90 0
.
.
,
.
,
.

.
.
.
.

, .
.
, .

 11 .

.
.
,
2% .
50 70 Hz .
AC
.
.

.
5 volt ,
.


.
?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. 50 70 Hz
1% 3% .
5. AC 6 7
.