TOPIC

VOCABULARY
24 Free ebooks
CONVENTIONAL
PROPERTY CRIME

FRAUD AND FAKES

VIOLENT CRIME

SEX-RELATED CRIME

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

10/09/2015
CRIME
VOCABULARY
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ORGANISED AND
BUSINESS CRIME

STATE, POLITICAL AND

WAR CRIMES

HARMS, HEALTH, SAFETY

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Domestic burglary

Tend to have high reoffending rates.

Occupation, survival or
partying?

When they experience an urgent

need for cash (to feed a drug habit
or simply to eat).

Burglary as an Occupation:
persistent offenders, were
technically quite skilled.

Party pursuits such as heavy

drinking and drug-taking.

To the world, you may be one person, but to one

person, you may be the world.

Definition
The act of entering another's premises
without authorization in order to
commit a crime, such as theft.

Detection and prevention

Characteristics of offenders

Disproportionately young, male

and poor.

Not the only type of crime they

commit, nor is it necessarily one
that they continue to commit
throughout their whole offending
career.

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SENSE OF SATISFACTION
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Identifiable fingerprints, targeting

either known offenders or high-risk
areas on the basis of intelligence and
crime pattern or hot spot analysis.

Encouraging householders to mark

valuable items with their postcode,
deterrent or rehabilitative measures
aimed at persistent offenders

CONTENTS

Vehicle crime

Vehicle thieves have adapted their

methods to overcome increasingly
sophisticated security technologies.

Burglaries were the most common

method for obtaining the key.

Robbery for the key, including

carjackings.

Explanations for thefts

Definition
The criminal act of stealing or
attempting to steal a car (or any other
motor vehicle).

Methods of theft

Have changed over time, in

response to improvements in
security by motor manufacturers.

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1. Temporary thefts (mostly teenage

boys): the thrill and excitement of
stealing cars and driving them at high
speed. This will be an antidote to
feelings of boredom.

Not all who wander are lost.

The gains to be made from stealing

vehicles for stripping, resale or export
outweigh the costs associated with
these endeavours.

Detecting and preventing

The use of decoy vehicles by the

police. This method involves the
deployment of a vehicle that is
placed under surveillance by the
police in the expectation that it will
become the target of a theft.

Automatic Number Plate

Recognition (ANPR) has been used
in conjunction with CCTV systems
to identify vehicles that have been
flagged by the police for further
attention.

The influence of peers: to impress a

group of friends and to be accepted by
the group.
2. Permanent thefts: can be considered
more instrumental than those for
temporary thefts.

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Shoplifting
Explanations for shoplifting
1. Rational choice: Customers in shops
try to obtain what they want at least
cost and, if no cost is an option, then
they will just take them.
Happiness can be found, even in the darkest of times,
if one only remembers to turn on the light.

Definition
The action of stealing goods from a
shop while pretending to be a
customer.

2. Very low rates of detection: many

people will be tempted to obtain goods
by shoplifting rather than by paying
for them.
3. The costs in terms of formal penalty
might be low enough in relation to the
utilities from the stolen goods.

Responses to shoplifting

Who shoplifts?
Leave a shop without paying for an
item.
A small proportion of all offences are
noticed and of those noticed only a
fraction are reported, dealt with by the
police and proceeded with.

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The design of the goods (packaging to

prevent pocketing), the layout of the
store (realigning stands to improve line
of sight), CCTV (targeted at key areas),
alarms (triggered at exits of high risk
zones), management systems allowing
patterns of theft readily to be identified
and addressed in informed ways.

CONTENTS

Understanding
and tackling
stolen goods
markets
3. Network sales: Stolen goods are
passed on and each participant adds a
little to the price until a consumer is
found; this may involve a residential
fence, and the buyer may be the final
consumer or may sell the goods on
again through friendship networks.

Stolen goods markets

1. Commercial fence supplies: Stolen
goods are sold by thieves to
commercial fences operating out of
shops such as jewellers, pawnbrokers
and secondhand dealers.
2. Residential fence supplies: Stolen
goods (particularly electrical goods)
are sold by thieves to fences, usually at
the home of the fence.

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4. Commercial sales: Commercial

fences most usually pose openly as
legitimate business owners while
secretly selling stolen goods for a
profit, either directly to the (innocent)
consumer or to another distributor
who thinks the goods can be sold again
for additional profit. More rarely, such
sales are made to another distributor.

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Letting it get to you. You know what thats called?

Being alive. Best thing there is. Being alive right
now is all that counts.

5. Hawking: Thieves sell directly to

consumers in places such as bars and
pubs or door to door in residential
areas (e.g. shoplifters selling cigarettes,
toiletries, clothes or food).
6. eSelling: This involves selling stolen
goods through private websites such as
Craigs List or through online auction
sites such as eBay.

Characteristics of offenders

Heroin or cocaine users.

Illegal income generated by thieves

selling stolen goods.

Income tax
evasion and
benefit fraud
enterprise and drives the honest
taxpayer to fiddles.

You cant rule the world in hiding. Youve got to

come out on the balcony sometimes and wave a
tentacle.

Definition
An illegal practice where a person,
organization or corporation
intentionally avoids paying his/her/its
true tax liability. Those caught evading
taxes are generally subject to criminal
charges and substantial penalties.

Benefit fraudsters blamed poverty,

hardship and frustration. Like the
tax fraudsters, they cited economic
imperatives. They also sometimes
blamed the system: for example,
people who had intermittent
income (irregular maintenance
payments, part-time work) stopped
declaring it because their benefit
payments were disrupted and
delayed as a result fraud then
appears as a legitimate response to
a capricious system.

Causes

Employers organisations
complained that they were
subjected to excessive taxation
which punishes effort and

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Their predominant reason for fraud

was economic need, but their offences
were not necessarily planned; often
they had just taken the opportunity to
earn small amounts and not declared
them. They thought that fiddling was
common and they distinguished
between what they did (which they
saw as harmless) and serious fraud.
Some fraudsters had no scruples while
for others, more concerned and
anxious about their offending.

CONTENTS

Theft and fraud

by employees
1. Staff may account for some
significant losses to companies and in
rare cases contribute to its downfall.
2. There is relatively little information
on employees who cheat, partly
because companies often deal with
them in-house and therefore there is
little information in the public domain
and partly because there is relatively
little research.

Definition
An act of deceit by an employee. An
employer suffers some loss caused by
any false, deceiving act by an
employee having this disposition.

Characteristics of theft and

fraud at work

3. The victim, the organisation, is

frequently seen as either deserving
because the staff member feels he or
she has been treated badly or that the
organisation is not really a victim
because, for example, it has insurance
to cover any crime losses or because it
allows for some crime losses as a
consequence of doing business which
are accounted for in the way the
organisation prices its good and
services.

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Courage isnt just a matter of not being frightened,

you know. Its being afraid and doing what you have
to do anyway.

4. Companies themselves have often

been reluctant to discuss staff
dishonesty for fear of courting bad
publicity.
5. The inside cheat is a serious threat to
company security. Insiders have
important knowledge about what
protection measures are in place and
more crucially their weak points and
how they might be circumvented.
6. Offences are not very visible in that
most often no one sees an offence take
place. If goods or cash are stolen it is
not always noticed, and even if it is, it
could easily be attributed to a factor
other than theft or fraud such as an
administrative error.

Theft and fraud

by employees
9 key tactics to responding
1. Treat employees well: dont allow
discontent to fester.
2. Pay them fairly.
3. Find out whether staff have
problems/expectations and manage
them.

The mind is everything. What you think you become.

From explanations to
prevention

4. Recruit the right people.

7. A seventh point is that even if a loss
is detected and it is recognised as the
consequence of an offence committed
by an employee it will not always be
easy to determine who is responsible:
the complexity of organisations and
business systems, the autonomy of
many workers and the fact that staff
are often good at covering their tracks
contribute to making detection and
then prosecution a challenge. It is
against this background we attempt to
explain workplace dishonesty.

Page 7 - Free 10-page trial

5. Foster positive workplace cultures.

6. Eliminate or reduce opportunities.
7. Set clear guidelines as to what is
acceptable.
8. Make it clear that the organisation is
a victim.
9. Ensure crime prevention measures
work.

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Crimes committed by male offenders

tend to be characterised by motives
such as greed, supplementing paid
work, something that is exciting, to
overcome boredom or to achieve status
and respect.
In contrast, crimes committed by
women have been depicted by them
being labelled as mad or bad.
Sometimes crime by women is
characterised as a selfless act,
undertaken not for themselves but for
the benefit of others, such as men and
children.

Fakes
Where an item is known to be fake, a
consumer will pay less for it than they
would for the original. Thus there
arises a lure for fakers to insert their
product into licit markets to be sold as
apparent originals and therefore at the
highest price possible.

Whats coming will come (and) well just have to

meet it when it does.

Definition
A fake is something that purports to be
what it is not. The essence of a fake is
therefore in a manifestation of a
misrepresentation, or confusion, over
authenticity or authorship.

Counterfeiters are able to compete

with legitimate business in heavily
regulated markets since they are not
constrained with the costs of having to
meet the high safety standards
imposed on legitimate businesses
producing items for these markets.
The costs involved in meeting these
safety standards are passed on to
consumers by way of highly priced
end products.

Detecting, regulating and

preventing fakes

Explaining IPC

Markets in counterfeits were

traditionally policed by way of
arresting sellers and seizing
products.

Educating the public as to the

nature of the harms counterfeits
cause.

Intellectual property crime: IPC.

IPC is a low-risk, high-reward crime. It
can generate significant profits and is
policed and regulated ineffectively.

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CONTENTS

Scams
scams, in that those who apply are
required to pay registration fees or
other costs up front before the
unprofitable nature of the work
involved is discovered.

Definition
A scam or confidence trick is an
attempt to defraud a person or group
by gaining their confidence.

Common scams

Advance fee fraud: involves

pretending to sell something you do
not have while taking money in
advance.
Work from home scams are also
often a variant on advance fee

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Pump and dump: Victims are

persuaded to buy into a company in
which the persuader already holds
shares. The new purchases
temporarily inflate the share price,
allowing the boiler-room to sell at a
profit before the share price
collapses again.

Explanations of the crime

1. Popular explanations include that
victims of scams thought the scam was
legitimate, due to its being marketed in
a way that suggested a respectable
business was behind it.
2. They were caught off guard,

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Life is the art of drawing without an eraser!

sometimes because the scammer

presented the golden opportunity as
time-limited to encourage an
unreflective response.
3. They suspected a scam but the
investment required was so small and
the potential return so large it was
worth the risk.
4. And they responded to the
persuasive or individualised manner in
which the scam was presented.
Current advertising and PR plays very
strongly on concepts key to scams: the
idea of something for nothing, of
getting a bargain, of a superproduct
that will solve a range of problems in
one go and at a discount price,
available for one week only.

Credit fraud

You cannot depend on your eyes when your

imagination is out of focus.

Definition
Credit card fraud is a wide-ranging
term for theft and fraud committed
using or involving a payment card,
such as a credit card or debit card, as a
fraudulent source of funds in a
transaction.

Plastic card and cheque frauds take a

wide range of different forms. The
financial services industry has
identified the principal forms of abuse.
In relation to plastic cards (credit or
charge cards, debit cards and
guaranteed cheque cards as
contrasted with cheques without cards
or whose values exceed the guarantee
limits), the main frauds are as follows:

Counterfeit card fraud involving

cards that have been printed,
embossed or encoded without
permission from the issuer, or cards
that have been validly issued and
then altered or recoded. Most cases
involve skimming, a process
where the genuine data on a cards
magnetic strip are electronically

The purpose may be to obtain goods

without paying, or to obtain
unauthorized funds from an account.
Credit card fraud is also an adjunct to
identity theft.

Payment card
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copied onto another, without the

legitimate cardholders knowledge.

Fraudulent possession of card

details (card-not-present CNP
frauds) carried out on the phone,
or via mail order, fax or Internet
transactions, where fraudulently
obtained card details are used to
make a purchase.

Fraud using lost and stolen cards

which are generally carried out
before the cardholder has reported
the loss.

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CONTENTS