Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
waveguides
id
Jean-Michel Le Clach
ETF 2010
Stella Plage
Plage, Saturday November 27
toutes illustrations droits rservs sauf spcifi
Horns
etymology:
Greek :
Latin :
karnon,
cornu.
a "wind instrument
(originally made from animal horns)
reference to car horns is first recorded in
1901.
cornucopia
Neolithic carving
Laussel cave, France
Pavillon de loreille,
l oreille, pavillon acoustique
(in French)
Definition
a horn is a tube whose cross-section increases from throat to mouth in order
to increase the overall efficiency of the driving element = the diaphragm. The
horn itself is a passive component and does not amplify the sound from the
driving element as such, but rather improves the coupling efficiency between
the speaker driver and the air. The horn can be thought of as an "acoustic
transformer" that provides impedance matching between the relatively dense
diaphragm material and the air which has a very low density.
density
This is important because the difference in densities and motional
characteristics of the air and of the driving element is a mismatch.
mismatch The part of
the horn next to the speaker cone "driver" is called the "throat" and the large
part farthest away from the speaker cone is called the "mouth.
Historical milestones
1876 ____________ Bells Telephone
1920
1920_____________first
first commercial electrical recording
Oliphant
Shofar horn
belarussia
Carved Conque
Shell from Nepal
with the Godess
Kharaccheri in a
Mandala.
Tahitian Pu-Toka
India
Turbinella Pyrum
megaphones
Fisherman using a
megaphone
horns as music
instruments
First horns
China
Oxus
Egypt
Greece
First trumpets :
Firsttrumpets:
4000BCinChina
3000BCinOxus(AfghanistanRussiafrontier)
1500
1500BCinEgypt
BC in Egypt
300BCinGreece
300BCinAmerica
Oxus
civilization
Peru
10
ancientGreece
Tutankhamuns
trumpets
greek salpinx
"tuuut.....!"
ancientEgypt
i
E
11
Thibetan
horn
Alphorn
12
Brass instruments
from the 19th
13
127dB!
vuvuzela
14
hornviolin
violophone
strohviolin
strohcello
vioara cu goarna
15
Non musical
purposes
architectural acoustics
f h
foghorns
firemen sirens
car horns and Klaxon
military
ilit
megaphones
h
acoustic locators
Propagation Horns
in Phonurgia nova
(Kempten 1673)
16
Architectural purposes
p p
the prince
listening to the
courtiers speaking
outside the
building
Athanasius Kircher
invented the megaphone
(1608 Germany - 1680 Italy)
Today in Mexico
17
foghorns
John
Tyndall
1820-93
Circa 1873
18
foghorns designed by Lord Rayleigh
Trevose Head Lighthouse, Cornwall (1913)
Train horns
Firemen siren
sirens and
klaxons
Klaxons
victim of pollution
Kopenhagen siren
19
military
megaphones
20
before radar:
acoustic
locators
21
Hearing aids
In Phonurgia Nova
Athanasius KIRCHER
(1673)
What
What, canst thou talk?
talk? quoth she,
she hast
hast thou a tongue?
O would thou hadst not, or I had no hearing.
Thy mermaids voice hath done me double wrong;
I had my load before, now pressed with bearing;
Melodious discord, heavenly tune harsh sounding,
Ears deep sweet music
music, and hearts
heart s deep sore wounding
wounding.
Shakespeare
22
Recording and
reproducing sounds
The very first recording of sound was made by Edouard Lon
Scott de Martinville with his phonautographe before 1857
1857,
probably 1854 as written in his writting Fixation graphique de la
voix (1857) . He didnt know how to reproduce those sounds
First successful recording followed by its reproducing (1877) is
due to Thomas Alva Edison with his phonograph .
23
1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune_2.mp3
Phonautograph
2 phonautograms
a simplistic horn
24
25
Phonograph
Victor V,
V (1907)
recording of a piano on a cylinder
Edison Thomas.mp3
Dickson first
Experimental sound
film (1894)
recording at Smithsonian
26
Cylinder version
Disk version
Phonographs
27
The E.M.G.
Mark Xa
gramophone
28
Radio
times
1920
In Pittsburgh, Westinghouse
radio station KDKA schedules the
first commercial radio
broadcastthe Harding-Cox
presidential election results.
30
Impedance
p
match
Impedance mismatch
To move the
T
th boat
b t it iis
far more efficient to
action the oars inside
the water than in the
air.
31
32
Where:
p is the sound p
pressure ((N/m or Pa),
),
v is the particle velocity (m/s),
and
I is the sound intensity (W/m)
33
Sound power:
if no lloss iinside
id the
th horn:
h
Pm = Pt
Sound intensity:
y
it is the sound power per
unit area
It = Pt / At
Im = Pm / Am
Thus:
It / Im = Am/ At
34
Webster's equation
q
Webster's equation for a constant bulk modulus:
where :
duct shape:
cylindrical tube
conical horn
toroidal horn
37
38
39
40
R.P.G. Denman, "In Search of Quality", Wireless World, Vol. 25 pp97-101 (July 31, 1929)
42
Julien Sullerots
WE15A replica on top
of an Onken W
enclosure
In 1926, the
p
system
y
Vitaphone
uses the famous
driver WE 555-W
coupled to the
WE15A horn
(100Hz to 5kHz)
43
development of the
Stereophonic system
(commercially introduced in
1933)
44
Hollywood
y
g
goes for sound
Majors' film releases in 1928
In1928thesevenHollywoodmajorsreleased220
silent filmsand74soundfilms,ofwhich41had
films and 74 sound films of which 41 had
only synchronisedmusicandsoundeffects,23
were parttalkieandonly10,allfromWarner
Bros,were alltalkie.UniversalandParamountin
particular were still heavily committed to silent
particularwerestillheavilycommittedtosilent
productions.
silent films
synchronized music
and sound effects
David Fisher
In1929thebalancehadshiftedradically.
By now there were 166 alltalkiereleases,50
Bynowtherewere166
all talkie releases 50
parttalkieand36withonly musicandeffects.
Silentreleaseshaddwindledtoonly38outofa
totalof290.
part talkie
all talkie
45
46
1929 - 1935
47
VOT A2
VOT A7
48
1960s
80 X JBL375
+
40 X JBL150H
600
acoustic
watts
Generator
for
vibration
analysis
multiple
horns
49
Related to horns
acoustic lenses
diffractor couplers (Karlson coupler)
reflectors
50
Acoustic
lenses
51
JBL
JBL
JBL 52
Karlson coupler
53
doctor and
patient
locators
Elipson loudspeakers
54
Folding horns
In search of miniaturization
55
56
WE 13A horn
1929 - 1935
57
WE collector in Japan
58
59
University Cobraflex
60
Yamamura fullrange
Churchill and Dionisio 32
61
The Shearer
system
t
received
i da
technical
achievement
award at the 1936
Academy of Motion
Picture Arts and
Sciences
ceremony.
62
RCA
Straight horns
63
64
Horn tweeters
65
Klangfilm
g
20 hz Tractrix horn
Germany,
y 1951
66
Straight
g bass horns
67
Marcel Roggero
Frdric Lebas
69
70
hyperbolical
Le Clac'h
+ Kugelwellen
71
hyperbolical type
hyperbolicaltype
from catenoidal (T = 0)
through hypex (0
(0,5
5 < T < 1)
and exponential (T = 1)
to hyperbolic sine (T > 1)
resistive part
of the
acoustical
impedance
reactive part
of the
acoustical
impedance
Normal range
of T value
between
0 and 1
profiles of hyperbolic family horns with T value variation between 0 and 128
74
principle
"The
The only way that he could figure out to make
his driver sound good was to horn load it, but he
couldn't understand the mathematics behind the
exponential, so he said, "Well, the exponential
theory predicts that the wave form going down
the horn is plane or flat, but if you look at the
physics of the situation, the wave front has to
drag along the horn walls. So naturally it's going
geometrically
y designed
g
a
to be curved. What if I g
horn that has curved wave fronts all the way
through the horn and see what happens?"
A = 2 R h = 2 R [1-cos( )]
77
Kugelwellen
Rsch ( KLANGFILM laboratories )
radius is the double of the radius used in the tractrix horn
78
see also : H.Schmidt: "ber eine neue Lautsprecherkombination" Funk und Ton N5, 1950, p.226-232
Kugelwellen
g
Wireline
Wi
li 3D view
i
off
a Kugelwellen horn
79
"Le
Le Clac'h"
Clac h
horn
81
82
Wireline 3D view of
a Le Clach
Clac h horn
83
Current driven
Current driven
Voltage driven
Voltage driven
84
directivity
di
ti it pattern
tt
off ffew
Le Clac'h horns
85
86
waveguides
The benefits of the directivity of a waveguide
are improved frequency response and SPL
levels within the included angle of the
a egu de within
t
tthe
e ope
operating
at g frequency
eque cy
waveguide
band of the waveguide.
In addition, sidewall and floor bounce
reflections are reduced by the controlled
directivity
87
conical horn
88
Earl Geddes
89
oblate spheroidal
system off coordinates
di
90
91
modelisation
and simulation
of horns
92
93
Measurements
M
t
performed
by Morse
Finite elements analysis of
an exponential horn by John
Sheerin
Analysis
y
using
g Cara
performed my Michael
Gertsgrasser
wavetank analysis in
David McBeans Hornresp
software.
95
Radiation from a
baffled disk at
different
frequencies
Pressure map
Polar graph with
a 3D
presentation
96
conical horn
Le Clac'h horn
simulations
i l ti
off an OS waveguide
id att different
diff
t frequencies
f
i
Note the wavy isobare curves over 2000Hz
98
99
simulation by
John Sheerin
my
measurements on
the J321 horn
Le Clac'h
L
Cl 'h
horn
100
backreflected waves,
Hi h O
High
Order
d M
Modes
d (HOMs)
and stored energy
101
reflected waves
from mouth to
throat inside a
horn.
Single reflection
Double reflection
Triple reflection
102
103
104
large diffraction
large reflection
low diffraction
low reflection
measurements
t
performed at ETF2010
105
HOMs?
HOMs absorption
Effect of the
foam plug
subtraction of the
wavelets graph of the
OSWGD without its foam
plug and with its foam
HOMs have non axial
plug
travel inside the horn
106
HOMs ?
Jmmlc
OSWgd
HOMs ?
econo
wave
107
108
109
note the
increased
opening angle at
throat
110
Multicellular horns
Multisectorial horns
Constant directivity
horns
g
Waveguides
Quadratic throat waveguide
Oblate spheroidal waveguide
111
multicellular
lti ll l h
horns
with curved dividers
with identical cells
the idea is to split the wavefront near the throat of the horn
through several ducts before the wavefront at HF begins to
separate from the walls of the horn.
112
WE 24A,
1936 - 1967
113
multicellularhornswithidenticalcells
Altec
Onken 255wood
Altec Lansing
H1804B
114
detail
d
t il off
the assembly
of cells
115
sectorial horns
sectorial horns have linear ( conical )
expansion in one plane and
exponential expansion in the other.
Dividers can be flat (e.g. Altec 511 and
811) or not (e
(e.g.
g JBL Smith horn
JBL2397)
116
O k 500
Onken
117
The TAD
TH4001 horn
has a Smith horn
design at throat
JBL2397
YuichiArai
Yuichi
Araiss
A300horn
118
Altec
Electro Voice
JBL
JBL
120
Directivity control
its goal:
to obtain a more constant
frequency response over a
g
chosen solid angle
121
Oblate spheroidal
waveguide
Note the rather constant
directivity over 1kHz and
the wavy contours
simulations using
H
Hornresp
122
Earl Geddess
Geddes s Summa Cum Laudae
2 ways enclosure
See also:
Acoustic waveguide for controlled
sound radiation
United States Patent 7068805
Earl Geddes
123
mode 00
mode 00
mode 01
mode 01
mode 10
mode 11
mode 10
mode 11
Michael Gerstgrasser'min
phase horn is a good
compromise between the
Le Clac'h horn and the
OS Waveguide
125
from 1 to 4 the
profile of the
mouth of an OS
waveguide
a egu de is
s
curved at a
nearer distance
from the throat
simulations
performed by
Michael
Gerstgrasser
using AxiDriver
126
without equalization
q
Le Clac'h horn
with equalization
q
Min-Phase horn
The Min-Phase horn provides a better directivity control than the Le Clac'h
p g the smoothness of the frequency
q
y response
p
curves on and
horn while keeping
off axis.
127
the END