Basic Router Configuration

Chapter 7

Chapter Objectives

Explain IGRP
Explain EIGRP
Explain OSPF

Chapter 7

Recall - I

The different metrics used by the routing protocols

include:
Hops
Bandwidth
Load
cost
Reliability
Interior routing protocols include:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Chapter 7

Recall - II
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS IS)
The different RIP timers include:
Route update timer
Route invalid timer
Holddown timer
Route Flush timer
Routing tables can be defined as the database that
contains the routing information of the network

Chapter 7

Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol (IGRP)

IGRP is a distance-vector routing protocol

The characteristics if IGRP include:
Uses composite metric
Supports unequal-cost load balancing
Supports multipath routing
Supports holddowns
Supports split horizons

Chapter 7

Verifying IGRP

Commands to verify IGRP configurations include:

show ip route
show protocols
show ip protocols
debug ip rip
debug ip igrp events
debug ip igrp transactions

Chapter 7

Debugging IGRP

The debugging command displays the routing

information and the updates sent and received on
the router
Commands for debugging IGRP include:
debug ip igrp events
debug ip igrp transactions

Chapter 7

Enhanced Interior Gateway

Routing Protocols (EIGRP)

EIGRP saves all the routes connected to the

neighboring routers
EIGRP has the qualities of both distance-vector and
link state protocols
EIGRP is an ideal protocol in the large networks

Chapter 7

Diffusing Update Algorithm

(DUAL)
DUAL helps the router to determine the best route to

the destination using the hop count, bandwidth and

other factors as metrics
It sends query packets to the neighboring routers to
determine the best path to reach the destination
network
When a router receives a reply, DUAL calculates the
successor (main route) and the feasible successor
(backup route)

Chapter 7

Route Discovery and

Maintenance
For discovering the routes, the tables used by

EIGRP include:
Neighbor table
Topology table
Route table
Successors
Feasible successors
Unlike the other protocols, EIGRP uses four metrics,
bandwidth, delay, load and reliability to determine
the best path to transmit the packets
Chapter 7

10

Verifying EIGRP

Commands to verify EIGRP configurations include:

show ip route
show ip route eigrp
show ip eigrp neighbors
show ip eigrp topology

Chapter 7

11

Border Gateway Protocol

BGP is an Exterior Gateway Protocol used to

exchange the routing information between two or
more Autonomous Systems (AS)
It uses cost as its metrics
The hosts that use BGP as their routing protocol,
exchange information with the help of TCP/IP
It uses the method of Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR)

Chapter 7

12

Link State Routing Protocols

In Link-state routing, the routers while

communicating share the status of the links on the
network
The protocols send Link State Advertisement (LSA)
that contains routing information and details of the
router that sent the information
The destination router stores the LSAs in a local
database
When a change occurs in the database, the router
runs the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm
Chapter 7

13

Open Shortest Path First

(OSPF)
OSPF uses the link-state concept and sends Link

State Advertisements (LSAs) to all the connected

routers
Entities of the OSPF hierarchy include:
Autonomous System (AS)
Areas
Backbone Area
Area Border Routers (ABRs)
Stub Area
Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBRs)
Chapter 7

14

OSPF Hierarchy

Chapter 7

15

Case Study
The Hyderabad branch of the Blue Diamond Steel
Company has 15 routers connected in the network.
The network uses RIP to route the packets between
the departments. Now the company has decided to
add a team of 20 Software Engineers to design the
new steel plants. The network administrator has
decided to place the engineers on a different network.
This requires the 16th router to be placed in the
network.

Chapter 7

16

Problem

The other departments cannot exchange the data with

the software engineers

Chapter 7

17

Solution

The network administrator decided to use OSPF,

which uses bandwidth as its metric to route the
packets and can be used to connect large networks

Chapter 7

18

Intermediate System to
Intermediate System (IS IS)

IS IS is a link state routing protocol used to carry

IP network information
The routing in IS IS is carried out in two levels:
Level 1 comprises of the routers connected in an
area
Level 2 comprises of routers connected to the
routers in multiple areas

Chapter 7

19

Verifying OSPF

Commands to verify EIGRP configurations include:

show ip route
show ip ospf
show ip ospf database
show ip ospf interface
show ip protocols

Chapter 7

20

Summary - I

IGRP is a distant-vector routing protocol, which

implies that each router sends all or a part of its
routing table in a routing message update
The characteristics of IGRP are:
Uses composite metric
Supports unequal-cost load balancing
Supports multipath routing
Supports multipath routing
Supports holdown
Supports split horizons
Chapter 7

21

Summary - II

The characteristics of EIGRP are:

Fast convergence
Link-state protocol
Less network overhead
Interoperation with IGRP
Supports three routed protocols
Six path load-balancing
The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state
routing protocol, used to handle routing for Internet
Protocol (IP) traffic
Chapter 7

22

Summary - III

The OSPF protocol is designed on the Shortest

Path First (SPF) algorithm, which enables to
determine the shortest route to each destination
OSPF provides the following advantages:
Open protocol
Loop free topology
Scalable
Hierarchical design
Provides multicasting
Chapter 7

23

Summary - IV

The OSPF maintains a two-layer hierarchy

consisting of:
Backbone area
Off backbone
The advantage of dividing OSPF into areas are as
follows:
Conserves router resources
Concealing information
Dealing with external routes

Chapter 7

24

Summary - V

There are different OSPF area types that help to

handle external routes:
Normal area
Stub area
Totally stubby area
Not-so-stubby area

Chapter 7

25