Bai Giang Ky Thuat Dien Tu DH GTVT

Bi ging K thut in t
CHNG I: CC KHI NIM C BN

1. Mch in v cc i lng c bn
1.1 Mch in
Mch in: mt h gm cc thit b in, in t ghp li trong xy ra qu trnh
truyn t, bin i nng lng hay tn hiu in o bi cc i lng dng in, in
p.
Mch in c cu trc t cc thnh phn ring r nh, thc hin cc chc
nng xc nh c gi l cc phn t mch in. Hai loi phn t chnh ca mch in
l ngun v ph ti.
- Ngun: cc phn t dng cung cp nng lng in hoc tn hiu in cho
mch.
VD: my pht in, acquy
- Ph ti: cc thit b nhn nng lng hay tn hiu in.
VD: ng c in, bng in, bp in, bn l
Ngoi 2 thnh phn chnh nh trn, mch in cn c nhiu loi phn t khc nhau
nh: phn t dng ni ngun vi ph ti (VD: dy ni, dy ti in); phn t lm
thay i p v dng trong cc phn khc ca mch (VD: my bin p, my bin dng );
phn t lm gim hoc tng cng cc thnh phn no ca tn hiu (VD: cc b lc,
b khuch i).
Trn mi phn t thng c mt u ni ra gi l cc cc ni n vi cc phn
t khc. Dng in i vo hoc i ra phn t t cc cc. Phn t c th c 2 cc (in
tr, cun cm, t in ), 3 cc (transistor, bin tr ) hay nhiu cc (my bin p,
khuch i thut ton ).
Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

Trang 1
Bi ging K thut in t
1.2. Cc i lng c bn
A
u AB
* in p
in p gia 2 im A v B l cng cn thit lm dch chuyn mt n v in
tch (1 Coulomb) t A n B.
n v: V (Volt)
UAB = VA VB
UAB = - UBA
UAB : in p gia A v B.
VA; VB: in th ti im A, B.
* Dng in
Dng in l dng cc in tch chuyn dch c hng. Cng dng in (cn
gi l dng in) l lng in tch dch chuyn qua mt b mt no (VD: tit din
ngang ca dy dn ).
n v: A (Ampere)
Chiu dng in theo nh ngha l chiu chuyn ng ca cc in tch dng (hay
ngc chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca cc in tch m). tin li, ngi ta chn
tu mt chiu v k hiu bng mi tn v gi l chiu dng ca dng in. Nu ti
mt thi im t no , chiu dng in trng vi chiu dng th dng in mang du
dng (i > 0); cn nu chiu dng in ngc chiu dng th dng in mang du m
(i < 0).
Trang 2
Bi ging K thut in t
2. Cc phn t hai cc
2.1 Cc phn t hai cc th ng
2.1.1 in tr
L phn t c trng cho hin tng tiu tn nng lng in t .
K hiu: R n v: Ohm ()
G=
1
: in dn n v: -1 hay Siemen (S)
R
Ghp nhiu in tr:

- Ni tip: R = R1 + R2 + ..
- Song song:
1 1
1
= +
+ ...
R R1 R2
Quan h gia dng v p ca in tr tun theo nh lut Ohm.

i
R
+ u=Ri -
U(t) = R.I(t)
I(t) = G.U(t)
U(t): in p gia 2 u in tr (V)
U(t): in p gia 2 u in tr (V)
I(t): Dng in gia 2 u in tr (A)
I(t): Dng in gia 2 u in tr (A)
R : in tr ()
G: in dn (-1 /S)
Khi R = 0 (G = ): m hnh ngn mch.

Khi R = (G= 0): m hnh h mch.
Trang 3
Bi ging K thut in t
Cng sut tiu th trn in tr : P = UI = RI2 (W)
* Cc thng s cn quan tm ca in tr :
- Tr danh nh: gi tr xc nh ca in tr.
- Dung sai : sai s ca gi tr thc so vi tr danh nh.
- Cng sut tiu tn : cng sut tiu th trn in tr.
- in p lm vic ti a.
- Nhiu nhit.
Hnh dng thc t ca in tr:
* Cng thc tnh in tr:

Theo vt liu ch to
Nu l in tr ca cun dy: Tr s in tr ca cun dy dn ph thuc vo vt

liu, t l thun vi chiu di v t l nghch vi tit din dy.
R=
l
S
: in tr xut
m 2 / m
l : chiu di dy dn [m]
S : tit din dy
[m2]
Th d: Tm in tr ca 1 dy dn di 6.5m, ng knh dy 0.6mm, c

= 430nm . Da vo cng thc ta tm c R = 9.88
Theo l thuyt mch:
nh lut Ohm:
Trang 4
Bi ging K thut in t
R=
U
( )
I
Khi c dng in chy qua 1 vt dn in th hai u dy s pht sinh 1 in p U

t l vi dng in I.
Theo nng lng:
Khi c dng in qua R trong 1 thi gian t th R b nng ln, ta ni R tiu th 1

nng lng: W = U.I.t
W = R.I 2 .t
J hoc W.s
Ta thy rng t cng ln th in nng tiu th cng ln.

* Cch c vng mu:
Ngoi cch o, gi tr ca in tr cn c th xc nh qua cc vng mu trn thn
in tr. S vng mu trn in tr tu thuc loi vo chnh xc ca in tr (3 vng
mu, 4 vng mu hay 5 vng mu).
Vo
ng ma
u
Ma
u1
3 Dung
sai
Gi tr tng ng ca cc mu c lit k trong bng sau:

Tr s
Dung sai
en
20%
Nu
1%
2%
Cam
Vng
Lc (Xanh l)
Lam (Xanh dng)
Mu

Trang 5
Bi ging K thut in t
Tm
Xm
Trng
Vng kim
5%
Bc
10%
Ghi ch:
- Vng mu th 3 (i vi in tr c 3 hay 4 vng mu) v vng mu th 4 (i
vi in tr c 5 vng mu) ch h s m.
- Nu mu vng kim hoc mu bc vng th 3 (i vi in tr 4 vng mu)
hoc vng th 4 (i vi in tr 5 vng mu) th tr s tng ng l:
Vng kim: -1
Bc: -2
V d: - Xm Nu: 28.101 => Gi tr ca in tr: 28
Nu en - Bc: 10.102 10% => Gi tr in tr: 1K , sai s 10%.
- Cam Tm en Nu: 237.100 1% => Gi tr in tr: 273 , sai s 1%.
* ng dng ca in tr trong thc t: bn i, bp in, n si t
2.1.2 Phn t cun cm
* Cu to.
Cun cm gm nhiu vng dy qun st nhau, ngay c chng ln nhau nhng

khng chm nhau do dy ng c trng men cch in.
Cun dy li khng kh

Trang 6
Cun dy li Ferit
Bi ging K thut in t
Ty theo li cun cm l khng kh, st bi hay st l m cun cm c k hiu
nh sau:
L1 l cun dy li khng kh,

L3 l cun dy c li chnh,
* Cc tham s c bn ca cun cm:
L2 l cun dy li ferit,
L4 l cun dy li thp k thut
Khi s dng cun cm ngi ta quan tm n cc s chnh sau:

H s t cm L:
l kh nng tch tr nng lng t trng ca cun dy, n v l Henry (H).

1H = 103mH = 106 H .
V=L
H s phm cht:
Q=
XL
XS
dI
dt
ph thuc vo f
Tn hao cun cm.
Dng in nh mc Imax.
Tn s nh mc.
Cm khng
Cm khng ca cun dy l i lng c trng cho s cn tr dng in ca

cun dy i vi dng in xoay chiu .
Ghp cun cm
. Ghp ni tip:
Ltd = L1 + L2 + ...
Cng thc ny ch s dng cho cc cun dy khng quan h v t, khng c h

cm. Nu cc cun dy c t trng tng tc ln nhau th:
T trng tng cng (qun cng chiu):
Ltd = L1 + L2 + ... + 2 M

Trang 7
Bi ging K thut in t
T trng i nhau (qun ngc chiu)
Ltd = L1 + L2 + ... 2 M
. Ghp song song:

Khi mc song song cch bit v t th cng thc tnh nh sau:
1
1 1
1
= + + ... +
Ltd L1 L2
Ln
Nng lng np vo cun dy:
Dng in chy qua cun dy to ra nng lng tch tr di dng t trng:

W=
1 2
L.I
2
W: nng lng (Joule).

L : H s t cm (H).
I : Cng dng in (A).
* c tnh cun cm vi dng AC
in p trn phn t in cm bng tc bin thin theo t thng:

u (t ) =
d (t )
= e L (t )
dt
Trong eL(t) l sc in ng cm ng do t thng bin i theo thi gian gy nn.

Mt khc: (t ) = Li (t )
Trong : L l h s t cm ca cun dy
Nh vy: u (t ) =
d (t ) d ( Li (t ))
di (t )
=
=L
dt
dt
dt
=> i (t ) =
1
u (t )dt + i (t 0 )
L t0
Trong i (t 0 ) =
(t 0 )
l gi tr dng in qua phn t in cm ti thi im ban u
L
t0.
*Hnh dng thc t ca cun cm:

Trang 8
Bi ging K thut in t
*ng dng thc t ca cun cm: Relay in t, bin p, anten, nam chm t
2.1.3 Phn t t in
* Cu to ca t in:
V c bn t in gm hai bn cc kim loi i din nhau v phn cch gia

cht cch in m cn c gi l cht in mi (dielectric).
Cht in mi c th l khng kh, cht kh, giy (tm), mng hu c, mica, thy
tinh hoc gm, mi loi c hng s in mi khc nhau, khong nhit v dy khc
nhau.
K hiu: C n v Farah (F).

in tch gia hai bn t c xc
C
+ u
nh:
q(t) = Cu(t)
*Khi nim chung
Tr s in dung C: kh nng cha in ca t in c gi l in dung (C).

Trang 9
Bi ging K thut in t
n v ca C: Fara (F), F ln nn trong thc t thng dng n v nh hn F,
1F = 10 6 F = 10 9 nF = 1012 pF
nF, pF
- Theo quan im vt liu: in dung C (Capacitor hay Condenser) ca t in ty
thuc vo cu to v c tnh bi cng thc:
C=
S
d
Vi: C: in dung {F}

S: din tch ca bn cc {m2}.
D: khong cch gia hai bn cc {m}.
: l hng s in mi v = r . 0 ( r l hng s in mi tng i; 0 l
12
hng s in mi khng kh, 0 = 8.85 10 (F/m).
- Theo quan im l thuyt mch: t s gia in tch Q v in p t vo 2 vt

dn (hay bn cc) U.
C=
Q
U
hay Q = C.U
Vi: Q: in tch c n v l C (colomb).

C: in dung c n v l F (Fara), F , nF, pF.
U: st p hai bn cc c n v l V (volt).
- Theo quan im nng lng: t l kho cha in v lng in nng cha trong t
c xc nh:
1
W = C.V 2
2
Nng lng tnh in J tnh theo Ws (Wast giy) hoc J (Joule) c cho bi
Ghp t:
T ghp song song:
nht
T ghp ni tip
Ctd =C1 +C2 +..
1
1
1
=
+
+ ...
Ctd C1 C2
p tng ng bng p t c in p nh
p tng ng bng tng cc in p thnh
phn
*Chc nng ca t in:
C hai chc nng chnh:

Trang 10
Bi ging K thut in t
Np hay x in: chc nng ny p dng cho cc mch lm bng phng mch
nh th
Ngn dng in DC: chc nng ny c p dng vo cc mch lc trch ra
hay kh i cc tn s c bit.
*Mt s t in thng dng:
1. T ha: (c cc tnh) c ch to vi bn cc nhm v cc dng c b mt
hnh thnh lp Oxit nhm v lp bt kh c tnh cch in lm cht in mi gi

tr: 1 F 10.000 F .
2. T gm: (khng cc tnh) gi tr 1 pF 1 F .

3. T giy (khng cc tnh): Hai bn cc l cc bng kim loi di, gia c lp cch
in l giy tm du v cun li thnh ng. in p nh thng n vi trm

Volt.
4. T mica (khng cc tnh) pF -> nF. in p lm vic rt cao.
T c sn chm mu ch gi tr in dung.
5. T mng mng: pF F (khng c cc tnh): Cht in mi l polyester (PE),
polyetylen (PS). in p lm vic rt cao.

6. T tang: (c cc tnh) 0.1 F 100 F
7. T in thay i c (Variable Capacitor).

Vit tt l CV hay VC.
* Cch c tr s t
Loi tham s quan trng nht ca t in l tr s in dung (km theo dung sai) v
in p lm vic ca n. Chng c th c ghi trc tip, ghi bng qui c ch s.
a. i vi t in c cc (t DC).
Cc cc c ghi bng du + hoc du -.
n v in dung: F , F D, MFD, UF.
in p lm vic: VDC (volt DC) c ghi trc tip bng ch s.
VD: 10 F /16 VDC, 470 F /15VDC, 5 F /6VDC.
b. Cc loi t mng mng:
Nu khng ghi n v th qui c n v l pF.
VD: 47/630 c ngha l 47pF, in p lm vic l 630V.
Nu s u c du chm th n v l F

Trang 11
Bi ging K thut in t
VD: .1 c ngha l .1 F
.47 c ngha l .47 F
Trng hp ghi bng ch s:
VD:123K -> 12 *103 pF, K l sai s ( hay dung sai).
K t ch dung sai: G = 2%; J = 5%; K = 10%; M = 20%
VD: 473J -> 47.000pF = 0.47 F
223 M-> 22.000pF = 0.22 F
*c Tnh Np - X Ca T.
Xem mch nh hnh v:
1 K
2
T np
K v tr 1: T np t in th 0V tng dn n in th VDC theo hm m i vi thi
gian t. in th tc thi trn hai u t:
Vc ( t ) = VDC 1 e
vi t: thi gian t np (s), = RC hng s thi gian (s)
VDC
c tuyn np:
Vc(t)
Vc
VDC
0.99
0.86
ic(t)
Nhn thy sau thi gian t = 5 t np in th Vc = 0.99 VDC xem nh t np y.

Khi in th t tng dn th dng in t np li gim t gi tr cc i I =
T x

Trang 12
VDC
v 0.
R
Bi ging K thut in t
Khi t np y Vc VDC ta chuyn K sang v tr 2: t x in qua R -> in th trn
t gim dn t VDC -> 0V theo hm m thi gian theo t. in th 2 u t x c tnh
theo cng thc: V ( t ) =V .e
t
DC
VDC
R
Sau thi gian t = 5 th in th trn t ch cn 0.01VDC. xem nh t x ht in.

Trng hp t x, dng x cng gim dn theo hm s m t tr s cc i bt u l
I=
VDC
xung 0.
R
Dng x tc thi c tnh theo cng thc ging dng np
ic ( t ) =
VDC t
e
R
*c tnh ca t in i vi AC.
Ta c:
I=
Q
Q = I .t
t
i vi t in, in tch t np c tnh theo cng thc: Q = C.V

C.V = I .t V =
1
.I .t
C
in p np c trn t l s tch t ca dng in np vo t theo thi gian t.

i vi dng in xoay chiu hnh sin th tr s tc thi ca dng in:
i(t) = Im . sin t
H thc lin h gia in p Vc v dng in i(t):
i
Uc

Trang 13
Uc
Bi ging K thut in t
t
1
VC ( t ) = i ( t ) .dt
C0
t
VC ( t ) = I m sin t.dt
0
V ( t) =
1
1
.I m ( cos t ) =
.I m sin ( t 900 )
C
C
Dung khng Xc ca t c xc nh:

XC =
1
1
f .C =
2
C
{Hz}.
2
Nh vy, in p VC trn t cng l 1 tr s thay i theo dng in xoay chiu hnh sin.
Da vo kt lun trn, ta thy mch in xoay chiu thun in dung, dng in vt
pha trc in p mt gc 90o
Vi f =
2.1.4 M hnh thc t ca cc phn t in tr, in cm, in dung

Cc m hnh c nu cc phn trn l m hnh l tng. Trong thc t, cc phn
t ny khng ch n gin l cc phn t thun m cn c nhiu cc phn t k sinh.
Cc m hnh thc t ca cc phn t in tr, in dung v in cm ln lt nh
sau:
Khi thit k mch, ngi thit k cn ch n cc phn t k sinh ny.

2.2 Cc phn t ngun
2.2.1 Ngun p c lp
i
e(t)
+ u

Trang 14
Bi ging K thut in t
u(t) = e(t) i
2.2.2 Ngun dng c lp
i
i(t) = J(t) u
J(t)
+ u -
3. Cc nh lut c bn ca mch in
3.1 nh lut Ohm
U: in p gia 2 u mch
I: dng in chy trong mch
Z: tng tr ca mch
U = Z.I
u(t) = Z.i(t)
3.2 nh lut Kirchoff
Nhnh: 1 on mch gm mt hay nhiu phn t 2 cc ni tip vi nhau trn c
cng mt dng in i qua.
Nt (nh): l bin ca nhnh hoc im chung ca cc nhnh.
Vng: l mt tp cc nhnh to thnh mt ng khp kn
3.2.1 nh lut Kirchoff 1
Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bt k bng 0.
ik = 0
Trong quy c: Cc dng in c chiu dng i vo nt th ly du +, cn i ra khi
nt th ly du - ; hoc ngc li.
V d :
i1 i2 i3 = 0
Trang 15
Bi ging K thut in t
-i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
nh lut Kirchoff 1 cn c pht biu di dng: Tng cc dng in c chiu

dng i vo mt nt bt k th bng tng cc dng in c chiu dng i ra khi nt
.
3.2.2 nh lut Kirchoff 2
Tng i s cc in p trn cc phn t dc theo tt c cc nhnh trong mt vng
bng 0.
uk = 0
Du ca in p c xc nh da trn chiu dng ca in p chn so vi

chiu ca vng. Chiu ca vng c chn tu . Trong mi vng nu chiu vng i t
cc + sang cc ca mt in p th in p mang du +, cn ngc li th in p
mang du - .
V d:
UR3 + UC3 + e2 - UL2 + UR1 e1 = 0
i3
UR3 + UC3 - UL2 + UR1 = e1 e2

t
di
1
R 3 i3 +
i 3 dt L 2 2 + R 1 i1 = e1 e 2
C3 0
dt
C3
i2
e2
R3
i1
e1
R1
3.3 nh l Thevenil Norton

nh l Thevenil: C th thay tng ng mng mt ca tuyn tnh bi mt
ngun p bng in p t trn ca khi h mch mc ni tip vi tr khng Thevenil
ca mng mt ca.

Trang 16
Bi ging K thut in t
nh l Norton: C th thay tng ng mt mng mt ca tuyn tnh bi mt
ngun dng bng dng in trn ca khi ngn mch mc song song vi tr khng
Thevenil ca mng mt ca.
Mach A
(tuye
n
tnh)
I A
I A
I A
ZT
U
E T
B
Thevenil
+
J N
ZT
B
Norton
tnh cc gi tr ZT, E T , J N ta tin hnh trit tiu cc ngun c lp (ngn mch

ngun dng v h mch ngun p):
E T = U
J N = I
I =0
U =0
ZT =
= U h
= Ing
E T
J
4. Mt s h thng thng tin in hnh

4.1 Khi nim chung v tn hiu
Trong i sng hng ngy, chng ta thng phi truyn i ting ni, hnh nh, m
thanh gi chung l tin tc. c th truyn tin tc qua cc h thng in t, ngi ta
bin i chng thnh mt in p hoc dng in, bin thin t l vi lng tin tc
nguyn thu, ta gi l tn hiu.
Mt cch tng qut, tn hiu c th l tun hon hoc khng tun hon, l lin tc
theo thi gian (tn hiu analog) hoc gin on theo thi gian (tn hiu xung, s hay tn
hiu digital).
Xt tn hiu hnh sin: s(t) = Acos(t )
A: bin
Trang 17
Bi ging K thut in t
= 2f : tn s gc
: pha ban u
Ngoi tn hiu tng t, ta cn gp cc tn hiu dng khc, tn hiu tn ti gin
on theo thi gian, v d: xung vung, xung tam gic, xung hnh thang. Hnh sau cho thy
mt s tn hiu dng xung:
4.2 Cc thng s c trng cho tn hiu

4.2.1 rng ( di)
Khi biu din trong th thi gian, khong thi gian tn ti ca tn hiu, k t lc
bt u cho n khi kt thc, c gi l rng ca tn hiu. Nu tn hiu tun hon,
rng c tnh tng ng vi thi gian tn ti tn hiu trong mt chu k.
4.2.2 Gi tr trung bnh
Nu tn hiu s(t), xut hin ti s(t) thi im t0, c di th gi tr trung bnh
trong khong thi gian ca n c xc nh bi:
s( t ) =
t0 +
4.2.3 Nng lng ca tn hiu

Trang 18
s(t )dt
t0
Bi ging K thut in t
Thng thng s(t) i din cho mt in p hay mt dng in. Nng lng tn
hiu trong thi gian tn ti ca n xc nh nh sau:
Es =
t0 +
( t )dt
t0
Nng lng trung bnh trong mt n v thi gian (thng c gi l cng sut
trung bnh ca tn hiu) c tnh:
s 2 (t) =
E 1
=

t0 +
( t )dt
t0
Cn bc hai ca nng lng trung bnh c gi l gi tr hiu dng ca tn hiu:

S = s 2 (t) =
t 0 +
( t )dt
t0
4.3 Cc h thng in t in hnh

thc hin vic cc truyn cc tin tc i xa hoc thu thp, x l tn hiu t ni
xa ti ngi ta cn trang b cc thit b chc nng v tp hp chng thnh mt h thng
in t nht nh. Trong cc h , tin tc c th c truyn theo mt chiu nht nh
(gi l h thng h), cng c th truyn theo c 2 chiu (gi l h thng kn). Ba h
thng in t thng gp l h thng thng tin qung b, h o lng v h t ng
iu khin.
4.3.1 H thng thng tin qung b
y l h thng dng truyn ting ni, hnh nh t cc i pht thanh, pht hnh
ti my thu.

Trang 19
Bi ging K thut in t
Anten
Tin tc
Chuy n i
iu ch
Khu ch i
T o sng mang
THIT B PHT
Anten
Ch n v
khu ch i
Khu ch i
trung tn
Trn sng
Gii iu
ch
Khu ch i
Nh n tin
T o dao ng n i
THIT B THU
H th ng thng tin qu ng b
Ti i pht, tin tc (ting ni hay hnh nh) c truyn qua b chuyn i, bin
thnh cc i lng in tn s thp. Tn hiu loi ny c nng lng nh, tn s thp
khng th bc x i xa. V vy ngi ta phi dng mt sng cao tn (gi l sng mang)
mang tn hiu i xa. Qu trnh gi l iu ch tn hiu. Qua b phn ny, mt trong
nhng tham s ca sng cao tn (bin , tn s hoc gc pha) b thay i tu theo quy
lut ca tn hiu tn s thp. Sau cc tn hiu ny c khuch i v a n anten
bc x qua mi trng truyn sng.
Ti b phn thu, sng cao tn c iu ch tip nhn t anten s c chn
lc, khuch i v a n b trn sng (em tn hiu cao tn mang tin tc trn vi
sng to ra ti ch - gi l dao ng ni) to nn sng c tn s thp hn gi l trung
tn. Sau d sng trung tn ny c khuch i, gii iu ch (ngha l tch tn hiu tn
s thp phn nh tin tc nguyn thu ra khi sng mang cn c gi l qu trnh tch
sng), tip tc khuch i v a ti b nhn tin (v d l loa trong my thu thanh).
Trang 20
Bi ging K thut in t
H thng trn l h thng h: tn hiu ch truyn theo mt chiu (t i pht ti
my thu) m khng truyn theo chiu ngc li. Cht lng v hiu qu ca vic thng
tin ph thuc vo cht lng ca thit b pht, thit b thu v mi trng truyn sng.
Thng thng khi truyn tn hiu i, ngoi cc tn hiu cn truyn (gi l tn hiu hu
ch) cn ln ln cc tn hiu k sinh khng mong mun (do linh kin v mi trng
truyn gy nn) gi l nhiu. c hiu qu thng tin tt, mi b phn trong h thng
thng tin qung b ni trn cn c t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR Signal to Noise Ratio)
cng ln cng tt.
4.3.2 H o lng in t
Trong thc t, nhiu khi ta cn o c cc thng s hoc thu thp tin tc v mt
i tng no , v d: nhit , tc Thng s cn o c th l mt i lng
in hoc phi in, i tng cn o c th l mt i lng in hoc phi in , i
tng o c th l mt c th hay tp th, khong cch t i tng cn o n b
phn hin th kt qu c th rt gn hoc rt xa. Mt h thng nh vy c gi
chng l h o lng in t.
Ngu n tin
cn o
C m bin
u vo
X l
Hin th
H th ng o lng in t
B cm bin u vo bin i i lng cn o thnh mt tn hiu in t l vi

n. Sau tn hiu ny c x l (bin i thnh dng thch hp, khuch i ) v
a n b phn hin th. Trong cc khi trn, b cm bin ng vai tr quan trng
nht. N quyt nh nhy v chnh xc ca php o. Thit b o da trn nguyn
tc s thng c chnh xc cao, kh nng chng nhiu cao, d phi hp vi cc h
thng truyn v x l s liu khc. N cng cho php thc hin o ng thi nhiu i
lng hoc nhiu tham s ca mt qu trnh, hoc o lng t xa.
4.3.3 H thng t ng iu khin
Trang 21
Bi ging K thut in t
H thng t iu khin thuc loi h thng kn: ngoi ng truyn tn hiu theo
chiu thun, cn c ng truyn ngc (gi l ng hi tip) theo di, o c
hoc so snh 1 hay nhiu thng s ca qu trnh, t sn sinh ra tn hiu iu khin,
nhm a h thng tr v mt trng thi n nh no . V d: h thng t ng iu
khin nhit .
B cm bin
i tng chu
iu khin
Khuch i
B phn
chp hnh
So snh v
khuch i
T o mc chun
H t ng iu khin
i tng chu s iu khin y l 1 l sy no . Nhit ca n (thng s

iu khin Tx) c b cm bin chuyn thnh 1 in p (t l vi nhit ). Qua
khuch i, in p Vx ny c em so snh vi 1 in p mu Vch (do b to mc
chun gy ra). Gi tr ca Vch c la chn tng ng vi 1 nhit T0 cho trc (T0 l
nhit cn duy tr ca l in hoc bung sy). Tu theo gi tr ca Vx l nh hn hay
ln hn Vch m in p ra ca b so snh V ca gi tr dng hoc m. Thng qua hot
ng ca b phn chp hnh, V tc ng ln i tng chu s iu khin lm tng
hoc lm gim nhit Tx. Qu trnh c th tip tc cho n khi no Tx ng bng T0
(tc l Vx = Vch) th V = 0 v i tng chu iu khin mi duy tr trng thi cn bng,
tng ng vi nhit T0.
H thng trn y r rng l 1 h kn. Tn hiu Vx c lin tc so snh vi mc
chun Vch to ra tn hiu hi tip V, khng ch i tng chu iu khin theo
Trang 22
Bi ging K thut in t
hng tin ti trng thi cn bng. Mc chnh xc ca gi tr Vch, kh nng phn gii
ca b so snh, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo chnh xc ca b cm bin ng vo.
H thng iu khin t ng c th hot ng theo nguyn tc tng t (nh v
d trn), cng c th theo nguyn tc s (tn hiu iu khin tc ng ri rc theo thi
gian).

Trang 23
Bi ging K thut in t
CHNG II: CC LINH KIN BN DN

1. Cht bn dn v c ch dn in
1.1 Mng tinh th v lin kt ho tr
Cc cht bn dn in hnh nh Ge v Si thuc nhm 4 bng tun hon cc nguyn
t ho hc. Chng cu to t nhng tinh th c hnh dng xc nh, trong cc nguyn
t c sp xp theo mt trt t cht ch, tun hon to nn mt mng li gi l
mng tinh th. Xung quanh mi nguyn t bn dn lun c 4 nguyn t khc k cn, lin
kt cht ch vi nguyn t . Mi nguyn t ny u c 4 in t ho tr lp v
ngoi cng. Do khong cch gia cc nguyn t rt gn, cc in t ny chu nh hng
ca cc nguyn t xung quanh. V vy in t ho tr ca hai nguyn t cnh nhau th c
nhng qu o chung. Qu o chung rng buc nguyn t ny vi nguyn t khc.
Do lin kt vi 4 nguyn t xung quanh, lp v ngoi cng ca mi nguyn t c

b sung thm 4 in t, ngha l s in t ti a ca lp v (8 in t), do lp
ny tr thnh bn vng (t c kh nng nhn thm hoc mt bt in t). Trong trng
thi nh vy, cht bn dn khng c in tch t do v khng dn in.

Trang 24
Bi ging K thut in t
1.2 in t t do v l trng bn dn loi i
Tnh trng trn y xy ra trong mt cht bn dn thun khit (khng ln tp
cht) c cu trc tinh th hon chnh v nhit rt thp (T = 00K).
Khi cht bn dn c nhit cao hn (hoc c cung cp nng lng di dng
khc: chiu nh sng, b bn ph bi cc chm tia), mt s in t ho tr nhn thm
nng lng s thot ra khi mi lin kt vi cc nguyn t, tr thnh in t t do. Cc
in t ny mang in m (q = 1,6.10-19C) v sn sng chuyn ng c hng khi c tc
dng ca in trng. Khi mt in t t do xut hin, ti mi lin kt m in t va
thot khi thiu mt mt in tch m q; ngha l d ra mt in tch dng +q. Ta gi
l l trng.
Nh vy, trong cht bn dn thun khit va xt (gi l bn dn loi i) c 2 loi
in tch t do cng xut hin khi c cung cp nng lng l in t v l trng.
Mt ca chng (nng trong mt n v th tch) l bng nhau: ni = pi.
in t v l trng l hai loi ht mang in, khi chuyn ng c hng s to
nn dng in, v vy chng c gi l ht dn.
1.3 Bn dn loi N v bn dn loi P
Cht bn dn thun khit trn (Si hoc Ge) nu c pha thm tp cht thuc
nhm 5 (As i vi Ge hoc P i vi Si) vi hm lng thch hp sao cho cc nguyn t
tp cht ny chim ch mt trong nhng nt ca mng tinh th th c ch dn in s
thay i. Khc vi cht c bn (Si hoc Ge), As hoc P v ngoi cng c 5 in t, trong
4 in t tham gia lin kt ho tr vi cc nguyn t ln cn, in t th 5 lin kt
yu hn vi ht nhn v cc nguyn t xung quanh, cho nn ch cn cung cp mt nng
lng nh (nh nhit , nh sng ), in t ny s thot khi tnh trng rng buc,
tr thnh ht dn t do. Nguyn t tp cht khi b ion ho v tr thnh mt ion dng.
Nu c in trng t vo, cc ht dn t do ni trn s chuyn ng c hng, to
nn dng in. Nh vy tp cht nhm 5 cung cp in t cho cht bn dn ban u nn
c gi l tp cht cho. Cht bn dn loi ny gi l bn dn loi N.
Trang 25
Bi ging K thut in t
Trong cht bn dn loi N, nn > pn. Ta gi in t l ht dn a s, l trng l ht

dn thiu s.
Trng hp tp cht pha vo thuc nhm 3 ca bng tun hon nguyn t (Bore
i vi Si, Indium i vi Ge) do lp v ngoi cng ca nguyn t tp cht ch c 3 in
t, khi tham gia vo mng tinh th ca cht c bn ch to nn 3 mi lin kt hon chnh,
cn mi lin kt th 4 b b h. Ch cn mt kch thch nh (nhit , nh sng ) l
mt trong nhng in t ca cc mi lin kt hon chnh bn cnh s n th ch vo
lin kt b d ni trn. Nguyn t tp cht lc s tr thnh ion m. Ti mi lin kt
m in t va i khi s d ra mt in tch dng, ngha l xut hin mt l trng.
Nu c in trng t vo, cc l trng ny s tham gia dn in. Nh vy tp cht
nhm 3 tip nhn in t t cht c bn lm sn sinh cc l trng nn c gi l
tp cht nhn. Cht bn dn c pha tp cht nhm 3 gi l bn dn loi P (hoc bn dn
l trng).

Trang 26
Bi ging K thut in t
Trong bn dn loi P, l trng l ht dn a s, in t l ht dn thiu s (p p >

np).
Nh vy tu theo tp cht pha vo thuc nhm 3 hay nhm 5 m cht bn dn thun
i tr thnh bn dn loi P hay loi N. Ht dn a s tng ng l l trng hoc in t.
Cc nguyn t tp cht khi c kch thch tr thnh ion m hoc ion dng.
trng thi cn bng, mi cht bn dn u trung ho v in, ngha l tng in
tch dng bng tng in tch m.
1.4 Chuyn ng tri v khuch tn ca ht dn
1.4.1 Chuyn ng tri
Nu t ht dn (in t hoc l trng) vo mi trng chn khng khi c in
trng tc ng, cc ht dn ny s chuyn ng c gia tc (nhanh dn hoc chm dn
u). Nhng trong mng tinh th ca cht rn cha rt nhiu nguyn t (k c cc tp
cht), chng lun lun dao ng v nhit. V vy khi chu tc dng ca in trng, cc
ht dn trn ng chuyn ng c gia tc s va chm vi cc nguyn t ca mng tinh
th. Mi ln va chm s lm thay i tr s v chiu ca vn tc tc l lm tn x
chng. Chuyn ng ca ht dn trong mng tinh th cht rn di tc dng ca in
trng nh vy c gi l chuyn ng tri. Dng in do chuyn ng tri ca ht
dn gy ra gi l dng in tri.
Trang 27
Bi ging K thut in t
1.4.2 Chuyn ng khuch tn

Dng chuyn ng khuch tn xy ra khi c s phn b khng ng u trong th
tch. i vi cht bn dn, khi nng in t hoc l trng phn b khng ng u,
chng s khuch tn t ni c nng cao v ni c nng thp. Dng in do
chuyn ng c hng ny gy ra gi l dng in khuch tn.
2. Chuyn tip P N v c tnh chnh lu

2.1 Chuyn tip P N trng thi cn bng
Gi s c 2 khi bn dn loi P v loi
N tip xc nhau theo tit din phng nh
hnh v.
Trc khi tip xc, mi khi bn dn
u cn bng v in tch (tng in tch
dng bng tng in tch m) ng thi gi
thit rng nng ht dn cng nh nng
tp cht phn b u. Khi tip xc nhau,
do chnh lch nng (pp > pn; nn > pn) s
xy ra hin tng khuch tn ca cc ht
dn a s: l trng khuch tn t P sang N,
in t khuch tn t N sang P. Chng to
nn dng in khuch tn c chiu t P sang
N.
Trn ng khuch tn, cc in tch
tri du s ti hp vi nhau lm cho trong
mt vng hp hai bn mt ranh gii, nng
ht dn gim xung rt thp. Ti vng
Trang 28
Bi ging K thut in t
(vng c b dy l0), bn bn dn P hu nh ch cn li cc ion m, cn bn bn dn N
ch cn li cc ion dng, ngha l hnh thnh hai lp in tch khng gian tri du i
din nhau. Gia 2 lp in tch ny s c chnh lch in th (V N>VP) gi l hiu in
th tip xc. Nh vy trong mt ranh gii xut hin mt in trng hng t N sang P
gi l in trng tip xc Etx.
Vng hp ni trn gi l vng ngho hay chuyn tip P N. Nng ht dn trong
vng ny ch cn rt thp nn in tr sut rt cao so vi cc vng cn li. Do tn ti
in trng tip xc, cc ht dn thiu s ca 2 cht bn dn b cun v pha i din:
l trng t bn dn N chy v pha cc m ca in trng; in t t bn dn P chy
v pha cc dng ca in trng. Chng to nn dng in tri, ngc chiu vi
dng khuch tn ca ht dn a s.
Nng ht dn a s trong 2 khi bn dn cng chnh lch th hin tng khuch
tn cng mnh lit v hin tng ti hp cng nhiu, do in trng tip xc ngy
cng tng v dng in tri ca ht dn thiu s ngy cng tng. V vy ch sau mt thi
gian ngn, dng tri v dng khuch tn tr nn cn bng nhau, trit tiu nhau v dng
tng hp qua mt ranh gii s bng 0. Khi chuyn tip P N t ti trng thi cn
bng. ng vi trng thi , hiu in th tip xc gia bn dn N v P c mt gi tr
nht nh. Thng thng hiu in th tip xc vo khong 0.35V (i vi Ge) hoc
0.7V (i vi Si). Hiu in th ny ngn cn khng cho ht dn tip tc chuyn ng
qua mt ranh gii, duy tr trng thi cn bng nn c gi l hng ro in th.
2.2 Chuyn tip P N khi c in p ngoi c tnh chnh lu
2.2.1 Phn cc nghch
Khi in p V c ni nh hnh 2.5 (P ni vi cc m, N ni vi cc dng gi l
phn cc ngc). Gi thit in tr ca cht bn dn ngoi vng ngho (gi l vng
trung ho) l khng ng k. Khi in p V gn nh t ln ton b vng ngho,
chng ln hiu in th tip xc Vtx. Tnh trng cn bng trc y khng cn na. in
trng E do ip p V gy ra cng chiu vi Etx s lm ht dn a s ca hai bn dn ri
Trang 29
Bi ging K thut in t
xa khi mt ranh gii i v 2 pha. Do cng ngho b m rng (l>l0) in tr vng
ngho tng. Hng ro in th tr thnh Vtx + V khin dng khuch tn ca ht dn a s
gim xung rt nh, cn dng tri ca ht dn thiu s th tng theo V. Nhng nng
ht dn thiu s rt nh nn tr s dng ny rt nh. N nhanh chng t n gi tr bo
ho Is khi V cn rt thp. Dng tng hp qua chuyn tip P N (chiu dng quy c l
chiu t P sang N) trng thi ny l: I = - I s. Ngha l khi b phn cc ngc, dng in
qua qua chuyn tip P N c gi tr rt b v chy theo chiu m. I s cn c gi l dng
ngc bo ho.
2.2.2 Phn cc thun

Khi in p V c mc nh hnh 2.6 (P ni cc dng, N ni cc m gi l phn
cc thun) th tnh hnh s ngc li. Hng ro in th gim, ch cn V tx V, cho nn
ht dn a s ca hai bn dn s trn qua hng ro sang min i din. Tnh trng thiu
ht dn trong vng ngho s c gim bt, khin b dy vng ngho b thu hp (l < l 0)
v in tr ca vng ny gim. Dng in ht dn a s tng nhanh theo ip p V, cn
dng in tri ca ht dn thiu s s gim theo V. Tuy vy dng ht dn thiu s ny
vn rt b nn c th coi nh khng i. Nh vy dng tng hp qua chuyn tip P N

Trang 30
Bi ging K thut in t
lc ny c gi l dng in thun. Tr s ca n ln hn dng in ngc rt nhiu
v tng nhanh theo in p thun V.
Cn ch rng in p thun cng tng, b dy vng ngho cng gim v in p
hng ro th Vtx V cng gim. Khi Vtx = V, hng ro th bin mt, dng qua chuyn tip
P N theo chiu thun s v cng ln, ph hng min tip xc. y l trng thi cn
trnh khi s dng chuyn tip P N phn cc thun sau ny.
2.2.3 c tnh chnh lu

Chuyn tip P N (cn gi l mi ni P N hay vng ngho) l b phn quan trng
nht ca tip xc gia hai bn dn khc loi. Tu theo in p t vo theo chiu thun
hay nghch m n c c tnh khc nau. Khi phn cc thun, vng ngho hp, in tr
nh, dng in ln v tng nhanh theo in p; khi phn cc nghch, vng ngho m rng,
in tr rt ln, dng in chy qua rt nh v t thay i theo in p. Nh vy chuyn
tip P N dn in theo hai chiu khng ging nhau. Nu c in p xoay chiu t vo
th n ch dn in ch yu theo mt chiu. Ta gi l tnh cht van hay c tnh chnh
lu.

Trang 31
Bi ging K thut in t
Hnh 2.7 l th nu ln mi quan h gia dng in v in p ca chuyn tip P
N: v pha thun, dng in tng nhanh theo in p, cn v pha ngc, dng in rt
nh gn nh khng i.
2.3 Hin tng nh thng chuyn tip P - N

Khi chuyn tip P - N b phn cc nghch, nu in p ngc tng n mt gi tr
kh ln no th dng in ngc tr nn tng vt, ngha l chuyn tip P - N dn in
mnh c theo chiu nghch, ph hng c tnh van vn c ca n. Hin tng ny c
gi l hin tng nh thng. Gi tr in p ngc khi xy ra qu trnh ny thng k
hiu l VB (in p nh thng).
Nguyn nhn dn n nh thng c th do in hoc do nhit, v vy ngi ta
thng phn bit hai dng: nh thng v in v nh thng v nhit. C khi c hai
nguyn nhn kt hp li vi nhau v tng cng ln nhau, gy ra mt dng nh
thng th ba l nh thng in - nhit.
nh thng v in phn lm hai loi: nh thng thc l (avalanche) v nh thng
xuyn hm (tunnel).
nh thng thc l thng xy ra trong cc chuyn tip P - N c b dy ln, in
trng trong vng ngho c tr s kh ln. in trng ny gia tc cho cc ht dn, gy
Trang 32
Bi ging K thut in t
ra gy ra hin tng ion ha v va chm lm sn sinh nhng i in t - l trng. Cc
ht dn va sinh ra ny li tip tc c gia tc v ion ha cc nguyn t khc , c
nh th s lng ht dn tng ln gp bi, khin dng in tng vt.
nh thng xuyn hm xy ra nhng vng ngho tng i hp, tc l chuyn
tip ca nhng bn dn c nng tp cht rt ln. in trng trong vng ngho rt
ln, c kh nng gy ra hiu ng xuyn hm, tc l in t trong vng ho tr ca bn
dn P c kh nng chui qua hng ro th chy sang vng dn N, lm cho dng in
tng vt .
c tuyn Volt - Ampere ca hai dng nh thng ni trn gn nh song song vi

trc tung. Khi nhit mi trng tng, gi tr in p nh thng theo c th xuyn
hm b gim (tc h s nhit ca VB m), cn in p nh thng theo c ch thc l,
li tng (h s nhit ca VB dng).
nh thng v nhit xy ra do s tch ly nhit trong vng ngho. Khi c in p
ngc ln, dng in ngc tng lm nng cht bn dn, khin nng ht dn thiu
s tng v do li lm dng in ngc tng nhanh. Qu trnh c th tin trin khin
cho nhit vng ngho v dng in ngc lin tc tng nhanh, dn ti nh thng. Tr
Trang 33
Bi ging K thut in t
s ca in p nh thng v nhit ph thuc vo dng in ngc ban u, vo nhit
mi trng v iu kin ta nhit ca chuyn tip P - N. c tuyn vn-ampe c
on in tr m, ngha l dng in ngc tng vt trong khi in p trn hai u
chuyn tip P - N gim xung. nh thng v nhit thng gy ra nhng hu qu tai
hi, ph hng vnh vin c tnh chnh lu ca chuyn tip P - N. Cn nh thng v
in, nu c bin php hn ch dng in ngc sao cho cng sut tiu tn cha vt
qu gi tr cc i cho php th chuyn tip P - N vn c th hi phc li c tnh chnh
lu ca mnh.
3. Diode bn dn
3.1 Diode chnh lu
Hnh 2.9 l cu to in hnh ca loi diode chnh lu, ch to theo phng php
hp kim.
B phn c bn ca diode l chuyn tip P N, c c tnh ch dn in ch yu

theo mt chiu v thng c ng dng bin in xoay chiu thnh in mt chiu
(do c tn l diode chnh lu). Hnh 2.10 l k hiu ca diode bn dn.

Trang 34
Bi ging K thut in t
c tuyn ca diode chnh lu trong thc t (loi ch to bng Silic, nhm dng
in nh) nh hnh 2.11.
Khi in p thun c gi tr nh hn V 0,6V (i vi diode Ge l V 0,2V) th

dng in thun cn b, cha ng k. Ch khi in p thun vt qu in p m V th
dng in mi tng nhanh theo in p, hn na on c tuyn ny gn nh mt
ng thng vi dc khng i. V vy c th biu th diode phn cc thun bng s
tng ng nh hnh 2.12.

Trang 35
Bi ging K thut in t
Dng in ngc c gi tr rt nh. Khi ip p ngc tng, dng in ngc thc
t tng dn v khi t n in p nh thng VB th dng in ngc tng vt. Nu
khng c bin php hn ch dng in ngn nga s vt qu cng sut cho php th
qu trnh nh thng ny s lm hng diode. Nhng vy phn cc ngc th s tng
ng ca diode l h mch.
* Cc thng s cn quan tm ca diode nh sau:
- in p ngc cc i cho php Vng max ( khng b nh thng).
- Dng in thun cc i cho php Imax.
- Cng sut tiu hao cc i cho php Pmax.
- Tn s cc i cho php ca tn hiu xoay chiu fmax.
- in dung mt ghp: Lp in tch l0 tng ng vi mt t in gi l in
dung mt ghp N-P. tn s cao lp in dung ny quyt nh tc ng m ca
diode khi n lm vic nh mt kho in, tc l in dung mt ghp N-P quyt nh fmax.
- in tr 1 chiu (in tr i vi dng 1 chiu)
Rth = Vth/Ith : c gi tr rt b (my n my chc ).
Rng = Vng/Ing : c gi tr rt ln (hng trm k )
- in tr xoay chiu (cn gi in tr vi phn)
rd = dV/dI
Tham s ny chnh l nghch o dc c tuyn V-A ca diode.
V pha thun, c tuyn c dng dc ng, rd tng i nh. V pha ngc,
min c tuyn gn nh nm ngang, dng in ngc rt nh, gi tr r d tng ng s
rt ln.
3.2 Diode cao tn
3.2.1 Diode zener

Trang 36
Bi ging K thut in t
V cu to: vn l chuyn tip P-N, nhng ch to bng vt liu chu nhit v ta
nhit tt, do khi in p ngc ln s xy ra qu trnh nh thng v in (nh
thng thc l hoc nh thng tunnel) m t khi nh thng v nhit, ngha l khng ph
hng diode. c tuyn vn-ampe trong qu trnh nh thng gn nh song song vi trc
dng in, ngha l in p gia katt v ant hu nh khng i. Ngi ta li dng u
im ny dng diode Zenner lm phn t n nh in p.
Gii hn trn ca phm vi lm vic chnh v tr s dng in ngc ti a cho

php, xc nh bi cng sut tiu hao cc i ca diode Pmax (im B trn hnh). K hiu
quy c ca diode Zener v mch n p tng ng gii thiu trn hnh 2.14 (lu : diode
Zener lm vic trng thi phn cc ngc).
V1 : in p mt chiu cha n nh
V2 : in p ly ra trn ti ( n nh)

Trang 37
Bi ging K thut in t
R1 : in tr hn ch dng in qua diode, sao cho im lm vic nm trong phm
vi AB cho php.
Khi V1 bin ng, dng qua R1 v DZ thay i, nhng in p V2 trn hai u DZ vn
gn nh khng i.
* c trng cho diode Zener, ngi ta dng cc tham s sau y:

- in p n nh VZ
- in tr tng ng (cn gi in tr ng) ti im lm vic (nm trong min
nh thng)
rd =
dVZ
dI
Tr s rd cng b chng t c tuyn nh thng cng dc ng, ngha l cht lng

n nh in p cng cao.
- in tr tnh xc nh bng t l s gia im p trn diode v dng in qua n
Rt =
VZ
IZ
- H s n nh phn nh t s gia lng bin thin tng i ca dng in v

lng bin thin tng i ca in p pht sinh trong qu trnh :
S=
R
dI Z / I Z
dI V
= Z . Z = t
dVZ / VZ dVZ I Z
rd
R rng l in tr ng rd cng nh so vi in tr tnh Rt th n nh t c

cng cao.
i khi ngi ta nh ngha h s n nh bng t l s gia lng bin thin ca
in p vo v lng bin thin tng ng ca in p ra.

Trang 38
Bi ging K thut in t
- H s nhit ca in p n nh: H s ny biu th lng bin thin tng i
ca in p n nh theo nhit :
T =
1 dVZ
.
VZ dT I Z = const
Tu theo c ch nh thng thuc loi thc l hay loi tunnel m T c gi tr

dng hoc m. Thng thng tr s T vo khong (2 -> 4)10-3/oC.
3.2.2 Diode bin dung (Varicap)
Diode bin dung l loi linh kin bn dn hai cc, trong chuyn tip P N c
ch to mt cch c bit sao cho in dung ca n thay i nhiu theo in p ngc
t vo. Chng thng c dng trong cc mch to sng iu tn, mch t ng iu
chnh tn s cng hng, trong cc b khuch i tham s hoc nhn tn. Diode bin
dung c biu din nh hnh 2.15.
* c trng cho diode bin dung, ngi ta dng cc tham s:

- Gi tr danh nh ca in dung: thng thng gi tr ny c o trong mt iu
kin xc nh (gi tr in p ngc, tn s o, nhit mi trng ).
- H s thay i ca in dung: l t s gia gi tr in dung o c hai in
p ngc khc nhau.
Kc =
C1
C2
i khi tng qut hn, ngi ta dng dc ca c tuyn C (V ) =

tc bin thin ca in dung C theo in p ngc V.

Trang 39
dC
biu th
dV
Bi ging K thut in t
- H s phm cht Q: c trng cho t s gia cng sut tn hiu hu ch ly ra t
varicap v cng sut tiu hao trn n.
3.2.3 Diode tunnel
Diode tunnel l mt loi dng c 2 cc c chuyn tip P N nhng khc vi cc
loi diode trn, nng tp cht trong bn dn P v bn dn N diode tunnel c gi tr
rt ln (khong 1019 nguyn t trong mt cm3) do vng ngho rt hp (khong 10-6
cm) v in trng tip xc trong vng ny t c kh ln (gn 106V/cm).
Diode tunnel thng c ng dng khuch i v to dao ng siu cao tn.

4. Transistor hai cc tnh (BJT)
4.1 Cu to
BJT c to thnh bi 2 chuyn tip P N nm rt gn nhau trong cng mt
phin bn dn n tinh th. V mt cu to, c th xem nh BJT do ba lp bn dn tip
xc nhau to nn, trong lp gia c b dy rt b (khong 10-4 cm) v khc kiu dn
in vi 2 lp bn cnh. Nu lp gia l bn dn loi P th hai lp bn cnh l loi N,
to nn loi transistor kiu N P N. Cn nu lp gia l bn dn loi N th hai lp
bn cnh l loi P, to nn loi transistor kiu P N P.

Trang 40
Bi ging K thut in t
Nng tp cht trong 3 lp bn dn cng khng ging nhau. Lp c nng tp

cht cao nht (k hiu N+ hoc P+), ngha l nng ht dn a s ca n ln nht, gi
l min pht (min emitter). Lp i din (k hiu N hoc P) c nng tp cht thp
hn gi l min thu (min collector). Lp gia c nng tp cht rt thp (do nng
ht dn a s ca lp ny tng i nh) gi l min nn (min base). Ba si kim
loi c gn vi 3 lp ni trn dng lm in cc ca transistor. K hiu cc collector
l C, cc base l B v cc emitter l E.
Cc lp bn dn c t trong mt v kn bng nha hoc kim loi, ch c 3 in
cc th ra ngoi. K hiu quy c ca 2 loi transistor N P N v P N P nh hnh
2.17. Mi tn v trn trn cc E trng vi chiu dng in chy qua cc .
Do cu to nh trn s hnh thnh 2 chuyn tip P N rt gn nhau. Chuyn tip
th nht ranh gii min pht v min nn, gi l chuyn tip emitter, k hiu JE.
Chuyn tip th hai, ranh gii min nn v min thu, gi l chuyn tip collector, k
hiu JC. Hot ng ca BJT ch yu da trn s tng tc gia hai chuyn tip rt gn
nhau ny.
4.2 Nguyn l hot ng v kh nng khuch i ca BJT
Xt nguyn tc hot ng ca loai N P N. S mch in nh hnh 2.18.

Trang 41
Bi ging K thut in t
Ngun E1 (c sc in ng vi volt) lm chuyn tip JE phn cc thun. Ngun E2

(thng c gi tr t 5V n 12V) lm cho chuyn tip JC phn cc nghch. RE, RC l cc
in tr phn cc.
n gin, gi thit ban u nng tp cht phn b u trong cc lp bn
dn, ng thi ta ch ch n in tr ca cc vng ngho JE, JC.
Khi cha c ngun E1, E2 tc dng, cng ging nh qu trnh xy ra diode, trong
mi vng ngho JE, JC s tn ti mt in trng tip xc (hng t N sang P) tng
ng vi mt hiu in th tip xc. Hiu in th ny ng vai tr nh mt hng ro
in th, duy tr trng thi cn bng ca chuyn tip (cn bng gia dng tri ca ht
dn thiu s v dng khuch tn ca ht dn a s, khin cho dng in tng hp qua
mi chuyn tip bng 0).
Khi c ngun E2, chuyn tip JC b phn cc nghch, hng ro in th v in
trng tip xc trong vng ngho ny tng. Tng t nh diode phn cc nghch, qua
vng ngho JC s c mt dng in rt nh (do ht dn thiu s ca min base v min
collector to nn), k hiu l ICBO, l dng in ngc collector.
Nu c thm ngun E1, chuyn tip JE s phn cc thun. Hng ro in th trong JE
h thp (so vi trng thi cn bng) khin in t t min N+ trn qua min P, l trng
t min P trn qua min N+. Sau cc ht dn khng cn bng ny tip tc khuch tn.
Trn ng khuch tn, chng s ti hp vi nhau. Nhng do nng ht dn 2 min
chnh lch nhau xa (nn > pp) cho nn cc in t phun t min N+ vo min P, ch mt b
Trang 42
Bi ging K thut in t
phn rt nh b ti hp, cn tuyt i a s vn c th khuch tn qua min base ti
vng ngho JC (kh nng b ti hp trn ng i ch rt t v min base rt mng, nng
l trng min ny khng cao lm). Khi ti vng ngho J C, cc in t ni trn lp
tc b in trng trong JC ht v pha collector to nn dng in trong mch collector.
Nu gi IE l dng in chy qua cc emitter (tng ng vi chuyn ng ca in
t min N+ sang min P th dng in to nn bi s in t chy ti collector va ni
s l IE, trong l t s gia s lng in t ti c collector v tng s in t
pht i t emitter, tc l:
=
Thng thng = 0,95 0.99 (ngha l t l hao ht ht dn dc ng i t cc E

ti cc C ch rt nh).
Vi =
: h s khuch i dng in
1
4.3 Ba s c bn ca BJT
BJT c 3 cc: E, B v C. Tu theo cch chn in cc no lm nhnh chung cho
mch vo v mch ra m c 3 s c bn sau y:
4.3.1 Mch base chung (BC: Base Common)

Tn hiu cn khuch i a vo gia cc E v cc B, tn hiu sau khi khuch
i ly ra gia cc C v cc B. Cc B l cc chung ca mch vo v mch ra. Nh vy
dng in vo l dng emitter IE, dng in ra l dng collector IC. in p vo l VEB,
in p ra l VCB.
S mch base chung nh hnh 2.18.

Trang 43
Bi ging K thut in t
IE = IC + IB
IC = IE + ICBO
=> IE = IE + ICBO + IB
IB = IE(1- ) - ICBO =
IC =
1
(IC ICBO) - ICBO
1
IB +
ICBO
1
1
V dng ICBO rt nh nn IC
=
IB
1
: h s khuch i dng in
1
4.3.2 Mch emitter chung (EC: Emitter Common)

Cc E l cc chung gia mch vo v mch ra. Dng in vo: IB, dng in ra IC,
in p vo VBE, in p ra VCE. S mch mc E chung nh hnh 2.19.
IC = IE + ICBO
IE = IB + IC
Trang 44
Bi ging K thut in t
=> IC = (IB + IC) + ICBO
(1 - ) IC = IB + ICBO
IC = IB + ( +1)ICBO = IB + ICEO
ICEO: dng in ngc collector ca mch EC.
Thng thng, BJT c = 0,95 0,99. Tng ng = 19 99; ICBO = (0,01 0,1)
A; ICEO = (1 10) A .
Lu rng mch BC, h s xp x bng 1, dng ICBO rt nh. Cn mch EC,
h s rt ln hn 1, dng ICEO tuy ln hn ICBO nhiu, nhng so vi gi tr IB th vn
khng ng k.
4.3.3 Mch collector chung (CC: Collector Common)
Ngun E2 c ni tr rt b mc gia cc C v t, v vy i vi tn hiu xoay
chiu th cc C coi nh ng th vi t (im G). Chnh v vy, mch ny, tn hiu
cn khuch i a vo gia cc B v G, tng ng nh a vo gia B v C. Tn
hiu sau khi khuch i, ly ra gia E v G, tng ng nh ly ra gia E v C.
Nhng vy cc C l nhnh chung ca mch vo v mch ra.
4.4 c tuyn Volt Ampere ca BJT

th din t cc mi tng quan gia dng in v in p trn BJT c gi l
c tuyn volt ampere (hay c tuyn tnh). Ngi ta thng phn bit thnh 4 loi
c tuyn: c tuyn vo (nu quan h gia dng in v in p ng vo), c tuyn
ra (nu quan h gia dng in v in p ng ra), c tuyn truyn t dng in
(nu s ph thuc ca dng in ra theo dng in vo) v c tuyn hi tip in p
Trang 45
Bi ging K thut in t
(nu s bin i ca in p gia hai ng vo khi in p ra thay i). Di y ch gii
thiu 3 loi c tuyn thng dng nht cho tng kiu mch c bn.
4.4.1 Mch base chung
* H c tuyn vo
Mc BJT theo s BC trng thi tnh (tc l ch c in p mt chiu phn cc).
E1, E2 l cc ngun in p mt chiu c th thay i gi tr. Cc ng h mA k dng
o dng in, cn cc volt k o in p gia hai cc. Gi in p V CB = const, ln
lt hay i gi tr E1 ri c cc cp gi tr tng ng ca IE v VEB, kt qu v c
th
IE = f (VEB)
VCB = const
nh hnh 2.21.
l c tuyn vo ca BJT mc BC. Tp hp nhiu c tuyn vo (mi ng

ng vi mt gi tr khng i ca VCB) to nn h c tuyn vo.
C th thy rng dng c tuyn ny tng t nh c tuyn thun ca diode, bi

v gia cc E v cc B ca BJT c chuyn tip IE phn cc thun. in p ng ra VCB
nh hng rt t n dng in ng vo.

Trang 46
Bi ging K thut in t
* H c tuyn ra
Nu ln lt gi dng IE bng cc gi tr nht nh, thay i ngun E2 ri xc nh
cc cp gi tr tng ng ca IC v VCB, ta c c tuyn ra ca mch BC.
IC = f(VCB)
I E = const
- c tuyn gn nh song song vi trc honh, chng t rng ngay c khi VCB = 0,
dng IC vn c mt gi tr khc 0 no v vic tng VCB nh hng rt t n tr s ca
IC.
- ng thp nht ng vi IE = 0 ch cch trc honh mt khong rt hp. Tung
ny chnh l gi tr dng in ngc collector.
- Phm vi rt hp. pha di c tuyn ny l min tt, tng ng vi trng thi
tt ca BJT (c 2 chuyn tip JE v JC u phn cc nghch).
- IE cng tng th IC cng cng tng. l v s ht dn a s ca min emitter phun
vo min base cng ln th s ti c cc collector cng s cng nhiu.
- c tuyn bao gm 3 on. on gn nh song song vi trc honh ng vi
trng thi khuch i thng thng ca BJT (JE phn cc thun, JC phn cc nghch).
on chch xin bn tri trc tung (v nt t) tng ng vi trng thi dn bo ho
Trang 47
Bi ging K thut in t
ca BJT (c hai chuyn tip JE, JC u phn cc thun). on th ba bn phi (v chm
chm) chnh l qu trnh nh thng chuyn tip JC, xy ra khi VCB qu ln lm dng IC
tng vt. y l min cm s dng khi ph hng BJT.
* c tuyn truyn t dng in
IC = f(IE)
VCB = const
N c dng gn tuyn tnh, ph hp vi h thc l thuyt (coi l khng i). Trn

thc t, h s ch l hng s khi dng in IE tng i nh. Cn khi IE kh ln, ngha
l dng ht dn khuch tn qua min base c mt ln th t l phn trm s ht dn
b ti hp trn ng i s tng ln, khin gim. iu ny lm cho c tuyn vng
dng in ln ngy cng lch khi quy lut tuyn tnh.
4.4.2 Mch emitter chung
* c tuyn vo
IB = f(VBE)
VCE = const
c tuyn vo phn nh mi quan h gia dng v p ca chuyn tip JE ng vo.

Thc cht y vn l nhnh thun ca c tuyn diode.

Trang 48
Bi ging K thut in t
* c tuyn ra
IC = f(VCE)
I B = const
c tuyn ra ca mch BJT mc EC c th hin nh hnh 2.25.
So vi c tuyn ra ca mch BC, h c tuyn ca mch EC c mt vi khc

bit:

Trang 49
Bi ging K thut in t
- ng thp nht (ng vi IB = 0) phn nh gi tr dng in ngc collector ca
mch EC (ICEO). Dng ny ln hn dng ICBO ca mch BC. Phm vi di c tuyn ny
vn gi l min tt, ng vi trng thi c JE v JC u phn cc nghch.
- Cc c tnh pha trn ng vi IB 0 vn bao gm 3 on: on chch xin ng
vi trng thi dn bo ho ca BJT, on nm ngang ng vi trng thi khuch i ca
BJT c dc ln hn so vi c tuyn mch BC, cn on dc ng ng vi qu trnh
nh thng.
* c tuyn truyn t dng in
IC = f(IB)
VCE = const
dc ca c tuyn chnh l h s khuch i dng in . Trong phm vi dng

in dng ln, gi tr gim nn c tuyn khng cn tuyn tnh na.
4.4.3 Mch collector chung (CC)

* c tuyn vo
IB = f(VBC)
VCE = const
H c tuyn vo c tnh cht l thuyt trn thc t t dng.

Trang 50
Bi ging K thut in t
* c tuyn ra v c tnh truyn t dng in
IE = f(VEC)
I B = const
; IE = f(IB)
VEC = const
2 c tuyn ca mch CC gn ging vi mch EC v IE IC.

4.5 Cc tham s gii hn ca BJT
Dng in cc i cho php: Ty theo din tch mt tip xc, vt liu v cng ngh
ch to, iu kin ta nhit v.v mi BJT ch c mt dng in ti a trn mi in
cc. Ta thng k hiu cc gii hn ny l IEmax, IBmax, ICmax
in p cc i cho php: VCBmax, VCEmax, VBEmax. l cc in p khng c vt
qu khng gy nh thng chuyn tip P N tng ng.
Cng sut tiu tn cc i cho php: Ty theo kt cu v cng ngh ch to, c
bit l ty theo iu kin ta nhit ca chuyn tip collector m mi transistor c mt
cng sut tiu tn cc i cho php, k hiu l P Cmax. Gi tr ny thng cho trong cc cm
nang, km theo iu kin c th v nhit mi trng v ch ta nhit. Khi lm
vic trong mt tng khuch i no , khng ph hng BJT, cng sut tc thi tiu
tn trn transistor nht thit khng c vt qu gi tr PC.max.

Trang 51
Bi ging K thut in t
Tn s gii hn: Thng thng BJT ch lm vic mt cch hiu qu n mt tn
s nht nh. Khi tn s tn hiu tng cao, vai tr in dung ca chuyn tip P-N dn
dn tr nn ng k. Mt khc, chuyn ng ca ht dn qua b dy min base khng
th coi l tc thi v chim mt thi gian ng k so vi chu k tn hiu. V vy, cc h
s truyn t dng in s b gim theo tn s; dng in ra v dng in vo (hoc
in p vo) s b lch pha nhau v.v, gy nn ci gi l mo tn s, mo pha v.v
5. Transistor trng (FET)

Transistor trng (FET Field Effect Transistor) hot ng da trn s iu khin
dn in ca phin bn dn bi mt in trng ngoi, ng thi ch dng mt lot
ht dn (ht a s) do thuc loi n cc tnh. Tuy ra i mun hn BJT, nhng tnh
nng c nhiu u vit hn (in tr vo ln, h s khuch i cao, tiu th nng lng
b, thun tin pht trin theo xu hng vi in t ho ) v vy ngy cng c ng
dng rng ri.
Transistor trng bao gm 2 nhm: transistor trng dng chuyn tip P N gi tt
l JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor) v transistor trng c cc ca cch ly gi tt l
IGFET (Isolated Gate Field Effect Transistor) hoc MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Field Effect Transistor).
Nhm IGFET chia thnh 2 loi: loi knh c sn v loi knh cm ng.
5.1 Transistor trng dng chuyn tip P N (JFET)
5.1.1 Cu to
Cu to n gin ho ca JFET cng mch hot ng nh hnh 2.28.

Trang 52
Bi ging K thut in t
Thi bn dn Si loi N hnh tr c in tr sut kh ln (tc l nng tp tng

i thp), c gn vi hai si dy kim loi y trn v y di (tip xc khng
chnh lu). y trn gi l cc mng D (drain), y di gi l cc ngun S (source).
Vng theo chu vi ca thi bn dn loi N ngi ta to ra mt lp loi P, v do ti
ranh gii gia hai bn dn s hnh thnh mt chuyn tip P N (vng ngho) c in tr
sut kh ln. Phn th tch cn li ca thi Si (khng b vng ngho chon ch) gi l
knh dn. Lp bn dn loi P cng c to tip xc khng chnh lu vi mt si kim
loi, dng lm cc ca G (gate), cn gi l cc iu khin. Ton b h thng trn c
t trong mt v kim loi hoc bng nha gn kn, ch c 3 in cc G, D, S th ra
ngoi. l JFET loi N.
Mt cu trc tng t nhng dng thi bn dn ban u loi P v lp bao quanh l
loi N to nn JFET loi P.
5.1.2 Nguyn tc hot ng

Trang 53
Bi ging K thut in t
Xt nguyn tc hoat ng ca JFET knh N lm v d. Ni JFET vi cc ngun in
p phn cc EG, ED nh hnh 2.28. Ngun ED, thng qua in tr RD t in p VDS gia
cc mng v cc ngun, gy ra dng chuyn ng qua knh dn ca in t (ht a s
ca thi bn dn N), to nn dng in mng ID.
Mt khc, ngun EG to in o gia cc ca v cc ngun, lm cho chuyn tip P
N (hnh thnh gia cc ca v knh dn) b phn cc nghch, ngha l b dy vng
ngho tng ln v do thu hp tit din ca knh dn.
Nu gi nguyn ED khng i, tng dn gi tr EG, tnh trng phn cc nghch ca
chuyn tip P N s cng tng: vng ngho ngy cng m rng, knh dn cng thu hp.
Do in tr knh dn cng tng v dng mng ID cng gim. Cn dng gia cc G v
cc S ch l dng ngc ca chuyn tip P N, thng rt nh khng ng k.
Nu by gi ngoi in p phn cc EG c thm tnh hiu xoay chiu es t vo gia
cc G v cc S th tu theo tr s v du ca es m tnh trng phn cc nghch ca chuyn
tip P N s thay i. in tr knh dn b bin i v dng mng cng bin i theo.
Nu es tng gim theo quy lut hnh sin th ID s tng gim theo hnh sin. Dng ny h
trn RD thnh mt in p, bin thin cng dng vi es nhng bin ln hn, ngha l
JFET khuch i tn hiu.
Nguyn l hot ng ca JFET knh P hon ton tng t, ch lu rng cc in
p EG, ED c cc tnh ngc li. Cc l trng, ht dn a s ca knh P, to nn dng
mng.
5.1.3 c tuyn Volt Ampere
* c tuyn ra (c tuyn mng)
ID = f(VDS)
VGS = const

Trang 54
Bi ging K thut in t
Xt VGS = 0 (ngn mch G S). Tng dn VDS t gi tr 0 tr i, quan h ID theo VDS

c dng nh hnh 2.29.
c tuyn gm 3 on: on bn tri gn nh tuyn tnh vi dc kh ln. Khi
t ti gi tr VDS = Vp, vng ngho m rng ti mc chon ht tit din ca knh ca
vng gn cc mng, ngha l knh dn b tht li pha cc mng. Vp c gi l im
tht. im A l im bt u tht knh hay im bt u bo ho. Vng c tuyn nm
bn tri im A gi l vng in tr. Nu tip tc tng VDS ln hn Vp, c tuyn
chuyn sang on th 2, gn nh nm ngang. Lc ny, vng ngho tip tc m rng,
min knh b tht tri di v pha cc ngun, lm cho in tr knh dn cng tng. V
vy tuy VDS tng nhng dng ID hu nh t thay i. Vng c tuyn ny gi l vng tht
knh (hoc vng bo ho). Nu JFET c s dng nh mt phn t khuch i th s
lm vic trong vng ny. on c tuyn th 3 tng ng vi hin tng nh thng
chuyn tip P N, xy ra khi VDS qu ln. Vng c tuyn ny gi l vng nh thng.
Trng hp VGS 0, mi c tuyn vn bao gm 3 on nh trn, ch khc l do c
thm tc dng ca VGS, chuyn tip P N b phn cc nghch nhiu hn, in tr knh
dn tng hn v do gi tr dng ID nh hn. Tr s tuyt i ca VGS cng tng, dng ID
cng gim, c tuyn cng dch v pha di. Mt khc, im bt u tht knh ca
Trang 55
Bi ging K thut in t
mi c tuyn x dch v pha tri. im bt u xy ra nh thng ca tng c tuyn
cng dch dn v bn tri.
* c tuyn truyn t
ID = f(VGS)
VDS = const
Dng ca c tuyn ny phn nh qu trnh in trng iu khin dng in

mng: tr s tuyt i ca VGS cng tng, vng ngho cng m rng, in tr knh dn
cng tng v do dng mng cng gim. Khi VGS t ti gi tr in p tht Vp th dng
mng gim xung bng 0.
5.1.4 Tham s c trng cho JFET
* in tr vi phn ng ra
rD =
V DS
I D VGS = const
y cng l nghch o dc c tuyn ra. Khi lm vic trong vng bo ho (vng

tht knh), gi tr rD thng kh ln (khong 500k).
* H dn ( dc c tuyn truyn t)

Trang 56
Bi ging K thut in t
I D
VGS VDS = const
gm =
Tr s gm phn nh mc nh hng ca in p iu khin VGS ti dng mng.

Cc JFET thng c gm = (7 10) mA/V.
* in tr vi phn ng vo
ri =
VGS
I G VDS = const
Ng vo ca JFET l chuyn tip P-N phn cc nghch, dng IG ch rt b (thng

c 0,1 A 25oC) v vy in tr ri thng rt ln (c 10 100 M 250C)
* H s khuch i tnh
VGS
VDS I D = const
=>
= g m rd
H s ny so snh mc nh hng i vi dng mng ca in p VGS v VDS.

cng ln th hin tc dng iu khin ca VGS i vi dng ID cng nhy (so vi VDS).
* in dung lin cc CGS, CDS v CGD
y l cc in dung k sinh, hnh thnh gia cc in cc vi nhau. Thng c (3
10) pF. Khi JFET lm vic s thp, cc in dung ny c th b qua.
Ngoi cc tham s trn, ngi ta cn quan tm n mt s tham s gii hn nh:
dng mng cc i cho php IDmax, in p cc i cho php VDSmax, VGSmax, cng sut tiu
tn cc i PDmax, in p tht knh VP, dng mng bo ho IDSS v.v
5.1.5 S tng ng

Trang 57
Bi ging K thut in t
Da vo nguyn tc hot ng v cc tham s c trng cho JFET, ta c s
tng ng i vi tn hiu xoay chiu bin nh, tn s thp ca JFET nh hnh
2.31.
Gia hai cc vo G-S c in tr ro ri, gia hai cc ra D-S c in tr knh dn rd
v ngun dng gm vGS (i din cho kh nng iu khin dng in mng bi in p vo
vGS).
Nh vy nu c ti mc vo gia hai cc ra D-S th dng in ti (cng l dng
in mng) l:
i D = g m v GS +
v DS
rD
=> VDS = - VDS + iDrD

H thc ny tng ng vi s tng ng hnh 2.31b, trong VDS l ngun
in p, tng ng cho kh nng khuch i tn hiu ca JFET.
5.2 Transistor trng c cc ca cch ly

5.2.1 Cu to v hot ng ca MOSFET knh c sn
T phin Si loi P, ngi ta to ra trn b mt mt lp loi N dng lm knh dn.
hai u khuch tn 2 min N+ dng lm cc ngun (S) v cc mng (D). Trn mt
phin Si c ph mng SiO2 bo v. Pha trn mng ny, i din knh dn, gn mt
Trang 58
Bi ging K thut in t
bng kim loi, dng lm cc ca (G). Thng qua ca s khot xuyn qua mng SiO2
vng thch hp, ngi ta phun kim loi, to tip xc tuyn tnh vi 2 vng N+, dng lm
u dn ra cho cc S v cc D. y ca phin Si i khi cng c gn vi si kim
loi, dng lm cc SUB. Thng thng cc c ni vi cc ngun. K hiu ca
MOSFET knh dn c sn loi N nh hnh 2.32 (b).
Nu phin Si ban u loi P th ta c MOSFET knh P nh hnh 2.32 (c).
Xt hot ng ca MOSFET loi N trong mch nh hnh 2.33. Ban u di tc

dng ca in p VDS (do ngun ED to ra), qua knh dn v cc mng c dng in ID,
to bi ht dn a s ca knh. Nu c thm in p VGS (do EG to nn) vi cc tnh
nh hnh v th cng ging nh 1 t in, cc in tch m s tch t trn cc G, cc in
tch dng s tch t cc i din, tc l trong knh dn (lp SiO2 ng vai tr in
mi ca t. Cc in tch dng ny s ti hp vi in t, lm gim nng ht dn
vn c trong knh, khin in tr ca knh tng v dng mng ID gim. Cng tng tr s
VGS; ID cng gim. Ch lm vic ny c gi l ch lm ngho ht dn. Nu i
cc tnh ngun EG (VGS tr thnh in p dng) th tnh hnh din ra tri li: cng tng tr
s VGS, nng ht dn trong knh cng tng, Ch lm vic vi cc tnh VGS nh th
gi l ch giu.

Trang 59
Bi ging K thut in t
Nh vy ngay khi VGS = 0, MOSFET knh c sn c dng mng ban u ID 0.

Tu cc tnh ca VGS m MOSFET ny hot ng ch giu hay ch ngho, dng
gi tr VGS iu khin dng ID tng hay gim. Trn c s , nu c tn hiu xoay
chiu es a n ng vo th hin nhin dng ID s bin i theo es v trn ti ng ra s
nhn c tn hiu khuch i.
c tuyn truyn t v c tuyn ra ca MOSFET knh c sn loi N hon ton
phn nh qu trnh trn y. Mi c tuyn ra vn bao gm 3 phn, tng t nh ca
JFET: on ID tuyn tnh theo VDS, on ID bo ho (trng thi tht knh) v on nh
thng. y chuyn tip P N hnh thnh gia knh dn v phin Si ban u. Do V DS
gy ra phn b in th dc theo chiu di knh dn, tnh trng phn cc nghch ca P
N khng ng u, dn ti hu qu tit din knh dn gim dn v pha cc mng.
im un trn c tuyn ra tng ng vi trng thi bt u tht knh. Vng tht knh
l min lm vic ch yu ca MOSFET khi khuch i tn hiu.

Trang 60
Bi ging K thut in t
Mch hot ng v c tuyn ca MOSFET knh c sn loi P gii thiu nh hnh

2.35.
5.2.2 Cu to v hot ng ca MOSFET knh cm ng

Trang 61
Bi ging K thut in t
Cu to MOSFET knh cm ng loi N cng tng t nh MOSFET knh c sn
loi N nhng cha c knh dn ban u. Gia min mng (loi N) v phin Si loi P
hnh thnh chuyn tip P N (cc thng ni vi cc ngun nn chuyn tip gia
ngun v b ni tt). V vy khi c in p VDS t vo, trong mch mng ch c mt
in tr rt nh chy gia chuyn tip P N phn cc ngc. in tr tng ng
gia S v D xem nh v cng ln.
Khi c thm in p dng VGS, in tch dng s tch t trn cc G, cn in tch

m tch t vng i din, pha bn kia ca mng SiO2 (vng nm gia hai min N+).
Tuy vy khi VGS cn nh, lng in tch cm ng ny khng ln, chng b l trng ca
phin loi P ti hp mt. Ch khi VGS vt qu mt in p ngng VT no , lng
in tch m cm ng ni trn mi tr nn ng k. Chng to thnh mt lp bn dn
loi N trn b mt phin Si loi P, ng vai tr nh mt knh dn ni lin hai min N+
ca cc ngun v cc mng. Do xut hin knh dn ni lin hai min N+ ca cc ngun
v cc mng. Do xut hin knh dn, in tr tng ng gia S v D gim xung v
do dng mng ID tng ln. Tr s VGS cng ln, nng in tch m trong knh dn
cng nhiu, dng ID s cng ln. Ch lm vic khi VGS > VT nh vy gi l ch
lm giu in tch. S khuch i ca MOSFET knh cm ng loi N nh hnh 2.37.
Khi in p tn hiu xoay chiu es (xp chng ln in p mt chiu VGS do ngun EG to

Trang 62
Bi ging K thut in t
ra) iu khin nng in tch m cm ng trong knh dn v do iu khin dng
ID tng gim. Trn in tr RD v trn ti RL s c in p khuch i ca es.
c tuyn truyn t v c tuyn ra ca MOSFET knh cm ng loi N nh hnh

2.38. Ta thy rng ch khi VGS > VT mi c dng mng ID. MOSFET knh cm ng ch lm
vic ch giu.

Trang 63
Bi ging K thut in t
Nu phin Si ban u thuc loi N, cc min ngun v mng thuc loi P+, th s
c MOSFET knh cm ng loi P nh hnh 2.39. Nguyn l lm vic tng t nhng
in p VGS v VDS c cc tnh ngc li.
Tham s c trng cho MOSFET cng gn ging JFET: in tr vi phn ng ra rD,

in tr vi phn ng vo ri, h dn gm, cc in dung lin cc, cc tham s gii hn
ng ch l do lp cch in SiO2, in tr ng vo ca MOSFET v cng ln. Lp
SiO2 rt mng nn gm rt ln nhng in p nh thng gia G S hoc gia G D
thng tng i thp.
5.2.3 Nhn xt chung v JFET v MOSFET
- JFET v MOSFET hot ng da trn s iu khin in tr knh dn bi in
trng (in trng ny do in p trn hai ng vo sinh ra, cn dng in vo lun lun
xp x bng 0. T khng ch dng in ra. Do c im ny, ngi ta xp transistor
trng vo loi linh kin iu khin bng in p, trong khi BJT thuc loi iu khin
bng dng in (BJT c ng vo l chuyn tip P N phn cc thun, dng in vo
bin i nhiu theo tn hiu cn in p vo thay i rt t).
- Dng in mng ID to nn bi ch mt loi ht dn (ht a s ca knh), do
transistor trng thuc loi n cc tnh. Do khng c vai tr ca ht dn thiu s,

Trang 64
Bi ging K thut in t
khng c qu trnh sn sinh v ti hp ca hai loi ht dn cho nn tham s ca FET t
chu nh hng ca nhit . Tp m ni b ca b hn BJT.
- Ng vo ca FET c in tr rt ln, dng in vo gn nh bng 0 nn mch vo
hu nh khng tiu th nng lng. iu ny c bit thch hp cho vic khuch i
cc ngun tn hiu yu, hoc ngun c ni tr ln.
- Vai tr cc ngun v cc mng c th i ln cho nhau m tham s ca FET khng
thay i ng k.
- Kch thc cc in cc S, G, D c th gim xung rt b (da trn cng ngh
MOS), thu nh th tch ca transistor mt cch ng k v nh transistor trng rt
thng dng trong cc vi mch c mt tch hp cao.
- Cng nh BJT, FET c th mc theo 3 s c bn: mch ngun chung (SC
Source Common), ca chung (GC Gate Common), mng chung (DC Drain Common).
Cc mch gii thiu trn thuc li SC. Mng DC c s v c im tng t
nhng mch CC ca BJT: in tr vo rt ln, in tr ra rt nh, in p ra ng pha
v xp x tr s vi in p vo. Cn mch GC trn thc t t dng.

Trang 65
Bi ging K thut in t
CHNG III: CC NG DNG C BN

Mch chnh lu bn k (half ware rectifier)
i.
T tn hiu xoay chiu ca khu vc (220V 50Hz) hay thp hn (qua bin th),
dng diode vi tn cht ch dn in theoVmt chiu (P-N) i in thnh DC.
i
t
R
Vi
Vo
V0
t
Bn k +: D phn cc thun nn dn, nn dng in IL qua ti RL cng c gi tr s

bin thin theo bn k + ca ngun. Nn in th ra trn ti VL cng c dng bn k +
ca V2.
Bn k -: D phn cc nghch nn khng dn, do khng c dng qua ti IL, nn VL
= 0.
Kt qu: l dng chy qua ti IL, v in th trn ti VL ch cn li bn k +, nn
c gi l mch chnh lu bn k.
in p trn ti:
VDC =
V
1
Vm sin tdt = cos t 0 = m = 0.45Vhd
2 0
Tng t cho dng trn ti:

I DC =
Im
V
V
= m = 0.45 RMS
RL
RL

Trang 66
Bi ging K thut in t
Chnh lu ton k (Full ware rectifier)
ii.
Bin th y l bin th c chu gia lm im chung, in p 2 u ngc

pha nhau so vi im gia.
Vi
t
Vi
Vi
t
VL
t
Bn k + ti A: D1 dn, D2 ngng => dng IA chy qua D1 qua R tr v im

gia bin p.
- Bn k ti A (chnh l bn k + ti B): D1 ngng, D2 dn => dng I B chy qua
D2 qua R v im gia ca bin p.
Do dng qua ti chnh l tng ca 2 dng IA v IB.
in p trung bnh trn ti:
-
VDC = 2
Vm
= 0.636Vm = 0.9VRMS
Tng t cho dng trn ti:

I DC =
2 I m 2Vm
V
=
= 0.9 RMS
RL
RL
Nhn xt: gn sng ca mch chnh lu ton sng gim so vi chnh lu bn k.

iii.
Chnh lu cu.
Thay v phi s dng bin p c chu gia,

ta khng cn m ch cn sp xp cc diode
c th dn in c 2 bn k.
- Bn k u VA > Vc: D1D3 dn, D2
D4 tt => dng chy A->D1->R->D3->C.
- Bn k sau VA < Vc : D1 D3 tt, D2
D4 dn => dng t C->D2->R->D4->A.
Cng thc tnh dng v p nh 2 diode

Trang 67
+
Vi
-
Bi ging K thut in t
Mch lc
iv.
VL
Vi
D
hiu ra trong cc mch chnh lu c gn sng kh ln v VDC thp (ton k

VDC = 0.636 Vm). Do ci thin gn sng ngi ta mc thm cc mch lc.
ng ra, khi D1 dn, dng qua ti R v np cho t C. nh A, in th gim, t
lp tc x in qua ti vi thi gian T = RL.C. Khi t x n B, D2 dn v li np cho
t ln nh A, c th tip tc. Kt qu l dng sng ra nh hnh v c VDC tng v
gn sng gim so vi lc cha c t lc.
v.
Mch xn
Mch xn cn gi l mch gii hn bin tn hiu, trong tn hiu V0 lun t l
vi tn hiu vo Vi nu Vi cha vt qu mt gi tr ngng cho trc VR, cn khi Vi

vt qu mc ngng th tn hiu ra V0 lun gi mt gi tr khng i.
Cc linh kin tch cc c s dng trong mch xn thng l diode, transistor, n
in t cng nh cc vi mch tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin mch xn dng diode c s dng
rng ri hn v mch cu to n gin, tin cy cao.
Cc mch xn dng diode:
Mch ni tip: ti ni tip diode.
Mch song song: ti song song vi diode.

Trang 68
Bi ging K thut in t
Gi thit diode l tng.
V = 0
rf =0 (in tr thun)
IS = 0 (dng r, dng ngc)
rr = (in tr ngc)
Mch xn trn:
D
R
R
vi
v0
vi
VN
VN
Mch ni tip
v0
Mch song song

vi
v0
VN
VN
v0
vi
0
VN
Hm truyn t
Dng tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo hnh sin
Mch ni tip
Nu vi > VN
Mch song song
Nu vi VN
Diode tt
Diode dn
v0 = VN
v0 = VN
Nu vi VN
Nu vi < VN
Diode dn
Diode tt
v0 = vi
v0 = vi
Mch xn di:

Trang 69
Bi ging K thut in t
D
R
R
vi
VN
v0
VN
Mch ni tip
v0
Mch song song
Mch ni tip
vi
Mch song song
Nu vi < VN
Nu vi VN
Diode tt
Diode dn
v0 = VN
v0 = VN
Nu vi VN
Nu vi > VN
Diode dn
Diode tt
v0 = vi
v0 = vi
vi
v0
VN
VN
v0
0
vi
VN
Hm truyn t
Dng tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo hnh sin

Trang 70
Bi ging K thut in t
CHNG IV: MCH KHUCH I

1. Khi nim v mch khuch i
1.1 Khi nim mch khuch i
Khuch i l qu trnh bin i mt i lng (dng in hoc in p) t bin
nh thnh bin ln m khng lm thay i dng ca n.
Tu theo dng ca tn hiu cn khuch i m ngi ta phn ra: b khuch i tn
hiu mt chiu (tng qut hn: tn hiu bin thin chm) v b khuch i tn hiu xoay
chiu. B khuch i th 2 li c chia lm 2 loi: tn s thp (m tn) v b khuch
i tn s cao.
1.2 Cc thng s c trng ca mch khuch i

- H s khuch i in p: Av =
vL
l t s gia in p ra VL v in p vo VS.
vS
- H s khuch i dng in: Ai =
iL
.
ii
- H s khuch i cng sut ( li cng sut): A p =
- Tng tr ng vo: Z i =
vi
ii

Trang 71
P0 VL I L
=
Pi
Vi I i
Bi ging K thut in t
- Tng tr ng ra: Zo.
Cht lng b khuch i cng tt khi Zi cng ln v Zo cng nh.

.1.3 Cc thng s Hybrid
Phng trnh mng 4 cc vit theo thng s Hybrid :

v1 = h11i1 + h12v2
i2 = h21i1 + h22v2
Thay cc thng s mng 2 ca bng cc thng s h ca transistor :
v1 = hii1 + hrv2
i2 = hfi1 + h0v2
Trong cc thng s h ca transistor c nh ngha nh sau :
hi =
hr =
hf =
ho =
v1
i1
v2 = 0
v1
v2
i1 = 0
i2
i1
v2 = 0
i2
v2
i1 = 0
: tr khng vo ngn mch
: li in p ngc khi h mch
: li dng thun ngn mch
: tng dn ng ra h mch

Trang 72
Bi ging K thut in t
ng dng vi cch mc khc nhau (EC, BC, CC) m ch th 2 c ch nh. V d
: hoe, hie,
2. Cc khi nim c bn ca mch khuch i mt tng
2.1 im lm vic tnh v ng ti mt chiu
Xt mt tng khuch i dng BJT mc EC nh hnh 3.3.
BJT c kh nng khuch i tn hiu, chuyn tip JE phn cc thun cn

chuyn tip JC phn cc nghch. mch ny, ngun E1 cng in tr RB to ra in p
mt chiu lm cho chuyn tip JE phn cc thun mt mc nht nh, ngha l lm cho
dng IB v in p VBE trong mch vo c nhng gi tr IBQ, VBEQ no . Trn c tuyn
vo ca BJT, cp gi tr IBQ v VBEQ l to im Q, gi l im lm vic tnh ng vo
ca BJT. Ngun E2 cng in tr RC to ra in p mt chiu lm phn cc nghch
chuyn tip JC, khin cho dng IC v in p VCE ng ra c nhng gi tr xc nh: ICQ v
VCEQ. Cp gi tr ICQ v VCEQ s xc nh nn mt im Q, gi l im lm vic tnh ng
ra.
Nh vy vi mt BJT cho, ngun E1, E2 cng cc in tr phn cc RB, RE s
quyt nh gi tr tc thi ca dng in v in p trn BJT, ni cch khc chng s
quyt nh im lm vic tnh ca mch.

Trang 73
Bi ging K thut in t
Dng IB v p VBE lin h vi nhau theo c tuyn tnh ca BJT (ng s 1 hnh
3.4). Mt khc theo nh lut Kirchoff II:
E1 = IBRB + VB
=> I B =
V BE E1
+
RB RB
Giao im ca 2 th ni trn xc nh im lm vic tnh Q ca ng ti mch

vo.
Tng t, trong mch ra, dng IC v p VCE c quan h vi nhau theo c tuyn ra
ca BJT (ng s 1 hnh 3.5 ng vi dng IB = IBQ). Theo nh lut Kirchoff II:
E2 = ICRC + VCE
=> I C =
1
E
VCE + 2
RC
RC
Giao im ca 2 th trn xc nh im lm vic tnh Q ca ng ti mch ra.

Nh vy im Q trn c tuyn vo v ra l mt v l duy nht. Vi tng khuch
i ang xt, cc cp gi tr (IB, VBE) hoc (IC v VCE) tho mn nh lut Kirchoff II trong
mch vo hoc ra s xc nh nn ng ti mt chiu ca mch vo hoc ra. Giao
im ca ng ti mt chiu vi c tuyn tnh tng ng ca BJT chnh l im lm
vic tnh m to ca n l gi tr dng v p tc thi trong mch.
Trang 74
Bi ging K thut in t
dc ca ng ti AB l tg =
1
1
; ca ng ti MN l tg =
. Nh
RB
RC
vy, mt cch tng qut, dc ca ng ti mt chiu c gi tr tuyt i bng

nghch o ca in tr tng ng.
2.2 Trng thi ng th thi gian
Trng thi lm vic ca BJT hoc FET khi c tn hiu xoay chiu a n ng vo
(do xut hin in p xoay chiu hoc dng in xoay chiu ng ra) gi l trng
thi ng. Lc ny tn hiu xoay chiu Vs xp chng ln in p phn cc vn c trng
thi tnh. Trn hnh 3.6 v 3.7 minh ho th thi gian ca cc dng trng thi tnh v
cc dng tng ng trng thi ng khi Vs hnh sin.
Ta thy dng in tc thi trng thi ng l tng i s ca 2 thnh phn: thnh

phn mt chiu (ng vi trng thi tnh) v thnh phn xoay chiu do tn hiu Vs gy ra.

Trang 75
Bi ging K thut in t
2.3 ng ti xoay chiu

ng ti MN hnh 3.5 l tp hp tt c cc v tr c th c ca im lm vic
tnh. Ni cch khc mi im trn ng ti MN xc nh mt cp gi tr tng ng ca
dng IC v in p VCE.
i vi trng thi ng, khi c ngun tn hiu xoay chiu Vs tc ng, mi cp gi
tr tng ng ca dng vo p tc thi i C(t), vCE(t) trn ng ra s xc nh nn trn c
tuyn ra mt im lm vic ng. Khi bin Vs thay i, im lm vic ng by x
dch trn mt qu o no c gi l ng ti xoay chiu.
in tr ti i vi tn hiu xoay chiu ca mch ra: R ~ =
ca ng ti xoay chiu l: tg =
v CE ~
. Vy dc
i C~
1
; trong l gc gia ng ti xoay chiu v
R~
trc honh.
Mt khc, c th coi trng thi tnh nh l mt trng hp ring (ng vi bin Vs
= 0) ca trng thi ng. Khi bin Vs thay i, im lm vic ng di ng trn
ng ti xoay chiu. Khi bin Vs = 0, im lm vic ng tr v trng vi im lm
tnh. iu ny chng t im lm vic tnh cng ch l mt im lm vic c bit ca
ng ti xoay chiu. Nh vy c ng ti mt chiu ln xoay chiu u cha im
lm vic tnh, hay ni cch khc, im lm vic tnh Q l giao im ca 2 ng ti ny.

Trang 76
Bi ging K thut in t
2.4 Cc ch lm vic ca phn t khuch i
Tu theo v tr im lm vic tnh trn ng ti xoay chiu, ngi ta phn bit cc
ch lm vic sau y:
2.4.1 Ch A
Khi chn in p phn cc sao cho im lm vic tnh Q nm khong gia on
MN trn ng ti xoay chiu (trong M v N l giao im ca ng ti xoay chiu
vi c tuyn ra ng vi dng cc i IBmax v dng cc tiu IBmin) th ta ni phn t
khuch i lm vic ch A.
c im ca ch A:
- Khuch i trung thc, t mo phi tuyn.
- Dng tnh v p tnh lun khc 0, ngha l ngay trong trng thi tnh, tng khuch
i tiu hao mt nng lng ng k. Bin dng v p xoay chiu ly ra (I Cm, VCEm)
ti a ch bng dng v p tnh. V vy ch A c hiu sut thp, thng thng hiu
sut ti a ca lp A l 25%.
- Ch A thng dng trong cc tng khuch i tn hiu nh.

Trang 77
Bi ging K thut in t
2.4.2 Ch B
Nu chn in p phn cc sao cho v tr im tnh Q trng vi im D hoc im
N th phn t khuch i lm vic ch B l tng. c im ca ch ny nh
sau:
- Khi dng in vo (hoc in p vo) l hnh sin, th dng in ra v in p ra ch
cn na (hoc gi na) hnh sin, ni cch khc: mo phi tuyn trm trng.
- trng thi tnh, dng ICQ 0, do nng lng tiu th bi tng khuch i rt
nh. Ch trng thi ng, dng in trung bnh IC mi tng dn theo bin tn hiu
vo. Do nng lng tiu th cng t l vi bin xoay chiu tn hiu xoay chiu ly
ra. Nh vy ch B c hiu sut cao (khong 78.5%).
- Ch thng dng trong cc tng khuch i cng sut (cc tng cui ca thit
b khuch i). khc phc mo phi tuyn, n i hi mch phi c 2 v i xng,
thay phin nhau lm vic trong 2 na chu k.

Trang 78
Bi ging K thut in t
Trn thc t, ngi ta cn dng ch AB (trung gian gia ch A v ch B):
im Q chn pha trn im N v gn im ny. Lc pht huy c u im ca
mi ch , gim bt mo phi tuyn nhng hiu sut km hn ch B.
2.4.3 Ch D
Ch ny cn c gi l ch kho hay ch ng m. Ngoi ch
khuch i, BJT hoc FET cn c th lm vic nh mt ci ng ngt in (ch
kho). Lc ny, tu theo xung dng in vo (hoc in p vo) m BJT lm vic 1
trong 2 ch i lp: trng thi kho (trng thi tt) khi Q nm pha di im N,
trng thi dn bo ho (trng thi m) khi Q nm pha trn im M, gn im C. y l
ch BJT lm vic vi tn hiu xung.
3. Cc mch phn cc cho BJT

3.1 Dng ngun 1 chiu VBB
nh lut Kirchoff II cho vng c cha VBB:

-VBB + RBIB + VBE + REIEQ = 0
M ICQ IEQ, ICQ = IBQ
I CQ
-VBB + RB + VBE + REICQ = 0

Trang 79
Bi ging K thut in t
I CQ =
V BB V BE
R
RE + B
nh lut Kirchoff II cho vng t VCC n mass:

-VCC + RCICQ + VCEQ + REICQ = 0
=> ICQ =
1
1
VCEQ +
VCC
RC + RE
RC + R E
y chnh l phng trnh ng ti 1 chiu (DCLL). ICQ n nh, phi chn RE

>>RB/ . Thng chn RB =
1
( + 1) R E ICQ n nh.
10
3.2 Dng in tr RB
nh lut Kirchoff II t VCC -> RB -> mass:

I CQ
-VCC + RB + VBE + REICQ = 0

=> I CQ =
VCC VBE
RE + RB /
nh lut Kirchoff II t VCC -> RC -> mass:

-VCC + RCICQ + VCEQ + REICQ = 0
Trang 80
Bi ging K thut in t
=> VCEQ = VCC (RC + RE)ICQ
=> ICQ =
1
1
VCEQ +
VCC
RC + RE
RC + R E
y l phng trnh ng ti 1 chiu (DCLL) ca mch.

3.3 Dng in tr phn p
Theo nh l Thevenil:
RBB = RT = R1//R2 =
VBB = VT = Uh =
R1 R2
R1 + R2
R2
V
R1 + R2 CC
Theo cch tnh ton tng t nh mch phn cc dng in p VBB, ta c:
VBB V BE
R
RE + B
1
1
VCEQ +
VCC
ICQ =
RC + R E
RC + R E
I CQ =

Trang 81
Bi ging K thut in t
3.4 Phn cc nh hi tip t Collector
mch ny, in tr RB dn in p t ng ra (cc collector) v a ngc v ng

vo (cc base):
VBE = VCE IB RB = VCC (IC + IB) RC IB RB
V vy khi nhit lm dng ra IC tng ln th nh hng s tc ng ngc v
ng vo, lm VBE gim v lm IC, ngha l b tr li s bin ng im lm vic do nhit
.
nh lut Kirchoff II cho vng t VCC -> RC -> RB -> mass:
-VCC + RC (IC + IB) + RBIB + VBE = 0
=> -VCC + IC(RC +
RC RB
+
)=0

Trang 82
Bi ging K thut in t
VCC VBE
=> IC = R + RB + RC
C
VCE = VCC - IERC

Hoc VCE = IBRB + VBE IB RB
4. Cc mch phn cc cho JFET

4.1 Phn cc cho JFET kiu t cp
Cc JFET thng c t phn cc nh in tr Rs mc gia ngun v t. Dng

mng ID s h trn in tr mt in p VSM = ID.RS. Chnh in p ny phn cc
nghch cho chuyn tip P N gia cc ca v knh dn, bi v dng qua RG xp x bng
0 nn im G gn nh ng th vi t.
VGS = - ID RS
VDS = ED ID(RD+ RS)
Ta c th xc nh im lm vic tnh Q bng th. Gi s c tuyn truyn t I D =
f(VGS) ca JFET c m phng bng biu thc:

Trang 83
Bi ging K thut in t
ID = IDSS
VGS
1
VP
=> ID =
1
VGS
RS
Giao im Q ca th ni trn xc nh cp gi tr cn tm: VGSQ v IDQ.

ng ra, gi s c h c tuyn mng ca JFET nh hnh 3.16. Mt khc:
ID =
ED
1
VDS +
R D + RS
R D + RS
ng ti 1 chiu ny th hin bng ng MN. Giao im ca ng ny vi

c tuyn tnh ng vi VGS = VGSQ s xc nh tr s dng v p tnh trong mch ra.
Ngi ta cng c th xc nh im tnh Q theo phng php gii tch, khi bit
cc tham s Vp, IDSS, RD, RS
Qua 1 s php bin i ta c:
RS
VP
R .I
I DSS I D2 2. S DSS + 1 I D + I DSS = 0
VP

Trang 84
Bi ging K thut in t
y l phng trnh bc 2 i vi ID. Nghim ca n chnh l IDQ. T xc nh
c VGSQ v VDSQ.
4.2 Phn cc cho JFET kiu phn p
2 in tr RG1 v RG2 to nn b phn p. Do IG 0 nn:
VGM = E D
R G2
= const
R G1 + R G 2
Mt khc: VSM = ID. RS.

V vy in p phn cc ng vo xc nh bi: VGS = VGM ID RS
V ng ra: VDS = ED ID (RD + RS)
Dng mng ID xc nh nh sau:
ID =
V
1
VGS + GM
RS
RS

Trang 85
Bi ging K thut in t
Quan h ny (th hin bng ng thng AB) ct trc honh ti honh VGM, ct
trc tung ti tung
VGM
). Giao im ca ng ny vi c tuyn truyn t I D =
RS
f(VGS) l im tnh Q.
5. Cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT hoc FET

Mt thit b khuch i thng bao gm nhiu tng k tip nhau. Cc tng pha
u lm nhim v khuch i in p vi bin tn hiu cn cha ln nn c gi
chung nn c gi chung l tng khuch i tn hiu nh. Chng lm vic ch A.
Cc tng pha cui c nhim v a ra trn ti mt tn hiu cng sut ln, t mo dng
v hiu sut cao, thng gi l tng khuch i cng sut. Di y, chng ta kho st
mt tng khuch i tn hiu nh theo phng php thng dng v phng php gii
tch: thay th mch c th bng s tng ng xoay chiu, ri tin hnh n gin
ho, sau tnh ra cc thng s c trng ca mch. l cc thng s: li p, li
dng, in tr vo, in tr ra i vi tn hiu xoay chiu.
5.1 Mch khuch i dng BJT mc EC
Cng kho st cc thng s xoay chiu ca mch:

Trang 86
Bi ging K thut in t
H phng trnh thng s h:
vbe = hie i B + hre vce
iC = h fe i B + hoe vce
vbe
iB
hie =
=
vce = 0
mVT
I BQ
=
Q
mVT mh feVT
=
I CQ
I CQ
nhit phng, VT = 25mV. Chn m = 1

Vy: hie = h fe
25(mV )
I CQ (mA)
h fe =
hre =
hoe =
iC
iB
vce = 0
vbe
vce
iB = 0
iC
vce
(thng s ca BJT)
(-1)
iB = 0
Thng thng hre v hoe c gi tr rt nh ( 10-4)

Nh vy s tng ng ca transistor sau khi loi b nhng thng s nh
hng khng ng k vo mch :

Trang 87
Bi ging K thut in t
* in tr vo :
RiE = (RB //hie)
Thng thng tng khuch i E.C c in tr vo c 600 2k
* in tr ra :
R0E = RC
* li dng :
AiE =
RC
R R
i L i L iC i B
RB
= =
h fe
= h fe iE ~
i S iC i B i S
RC + RL
R B + hie
hiE RL
* li p :
AvE =
R
RC
v L v L i L iC i B
1
=
= RL (
) h fe . = h fe ~
vi
i L iC i B v i
RC + RL
hie
hie
* li p ton phn :
Atp =
RiE
v L v L vi
R
=
= h fe ~
vS
vi v S
hie RS + RiE
5.2 Mch khuch i dng BJT mc BC

Trang 88
Bi ging K thut in t
S tng ng tn hiu nh, vi thnh phn 1/hob c th b qua.

hib =
h
mVT
= ie
I EQ
h fe
hfb =
h fe
iC
iC
=
=
1
i E i B (1 + h fe ) 1 + h fe
* in tr vo :
RiB = (RE //hib)
* in tr ra :
R0B = RC
* li dng :
AiB =
RC
R R
i L i L iC i E
RE
= =
h fb (
) = h fb iB ~
i S iC i E i S
RC + R L
R E + hib
hib R L
* li p :
AvB =
vL
v EB
RC
v L i L iC i E
1

= R L (
) h fb ( ) = h fb
i L iC i E v EB
RC + R L
hib
* li p ton phn :

Trang 89
R~
hib
Bi ging K thut in t
Atp =
RiB
vL
v v
R
= L EB = h fb ~
v S v EB v S
hib RiB + RS
5.3 Mch khuch i dng BJT mc CC
Vic xc nh im lm vic tnh tng t mc EC: dng phng php th hoc

gii tch.
vL = vE = (RE//RL) iE = (RE//RL) iB
iE = (1+hfe) iB
'
=> RE = (1 + h fe ) RE

Trang 90
Bi ging K thut in t
RL' = (1 + h fe ) R L
* in tr vo :
RiC = RB//(hie + RE//RL)
* in tr ra :
tnh tng tr ra ca tng khuch i, v li mch tng ng ca hnh 2.24a.
RoC = RE//(hib + (
RS
RB
//
))
1 + h fe 1 + h fe
* li dng in :
AiC =
iL iL vL iB
RB
1
=
=
( R E' // RL' )
iS v L iB iS RL
RB + hie + ( R E' // R L' )
* li p :
AvC =
v L vL iB iS
RB
1
=
= ( R E' // RL' )
'
'
vi
i B i S vi
RB + hie + ( RE // R L ) RS + RiC
5.3 Mch khuch i dng JFET mc SC

S tng ng ca mch khuch i tn hiu nh tn s thp ca JFET

Trang 91
Bi ging K thut in t
Vi rGS = , rDS (xc nh trc).

gm = 2
I DSS
VP
VGSQ
1
VP
* in tr vo :
RiS = (RG // ri) RG
Trang 92
Bi ging K thut in t
Vi ri l in tr vo ca JFET (in tr ca chuyn tip P-N gia ca v ngun)
thng rt ln v chuyn tip ny phn cc nghch (IG 0).
Trn thc t, RiS thng c mt vi M.
* in tr ra :
RoS = (RD // rD) RD
Vi rD l in tr vi phn ng ra ca JFET, thng c gi tr c (0.5 1) M
* li p :
AvS =
vL
v GS
vL iL iD

= RL
i L i D vGS
RD

RD + RL

rD
g m
rD + R D // R L

= g m ( RD // RL // rD )
Nu JFET mc theo s mng chung (D.C) hoc ca chung (G.C) ta vn phn tch
theo phng php tng t. Tng D.C vn c c im v ng dng gn nh mch C.C
ca BJT: in tr vo ln, in tr ra nh li p xp x bng 1 v tn hiu ra ng
pha vi tn hiu vo.
6. Cc dng ghp lin tng
phn trn, chng ta lm quen vi mt s tng khuch i. Hnh thc mch

in ca cc tng ny c th khng ging nhau, s dng linh kin khc nhau, , nhng
mt cch tng qut, ta lun lun coi chng nh nhng mng 4 cc (hai cc vo v hai cc
Trang 93
Bi ging K thut in t
ra). Mi mng c c trng bi cc thng s c bn: tr khng vo, tr khng ra,
li dng, li p, v thng thng, cc thng s ny thay i theo im lm vic v
theo tn s tn hiu.
Nh vy tn hiu ra ca tng trc ng vai tr tn hiu vo ca tng sau, in tr
vo ca tng sau lm nhim v ti ca tng trc. li chung ton thit b s l tch
ca li tng tng :
Av =
VON VO1 V02 V03

V
=
on = AV 1 AV 2 AVn
Vi1
V I 1 V01 V02
Von 1
Linh kin thc hin s ghp tng c th l t in, in cm, bin p, Di dy

s kho st tng dng ghp.
6.1 Ghp in tr - in dung
Kiu ghp ny c ch tnh ca cc tng c lp vi nhau.

Vic kho st b khuch i nhiu tng (xc nh im tnh, tnh cc thng s c
bn) s tin hnh ln lt cho tng tng, theo t t t sau ra trc. tnh ton thng
s xoay chiu ca cc tng khuch i tn hiu nh, ta vn dng phng php quen
thuc: u tin, xt phm vi tn s trung bnh, lp s tng ng n gin ho
(coi cc t ni tng nh ngn mch, b qua cc in dung k sinh) ri tnh ra cc
Trang 94
Bi ging K thut in t
thng s cn thit. Sau xt cho phm vi tn s thp (tr khng cc t khng cn ln)
v phm vi tn s cao (xt vi vai tr cc t k sinh v s thay i theo tn s ca cc
tham s transistor nh , ).
6.2 Ghp trc tip
khuch i cc tn hiu mt chiu hoc tn s rt thp (tn hiu bin thin
chm) khng th ghp tng bng t in hoc bin p m ngi ta ni trc tip ng ra
tng trc vi ng vo tng sau. Trn hnh 2.30 l mt v d v kiu ghp ny.
Ch tnh ca cc tng lin quan vi nhau. Hin tng khng n nh im lm

vic ca tng ny s gy ra s x dch im lm vic ca tng kia v do lm thay i
in p ra. V vy ngi ta thng thc hin hi tip hn ch s tri im tnh
va nu.
Trn mch hnh 2.30, R3 R6 l cc in tr n nh dng tnh ca tng transistor
(hi tip m dng in ni tip). Dng emitter ca Q2 gy nn in p mt chiu trn R6.
Chnh in p ny phn cc cho Q1 (thng qua b phn p R1 R2).
Cch phn cc nh hi tip t Q2 v Q1 nh vy s t ng n nh dng tnh ca
cc transistor. Tht vy, do bn cht ca transistor, khi nhit mi trng tng th cc
tham s ICEO, ICBO, , , s tng khin dng IC, IE tng v im lm vic mt n nh.
i vi hnh 2.30, nu nhit lm vic IE2 tng th in p trn R6 tng, do (thng
Trang 95
Bi ging K thut in t
qua nhn p R1 - R2) in p phn cc cho Q1 s tng v dng IC1 tng. Nhng do ghp trc
tip:
VB2 = VC1 = VCC (IC1 + I B2) R4
Cho nn khi IC1 tng th VB2 gim. in p phn cc ny gim s lm IE2 v IC2 gim,
ngha l hn ch s tng dng tnh ca Q2 do nhit gy ra.
Nh vy mch ghp trc tip c hi tip trn y c im lm vic kh n nh.
li p ca mch cng kh cao. D dng chng minh c rng:
Khi R4 >> Ri2 th:AV hfE1 hfE2
RL 2
Ri1
Trong RL2 l ti ca tng Q2, Ri1 l in tr vo ca tng Q1.

6.3 Ghp Darlington
nng cao h khuch i v in tr vo, nhiu khi ngi ta ghp hai (hoc ba)
transistor nh hnh 2.31a. T hp ny ng vai tr nh mt transistor N-P-N (hnh 2.31b),
gi l transistor phc hp hoc transistor ghp Darlington. Ti RL thng mc cc E v
do , trn hnh 2.31, transistor phc hp hot ng nh mt tng khuch i mc C.C.
Ngi ta cng c th ghp trn transistor P-N-P vi mt transistor N-P-N nh hnh

2.32a. T hp ny ng vai tr nh mt transistor loi P-N-P (hnh 2.32b). Nh vy, trong

Trang 96
Bi ging K thut in t
cch ghp phc hp, transistor Q1 ng vai tr quyt nh loi dn in (N-P-N hay P-NP) ca transistor phc hp, cn Q2 ch lm nhim v khuch i dng ra.
Hy xt mch hnh 2.31a lm v d. Tng Q2, mc C.C, c in tr vo kh ln:

Ri2 = hiE2 + (1+hfE2) RL hfE2 RL
li dng :
Ai2 =
I E2
= 1 + h fE 2 h fE 2
I B2
p dng mch tng ng ca BJT mc C.C, ta v c mt s tng

ng xoay chiu ca tng Q1. in tr vo ca transistor phc hp (nhn t cc B1),
xc nh theo:
R i2
ri = h iE1 + ( h fE1 + 1)
// R i 2 h fE1
// R i 2 = h fE1
1 + R i 2 h OE1
h OE1
h OE1
y do Ri2 kh ln nn khng th b qua vai tr mc song song ca

tr gn ng ca ca Ri2 ta c:
ri h fE1 h fE 2
RL
1 + h fE 2 h OE1 R L

Trang 97
1
h OE1
thay gi
Bi ging K thut in t
Khi hfE2 . hOE1 RL << 1 th:
Ri hfE1 . hfE2 . RL
in tr vo ca mch hnh 2.31, k n c vai tr RB:
Ri = (RB //ri)
Do ri rt ln nn tr s RB ng vai tr quyt nh.
li dng ca tng Q1
Ai1 =
I E1
IS
Trong :
IE1 = (1+hfE1)IB1
Cn IS xc nh t in p vo:
Vi = IS (RB // ri) = IB1Ri
Cho nn:
=> Ai1 =
IS =
I B1 ri
R +r
= I B1 B i
(R B ri )
RB
(1 + h fE1 )R B
R B + ri
Do li dng c ton mch:

Ai = Ai1 . Ai2 = (1+hfE2)
RB
RB
h fE1 .h fE 2
R B + ri
R B + ri
Nu b qua tc dng phn dng ca RB th li dng ca transistor phc hp s

l:
Ai hfE1 hfE2
li p xc nh tng t nh BJT mc C.C:

Trang 98
Bi ging K thut in t
AV 1

Trang 99
Bi ging K thut in t
CHNG V: KHUCH I THUT TON

1. Khi nim v khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm
Cc dng mch khuch i ghp RC m ta kho st chng 3 c ng dng
trong cc mch khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu, tn s thp nht cng trn 1Hz. Trong
thc t cn c nhng tn hiu tn s di 1Hz, gi l tn hiu bin thin chm, nh: tn
hiu cm bin t s bin thin nhit , bin thin m, bin thin mc cht lng,
bin thin cng nh sng, phn ng ho in, dng in sinh hc Cc tn hiu
bin thin chm c th xem nh tn hiu mt chiu (DC).
B khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm ni chung c nhng c im sau:
- Tn hiu c tn s thp nht, xem nh tn hiu DC.
- C ng vo i xng (cc ngun pht tn hiu bin thin chin chm thng c
dng i xng Hnh 4.1)
- H s khuch i rt cao (ngun pht tn hiu bin thin chm thng c bin
rt b, t vi V n vi chc V)
- Kh nng chng nhiu tt.
- p phn cc ng vo v ng ra bng khng d chun ha (khi cha c tn hiu,
in p tnh bng zero).
- Phn cc phi rt n nh, khng b tri theo nhit (nu khng s gy sai s
ng ra). y l iu kin rt quan trng ca mch khuch i DC.

Trang 100
Bi ging K thut in t
2. Gii thiu v b khuch i thut ton

2.1 Gii thiu chung v b khuch i thut ton
Khuch i thut ton (KTT), cn gi l OPAMP (vit tt t Operational
Amplifier), l mt khuch i DC c h s khuch i AV rt cao v thng c ch
to di dng tch hp (IC: Integrated Circuit).
KTT vn c dng thc hin cc thut ton trong my tnh tng t cho nn
c tn gi nh vy. Ngy nay, KTT c ng dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc khc nhau,
vi tm tn s rt rng, t DC n hng GHz .
Cu trc c bn ca mt b KTT nh hnh 4.2. Ng vo l tng khuch i vi sai;
tip theo l tng khuch i trung gian (c th l tng m hoc khuch i vi sai), tng
dch mc DC t mc phn cc DC ng ra; cui cng l tng m khuch i
dng v c tr khng ra thp, to tn hiu bt i xng ng ra. Cc tng khuch i
u ghp trc tip vi nhau.
Hnh 4.3 gii thiu v chi tit ca mt b khuch i thut ton. Cp transistor Q1
v Q2 to thnh mt khuch i vi sai ng vo. Tn hiu ra t cc C ca Q1 v Q2 c
a n cc B ca Q3 v Q4. Cp transistor ny to thnh mch khuch i vi sai th hai.
Trang 101
Bi ging K thut in t
Tn hiu ra ly t trn cc C Q4, a vo cc B Q5. Q5 v Q6 to thnh mch ghp
Darlington dch mc DC, tng h s khuch i dng v vi kiu mc C chung c
tr khng ra thp. Tn hiu ra ly trn R4, in tr phn cc E ca Q6 Q7 l ngun dng
cho cp vi sai Q1 v Q2. R7, R6, D1 v R5 to thnh mch phn cc v n nh nhit cao Q7.
Tng t, mch phn cc v n nh nhit cho Q8 gm R10, R9, D2 v R8.
in p ra Vo cng du (hoc cng pha) vi in p vo trn in cc B Q2. V vy

hai ng vo ny theo th t gi l ng vo khng o (hoc ng vo thun, k hiu :du
+) v ng vo o (k hiu: du -)
2.2 c tnh v cc thng s ca mt b khuch i l tng
Hnh 4.4a minh ha k hiu ca mt b KTT thng dng. Ta thy c hai ng vo
(ng vo o c in p Vi , ng vo khng o c in p Vi+ ) mt ng ra (c in p
Vo), v ngun cp in VCC. Trng thi ng ra khng c mch hi tip v ng vo nh
h. 4.4a gi l trng thi vng h. H s khuch i in p ca KTT trong trng thi
, k hiu Avo, c gi l h s khuch i vng h (Opened loop gain).
Trang 102
Bi ging K thut in t
Ta c p ng tn hiu ra Vo theo cc cch a tn hiu vo nh sau:

- a tn hiu vo ng vo o: Vo = - Avo Vi
- a tn hiu vo ng vo khng o: Vo = Avo Vi+
- a tn hiu vo ng thi c hai ng (gi l tn hiu vo vi sai)
+
Vo = Avo ( Vi Vi ) = A vo Vi . trng thi tnh, Vi+ = Vi = 0, suy ra Vo = 0.
Hnh 4.4b minh ha c tuyn truyn t in p vng h ca KTT. Theo c

tuyn ny, c 3 vng lm vic:
- Vng khuch i: Vo = Avo I,
+
Vi = Vi - Vi nm trong khong VS
- Vng bo ha dng: Vo = + VCC , Vi > VS

- Vng bo ha m:
Vo = - VCC , Vi < - VS
VS l cc mc ngng ca in p vo, gii hn phm vi m quan h Vo ( Vi )
cn l tuyn tnh. Cc KTT thng c VS khong t vi chc V n vi trm V .

* Mt b KTT l tng c cc thng s c bn nh sau:
- H s khuch i vng h: AVO (thc t AVO > 10.000)
- Tng tr vo Ri (loi BJT Ri > 1 M , loi FET Ri > 109 )
Trang 103
Bi ging K thut in t
- Tng tr ra RO 0 (thng RO < 1 )
- Dng phn cc ng vo: Iib = 0 (thc t Iib t vi chc nA n hng trm nA)
n gin trong vic lp cc cng thc tnh ton phn sau, ta xem b KTT l
l tng.
Cc cng thc tnh ch l gn ng nhng kt qu kh chnh xc, thng c p
dng trong thc t.
3. Cc mch ng dng c bn ca khuch i thut ton

3.1 Mch khuch i o pha
Tn hiu ra o pha vi tn hiu vo. Do Ri , Ii 0 nn Vi + = Vi 0.
T , dng qua R1:
I=
Vi
V
= O
R1
R2
- H s khuch i:
Av =
VO
R
= 2
Vi
R1
- Tng tr vo:
Zi =
Vi
R1
I
3.2 Mch khuch i khng o

Tn hiu ra ng pha vi tn hiu vo.

Trang 104
Bi ging K thut in t
- H s khuch i:
Do ni tr Ri , Ii 0 nn dng qua R1, R2 l bng nhau
I=
Vi
VO
=
R1 R1 + R2
+
Mt khc, coi Vi Vi = Vi . T rt ra:
Av =
VO R1 + R2
R
=
= 1+ 2
Vi
R1
R1
- Tng tr vo: tnh Zi v li mch nh hnh 4.6b

Vi = Vi + Vo,
Vi =
1
R1
=
AV
R1 + R2
Vo = AVo Vi
Vi = Ii Ri.
Ri: Tng tr b KTT

Thay vo biu thc Vi

Trang 105
Bi ging K thut in t
Vi = Ii Ri +
Zi =
AVO
IR
AV i i
A
Vi
= Ri 1 + VO
Ii
AV
Vy mch ny c tng tr vo rt ln.

3.3 Mch m
- H s khuch i: Vi mch in p, ta c
hi tip m in p 100%:Vo = Vi. Do :
AV =
VO
=1
Vi
- Tng tr vo: Zi = Ri (1+AVO)

3.4 Mch cng o du
Dng phng php xp chng, ln lt tnh Vo1, Vo2, Vo3 theo cc kch thch ng vo
c lp I1, I2, I3 do Vo1, Vo2, Vo3 to ra nh khuch i o du.
Vo1 = -
R2
Vi1
R11
Vo2 = -
R2
Vi 2
R12
Vo3 = -
R2
Vi 3
R13
T :
R2
R
R
Vi1 + 2 Vi 2 + 2
R12
R13
R11
Vo = Vo1 + Vo2 + Vo3 = -
Nu chn R11 = R12 = R 13 = R1 th:

Trang 106
Bi ging K thut in t
Vo = -
R2
(Vi1 + Vi 2 + Vi 3 )
R1
Cc cng thc trn c th c m rng n n ng vo ty .

3.5 Mch cng khng o du
Tng t nh mch khuch i khng o, Vi l xp chng hai tn hiu Vi1 v Vi2.
Gi s Vi2 = 0, ta tm c in p ra Vo1 tng ng vi Vi1:
Vo1 = 1 +
R2 R12
Vi1
R1 R11 + R12
Tng t, khi Vi1 = 0 ta tm c Vo2 tng ng vi Vi2:
Vo2 = 1 +
R2
R1
R11
x
VV 2
R11 + R12
Vy khi c c Vi1, Vi2 v gi thit R11 = R12 th:
R Vi1 + Vi 2
Vo = Vo1 + Vo2 = 1 + 2
R1
Nu c R11 = R12 = R1 = R2 th:

Vo = Vo1 + Vo2 = Vi1 + Vi2
Cng thc trn c th c m rng n n ng vo ty .
3.6 Mch khuch i vi sai (mch tr)
Theo hnh 4.10, Vi1 p ng vo o, Vi2 p vo ng vo khng o. p dng phng
php xp chng cho tng kch thch ng vo, ngn mch ng vo cn li, ta c:
Vo1 = -
R4
Vi1
R3

Trang 107
Bi ging K thut in t
R2
R1 + R 2
Vo2 =
R 4
Vi 2
1 +
R 3
R2
R1 + R 2
Vo = Vo2 + Vo1 =
R 4
R
Vi 2 4 Vi1
1 +
R3
R3
Nu ta chn R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 th:
Vo = Vi2 Vi1
4. Cc ng dng to hm ca khuch i thut ton

4.1 Mch tch phn
Coi in th ti im A xp x bng khng. Do in p t ln hai u t C l
Vo. T :
dVO
dt
i = -C
Mt khc: i =
Vi
R
Suy ra: Vo = -
1
idt
C
Hay Vo = -
1
Vi dt
RC
4.2 Mch vi phn

Do in th im A xp x bng khng nn
i=C
dVi
dt
Mt khc: i = -
VO
R

Trang 108
Bi ging K thut in t
Suy ra: VO = - RC
dVi
dt

Trang 109
Bi ging K thut in t
CHNG VI: CC MCH S C BN

1.1.1. Cc h thng s
1.2. Khi nim
H thng tng t: bao gm cc thit b c thit k iu khin mt thng tin
hay mt thng s vt l v c biu din di dng tng t.
H thng s: l mt tp hp cc thit b c thit k iu khin mt thng tin
hay mt thng s vt l v c biu din di dng s.
1.3. u im ca h thng s
- D dng thit k
- D dng lu tr thng tin
- chnh xc cao
- D dng lp trnh
- t b nh hng ca nhiu
- C th c tch hp vi mt cao trong cc chip tch hp c kch thc nh
1.4. Nhc im ca h thng s
V th gii thc xung quanh ta l th gii tng t nn mun c c cc u im
ca k thut s khi phi lm vic vi cc tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra tng t, cn phi
chuyn i tn hiu t tng t-sang-s v ngc li theo cc bc sau:
- Chuyn i cc tn hiu vo tng t thnh dng s.
- X l trn cc thng tin s.
- Chuyn i tn hiu s ng ra thnh dng tng t.
iu ny lm tng tnh phc tp ca h thng, tng thi gian truyn tn hiu v tng
gi thnh ca h thng,
Trang 110
Bi ging K thut in t
1.5. Cc h thng m
Mt s trong h thng s c to ra t mt hoc nhiu k s (digit), c th bao

gm 2 phn: phn nguyn v phn l, c cch nhau bng mt du chm c s (radix).
- Trng s (weight) ca mi k s ph thuc vo v tr ca k s .
Trng s = C s V tr
- V tr ca k s c nh th t t 0 cho s hng n v, th t ny c tng
thm 1 cho k s bn tri v gim i 1 cho k s bn phi.
- Gi tr ca s c tnh bng tng ca cc tch trng s vi k s.
Gia
tr=
(Ky
so
Trong
so
)
1.5.1. H thp phn (decimal)
C c s l 10, s dng 10 k s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
K s tn cng bn tri c gi l k s c trng s ln nht MSD (Most
Significant Digit), k s tn cng bn phi c gi l k s c trng s nh nht
LSD (Least Significant Digit).
V d: 123,4 = 1.102 + 2.101 + 3.100 + 4.10-1 = 1.100 + 2.10 + 3.1 + 4.0,1 = 123,4
Ta thng thm k hiu D (Decimal) hoc 10 dng ch s di vo ng sau
phn bit s thp phn vi cc h thng s m khc.
V d: 123,4D hoc 123,410
1.5.2. H nh phn (binary)
C c s l 2, s dng 2 k s: 0, 1
K s ca h nh phn c gi l bit ( = binary digit).
Bit tn cng bn tri c gi l bit c trng s ln nht MSB (Most Significant
Bit), bit tn cng bn phi c gi l bit c trng s nh nht LSB (Least
Significant Bit).

Trang 111
Bi ging K thut in t
S nh phn c k hiu bi k t B hoc s 2 di dng ch s di.
V d: 1101,01B hoc 1101,012
- Chuyn i gia h nh phn v h thp phn
+ H nh phn H thp phn
Tnh gi tr ca s nh phn cn chuyn.
V d: 1101,01B= 1.23 + 1.22 + 0.21 + 1.20 + 0.2-1 + 1.2-2 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0,25 =
13,25
+ H thp phn H nh phn
~ Phn nguyn: chia lin tc cho 2 cho n khi thng s bng 0, ly d s ca
cc php chia sp xp theo th t ngc li ta c s nh phn tng ng.
V d: i 1910 sang h nh phn
19 (2
1 9 (2
1 4 (2
0 2 (2
0 1 (2
1 0
1910 = 100112
~ Phn l: nhn lin tc vi 2, sau mi ln nhn ly i s phn nguyn, tip tc cho
n khi kt qu bng 0 hoc t c chnh xc yu cu.
V d: i 0,2510 sang h nh phn
0,25 x 2 = 0,5 ly bit 0
0,5 x 2 = 1,0 ly bit 1
0,2510 = 0,012
V d: i 0,69D sang h nh phn
0,69 x 2 = 1,38
Trang 112
Bi ging K thut in t
0,38 x 2 = 0,76
0,76 x 2 = 1,52
0,52 x 2 = 1,04
0,04 x 2 = 0,08
0,69D = 0,10110B
- Mt s tnh cht ca s nh phn:
+ S nh phn N bit c tm gi tr t 0 (2N - 1)
+ S nh phn chn (chia ht cho 2) c LSB = 0
+ S nh phn l (khng chia ht cho 2) c LSB = 1
+ Bit cn c dng lm n v o lng thng tin
- Cc bi s ca bit l:
1 byte = 8 bit
1 KB (kilobyte) = 210 byte = 1024 byte
1 MB (megabyte) = 210 KB
1 GB (gigabyte) = 210 MB
1.5.3. H bt phn (octal)
C c s l 8, s dng 8 k s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
H bt phn c k hiu bi k t O hoc s 8 di dng ch s di.
V d: 367O hoc 3678
- Chuyn i gia h bt phn v h thp phn
+ H bt phn H thp phn

Trang 113
Bi ging K thut in t
Tnh gi tr ca s bt phn cn chuyn.
V d: 2738= 2.82 + 7.81 + 3.80 = 2 x 64 + 7 x 8 + 3 x 1 = 18710
+ H thp phn H bt phn
Chia lin tc cho 8 cho n khi thng s bng 0, ly d s ca cc php chia sp
xp theo th t ngc li ta c s bt phn tng ng.
V d: i 57210 sang h bt phn
572 (8
4 71 (8
7 8 (8
0 1 (8
1 0
57210 = 10748
- Chuyn i gia h bt phn v h nh phn
+ H bt phn H nh phn
Mt k s trong h bt phn tng ng vi 3 bit trong h nh phn
V d: i 7238 sang h nh phn
7238 = 111 010 011 B
+ H nh phn H bt phn
Nhm cc bit ca s nh phn thnh tng nhm 3 bit k t bit hng n v, ri
chuyn sang k s bt phn tng ng.
V d: i 10010111000110B sang h bt phn
10010111000110B = 10 010 111 000 110 B = 2 2 7 0 6 O = 227068
Ch : H bt phn thng c dng biu din ngn gn cc s nh phn.
1.5.4. H thp lc phn (hecxadecimal)
C c s l 16, s dng 16 k s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
H thp lc phn c k hiu bi k t H hoc s 16 di dng ch s di.
Trang 114
Bi ging K thut in t
V d: 16EH hoc 16E16
- Chuyn i gia h thp lc phn v h thp phn
+ H thp lc phn H thp phn
Tnh gi tr ca s thp lc phn cn chuyn.
HEX
Nh
phn
0000
0001
0010
0011
Chia lin tc cho 16 cho n khi thng s bng 0, ly
0100
d s ca cc php chia, sp xp theo th t ngc li ta
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
V d: 2A9H = 2.162 + 10.161 + 9.160 = 2 x 256 + 10

x 16 + 9 x 1 = 68110
+ H thp phn H thp lc phn
c s thp lc phn tng ng.

V d: i 1151210 sang h thp lc phn
11512 (16
8 719 (16
15 44 (16
12 2 (16
2 0
1151210 = 2CF816
- Chuyn i gia h thp lc phn v h nh phn
+ H thp lc phn H nh phn
Mt k s trong h thp lc phn tng ng vi 4 bit
trong h nh phn
V d: i 4B7DH sang h nh phn
4B7DH = 0100 1011 0111 1101 B
+ H nh phn H thp lc phn
Nhm cc bit ca s nh phn thnh tng nhm 4 bit k t bit hng n v, ri

chuyn sang k s thp lc phn tng ng.

Trang 115
Bi ging K thut in t
V d: i 10010111000110B sang h thp lc phn
10010111000110B = 10 0101 1100 0110 B = 2 5 C 6 H = 25C616
Ch : H thp lc phn thng c dng biu din ngn gn cc s nh
phn.
1.5.5. C s i s BOOLE
Bin v hng trong i s Boole ch nhn mt trong hai gi tr l 0 hoc 1.
Cc bin Boole (hay bin logic) thng c s dng biu din mc in p
trn mt dy dn hay ti cc cc vo/ra ca mch.
Cc gi tr 0 v 1 khng phi l cc con s thc m ch biu din mt mc in p,
v chng c gi l mc logic.
Mt s k hiu khc cng c s dng biu din hai mc logic thay cho cc
con s 0 v 1.
Logic 0
Logic 1
False
True
Off
On
Low
High
No
Yes
Open switch
Closed switch
* Cc php ton c bn trong i s Boole:

a. Php cng logic: k hiu l OR, (+)
b. Php nhn logic: k hiu l AND, (.)
c. Php b/o logic: k hiu l NOT, ( ), ()
* Cc nh l c bn ca i s BOOLE
Quan h gia cc hng s

Trang 116
Bi ging K thut in t
1a
0.0=0
2a
1.1=1
3a
0.1=1.0=1
4a
0 = 1
0+0=0
b
2
1+1=1
b
3
0+1=1+0=1
b
4
1 = 0
Cc nh l ca hm 1 bin
5a
A.0=0
A+1=1
Phn t trung ho
A+0=0+A=A
ng nht
A+A=A
Gi tr khng i
b
6a
A.1=1.A=A
6
b
7a
A.A=A
7
b
8a
(A) = A
9a
A . A = 0
Ly b hai ln
9
A + A = 1
Phn t b (o)
Cc nh l ca hm nhiu bin
10a A . B = B . A
A+B=B+A
Giao hon
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
Kt hp
0
b
11a (A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
1
1
b

Trang 117
Bi ging K thut in t
12a A . (B + C) = (A.B) +
(A.C)
A + (B . C) = (A+B) . (A+C) Phn phi
2
b
13a A . (A + B) = A
A + (A . B) = A
Hp thu
A + A . B = A + B
Dn
(A + B) . (A + B) = A
T hp
(A + B) = A . B
DeMorgan
3
b
14a A . (A + B) = A . B
1
4
b
15a (A . B) + (A . B) = A
1
5
b
16a (A . B) = A + B
1
6
b
1.5.6. Cc phn t c bn
1.6. Cng o NOT
Biu din: Y = NOT A hay Y = A hay Y =A

Bng s tht vi hm 2 bin:
A
0
1
Y= A
1
0
Cng NOT logic (cng o, cng b):
Gin xung:
A
B
Trang 118
Bi ging K thut in t
1.7. Cng v AND

Biu din: Y = A AND B hay Y = A . B
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Nhn xt:
Y=A.B
0
0
0
1
Y=0:
khi c t nht mt bin vo bng 0
Y = 1:
khi tt c cc bin vo u bng 1
Nhn xt trn cng ng vi trng hp tng qut c N bin vo c lp.

Cng AND logic:
Gin xung:
A
B
Y
1.8. Cng hoc OR

Biu din: Y = A OR B hay Y = A + B
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y=A+B
0
1
1
1
Nhn xt:
Y=0:
Y = 1:

Trang 119
Bi ging K thut in t
Cng OR logic:
Gin xung:
A
0 0
1 1 0
1 0
1 0 0
1 0
1 1 0
1.9. Cng NAND (NOT AND)

Biu din: Y = A NAND B hay Y = A.B
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y= A .B
1
1
1
0
Nhn xt:
Y=0:
Y = 1:

Cng NAND logic:
Gin xung:

Trang 120
Bi ging K thut in t
A
B
Y
1.10. Cng NOR (NOT OR)

Biu din: Y = A NOR B hay Y = A + B
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y= A + B
1
0
0
0
Nhn xt:
Y = 0 : khi c t nht mt bin vo bng 1
Y = 1: khi tt c cc bin vo u bng 0
Cng NOR logic:
Gin
xung:

Trang 121
Bi ging K thut in t
A
B
Y
1.11. Cng exclusive OR(EXOR)
Biu din: Y = A EX-OR B hay Y = A .B + A .B = A B

A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y = AB
0
1
1
0
Nhn xt:
Y = 0 : khi tt c hai bin vo c gi tr ging nhau
Y = 1: khi tt c hai bin vo c gi tr khc nhau
Cng EX-OR logic:
Lu : Cng EX-OR ch c 2 ng vo.

Gin xung:
A
B
Y

Trang 122
Bi ging K thut in t
1.12. Cng exclusive NOR

Biu din: Y = A EX-NOR B hay Y = A .B + A .B = A B = A ~B
Nhn xt:
Y = AB
Y = 1: khi tt c hai bin vo c gi tr ging nhau
Cng EX-NOR logic:
Y = 0 : khi tt c hai bin vo c gi tr khc nhau
Lu : Cng EX-NOR ch c 2 ng vo.

Gin xung:
A
B
Y
1.12.1. Cc phng php biu din hm BOOLE
1.13. Biu din hm Boole bng bng gi tr

biu din mt hm Boole bng bng s tht, ta lit k 2n t hp cc gi tr 0 v
1 c th c ca n bin Boole v mt ct ch ra gi tr ca hm.
Trang 123
Bi ging K thut in t
V d: Lp bng chn tr cho hm 3 bin sau y:
A
B
C
Bng s tht:
A
Nhn xt: Phng php ny c u im l trc quan nhng ch ph hp vi hm

di 5 bin.
1.14. Biu din hm Boole bng ba Karnaugh

Ba Karnaugh (gi tt l ba K) c dng khung vung hay ch nht. N c chia
thnh 2n , trong n l s bin ca hm. Dc theo cc cnh ca ba ngi ta ghi cc t
hp tr ca bin, sao cho cc t hp tr cnh nhau ch khc nhau 1 bin. Trong cc ghi
cc gi tr tng ng ca hm.
Cc loi ba K
- Ba K hm 2 bin: Y = f(B,A)

Trang 124
Bi ging K thut in t
Y A
0
B
Y A
0
B
1
1
3
- Ba K hm 3 bin: Y = f(C,B,A)
Y BA
C 00 01 11 10
Y BA
C 00 01 11 10
- Ba K hm 4 bin: Y = f(D,C,B,A)
Y
BA
00
DC
01
11
10
BA
00
DC
01
11
10
00
00
01
01
11
11
12
13
15
14
10
10
11
10
Cch in vo ba K
Nu cho mt hm F biu din di dng chnh tc 1
(dng ) th ta in 1 vo cc c th t tng ng vi cc minterm (hm bng 1), in

x vo cc ng vi trng hp tu nh v in 0 vo cc cn li.
Thng thng, ta ch in cc gi tr 1 v x, cc cn li b trng xem nh bng 0.
V d: in vo ba K hm F = (2,3,8,11,14) + d(1,4,13)
Y
BA
00
DC
00
01
11
10
11
10
01
x
1

Trang 125
1
1
Bi ging K thut in t
Nu cho mt hm F biu din di dng chnh tc 2
(dng ) th ta in 0 vo cc c th t tng ng vi cc maxterm (hm bng 0), in

x vo cc ng vi trng hp tu nh v in 1 vo cc cn li.
Thng thng, ta ch in cc gi tr 0 v x, cc cn li b trng xem nh bng 1.
V d: in vo ba K hm F = (0,2,6,7,13) + d(3,4,11)
Y
BA
00
DC
01
10
00
01
11
10
11
0
x
Nu cho hm Boole biu din di dng bng s tht
th ta in 0, 1, hoc x vo cc c t hp nh phn trng vi t hp nh phn ca bng

s tht.
V du: Cho bng s tht sau, hy in vo ba K
C
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
A
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Y BA
C 00 01 11 10
0
1 1 x
1
F
0
1
x
1
0
0
x
1
Y BA
C 00 01 11 10
0 0
x
1
Nu cho hm Boole biu din di dng i s

a. Chuyn hm Boole v dng chnh tc 1 hoc chnh tc 2 ri in vo ba K.

Trang 126
Bi ging K thut in t
V d: Cho hm F sau, hy in vo ba K
F(A,B,C,D) = ABCD + ABC + BCD + AD
F = ABCD + ABC(D+D) + (A+A) BCD + AD(B+B)(C+C)
= ABCD + ABCD+ ABCD + ABCD+ ABCD+ ABCD+ ABCD+ ABCD+
ABCD
= ABCD + ABCD+ ABCD + ABCD+ ABCD+ ABCD+ ABCD+ ABCD
= (11,7,6,10,2,15,13,9) = (2,6,7,9,10,11,13,15)
Y
CD
00
AB
01
11
00
10
01
11
10
1
1
b. Nu hm Boole c dng tng cc tch th ln lt xt cc tch v in 1 vo mt

hay nhiu tng ng. Nu tch s cha y cc bin th in vo mt , nu tch
thiu mt bin th in vo hai , Tng qut, nu tch thiu n bin th in vo 2n .
Nhng no in ri th khng cn in na (do nh l A + A = A). Ch l bin
khng b tng ng vi 1, bin b tng ng vi 0.
F(A,B,C,D) = ABCD + ABD + BCD +AB
Y
CD
00
AB
01
11
10
00
01
11
10
1
1

Trang 127
Bi ging K thut in t
c. Nu hm Boole c dng tch cc tng th ln lt xt cc tng v in 0 vo
mt hay nhiu tng ng. Nu tng cha y cc bin th in vo mt , nu
tng thiu mt bin th in vo hai , Tng qut, nu tng thiu n bin th in vo
2n . Nhng no in ri th khng cn in na (do nh l A . A = A). Ch l
bin khng b tng ng vi 0, bin b tng ng vi 1.
F(A,B,C,D) = (A+B+C+D) (A+B+D) (B+C+D) (A+B)
Y
CD
00
AB
00
01
01
11
10
11
10
1.14.1. Rt gn hm BOOLE bng ba Karnaugh

k cn: Hai c gi l k cn nhau nu chng nm k nhau hoc i xng
nhau qua trc. c im ca hai k cn l chng ng vi hai minterm (hoc maxterm)
ch khc nhau 1 bin.
Qui tc:
- Ta kt hp thnh nhm 2m th loi c m bin. Bin b loi s mang gi tr
thay i trong nhm c kt hp.
- Nu kt hp 2m m hm c gi tr bng 1 th hm c vit di dng tng
cc tch. Trong bin bng 1 c vit di dng khng b, bin bng 0 c vit
di dng b.
- Nu kt hp 2m m hm c gi tr bng 0 th hm c vit di dng tch cc
tng. Trong bin bng 0 c vit di dng khng b, bin bng 1 c vit di
dng b.
Trang 128
Bi ging K thut in t
- Trong qu trnh ti thiu ha hm, 1 c th c kt hp nhiu ln vi nhiu
khc m khng lm thay i gi tr ca hm.
- i vi hm xc nh b phn, ta c th li dng nhng m hm c gi tr ty
nh m gn gi tr thch hp rt gn hm.
Lu :
+ Khi kt hp cc , cn u tin cc ch c 1 lin kt trc.
+ Khi tt c cc c kt hp th khng cn c thm kt hp no na.
+ Sau khi rt gn hm Boole bng ba K, c th rt gn biu thc (thu c) mt
ln na bng cch p dng cc dnh l.
f(x,y,z) = x yz + xyz + xyz + xyz
V d: Rt gn hm:
Cch 1:
Biu din hm f bng ba Karnaugh:

f
yz
x
00
0
01
11
10
xy
yz
Rt gn hm ta c f = xy + yz
Cch 2:
f
yz
00
01
11
10
x+ y
y+ z

Trang 129
Bi ging K thut in t
Rt gn hm ta c f = ( x + y )( y + z )
V d: Rt gn hm:
f(x,y,z) = x yz + xyz + xyz + xyz
f
yz
x
00
0
01
11
10
z
xy
Rt gn hm ta c f = z + xy
Mt s v d rt gn hm Boole bng ba K:
a. F(A, B, C) = (0, 1, 2, 5)
b. F(A, B, C) = (0, 2, 4, 6, 7)
c. F(A, B, C, D) = (0, 1, 8, 9, 10)
d. F(A, B, C, D) = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15)
e. F(A, B, C, D) = (0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8) + d(10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
f. F(A, B, C, D) = (3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12) + d(0, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15)

Trang 130

Bai Giang Ky Thuat Dien Tu DH GTVT

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Bai Giang Ky Thuat Dien Tu DH GTVT

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Bi ging K thut in t

CHNG I: CC KHI NIM C BN

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

Ghp nhiu in tr:

Quan h gia dng v p ca in tr tun theo nh lut Ohm.

U(t): in p gia 2 u in tr (V)

U(t): in p gia 2 u in tr (V)

I(t): Dng in gia 2 u in tr (A)

I(t): Dng in gia 2 u in tr (A)

Khi R = 0 (G = ): m hnh ngn mch.

* Cng thc tnh in tr:

Nu l in tr ca cun dy: Tr s in tr ca cun dy dn ph thuc vo vt

Th d: Tm in tr ca 1 dy dn di 6.5m, ng knh dy 0.6mm, c

Khi c dng in chy qua 1 vt dn in th hai u dy s pht sinh 1 in p U

Khi c dng in qua R trong 1 thi gian t th R b nng ln, ta ni R tiu th 1

Ta thy rng t cng ln th in nng tiu th cng ln.

Gi tr tng ng ca cc mu c lit k trong bng sau:

Lam (Xanh dng)

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

Cun cm gm nhiu vng dy qun st nhau, ngay c chng ln nhau nhng

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

L1 l cun dy li khng kh,

Khi s dng cun cm ngi ta quan tm n cc s chnh sau:

l kh nng tch tr nng lng t trng ca cun dy, n v l Henry (H).

Tn hao cun cm.

Cm khng ca cun dy l i lng c trng cho s cn tr dng in ca

Cng thc ny ch s dng cho cc cun dy khng quan h v t, khng c h

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

. Ghp song song:

Dng in chy qua cun dy to ra nng lng tch tr di dng t trng:

W: nng lng (Joule).

* c tnh cun cm vi dng AC

in p trn phn t in cm bng tc bin thin theo t thng:

Trong eL(t) l sc in ng cm ng do t thng bin i theo thi gian gy nn.

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

V c bn t in gm hai bn cc kim loi i din nhau v phn cch gia

K hiu: C n v Farah (F).

Tr s in dung C: kh nng cha in ca t in c gi l in dung (C).

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

Vi: C: in dung {F}

- Theo quan im l thuyt mch: t s gia in tch Q v in p t vo 2 vt

Vi: Q: in tch c n v l C (colomb).

Ctd =C1 +C2 +..

p tng ng bng tng cc in p thnh

*Chc nng ca t in:

C hai chc nng chnh:

hnh thnh lp Oxit nhm v lp bt kh c tnh cch in lm cht in mi gi

2. T gm: (khng cc tnh) gi tr 1 pF 1 F .

in l giy tm du v cun li thnh ng. in p nh thng n vi trm

4. T mica (khng cc tnh) pF -> nF. in p lm vic rt cao.

polyetylen (PS). in p lm vic rt cao.

7. T in thay i c (Variable Capacitor).

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

Xem mch nh hnh v:

vi t: thi gian t np (s), = RC hng s thi gian (s)

Nhn thy sau thi gian t = 5 t np in th Vc = 0.99 VDC xem nh t np y.

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

Sau thi gian t = 5 th in th trn t ch cn 0.01VDC. xem nh t x ht in.

Dng x tc thi c tnh theo cng thc ging dng np

i vi t in, in tch t np c tnh theo cng thc: Q = C.V

in p np c trn t l s tch t ca dng in np vo t theo thi gian t.

Trng H Giao thng vn ti TPHCM

Dung khng Xc ca t c xc nh:

2.1.4 M hnh thc t ca cc phn t in tr, in cm, in dung