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Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Given by the expression z = a + jb
where
z = complex number
a = real part
jb = imaginary part
j = 1
First used by the Italian mathematician Girolamo
Cardano
The term complex number was first introduced
by Carl Friedrich Gauss
z = a + jb
z = r
or
z = r r
z = rcis
or
z = rcis r
C. Exponential Form
where r = a 2 + b2
= modulus
z = re
j r
b
= tan
a
= argument
1
e = 1+ x +
x
Hence,
e = 1 + j +
j
x2
2!
( j )2
2!
x3
3!
x4
4!
( j )3
3!
x5
5!
( j )4
4!
x6
6!
x7
7!
( j )5
5!
+L
+L
( j )6
6!
( j )7
7!
e j = 1 + j 2! j 3! + 4! + j 5! 6! j 7! + L
2
e = 1
2
2!
4
4!
6
6!
e j = cos + j sin
+L+ j
3
3!
5
5!
7
7!
+L
+L
Powers of j
j = 1
Consider:
j 2 = 1
j 3 = 1 = j
j4 = 1
j5 = j
j 6 = 1
j7 = j
j8 = 1
M
Operations
A. Rectangular Form
z = a + jb,
w = c + jd
1. Addition/Subtraction z w = (a c) + j(b d)
2. Multiplication zw = (ac bd) + j(bc + ad)
3. Complex-Conjugate z* = a jb, w* = c jd
since zz* = a2 + b2
ww* = c2 + d2
4. Division z = a + jb c jd
w
c + jd c jd
Operations
B. Polar/Exponential Form
z1 = r11
1. Multiplication
2. Division z1
z2 = r2 2
z1 z2 = r1r2 (1 + 2 )
r1
= (1 2 )
z2 r2
De Moivres Theorem
Given
z = r
z = r n
n
Given
+ 360k
z = r
or
1
Then
+ 2 k
n
n
z = r
Euler Identities
Trigonometric Functions
e jx e jx
sin x =
2j
e jx + e jx
cos x =
2
Hyperbolic Functions
e e
sinh x =
2
x
e +e
cosh x =
2
x
z = a + jb
Then:
e z = e a + jb
e z = e a e jb
e z = e a cisb
z = re j
Then:
ln z = ln r + j
z = a + jb = re j ,
z = ( a + jb )
w
z =e
w
ln re j
w = c + jd
( c + jd )
)( c + jd )
z w = e( ln r + j )( c + jd )
z =e
( c ln r d ) + j ( c + d ln r )
z =e
( c ln r d )
cis ( c + d ln r )
arccos z = j ln z + z 2 1