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UNIT-I
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Higher order differential equations with constant coefficients Method of variation of
parameters Cauchys and Legendres linear equations Simultaneous first order
linear equations with constant coefficients.
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HIGHER ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH
CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS.
General form of a linear differential equation of the nth order with constant
coefficients is
dny
d n 1 y
d n2 y
+
K
+
K
+ .............. + K n y = X
1
2
dx n
dx n 1
dx n 2
Where K 1 , K 2,........................ K n are constants.
.. (1)
Note
1
1. X = Xdx
D
1
2.
X = e ax Xe ax dx
Da
1
3.
X = e ax Xe ax dx
D+a
(i) The general form of the differential equation of second order is
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d2y
dy
+ P + Qy = R (1)
2
dx
dx
dy
d2y
, D2 y = 2
dx
dx
1
Stands for the operation of integration
D
1
Stands for the operation of integration twice.
D2
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(1) can be written in the operator form
D 2 y + PDy + Qy = R (Or) ( D 2 + PD + Q) y = R
(iv)
PROBLEMS
1. Solve (D 2 5 D + 6) y = 0
Solution: Given (D 2 5 D + 6) y = 0
The auxiliary equation is m 2 5m + 6 = 0`
i.e., m = 2,3
C.F = Ae 2 x + Be 3 x
The general solution is given by
y = Ae 2 x + Be 3 x
d2y
dy
6 + 3y = 0
2
dx
dx
2
Solution: Given (D 6 D + 3 y ) = 0
The auxiliary equation is m 2 6m + 13 = 0
6 36 52
i.e., m =
2
= 3 2i
Hence the solution is y = e 3 x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x)
2. Solve
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A.E is m 2 + 1 = 0
M = i
Y = A cosx + B sinx
Y(x) = A cosx + B sinx
Y(0) = A =0
Y(0) =B =1
A = 0, B = 1
i.e., y = (0) cosx + sinx
y = sinx
3. Solve ( D 2 4 D + 13) y = e 2 x
Solution: Given ( D 2 4 D + 13) y = e 2 x
The auxiliary equation is m 2 4m + 13 = 0
4 16 52 4 36
m=
=
= 2 3i
2
2
C.F = e 2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3x )
1
P.I. = 2
e2x
D 4 D + 13
1
e2x
=
4 8 + 13
1
= e2x
9
y = C.F +P.I.
1
y = e 2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3 x ) + e 2 x
9
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5. Find the Particular integral of y- 3y + 2y = e x e 2 x
Solution: Given y- 3y + 2y = e x e 2 x
( D 2 3D + 2) y = e x e 2 x
1
P.I 1 = 2
ex
D 3D + 2
1
=
ex
1 3 + 4
1
= ex
0
1
=x
ex
2D 3
1 x
=x
e
23
= xe x
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(
1
e2x
D 3D + 2
1
=e2x
46+2
1
=-x
e2x
2D 3
1 2x
=-x
e
43
= - xe 2 x
P.I 2 =
d2y
dy
6. Solve
4 + 5 y = 2 cosh x
2
dx
dx
d2y
dy
Solution: Given 2 4 + 5 y = 2 cosh x
dx
dx
2
The A.E is m 4m + 5 = 0
4 16 20
m=
= 2 i
2
C.F = e 2 x ( A cos x + B sin x )
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e x + ex
1
1
(
)
2
cosh
2
x
=
D 2 + 4D + 5
D 2 + 4D + 5 2
1
1
ex + 2
e x
= 2
D + 4D + 5
D + 4D + 5
x
x
e
e
=
1+ 4 + 5 1 4 + 5
e x ex
=
10
2
y = C.F + P.I
P.I =
= e 2 x ( A cos x + B sin x ) -
e x ex
10
2
1
1
sin ax(or )
cos ax
f ( D)
f ( D)
Replace D 2 by a 2
7. Solve
d2y
dy
+ 3 + 2 y = sin 3x
2
dx
dx
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d2y
dy
+ 3 + 2 y = sin 3x
2
dx
dx
2
The A.E is m +3m + 2 = 0
(m+1)(m+2) = 0
M = -1, m = -2
C.F = Ae x + Be 2 x
1
P.I = 2
sin 3 x
D + 3D + 2
1
=
sin 3 x (Replace D 2 by a 2 )
2
3 + 3D + 2
1
1 (3D + 7)
=
sin 3x =
sin 3x
3D 7
3D 7 (3D + 7)
3D + 7
sin 3x
=
(3D) 2 (7) 2
3D + 7
=
sin 3x
9 D 2 49
3D + 7
=
sin 3x
9(3 2 ) 49
3D + 7
=
sin 3x
130
1
(3D(sin 3x) + 7 sin 3x )
=
130
1
(9 cos 3x + 7 sin 3x )
=
130
Solution: Given
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y = C.F + P.I
Y = Ae x + Be 2 x
1
(9 cos 3x + 7 sin 3x )
130
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P.I 1 = 2
cos 3x
D +1 2
1 1
=
cos 3 x
2 9 +1
1
= cos 3x
16
1 1
cos x
D +1 2
1 1
=
cos x
2 1+1
1 1
= x
cos x
2 2D
x
= cos xdx
4
x
= sin x
4
x
1
P.I =
cos 3x + sin x
16
4
Problems based on R.H.S = e ax + cos ax(or )e ax + cos ax
P.I 2 =
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10. Solve (D 2 4 D + 4) y = e 2 x + cos 2 x
Solution: Given (D 2 4 D + 4) y = e 2 x + cos 2 x
The Auxiliary equation is m 2 4m + 4 = 0
(m 2 ) 2 = 0
m = 2 ,2
2x
C.F = (Ax +B)e
1
P.I 1 = 2
e2x
D 4D + 4
1
=
e2x
48+ 4
1
= e2x
0
1
=x
e2x
2D 4
1 2x
=x e
0
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1
= x 2 e2x
2
1
cos 2 x
P.I 2 = D 4 D + 4
2
1
cos 2 x
2 4D + 4
1
cos 2 x
=
4D
1 1
cos 2 x
=
4 D
1 sin 2 x
sin 2 x
=
=
4
2
8
=
y = C.F + P.I
sin 2 x
8
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y = (Ax +B)e 2 x
(1 x) 1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + .................
(1 + x) 2 = 1 2 x + 3x 2 4 x 3 + ..............
(1 x) 2 = 1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 + ..............
= 1 D2
= 1 + D + (D 2 ) + ......... x
= [x + 0 + 0 + 0...........]
=-x
12. Solve: D 4 2 D 3 + D 2 y = x 3
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(
Solution: Given D 4 2 D 3 + D 2 y = x 3
The A.E is m 2m + m 2 = 0
m 2 (m 2 2m + 1) = 0
m 2 (m 1) 2 = 0
m = 0,0 , m = 1,1
C.F = (A + Bx)e 0 x +(C + Dx)e x
4
1
x3
3
2
D 2D + D
1
= 2
x3
D 1 + (D 2 2 D )
1
1
= 2 1 + (D 2 2 D ) x 3
D
2
3
1
= 2 1 D 2 2 D + D 2 2 D D 2 2 D + ...............
D
1
= 2 1 + 2 D + 3D 2 + 4 D 3 + D 4 x 3
D
1
= 2 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 18 x + 24
D
1 x 4 6 x 3 18 x 3
= +
+
+ 24 x
D 4
3
2
P.I =
[
[
]
]
) (
) (
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[
x 5 6 x 4 18 x 3 24 x 2
+
+
+
20 12
6
2
5
4
x
x
=
+
+ 3x 3 + 12 x 2
20 2
y = C.F + P.I
x5 x4
+
+ 3x 3 + 12 x 2
20 2
1
e x cos 2 x
D 2D + 5
1
= ex
cos 2 x(Re placeDbyD = 1)
2
(D + 1) 2(D + 1) + 5
P.I =
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= ex 2
cos 2 x
D + 2 D + 1 2 D 2 + 5
1
cos 2 x
= ex 2
D + 4
1
= ex
cos 2 x
4+4
1
cos 2 x
= ex x
2D
xe x
=
cos 2 xdx
2
xe x sin 2 x
P.I =
4
14. Solve ( D + 2) 2 y = e 2 x sin x
Solution: Given ( D + 2) 2 y = e 2 x sin x
A.E is (m 2 +1) = 0
m = -2, -2
C.F. = (Ax + B)e 2 x
1
e 2 x sin x
P.I =
2
(D + 2 )
1
= e 2 x
sin x
2
D 2+2
1
= e 2 x 2 sin x
D
1
= e 2 x sin x
1
2 x
= -e sin x
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(
y = C.F + P.I
y = (Ax + B)e 2 x - e 2 x sin x
f ' (D ) 1
1
1
( xV ) = x
V
V
f ( D)
f ( D)
f ( D) f ( D)
1
1
f ' ( D)
xV = x
V
V
f ( D)
f ( D)
[ f ( D)]2
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15. Solve ( D 2 + 4 D + 3) y = e x sin x + xe 3 x
Solution: The auxiliary equation is m 2 +4m + 3 = 0
m= -1,-3
x
C.F =A e + Be 3 x
1
e x sin x
P.I 1 =
2
( D + 4 D + 3)
1
=
sin x
2
(D 1) + 4(D 1) + 3
1
= e x 2
sin x
D + 2D
(1 + 2 D ) sin x
= e x
1 + 4D 2
ex
=
[2 cos x + sin x]
5
1
P.I 2 = e 3 x
x
2
D + 3) + 4( D + 3) + 3
1
x
= e 3x 2
D + 10 D + 24
10
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(
D 2 + 10 D
1 +
x
24
3x
e 5D
=
1
x
24
12
e3x
5
=
x
24
12
General solution is y = C.F + P.I
e3x
=
24
y = A e x + Be 3 x
3x
ex
[2 cos x + sin x] + e x 5
24
12
5
d2y
dy
+ 2 + y = x cos x
2
dx
dx
Solution: A.E : m 2 +2m + 1 = 0
m = -1,-1
C.F = ( A + Bx)e x
1
P.I =
( x cos x)
( D + 1) 2
16 Solve
2( D + 1)
1
(cos x )
= x
2
2
(
)
(
)
D
+
1
D
+
1
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11
2
1
(cos x )
= x
2
(D + 1) D + 2 D + 1
2
1
(cos x )
= x
D + 1 ( 1 + 2 D + 1)
2 sin x
= x
D + 1 2
x sin x
=
2
x sin x sin x
=
2
D +1
x sin x (D 1)sin x
=
2
D2 1
x sin x cos x sin x
=
+
2
2
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(
2
D +1
1 1
1
= 2
e0x 2
cos 2 x
2 D +1
D +1
1 1
= 1 + cos 2 x
2 3
1 1
= + cos 2 x
2 6
1 1
y = A cosx +B sinx + + cos 2 x
2 6
d2y
y = x sin x + (1 + x )e x
dx 2
Solution: A.E : m 2 1 = 0
m = 1
C.F = A e x + Be x
1
(xV ) = x f ' ( D) 1 (V )
P.I 1 =
f ( D)
f ( D) f ( D)
18. Solve
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12
2D
1
(sin x )
= x 2 2
D 1 (D 1)
2 D sin x
= x 2
D 1 2
x sin x
2 cos x
=
+
2
2(D 2 1)
x sin x cos x
=
2
2
1
1+ x2 ex
P.I 2 = 2
D 1
1
= ex
(1 + x 2 )
2
(D + 1) 1
1
= ex 2
(1 + x 2 )
D + 2D
(
e (2 x
=
x
3x 2 + 9 x )
12
e x (2 x 3 3x 2 + 9 x )
+ Be x +
12
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y = A e x
d2y
y = xe x sin x
dx 2
Solution: A.E : m 2 1 = 0
m = 1
C.F = A e x + Be x
1
P.I =
xe x sin x
2
D 1
1
(x sin x )
= ex
(D + 1)2 1
1
(x sin x )
= ex 2
D + 2D
19. Solve
1
2D + 2
= e x x 2
sin x
sin x
2
(2 D 1)
(D + 2 D )
2
2
sin x = sin x, = 1, putD = = 1
(2 D + 2) sin x
1
= e x x
sin x
(2 D 1)2
2D 1
(1 + 2 D ) sin x (2 D + 2)sin x
= e x x
2
(4 D 2 4 D + 1)
(1 4 D )
Put D 2 = 1
(1 + 2 D )
(2 D + 2)(3 4 D )
= e x x
sin x +
sin x
2
5
9 16 D
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13
2
x
x
(sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 2 D ) sin x
= ex
25
5
x
(sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 sin x 2 cos x )
P.I = e x
25
5
Complete Solution is
y = A e x + Be x +
x
(sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 sin x 2 cos x )
ex
25
5
d2y
dy
+ a1
+ a 2 y = X [Where X is a function of x] .(1)
2
dx
dx
The complementary function of (1)
C.F = c 1 f 1 + c 2 f 2
Where c 1 , c 2 are constants and f 1 andf 2 are functions of x
Then P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
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f2 X
dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
f1 X
dx
'
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
P=
Q=
1
2
y = c1 f 1 + c 2 f 2 + P.I
1. Solve D 2 + 4 y = sec 2 x
Solution: The A.E is m 2 +4 = 0
m = 2i
C.F = C 1 cos 2 x + C 2 sin 2 x
f 1 = cos 2 x
f 2 = sin 2 x
f 1' = 2 sin 2 x
f '2 = 2 cos 2 x
f 1 f 2' f 1' f 2 = 2 cos 2 2 x + 2 sin 2 2 x
= 2 cos 2 2 x + sin 2 2 x
= 2 [1]
=2
f2 X
P=
dx
1
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
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14
sin 2 x sec 2 x
dx
2
1
1
= sin 2 x
dx
2
cos 2 x
1 2 sin 2 x
=
dx
4 cos 2 x
1
= log(cos 2 x)
4
f1 X
dx
Q=
'
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
=
cos 2 x sec 2 x
dx
2
1
1
dx
= cos 2 x
2
cos 2 x
1
= dx
2
1
= x
2
P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
1
1
=
log(cos 2 x) (cos2x) + x sin2x
4
2
=
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2. Solve by the method of variation of parameters
P=
= x
1
2
(1 cos 2 x ) dx
2
1
(x x cos 2 x )dx
2
1
1
= xdx + x cos 2 xdx
2
2
d2y
+ y = x sin x
dx 2
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=
=
Q =
1 x 2 1 sin x
cos 2 x
(1)
+ x
2 2 2 2
4
1
x2 x
+ sin 2 x + cos 2 x
4 4
8
f1 X
dx
f1 f 2' f1' f 2
(cos x) x(sin x)
1
= x sin x cos xdx
sin 2 x
= x
dx
2
=
15
dx
1
x sin 2 xdx
2
1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
= x
(1)
2
2
4
x
1
= cos 2 x + sin 2 x
4
8
=
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P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
x2 x
1
1
x
=
+ sin 2 x + cos 2 x cos x +
cos 2 x + sin 2 x sin x
4
8
8
4
= 2x (e 2 x ) 2 x(e 2 x ) (e 2 x )
2
= (e 2 x ) [2 x 2 x 1]
2
= (e 2 x )
= e4x
P=
f X
dx
f f f f2
2
1
'
1 2
1
2x 2x
e e
dx
e 4 x
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16
= dx = x
Q=
f1 X
dx
'
1 f f1 f 2
'
2
xe 2 x e 2 x
e 4 x dx
= xdx
=
x2
2
P.I = x 2 e 2 x
x 2 2x x 2 2x
e =
e
2
2
y = C.F + P.I
x 2 2x
= (Ax +B) e +
e
2
5. Use the method of variation of parameters to solve (D 2 + 1)y = sec x
Solution: Given (D 2 + 1)y = sec x
The A.E is m 2 + 1 = 0
m = i
C.F = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x
= c1 f1 + c 2 f 2
f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
f1' = sin x, f 2' cos x
f1 f 2' f 1' f 2 = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
2x
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f2 X
dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
sin x sec x
=
dx
1
sin x
=
dx
cos x
= tan xdx
P=
1
2
= log (cos x)
f1 X
Q=
dx
'
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
cos x sec x
dx
1
= dx
=
=x
P.I = Pf 1 + Qf 2
= log(cos x) cos x + x sin x
y = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x + log(cos x) cos x + x sin x
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17
a a
a
1
= 2 [log(sec ax + tan ax ) sin ax ]
a
1
= 2 [sin ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
a
P=
1
2
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Q=
=
f1 X
dx
'
1 f f1 f 2
'
2
cos ax tan ax
dx
a
1
sin axdx
a
1
= 2 cos ax
a
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
1
1
= 2 cos ax[sin ax log(sec ax + tan ax )] 2 sin ax[cos ax ]
a
a
=
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18
1
[cos ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
a2
y = C.F + P.I
1
= c1 cos ax + c 2 sin ax 2 [cos ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
a
=
d2y
7. Solve
+ y = tan x by the method of variation of parameters.
dx 2
Solution: The A.E is m 2 + 1 = 0
m = i
C.F = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x
Here f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
f1' = sin x, f 2' = cos x
f1 f 2' f 2 f1' = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
f2 X
P=
dx
1
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
sin x tan x
=
dx
1
sin 2 x
=
dx
cos x
1 cos 2 x
=
dx
cos x
= (sec x cos x )dx
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= log(sec x + tan x) + sin x
f1 X
Q=
dx
'
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
cos x tan x
1
= sin dx
=
dx
= cos x
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
= cos x log(sec x + tan x)
y = C.F + P.I
= c1 cos x + c 2 sin x cos x log(sec x + tan x)
4 ' 4
y + 2 y = x2 +1
x
x
4 ' 4
y + 2 y = x2 +1
x
x
2 ''
i.e., x y 4 xy ' + 4 y = x 4 + x 2
i.e., x 2 D 2 4 xD + 4 y = x 4 + x 2 .(1)
Put x = e z
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[
19
Logx = log e z
=z
So that XD = D '
x 2 D = D ' (D ' 1)
[D
'2
5D ' + 4 y = e 4 z + e
2z
A.E is m 2 5m + 4 = 0
(m 4)(m 1) = 0
m = 1,4
C.F = c1e 4 z + c 2 e z
Here f1 = e 4 z , f 2 = e z
f1' = e 4 z , f 2' = e z
f1 f 2' f 2 f1' = e 5 z 4e 5 z = 3e 5 z
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
f2 X
P=
dx
1
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
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[
e z e4z + e2z
dx
3e 5 z
e5z + e3z
=
dx
3e 5 z
1
= 1 + e 2 z dz
3
1
e 2 z
= z +
3
2
1
1
z e 2 z
3
6
f1 Z
dz
f1 f 2' f 1' f 2
=
Q=
e 4 z (e 4 z + e 3 z )
3e 5 z dz
1 e8z + e 6 z
=
dz
3
e5z
1
= e 3 z + e z dz
3
1 e3z
=
+ ez
3 3
1
1
= e3z e z
9
3
1
1
1
1
P.I = z e 2 z e 4 z + e 3 z e z e z
6
3
3
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1
1
1
1
= ze 4 z e 2 z e 4 z e 2 z
3
6
9
3
y = C.F + P.I
1
1
1
1
= c1e 4 z + c 2 e z + ze 4 z e 2 z e 4 z e 2 z
3
6
9
3
4
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
= c1 (e z ) 4 + c 2 e z + z (e z ) (e z ) e z (e z )
3
6
9
3
4
4
2
4
x
x
x
= c1 (e z ) + c 2 (e z ) +
log x
3
9
2
( )
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n 1
dny
y
n 1 d
+
a
x
+ ........ + a n y = X ....................(1)
1
n
x 1
dx
dx
(Here as are constants and X be a function of X) is called Cauchys
homogeneous linear equation.
dny
d n 1 y
dy
a n x n n + a n 1 n 1 + .............. + a1 x + a 0 y = f ( x)
dx
dx
dx
is the homogeneous linear equation with variable coefficients. It is also known
as Eulers equation.
Equation (1) can be transformed into a linear equation of constant Coefficients
by the transformation.
x = e z , (or ) z = log x
Then
dy dy dz 1 dy
Dy =
=
=
dx dz dx x dz
d
d
D = dx , = dz
d
d
x
= xD =
=
dx
dz
Similarly
d 2 y d dy d 1 dy
= =
dx 2 dx dx dx x dz
1 dy 1 d dy
1 dy 1 d dy dz
= 2
+
+
= 2
x dz x dx dz
x dz x dz dz dx
an
d2y
1 dy 1 d 2 y
=
+
dx 2
x 2 dz x 2 dz 2
d 2 y d 2 y dy
x2 2 = 2
dz
dx
dz
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(
21
x 2 D 2 = 2 = ( 1)
Similarly,
x 3 D 3 = ( 1)( 2)
x 4 D 4 = ( 1)( 2)( 3)
and soon.
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
x 3 D 3 = ( 1)( 2)
and so on.
dy
d2y
+ x + y = 4 sin(log x)
2
dx
dx
Solution: Consider the transformation
1. Solve x 2
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x = e z , (or ) z = log x
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
(x 2 D 2 + xD + 1)y = 4 sin(log x)
( 2 + 1)y = 4 sin(z )
R.H.S = 0 : ( 2 + 1)y = 0
A.E : m 2 + 1 = 0, m = i
C.F = A cosz + B sinz
C.F = A cos (log x) +B sin (log x)
1
4(sin z )
P.I = 2
+1
z cos z
= 4
= 2 z cos z
2
d2y
dy
+ 4 x + 2 y = x log x
2
dx
dx
Solution: Given (x 2 D 2 + 4 xD + 2)y = x log x (1)
Consider: x = e z , (or ) z = log x
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
(1) : ( ( 1) + 4 + 2) y = e z z
2. Solve x 2
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(
22
+ 3 + 2 y = ze z
A.E : m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0
M = - 2, -1
2
1
C.F = Ae 2 z + Be z = Ae log x + Be log x
A B
C.F = 2 +
x
x
1
P.I = 2
ez z
+ 3 + 2
1
=e z
z
2
( + 1) + 3( + 1) + 2
1
= ez 2
z
+ 5 + 6
2
)( )
ez
=
6
2 + 5
1 +
6 z
ez 5
ez
5
1 z = z
6 6
6
6
log x
e
5
=
log x
6
6
x
5
= log x
6
6
Complete solution is y = C.F +P.I
A B x
5
= 2 + + log x
x 6
6
x
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3. Solve ( ( x 2 D 2 3xD + 4) y = x 2 , giventhat y(1) = 1 and y(1) = 0
Solution: Given x 2 D 2 3xD + 4 y = x 2 (1)
Take x = e z , (or ) z = log x
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
(1) : 2 4 + 4 y = e 2 z
A.E : m 2 4m + 4 = 0, m = 2,2
C.F = ( A + Bz )e 2 z = ( A + B log x )x 2
1
1
P.I =
e2z = e2z
(1)
2
( 2)
( + 2 2)2
1
= e 2 z 2 (1)
( )
P.I = e 2 z
z2
2
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=
x 2 (log x )
2
23
(2)
x 2 (log x )
2
x 2 (log x )
Complete solution is y = (1 2 log x )x +
2
(a + bx )n d
dx n
+ A1 (a + bx )
n 1
d n 1 y
+ ........... + An y = f ( x) ..(
dx n 1
1)
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A1 , A2,......................., An are some constants
(a + bx )3 D 3 y = b 3 ( 1)( 2) and so on
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24
3e z
3
= (2 x + 3)
2
14
4 6 12
z
9e
P.I 2 =
2
4 6 12
9
3
=
=
12
4
P.I 1 =
Solution is
(3+
y = A(2 x + 3)
57 / 4
+ B(2 x + 3)
3 57
3
(2 x + 3) 3
14
4
dx
dy
+ 2 x + 3 y = 2e 2t , + 3x + 2 y = 0
dt
dt
dx
dy
Solution: Given
+ 2 x + 3 y = 2e 2t , + 3x + 2 y = 0
dt
dt
d
Using the operator D =
dt
2t
(D + 2)x + 3 y = 2e (1)
3 x + (D + 2 ) y = 0 .(2)
Solving (1) and (2) eliminate (x) :
3 (1) (2) ( D + 2) (D 2 + 4 D 5)y = 6e 2t ..............(3)
A.E : m 2 + 4m 5 = 0
m = 1,-5
C.F = Ae t + Be 5t
6e 2t
6
P.I = 2
= e 2t
7
D + 4D 5
6
y = Ae t + Be 5t e 2t
7
1
put in (1) : x = [(D + 2) y ]
3
8
x = Ae t + Be 5t + e 2t
7
solution is :
1. Solve the simultaneous equations,
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x = Ae t + Be 5t + e 2t
7
6
y = Ae t + Be 5t e 2t
7
dx
dy
+ y = sin t , + x = cos t , giventhat t=0, x = 1, y =0
dt
dt
Solution: Dx + y = sin t ..(1)
x + Dy = cost (2)
Eliminate x : (1) (2)D y D 2 y = sin t + sin t
2. Solve
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(D
1 y = 2 sin t...............(3)
m 1 = 0, m = 1
C.F = Ae t + Be t
sin t
sin t
P.I = 2 2
= (2)
= sin t
11
D 1
y = Ae t + Be t + sint
(2) : x = cost D(y)
d
Ae t + Be t + sin t
x = cost dt
x = cos t Ae t + Be t cos t
x = Ae t + Be t
Now using the conditions given, we can find A and B
t = 0, x = 1 1 = A + B
t = 0, y = 0 0 = A + B
1
1
B= ,A=
2
2
Solution is
1
1
x = e t + e t = cosh t
2
2
2
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1
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y = e t + e t + sin t = sin t sinh t
2
2
dx
dy
+ 2 y = sin t , 2 x = cos t
dt
dt
Solution: Dx + 2y = -sin t ..(1)
- 2x +Dy = cos t ...(2)
(1) 2 + (2) D 4 y + D 2 y = 2 sin t + D(cos t )
(D 2 + 4) = 3 sin t
m 2 + 4 = 0, m = i 2
C.F = A cos 2t + B sin 2t
3 sin t
3 sin t
P.I = 2
=
= sin t
D + 4 1+ 4
y = A cos 2t + B sin 2t - sin t
1
(2) : x = [Dy cos t ]
2
1d
3. Solve
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dx dy
dx dy
+ 2 y = cos 2t , +
2 x = sin 2t
dt dt
dt dt
Solution: Dx + (-D +2)y = cos 2t ..(1)
(D 2)x +Dy = sin 2t (2)
Eliminating y from (1) and (2)
(D 2 2D + 2)x = 2 sin 2t + cos 2t
R.H.S = 0 m 2 2m + 2 = 0
m = 1 i
t
C.F = e ( A cos t + B sin t )
( 2 sin 2t ) = sin 2t
P.I 1 = 2
D 2D + 2 1 + D
(1 D ) sin 2t = sin 2t D(sin 2t )
=
1+ 4
1 D2
sin 2t 2 cos 2t
=
5
1
(cos 2t )
P.I 2 = 2
D 2D + 2
(cos 2t + 2 sin 2t )
=
10
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4. Solve
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sin 2t 2 cos 2t (cos 2t + 2 sin 2t )
x = e t ( A cos t + B sin t ) +
5
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dx
(1) +(2) 2 + 2 y 2 x = cos 2t + sin 2t
dt
dx
2y = cos2t +sin 2t + 2x - 2
dt
1
dx
y = cos 2t + sin 2t + 2 x 2 (3)
2
dt
Substitute x in (3)
sin 2t
y = e t ( A cos t B sin t )
2
Solution is :
5
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sin 2t
y = e t ( A cos t B sin t )
2
x = e t ( A cos t + B sin t ) +