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    Burial Treatment Preservation Plan

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    BURIAL TREATMENT AND PRESERVATION PLAN FOR HISTORICAL SITES AT HOKULIA Oceanside 1250 78-6831 Ali'i Drive, Suite K-15 Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i 96740 MARCH 2000 1125029 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface 1. Introduction. ‘Scope of Work ‘Management Approach IL. Background: = “The Physical Environment = History and Cultural Setting. a Burial and Possible Burial Sites... Archacological Research and Summary of Burial Testing Search For Lineal and Cultural Descendants... IIL. Burial Treatment Recommendations... Immediate Preservation Action, Preservation Treatment During Construction Prior to Construction, Pre-Construction Briefing. During Construction. Following Construction. Long-Term Preservation Treatment... Surface Sites., Monitoring Site Conditions. Subdivision Covenants and Deed Restrictions 7 IV. Inadvertent Burial Discoveries... 25 Procedure for Inadvertent Burial Discoveries. 25 References nn 26 1125030 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Project area location. ed) 2. Burial features and location of lava tubes recommended as reburial site........11 LIST OF TABI 1. Burial and Possible Burial Sites at Hokuli‘a. uummary of Burial/Possible Burial Features by Site Type... ‘Summary of Burial/Possible Burial Features by Location. #25031 125032 PREFACE ‘The Plan contained here in has been revised to include the specific recommendations of The Hawaii Istand Burial Council as rendered on November 18, 1999. This decision was forwarded to the landowner by a letter from Don Hibbard, Administrator of the State Historie Preservation Division on February 17, 2000 1125033 I Introduction 6 I. INTRODUCTION At the request of Oceanside 1250, Intemational Archacological Research Institute, Inc. (IARI has prepared a Burial Treatment and Preservation Plan for historical properties at Hokuli'a, a master-planned residential development that covers approximately 627.8 hectares, (2,550 acres) on the leeward coast of the island of Hawaii, at the boundary of the modem judicial districts of North and South Kona (Fig. 1). The development will include 730 private homesites, a golf course, an 80-unit members” lodge, and a shoreline park that will be open to the public. At present, the arca is generally grazing lands and uninhabited except for a house and camp sites on private parcels at the coast; a single paved road extends from the inland boundary to the beach. ‘The purpose of the Burial Treatment and Preservation Plan is to ensure that burial and possible burial sites at Hokuli'a are preserved and protected in such a manner that affords appropriate respect for the human remains. The Plan is required under the provisions of Hawai'i State law (HRS Chapter 6E-43) and Department of Land and Natural Resources administrative rules and regulation (13-30-33). SCOPE OF WORK Preparation of the Burial Treatment and Preservation Plan is one component of a larger project to develop an archaeological mitigation plan for significant historical properties at Hokuli‘a. The SOW for the larger project states that the plan shall consist ofthe following elements: © Data Recovery Plan: to include provisions for phasing work elements, ‘esearch topics, veifiction of end of fieldwork, reporting, and curation and/or display of artifacts ‘+ Preservation Plan: to include necessary components forthe interim and long term preservation plan, phasing, methods, and requirements for different types of preservation sites; the plan should address breaches of the old railroad, Keakini Wall and the old government road, as well as specific treatments for burials, Refau, and a maukar-makai field preserve © Burial Treatment Plan: to include prepat preparation and coos ion and. publication of legat on of aller plan requirements 12 Plan: 10 address project sequencing and phasing, monitoring guidelines for anticipated findings, degrees of analysis and curation of recovered materials; the plan will also addeess guidelines for inadvertent discoveries, 25034 Figure 1. Project area location 25035 J. Introduction 8 ‘The Burial Treatment and Preservation Plan was originally intended to be patt of the archaeological mitigation plan, in which each component was envisioned as a complementary part but which could be, by choice, jointly or independently implemented. It was eventually separated from the larger plan and is presented here as an independent document. The remaining three components (data recovery, preservation/interpretation, and monitoring. plans) are presented in Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (1999). All recommendations and provisions of the Burial Treatment and Preservation Plan are consistent with the overall archaeological mitigation plan, MANAGEMENT APPROACH ‘The management approach of this Burial Treatment and Preservation Plan is to preserve burials and possible burials in place and to provide protective measures such as buffer zones, barriers and landscaping, regular monitoring of site conditions, and subdivision covenants and deed restrictions This management approach was upheld by the Hawaii Island Burial Council when it dpcided to preserve in place ninety three burials contained within six types of separate burial features situated at Hokuli’a 25036 11 Background ° I. BACKGROUND ‘This section of the Burial Treatment Plan presents the physical, historical, and cultural background to the Hokuli‘a project area, summarizes the inventory of burial sites, and discusses the status of current information regarding archaeological sites and human remains in the project area ‘THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ‘The Hokuli‘a development is located in the traditional district of Kona on the leeward side of the island of Hawai'i, It has some 3 km (1.9 miles) of coastline and another 1 km (0.6 miles) of near-shore boundary, and it extends inland for about 3 km (1.9 miles) to a ‘maximum elevation of 375.2 m (1,230 f) above sea level (as). ‘The project area lies on the western slopes of Mauna Loa, just south of the boundary with flows from Hualalai. The region is known physiographically as the Kona Lava Plain, Where the substrate is Mauna Loa lavas with a shallow ash cover. Soils in the area are formed fon the volcanic ash; those in lower elevations are in the Waiaha Series (WHC: Waiaha extremely stony sill loam), which are shallow, well-drained silt loams, and those in the upper clevations are in the Kainaliu Series (KEC and KDD), which are well-drained silty clay loams (Sato et al. 1973). A geologically recent pahochoe lava flow (FLW) extends through the project area, with soil formed on the upland section classed in the Punaluu Series («PYD), 2 thin organic soil, a rocky peat. ‘The dominant topographic feature of the coastal landscape is the cinder cone (rCL) Pu'u Ohau. Average annual rainfall in the project area is estimated to range from 960 to 1600 mm coastal-inland, with annual mean coastalinland range of 750-1500 mm (Giambelluca et al. 1986; Juvik and Juvik 1998:57). Unlike most of Hawai'i, the Kona region receives more rainfall in summer than in winter, a fiction of the topography of the Hualalai and Mauna Loa region (Burtchard 1996:11) HISTORY AND CULTURAL SETTING In 1778-79, the island of Hawai'i was divided into six political districts (of which Kona was one), but the entire island was under the control of a single ruling chief Kalani‘epu'u, In the political history of the island of Hawai'i, Kona was traditionally the center of power for the chiefs and kings of the leeward side of the island. The economic basis for this power was the exploitation of the rich and accessible fishing grounds along the Kona coast, and the development of an intensified dryland agricultural complex (the Kona Field ‘System) made possible by the soil and rainfall of the slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa, 1125037 I Background 10 Population at the time of contact was concentrated along the coast, in beach and cove locations that in the late pre-contact era were also political and religious centers. Clusters of ‘major temples (see for example, Stokes 1991) and royal residences occurred between Kailua and Honaunau. The project area lies between two major centers, Kealakekua and Keauhou, but had a substantial population of its own, one large temple, and possibly the residences of lesser chiefs. Archaeological research in the region suggests permanent settlement sometime in the AD 900-1200 range, with rapid population growth and agricultural expansion in the AD 1300-1400 period (Cordy 1995; Burtchard 1996). Political unification of the island may have ‘occurred as early as the AD 1400s (Hommon 1976; Cordy 1981), with the residence of chiefs and kings along the Kona coast serving as an impetus for increasing intensification of the agricultural fields (ef. Barle 1978; Cordy 1995), In the post-contact period, depopulation occurred in this region (as in all Hawai‘) and settlement and cultivation began to decline. During the land division of the mid-19th century, individual houselots were awarded along the coastline of the project area, with awarded gardens plots locafed upland from the project arca. Most of the project area was sold as grants, which were eventually consolidated into a single ranching enterprise. Ranching. involved some extensive land clearing, but substantial portions of the traditional cultural landscape remain preserved BURIAL AND POSSIBLE BURIAL SITES. Table 1 lists the 93 features in the project area that contain or may contain human remains. All of these features are designated for preservation. Figure 2 shows their locations. ‘The 93 total features are distributed among 69 multiple and single feature sites as indicated on Table 1. There are 31 confirmed burial features, of which 13 are component features of larger complexes and 18 are single feature sites or lava tube caves. ‘Tables 2 and 3 summarize the burials/possible burials by site type and location. Mast of the confirmed burial sites are within lava tubes (15), with platforms (9), natural features such as lava blisters and modified outcraps (4), a terrace, mound, and sand deposit (ane each) ‘making up the remainder. Seven of the burials fall within the golf course area (including the clubhouse, members” lodge, practice range, and maintenance area). The largest number of | possible, but unconfirmed, burial features (54 of $9) are situated in the shoreline park. All 59 confirmed and possible burial features will be afforded protection as if known burials were present, The remaining 27 features are located in residential or open space areas. AS elsewhere, possible burials will be afforded the same protection as confirmed burial places. 1125038 H Background ‘Table 1. Burial and Possible Burial Sites at Hokuli‘a Sie Fonction Formal Type ‘Keown’ Develop: 1B Comment site woe preserved a own baile cote presved asi known baal peso | protein showcine peesane protected in shoreline preserve bal) abe tor [2 MNF on surface of ie aioe fal possible Dura eanues wo be preserved — posible hua lb fagmentin tbe AMINE on sri of tbe interior PMN on sure af ube tro, posible bral mounds in interior 10300" [DN on surge of be niror [2-3 MNF on suface of wet chamber form i t 15957 [bwil deposi Flee aN ested, Tase 16376 jar ram ited, LN 16381 | [pattem i 7 Cit [par tobe prosered a Inova Tae tes Tess | ised PMN Tea (x meet Teo Tw ee ea 7 16106 | Cfpttorm pen isa 165 \—Iiwa ube [ot 31 MIS [NO MN en auice of we chamber 1603 —Ipatform Set Iprteied in shorting preserve Y6HE [GY [mound phaiam poem © feompiex i = Tea t lied 164501 tei in sherlne preserve protected in shoreline preserve ves 6) SP sh} eked in there preserve “plato SPS Ipeoeted in shoreline preserve [platter 3 ott sli eee platorm complex — protected in shoreline preserve 1125040 IL Background “4 at Hokuli'a Keewa] Develop. | Bava | Area Comment SiteNe, tare | Rormal Type 1a fia abe T6511 @) fenclor platform ial) in be interior [aie be preserved asi Enon burials [2 MN on src in tube ior [LHI on srfae of Bist, hall cap 16569 complex | hab | So 16569." Dawa biter 3) pen [EM long wal of tava Wier 16510 lve tubelpewogiypie | fab |x| gen | MNIV in tbe interior: also possible stone pA lined apt near be enrance ; fess NE ist? MN [45 MNF on sure of ibe wie: aso {posit bur pater in inerioe —_ FTMND on surface of tube interior: ao ceil bral mounds in ite; eoe assoc w remains icon [EMF on sure of tbe neon, | traditional nd hte rice anos | G1 | potted in shove 0B. 6103 cI “161030 1610) Taet0s "Or [poicied in sbctne prev [poteced in shoreline preserve ced in shoreline preserve protected in shoveine presen [psec in shoreline pres fest ses, ptf 1 sr3 ound [71 sri ~ pee a sortne presen [patos { SPI pote in share presen Iround- plan ' 'SP3—Ipusibly Kamalar's tomb, coral coment come I | poked hace preseve Teas Ipatforn i TF ice shoreline preserve Then por ss tc in sn 165 — [oats Se ed in shaelin presve iit Ips — SP2— [peste in sbocine preserve TahieG)” elo ations a ‘SP2 yoked in shoreline preserve complex asin {plattrm i L sm 25041 I Background 1s Table | cont. Burial and Possible Burial Sites at Hokuli’ oa SiteNo. tre cr int tera vee Oy ese 16s) come 72 |prtcced i shonin 16165 |_C L 16746. 1) 16746 sre as 16756 G @ a 16758 HH) 16158 16160) | sociated wih emia; protected sn i shoreline preserve Tier 16165 O) er 16763 ered @) 16764 16764 |B Tiere oy 1B. 16168 | GY 167681 B ier] @) ia A Tere) Hava be i Ta [est [1D MN on surface of be interior | inches coffin burials, posibly two canes | ‘The number in () ndiates ttl number of features in the site complex in which the burial or possible Bilis located the eaptalized let i the burial este designation within the comple. Indiates the fntion ofthe larger site omplex in which the burl festa ours Presence of hutan remains i oven by bservation a human bore onthe suraceo hough esting. (po course faiay (the numer following "H" indicates the fairway number), CHoelob house: GM=golf rraintenance tea; PRpractice range, LOvmembess" Hoge, SP=shoteline park (the number following “SP indicates the park phase), en-resdenial portion ofthe development or open space INI-manimum numberof nda, 25042 I Background 16 ial Features by Site 1 Trerace | Mound | Deposit | Pavement | Total ——————e— —I 4} a Be 1 Confirmed Baral Possible Burial “Total Site 16725 may be the location of the burial of Kamalama. Emerson (1891) marks the pu with the notation “Kamalama’s Tomb,” and his survey fieldbook (18832135, from K. Maly) notes “grave atop hill, Kalakaua's grandmother.” Kamalama was another name for Kamae or Kamackalani (K. Maly, pers. comm. 1999), the mother of Keohokalole, who was the mother of Kalakaua, Keohokalole received the ahupua’a of Ke‘cke'e, Kanaueue, Kanakau, ‘Ilikahi, and Onouli in the mid-19" century Mahele (Barerre 1994:360-363), but she relinguished all but Onouli to the goverment in licu of commutation. Onouli was ‘claimed as LCA. 8452:11. Similar information on this burial also comes from several Kona. residents (Hammatt et al. 1997-:177; K. Maly, pers. comm. 1999) ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND SUMMARY OF BURIAL TESTING Inventory survey of the Hokuli‘a project area was carried out in 1991-1992 (Hammatt et al. 1997-1, 1997-11, 1997-11). A review of previous research is provided in Hammatt et al. (1997-1:75-83, Figure 76), including work by Reinecke (1930), the State Historie Preservation Division (SHPD), Kaschko (1984), Rosendahl (1988a, 1988b, 1988c), ‘and Walker and Rosendahl (1990), Following the inventory survey, additional excavation was conducted in selected sites to test for the presence of human remains (Colin and Hammatt 1999, Spear 1999). Forty-seven possible burial features were tested during the inventory survey and subsequent burial testing program (Hammatt et al. 1997-1; Colin and Hammatt 1999, and Spear 1999). OF these 47 features, 12 (26%) proved to contain human remains, white the remaining, 35 (74%) tested negative for burials. All features that were found to not contain human remains have been shifted to the data recovery mitigation category, unless they occur within a larger complex that is designated for preservation. ‘The recommended new data recovery sites are 10278, 10281, 10291, 10292, 10295, 15248, 16362, 16378, 16394, 16399, 16402, 16407, 16412, 16422, 16505, 16539, 16617, 16618, 16620, 16623, 16625, 16635, 16640, 16642, 16652, 16696, and 16697 and 16700. The features that fall within larger preservation complexes and thus remain in the preservation category include Sites 102968, 16598A, Site 16442B, C and E, and 166108 25043 I, Background 7 \CENDAN’ SEARCH FOR LINEAL AND CULTURAL D A search for lineal and cultural descendants is ongoing. Interviews were conducted with 32 Native Hawaiians representing ‘ohana whose ancestors lived on the land or representing Native Hawaiian organizations; many of these people are descendants of LCA awardees (letter to SHPD 1994; Hammatt et al. 1997-1:33; a complete list of LCA awardees the region is in Hammatt et al. 1997-1: Appendix B). Interviews were also carried out with nnon-Hawaiian individuals associated with ranching in the area (Hammatt et al. 1997-1:34). To date, no information on association with specific burials has been obtained, with two exceptions, Mr. Gordon Leslie believes that burials in fava tube Site 16784 are probably his ancestors, based on information provided by his mother’s grandfather to Mr. Jack Greenwell some 70 years ago. The one individual known by name to have been buried in the region is Kamalama, also known as Kamackalani or Kamae, the mother of Keohokalole and the grandmother of Kalakaua, ‘The burial was on Pu‘u Ohau (Emerson 1883, 1891), but the exact location is unknown; Hammnatt et al. (1997-171) suggest that it may be Site 16725. It is said that her remains have been |A newspaper notice concerning the burials in the project area was prepared, pursuant to SHPD Administrative Rules 13-300-33(c). Detailed legal notices were placed in the Honolulu Advertiser and West Hawaii Today newspapers for Wednesday, Friday and Sunday May 19, 21 and 23, 1999. The notice also was submitted to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and printed in Ka Wai Ola ‘o OHA and distributed on about June 1, 1999. The text of that notice follows below. Novice NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc, representative of Oceanside 1250, landowner, on its Hokulia project (TMK 7-9-12:04; 7- S12; 8-1-4:0%; $-1-4:56), has discovered unmarked burial sites containing human scetal remains on lands inthe ahupuaa of Onoul, Kalukalu, Kanakau, Mikahi, Keckec, and Halekit in the district of South Kona and in the ahupuaa of Kanaueue, Hokukano, fnd Honusin inthe district of North Kona, islnd of Hawai ‘The remains are determined to be Hawalian and proper treatment shall occur in accordance with Chapter 6E, HRS, regarding unmarked burial sites. Although all known burials are intended to be preserved in place, and any final decisions regarding burials and whether to preserve in place or disinter and relocate the human remains shall be rmade by the Hawaii Island Burial Counc “The Hawaii Island Burial Council is requesting that descendants of Hawaiians who once ved in the aforementioned ahupuaa and who may have knowledge regarding these remains or thers in the area to immediately contact either Greg Burchard (46-2548 ext. M11) oF Steve Athens (946-2548 ext. 104) at International Archacotogical Research Institute, Ine. at 2081 Young Sweet, Honoluly, HI 96826, or contact Kalsau Wahilani (587-0010) of the State Histone Preservation Pivision within 30 days of this notice to present information regarding appropriate tcatment of the hurnan remains. Individuals Fesponding must be able to adequately demonstrate a family connection to the burials of fo the ahupusa of Onouli, Kalukalu, Kanakau, Iikahi, Keekee, Malek, Kananeue, Hokukano, and/or Honvain The following individuals have heen idemified from historical land data as having resided in or near the subject property: Hasoa4 I Background a HALEKI AHUPUAA Paris, John, LCA 387 HOKUKANO AHUPUAA Haho, LCA 7277-C; Hikiaoao, LCA 7740; Holdsworth, H.C., Gr. 864; Kahana, LCA 19413; Kaikuahine, LCA 9425; Kalua, LCA 7731; Kama, LCA 9428-D; Kapohaku, LCA, ‘77BN, Kapaaku, LCA 8157-F; Kauhikaspal, LCA 9428-F; Kauhimahi, LCA 9428-E; Keawe, LCA £157-B; Keawe, LCA 9419, Gr. 1463; Keawelaspali, LCA 9428-F; Kelikapaole, LCA 9428; Kuaha, LCA 9428-C; Kuahuia, LCA 9424; Kukahi, LCA 9427, Kukele, LCA 9425; Lono, LCA 7277-D; Lupea, LCA 7739; Mamalu, LCA'9421; Naa, LCA 9414; Nahuewsi, LCA 8157-0; Napela, LCA 10444, Paia, LCA'1059-B; Peters, Gr. 158 (15872); Poka, LCA 9420, Usloko, LCA 9421; Ukaka, LCA 9416 HONUAINO AHUPUAA Abia, LCA 6042; Cavanah, J, Gr. 453; Kazonokapu, LCA 5861-G; Kaawachina, LCA 5861-C; Kaoena, LCA 8523-D; Keawe, LCA 7190; Kelua, LCA S61; Keahokui, LCA 7347-B; Keohookahaku, LCA 8523-B; Kukaveli (or Kukanaili), LCA 5561-BB; Kuvla LCA 5563; Lono, LCA $992; Makaiki, Gr. 2029; Mastin, Jeremiah, LCA 3659; Naohelo, LCA 5523; Nohopaa, LCA 6180 ILIKAMT AHUPUAA, Keafiiwahanuku, LCA 9428-G; Makauwaa (oe Nakauwas), Gr, 1175, KALUKALU AHUPUAA Cavanah, J, Gr. 1745; Greenwell, Henry, Gr. 781, 1160; Kaiaino, LCA 7212; Kamaheaiku, LCA 8157-E; Koikus, LCA 9428-H; Lohi, LCA 9650, Gr. 1576; Pa, LCA 17553-B; Puki, LCA 10750 KANAKAU AHUPUAA. Inlua, LCA 8455-F, Gr. 1464; Kaiwaiwea, LCA 7035; Kamahele, LCA 7197; Kulu, LCA'8435-C; Makole, LCA 8455-1 Paiwa, LCA 9753-B KANAUEUE AHUPUAA Hall, Charles, Gr, 1651, LCA 614; Kanfoakauhi, LCA 9415; ;Kaeele, on Reg. Map No. 1281; Kahananui, LCA 9422; ‘Kaheana, LCA S1ST-M, Kakooko, J, Gr. 865; Kalimakauo, LCA’ 9426; Kamakani, on Reg. Map No. 1281; Kane, LCA 9430; Kaubi, LCA 8157-1, Nanihonui on Reg. Map No. 1281 KEEKEE AHUPUAA Kahue, LCA 7036; Kalamaia, LCA 8157-BB; Kamakshema, LCA 7036; Kamakahion, LCA 8157-C, Gr. 1177; Kini, Gr. 1176; Kuspehu, LCA 8157, Makauwaa (or Nakauwea), LCA 8455-G; Naval, LCA 7210, 8455-1; Panauniu, Gr. 977; Pauole, LCA 8455-E Sixteen persons claiming descent to persons previously residing within Hokuli'a boundaries responded to the notices during the months of June and July, 1999. SHPD sent letters to all respondents requesting verification through submission of geneological documents. Twelve individuals complied with the SHPD documentation request. All descendants established ancestry to persons once living in and/or linked to Land Comission ‘Awards in the project district. Accordingly, the 16 respondents were accepted officially as Cultural Descendants and 1 respondent was accepted officially as Lineal Descendents by the Hawai‘i Island Burial Council during its monthly meetings on July 22, 1999, and August 26, 1999. 1125045 IIL Recommendation. 7 II, BURIAL TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS This section of the Burial Treatment Plan presents general recommendations for the short-term and long-term treatment of burials and possible burials. ‘The recommendations are intended to be implemented as soon as possible, to ensure that these cultural features are fully protected as development of Hokulia ensues and access to previously remote areas becomes Burial/possible burial sites are divided into two primary categories, surface sites and lava tubes. Surface sites are those sites that have structural components that may cover large areas that potentially require extensive land dedication and constructed features (e.g., walls) for preservation. Lava tubes are natural underground features that generally have small surface areas that might require limited land sctasides and preservation measures. In most ‘eases, the tubes have entrahces that can be relatively easily secured. A third category ‘contains only one site; Site 15257 is a shallow sand deposit just north of Keikiwaha Point; the remains of 14 individuals were exposed by high surf during Hurricane Iniki on September 12, 1992, It is possible that other sand areas along the coast may contain similar human remains, Preservation treatment recommendations are also made for a preserve focused on Pu‘u Ohau, a prominent geological formation along this stretch of the Kona coast. There are 11 discrete sites on and near the pu’; most are burials, the most notable of which is an historically identified tomb that is said (o be the resting place of the grandmother of Kalakaua (probably Site 16725). The main intent of the Pu'u Ohau Preserve is to protect the archaeological sites and to respect the cultural importance of the piu. As proposed, the Pu'y Ohau Preserve includes Pu'u Ohau and the immediately adjacent area; it is located wholly within Phase 3 of the planned shoreline park of the Hokuli‘a development. IMMEDIATE PRESERVATION ACTION An immediate preservation action for site protection is the establishment of accurate site datum points for all burials and possible burials. These datum points will be located by means of a global positioning system (GPS) unit that provides data with accuracy consistent with the engineering survey for the development; alternatively, site datum points will be located by surveying to existing known points established by the engineering survey for the development. ‘The datum points will be marked on the ground with permanent site markers and their locations indicated on the inventory survey site maps in Hammatt et al. (1997-11, 1997-II1) or on newly produced site maps, whichever are more detailed and/or accurate. This action should be carried out as soon as possible in the development process in order to facilitate project planning, planning for the shoreline park, and to properly locate these sites to ensure adequate short and long term preservation measures. 1125046 IIL, Recommendation. 20 PRESERVATION TREATMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION Short-term preservation treatment addresses requirements prior to and during development and construction activities to protect burial and possible burial sites. PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION ‘The following actions will be taken prior to any ground alteration activities. 1. All buriaV/possible burial sites within areas of development and construction impact will be clearly marked to ensure protection from construction activity. The markers will consist of 4 to 6 ft high, orange plastic construction fencing (or other appropriate Aagging material) encircling the site areas and will be installed under the supervision of a professional archaeologist who is familiar with the types of sites in the project area. ‘The area enclosed by the fencing will include a buffer zone, the width of which will be determined by a combination of natural topography and a width of SO ft. In some cases, terrain and dense vegetation may make fencing impractical; in those situations, flagged T-posts or comparable pethods will be used to mark buffer boundaries. If a burial or possible burial falls within a larger preservation complex, the buffer will be determined by the larger site. 2. Prior to any ground alteration activites, underground extensions of lava tubes will be mapped and their depth below surface determined. A preservation buffer zane will be established on the surface for all tubes containing burial remains, a buffer corridor measured 20 ft from the outside edge of the underground extensions of lava tubes will be flagged on the surface. Flagging material will be of such color and type that clearly indicates its archaeological protection purposes (as distinguished from the numerous engineering and golf course markings). One means to do this would be to stretch lagging tape along the length of the approximate surface alignment of the lava tube. PRE-CONSTRUCTION BRIEFING A briefing for construction supervisors and crews will be held prior to ground alteration activities. The briefing will include information on the burials and possible burials that oceur in the project area, the types of fencing and markings for burial site protection, and the fragile nature of the lava tubes and potential for damage. All construction personnel will be requited to sign a confidentiality agreement indicating that they will not disclose any information related to burial sites and goods. The archaeological monitor and the professional archacologist (if not the same individual) will be apprised of construction schedules. DURING INSTRUCTION The following actions will be taken during ground alteration activities. 125047 Il, Recommendation. Fy 1. Activity for ground maintenance within the permanent lava tube buffer zones will be carried out with minimum use of mechanized hand-held equipment such as weed-caters and chain saws will be used for landscape maintenance to prevent possible damage of the lava tubes. FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION 1, Following ground alteration activities, the professional archaeologist will prepare 1 report that mects all requirements of SHPD Administrative Rules 13-279-7, as well as documents [1] the measures taken to implement short-term preservation measures for bburials/possible burials and [2] any new burials that may have been uncovered. This report ‘will be submitted to the SHPD. LONG-TERM PRESERVATION TREATMENT Long-term preservation requirements address potential and occupation of the Hokuli'a project area, SURFACE SITES 1. All confirmed surface burial sites will be set aside as preserves. These preserves will be located in an easement for Historical Sites and will include a permanent buffer zone of 20 ft and recognize the surrounding landscape context of the site. The site boundaries will not be solely defined by the descriptions in the inventory report, but rather by in-field evaluation of the relationship among described structures and any surrounding features. Terrain features such as steep slopes that could act as a natural buffer will be considered in the final definition of buffer widths. If the burial is part ofa larger preservation complex, the buffer requirements of the larger complex will prevail 2. All possible, but unconfirmed, burial features situated in the Shoreline Park will be set aside as preserves and protected as above. 3. Burialipossible burial sites may be defined by berms, walls, landscaping, or a combination of these elements (unless they fall within a larger preservation complex, in which case, the physical barriers for the larger complex will suffice). The purpose of this physical delineation is to clearly define the buffer boundaries and to protect the site from potential harm from unauthorized access, ‘The physical barriers will be of such design that blends with the surrounding area allowing the proper respect and security of the site Burial/possible burial sites in the shoreline park may not be individually defined by buffers, ror may they be marked by physical barriers, The permanent bufler zones shall be defined by low dry stack walls, constructed of local basalt boulders and cobbles, which would enclose the component burial features. All stone walls shall. be inclusive of a gate for which both lineal and cultural descendants shall have access to the burial ste 25048, HI. Recommendation. 2 4, Visual butfers between burial/possible burial preserves and modem structures will be established in order to preserve the visual integrity and context of the site. Adjacent buildings, if any, will be designed in such a manner that they do not visually encroach on the preserve area (through building height limits, restrictions on building scale and color or the use of vegetative planting). 5. Where a surface burial site occurs in other areas (e-g., Shoreline Park) that will be frequented by the public (c.g., if it is part of a site that is being interpreted), it will be examined and stabilized to prevent any deterioration or damage. LAVA Tunes 1. All lava tubes that contain human remains will be secured to protect these remains, either through fencing around the tube entrance or gates across a reasonable location at the entrance to or within the tube. A permanent buffer zone measuring 20 ft from the perimeter of the Tava tube entrance, or as required for adjacent surface features associated with the lava tube and 20 ft from the outer edge of the tube projected to the surface, will be established. The permanent buffer zone around the opening shall be defined by a low dry stack stone wall constructed of local basalt boulders and cobbles. In addition, all fava tube burial sites will be presented in an easement for Historical Sites, including the tube and its surrounding buffer zone. ‘SAND DePostTs 1, Shoreline park trails will be routed away from sand deposits. 2. If human remains are found in a sand deposit, the area in which the remains arc found will be temporarily stabilized and staff of the SHPD will be called to review the situation. PU‘U OHAU PRESERVE 1. Access to the Pu‘u Ohau preservation arca will be limited by the surrounding uses. (golf course fairways, private residences), although the public Old Government Road alignment runs immediately east ofthe pu ‘w. It is recommended that access to the preserve be restricted, although the effort to achieve this objective will be on appropriate signage rather than fencing or barrier landscaping (because of the large extent of the preserve area). 2. Should monitoring find that sites in the preserve have been negatively impacted or that the pu'w itself appears to be degraded because of increased access, then alternative restrictions will be considered. 125049 Ill, Recommendation. 2B 3. ‘The construction of a six(6) foot high stone wall around the base of Pu'u “Ohau, ‘This stone wall would be constructed with mortor and concrete having, the appearance of a dry stack wall. The wall would also include a gate for which lineal descendants to this ali'i ‘burial shall have access. The burial feature at the top of the pu'u shall also be enclosed by a low dry stack stone wall constructed of local basalt boulders and cobbles, also with a gate for access by lineal descendants: This area shall also be landscaped with native ground cover and ti plants MONITORING SITE CONDITIONS The purpose of periodic monitoring is to review site conditions and to reassess preservation recommendations. 1. Site conditions will be monitored on an annual basis. Baseline comparative data will be established as early as possible in the planning and development process, using the inventory survey data, additional mapping, video or photographic documentation at specific marked stations that are identified on a map, and/or a combination of these measures. ‘Monitoring will be particularly important during the period between clearing and grubbing of project area roads and the development of adjacent areas. Newly developed roads will provide easier access to previously inaccessible areas and therefore, may facilitate increased ‘opportunities for vandalism and pot-hunting, as well as inadvertent damage to sites, 2. Should monitoring indicate that site conditions have deteriorated, corrective steps will be taken, These include additional physical barriers, more frequent monitoring checks, or redefinition of the preservation strategy, to correct any deteriorating condition. 3. After period of two years from the initiation of the monitoring program (detailed in the Monitoring Plan, Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle, in prep.) a professional archaeologist will be contracted to review, evaluate, and make recommendations on the effectiveness of the program, and will provide a copy of such review to SHPD. suppr (SION COVENANTS AND DEED RESTRICTIONS. 1. At the time that residential lots are marketed for sale, it will be made clear to prospective buyers that some lots contain burial sites for which there will be restrictions on certain kinds of use. Burial preservation areas within these residential parcels will be

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