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    Pile Testing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    11 views4 pages

    Dynamic Pile Testing in Practice

    Uploaded by

    Gishan Nadeera Gunadasa
    Pile Testing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    IIICSMEE, 199, Now Dida / XII CST, 180, New Det, nde %% DYNAMIC PILE TESTING IN PRACTICE ESSAIS DES PIEUX DYNAMIC EN PRACTIQUE @G. Goble’ Mohammad Hussein® ‘Principal, “Associate Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Cleveland, Ohio, USA SYNOPSIS: Dynamic pile testing and analyse are routine procedures in modern deep foundation practice. Measurements of strain and ac (eration nea the pile head under a hammer impact provide the basis fora complete analysis ofthe hammer pile-il system. Realtime data alysis according fo the Cate Method, yielde information regarding delving system performance, pile driving steses, structural integrity, and ‘le tatic capacity fter each hammer blow. Further dats snalyss wxing the CAPWAP method determines solresstance distribution along the Pile shaft and under the pile toe. The pile head and toe load versus displacement relationship canals be obtained. This paper presets an Fetroductory disevssion of eld measurement equipment andthe analyial methods along with thee case histories. The eases cover situations ‘there testing was eal in determining driving system performance, ple integrity, and correlation between predicted and measured pe ttle fonsipe, 1 BACKGROUND was to develop an economical practical, easly portable system which ‘ould eaeulate state ple bearing capacity from electronic measure- In its most basic form, dynamic pile testing encompasses visual mens of pile force and acceleration during pile diving or resting observations and the "measurement" of hamimer stroke and pile The necestary equipment and methods were Inet expanded 10 penetration during ‘measurements using energy formations based on the Newton se Tata, eapnees asagced tere, combate other aspets of the lle ding procer. Tony, these . ioe ‘procedures arc collectively called the Case Method and are conve- ‘ently applied inthe ld bya device called the Pile Driving Ane Iyzer (PDA). ‘mltconception of the veal nature of the problem. The appleby ‘Of the one dimensional wave equation tothe pile driving problem AKO developed during the Cate research project, the CAPWAP ‘was first suggested by St_Venant(Timoshesko and Goodier 1961). method combines field measurements and wave equation ‘ype Later Isaacs (1931) and Fox (1932) presented solutions for special analysis to compute pile capacity, soil resistance eistibution and ‘ass, but general purpose solutions were not easily obtained due to dynamic behavior. ‘the compleity of the inital and boundary condition involved. Dynamie pile testing is routinely performed for the purpose of In the 1950, the availability of digital computers made a discrete improving pile installation and construction contol methods on solution ofthe elasti one dimensional wave propagation problem in, thousands of projects annually around the word. The following piles possible. Smith (1960) presented an algorith, a computer the main objectives of dynamic pile monitoring: () evaluation of pile ode, and a proeedare that became Known a8 the “wave equation aie Bearing capacity, (b) determination of dynamic ile seetce tnalyisof pile driving. A number of sophisticated computer ting le diving, () assessment of ple strvetual integrity, and (2) programs (Goble and Rrvsche, 1986) exist tous. Wave equation investigation of driving system performance. tonto hat en measly mol and ayze impact pile driving. Tt however, requires input parameters astrumentation that bythe very nature ofthe problem, necessitate the employment of assumption regarding the Behav of varous semen Dynamic measurements of pile strain and acceleration are the basis {ormodsen dynam pil tenting. Strain transducers are revable de 2. DYNAMIC PILE TESTING vice containing resistance gages tached in» fl bridge rane ‘ment. Acceleration is measured with piezoelectric o penoresisive Eauly stress ‘measurements on ples were made by Gla sf (1938) using. pezoelectric force transducers to study stress “itibution in concrete piles uring driving. In 1940 the Michigan inimize (by averaging) the effects of eccen Highway Commision performed esearch hat inludedthe measure. The PDA isa stateoftheat, user friendly of foree and acceleration near the ple head for evaluating and field computer that provides signal conditioning, processing ‘diving system performance falibration of the measured signals. Pile strains are converted to forces and accelerations to velocities asa function of tne for each In 1964, a research program, funded by the Ohio Department of hammer blow. Foree and velocity records are assesed by the PDA Transportation and the Federal Highway Adminitation was fOr data quality and are cvauated acording to the Case Method ated at Cate Institute of Technology (oow Case Western Reserve equations. ‘Teting results and dynamic records are permanentiy Univesity) in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. The purpose ofthe research stored in digital form. m3 22 Care Method Using wave propagation theory the PDA appli Cate Method ‘equations to mensuted records compute some 0 variables in real time. The most interesting ofthese values are "Case Method axial ple static capacity (Rausche, et al, 1985) * Maximum energy delivered tothe ple, ram impact velocity, and cushion stifiness (kins 1982) "Maximum pile compressive and tensile stresses (Hustlin and ‘Rausche, 1991) * Pile structural integrity factor and location of damage (Rausche et at, 1988) 2.3 CAPWAP Method. ‘The CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program (CAPWAP) is rigorous Analytical procedure that was developed to compute sol resistance fovees and their distribution from measured pile head force and velocity records (Reusshe, 1970). The ans ls usally performed Ineracively hy the engineer unig a micr-compater although the program inte expert system made can alo obain automate sol flons."‘The pile I represented ara continuous wave transmission ‘model. ‘The toil reaction is assumed to consist primarily of static (Glasto-pastic) and. dynamic (linear damping) components. analysis procedure consist of signal matching pile force or velocity bistores given one measurement ab input andthe ether as abound fry condition by manipulating the soil model along the ple shaft end ‘deri oe ‘Analysis results include: static pile capacity, shalt esstance distribu tion, end bearing, quake, damping, pile head and toe load versus placement relationships, and the ples load transfer eurve, 3 CASE STUDIES “The following are three casestudies ihstratng the effectiveness of Gynamie pile tevting in evaluating hanmet performance, pile ‘Structural ftegriy, and ple state capacity and distribution. A biet theoretical disussion prefaces each subject. Physlel fed verifiea tions, by pile extraction of sate loading tess, were performed in cach ext 131 Hammer Performance Evaluation Top conrace,apie rvig hammers amas potion machine and to an enginees, rument that i Used to measure the Guilty ofthe end product Ifthe sole function of «hammer i Yo rive piles ito the ground, then its ficiency is aot important tothe engineer. However, mplist assumptions regarding hammer performance are the bass of common ple desig and enaljispro- edu. Hammers are normally rated according to their potential nergy (WH), bu iis only the energy reaching the ile hat i of ny ‘ote in eausing pile penetration, Energy loues due to mechanical Fietion, oshion compression, and general dynamic Incompat fare offen more than hal the svalabe pt Given records of fore and velocity, the PDA calculates the tans ferred energy a8 there F(t) isthe foree and vt i the velocity inthe pile, both ‘measured as functions of times ‘The maximum of the E(t) carve, Printed bythe PDA as EMX, isthe most important information for Sn overall-evahation of the nergy, i an Index to evaluate the efficiency of pile driving. The Following example shows the importance ofthis informs jon pling m4 practice. 314 Cate 1 fondisted of layers of thickness of 580 mm. Sheets of phywood with a thickness of 152 mm swete proposed asthe pile head ewshion. The pile, witha length of 244 m, was to Be driven 1044 m through sft sits and cays into \d_ A standard wave equation analysis was performed ing ple driving blow count to static iy hammer efficiency of long with other Fegelted modeling parameters "18 the fleld, the pile was driven to a blow count of 197 blows for 0.3 m of penetration, Wave equation anayis showed that t this blow unt the piles capacty is 8580 kN, The msm compresive stress 13 MPa, and the ple head transferred energy 286 1. At pat of onstruction control monitoring, a PDA wat employed dating ple installation Field dynamic testing showed significantly diferent results than those ofthe analysis presictons. Te actual transferred nergy was 10.9 J, the maximum compresive stress 69 MPa, and the ple dynamically predicted static capacity 2880 RN, This energy tranafer traniaes to eanse eelenry of 12% Statistical studies performed bythe authors” organization on 2 number of proj where concrete piles were istalled by aut, Re seandara ids to0.en) Seatie Lod woatsiea ‘est | iris) 360 789 (45 ma/n) ° iv ° cy 1201980 fa Fig 1. Bearing Graph from Wave Equation analy of Case 1 hammers found the transferred effiieny to average approximately 40%. A static lading test performed on the pile indicated a failure Jad of 3000 i.” Affer the fact a new wave equation analysis was performed after modifying the hammer eficiency (down to 23%) to feflet actual eld performance. Figure 1 presents plotted results of both wave equation analyses. The modified analysis indicated that St Blow count of 197 Blows fr 03 m, the maximum transerred hammer energy was 10.94. the pile compresive ses 6.5 MPa, and the pile static capacity 2760 KN. 32 Pile Structural Interiy Under the impact of « hammer, piles are subjected to a complex combination of forces. Pile damage oocuts when driving tresses ex- eed pile material strength. Piles may be damaged at thir heads, toes, andor along thei sats, ‘Stress waves in a pile are reflected whenever the impedance changes. ‘The reflected waves arive atthe pile head at atime which depends on the location of damage. The reflected waves cause changes in oth pile top free and velocity records The magnitude of tlative hange ofthe pile top variables allows for determination of the ‘exten of impedance change. Thus, with 8 being a eltive integrity Factor whichis unity for no ienpedance change and zero for a pile ‘end, the felling canbe calelated by the FDA, Bo(t-a)itea) with 1 210e WW) snhore Wa, isthe upward traveling wave cause by soil resistance st The ont ofthe reflected wave, Wis he upward traveling wave due to the damage, and W,,e the maximum downward traveling wave (due to impact. ‘The follwing example illustrates the use of dynamic testing in

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