12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

Lecture1
INTRODUCTION

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

Tornado ~ a violently rotating column of

air in contact with the ground underneath
a cumuliform cloud often visible as a
funnel cloud wikipedia

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

Contents

DefinitionsofFluids
f
f l d
DistinctionBetweenSolids,LiquidsandGasses
FluidContinuumConcept
GeneralClassificationsofFlow
Significance of Fluid Mechanics
SignificanceofFluidMechanics
BriefHistoryofFluidMechanics
ModernTrendsinFluidMechanics

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

1.1Definitions

MEHB223

Fluid
?

Fluids
Fluids Asubstancewhichdeforms
A substance which deforms
continuouslyundertheactionof
shearingforceshoweversmalltheymay
be.ConstitutesofLiquidsandGasses
FluidMechanics Sciencethatdealswith
theACTIONOFFORCES onfluids
regardlessofwhetherthefluidis
stationaryormoving

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.1Definitions
Fluids
Fluids Asubstance
A substance
whichdeforms
continuouslyunder
theactionofshearing
forceshoweversmall
they may be
theymaybe.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.2Distinctions:Solid,Liquid,Gas
Molecular
Molecularstructure
structure ~solidfixshape
solid fix shape ~Liquid
Liquid
assumeshapeofcontainer
Solid

Liquid

Gas

Gas fill up its

container, Liquid
form a free surface

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.2Distinctions:Solid,Liquid,Gas
Solid:stressproportionaltostrain,InFluids:stress
ld
l
l d
proportionaltorateofshearstrain
Solidiselastic(returntooriginalshapewhenstress
isremoved;fluidwillnotrecover)
S lid : ~
Solid

Fluid : ~

or = E

u
u
or =
y
y

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.3.FluidContinuumConcept
The
Thelengthscaleofinterestinengineering>>
length scale of interest in engineering >>
intermoleculardistance.
Thusevenforsmallestlengthscale,thenumberof
moleculesareverylargeandtheeffectofthe
moleculescanbeconsideredonaveragebasis.
ThisisFLUIDCONTINUUMCONCEPTandmolecules
canberegardedascontinuousNOTdiscreet.
Thisleadstooverallfluidpropertiessuchaspressure,
densityetc

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.3.FluidContinuumConcept
Intermolecular distance , lmol ~ 35 x 10-10 m
Smallest engineering length scale , leng ~ 10-6m
Consider a cube of length leng :~

leng

No of molecules = eng
mol
= 23.3 10 6 molecules

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.4.GeneralFlowClassifications
Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics Lowspeed,nodensitychange
Low speed no density change
(incompressible)e.g.waterdistributionnetwork,
hydraulics,lubrications
GasDynamics Highspeed,compressibleflow
(appreciabledensitychange)e.g.flowinramjet,
highspeedturbomachineryetc
Aerodynamics Flowpassaircraft,airfoil,drag,
liftetc

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.5.SignificanceofFluidMechanics
Extremelyimportant~AllEngineersneedtomaster
Coverswiderangeofapplications
Examples:~
Buildings~waternetwork,ventilationssystems,air
conditioningsystems,firefighting~forcesonbuilding
structures
Car~Aerodynamics,hydraulicsbrake,fuelflows,engine,
suspensions,shockabsorber
i
h k b b
Aircraft~Aerodynamics,Propulsion,jetengine
Environment~sewagesystems,drainage,coastalcurrent,
pollutantflowsinatmosphere

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.5.SignificanceofFluidMechanics
The collapse of Tacoma-Narrow
Tacoma Narrow Bridge

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.5.SignificanceofFluidMechanics

The collapse of Tacoma-Narrow Bridge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.6.BriefHistoryofFluidMechanics
Early
Earlyapplications
applications ~ancientEgypt
ancient Egypt ~irrigationsystems
irrigation systems
Firstquantitativerelationship~Archemides (250BC)~birth
ofexperimentalfluidmechanics~trialsanderrors
Fundamentalprinciplesoffluid~Newton,Euler,Bernoulli,
Navier,Stokes~NavierStokesequation~17thand18th
century
ClassicalHydrodynamics~inviscid fluids~highly
mathematical~notapplicableinpractice~Hence,
engineersuseempiricalequations~Experimentalhydraulics
Prandtl andboundarylayertheory(early20thcentury)
Gasdynamics~Riemann(1876),Mach(1896),Laval(1906)

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.6.BriefHistoryofFluidMechanics

Leonhard Euler (1707

(17071783) (left),Professor of Physics and Mathematics.
Euler had a greater interest in mathematics than Bernoulli and, in fact, Euler
f
formalized
li d the
th equation
ti we now call
ll Bernoullis.
B
lli Euler
E l developed
d l d the
th basic
b i
equations of fluid motion. Daniel Bernoulli (1700
(17001782) (middle),
Professor of Mathematics. Bernoulli published works on the statics and dynamics
of fluids and made the first observations and notes relating to the equation that
bears his name. Ludwig Prandtl (1875(1875-1953) (right)
(right)
father of modern
fluid mechanics, developed boundary layer theory and many other innovative
analyses. He and his students are pioneers in flow visualization techniques

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.7. Modern Trends in Fluid Mechanics

Involveusesofhighspeedcomputers
ComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD)
Essentiallynumericalsolutionsof3basiclawsofnature
appliedtofluidparticlesusingcomputer:
LawofConservationofmass
Lawofconservationofmomentum
Lawofconservationofenergy
Replacetheneedforexperimentalmeasurementsasthe
behaviour can be predicted before hand
behaviourcanbepredictedbeforehand
Beingusedasdesigntoolinindustry
MicroElectroMechanicalSystems(MEMS),Nanotechnology
(NEMS)

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.7. Modern Trends in Fluid Mechanics

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.7. Modern Trends in Fluid Mechanics

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.7. Modern Trends in Fluid Mechanics

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.7. Modern Trends in Fluid Mechanics

Weather predictions

Flow around river estuary

Hurricane predictions

10

12/17/2008

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

1.7. Modern Trends in Fluid Mechanics

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1 : Lecture 1: Introduction

MEHB223

End of Lecture 1

11