j

xgjh tF
Kj gUt

a xW

br

thJ
cyf ahit jhKs thfY
iybg WjY fY fyh

my yhis ahLil ahmt

jiyt mdt nfru ehfns. *

- fg
bghU : cyf cf midij gilJ fhJ mJ mstw
Uisahlfis illhJ gt iwt. mt ekbfyh jiyt.
mjifa iwtiuna eh milfykhf gWnth.
brhbghU : csthf - clhFj (gilj); iybgWj - fhj;
f - mj; fyh - illhJ; myyh- mstw; mdt - mjifa
iwt; jiyt - iwt; ru - milfy.
yfzF : ahit c - KWik; Mf, f,
isahL - bjhbgaf; myyh isahL - <Wbfl vkiwbgabur.
gFgj cWyfz : cilah = cil + + M. cil - gF; - r;
M - gygh idKW F.
Ma F : fg ehfgod khtl kyhLJiwF
m U Y s
n j u G
w j h .
t fguhkhaz, V vGgJ, iy vGgJ, ruRt
mjh, rlnfhg mjh, Uif tHf Ma
fis ash. t, FnyhJf
nrhH mitytuhf sdh; Ubtbz
e rilag tsyh Mjf bgwh.
t, frfut vd f bga
fg vd nghwgLwh. t fhy
.. gulh whL vd TWt.
F : tlbkh th Kt vGa
uhkhazij jG j fg
vGanj fguhkhaz. fg,YF
uhkhtjhu vnw bgalh. J ghyfhl, mnahahfhl,
Muafhl, jhfhl, Rjufhl, jfhl vd MW
fhlfis cilaJ. fguhkhaz ghyfhlYs Kjghl thJ
ghlyhf lbgWsJ.
* kdghl gF.

kh dhf

m) wtadhf
bjGJf.

1. jhKs =
2. isahLilah

3. myyh

2.

bghUJf.

csthf

- mj

iybgWj

- iwt

- fhj

jiyt

- gilj

3.

nfhol l ca vGijbfhL uf.

1. iwt m
yh isahLilat. (y/s/H)

2. m

4.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

2. fguhkhaz

3. fg wj C

dtF ru

1.

ehfns. (//)

f bga vd miHf bgWgt

fhlfis cilaJ.
.

M) FWdhf

1.

iwt Kbjhf ahit?

2. iwt vjifat?

3. fg vthW fHgLwh?

4. fg aa f ahit?

5. fgiu Mjj ts ah?

6. thJ ghl lbgWs vQikia vLbjGJf.

7. thJ ghl iwtid RL g bgaiu vGJf.

8. thJ ghl lbgWs Vfhu brhfis vGJf.

) Wdhf

1.

2. iwt afshf fg TWtd ahit?

fg - F vGJf.

UFw
bghiwilik

( w br Jgfis bghWj )

1.

mfthiu jhF ynghy, jik

fth bghWj jiy. *

bghU :

ykhdJ, jid njhLgtiu jhFtJnghy, eik

gLJnthiu eh bghWJbfhtnj wj g.

brhbghU : mfthiu - njhLgtiu; fth - gLJnth;

jiy - wj g.
yfzF : bghWj - bjhbga; mfth, fth - idahyiz
bgaf.
gFgj cWyfz : mfth = mf + + M. mf - gF; - vfhy iliy;
M - gygh idKW F.
m : ctika.

2. bghWj wid vW mjid

kwj mjD eW.
bghU :

w br Jgij xUt bghWJbfhSj wjJ;

mjidl wjJ mJgij kwJLj.

brhbghU : bghWj - bghWJbfhSj; wid - w brj Jgij.

yfzF : kwj, bghWj - bjhbgaf; eW - F idKW.
gFgj cWyfz : kwj = kw + + j. kw - gF; - r;
j - bjhbga F.

3. ik ik Ubjhuh tik

tik klth bghiw.
bghU :

Udiu tuntf ayhJ jF iy, tWik

bfhoa tWikahF. mJnghy, mtwh br Ffis
bghWJbfhSj tik wj tikahF.

brhbghU : ik - tWik; xuh - jj; klth-mtwh.

yfzF : UJ - gghF bga; xuh, bghiw - bjhbgaf.
m : vLJfhL ctika.


4. iwilik fhik nto, bghiwilik

ngh xGf gL. *
bghU :

eFzf eikL fhUfntLkhdh, bghWikia

eh ngh filoj ntL.

brhbghU : iw - rh.
yfzF : fhik - vkiw bjhbga; ngh - idbar.

5.

xWjhiu xwhf itahnu, itg

bghWjhiu bghngh bghJ. *

bghU :

w br if bghWJbfhshk jogtiu
rhnwh
xU
bghUlhf
k f k h l h ;Mdh,
bghWJ
bfhgtiu
bghngh
kJ
kdJ
itJbfht.

brhbghU : xWjhiu - jojtiu; xwhf - xU bghUlhf; bghJ

itg - (kdJ) itJbfht.
yfzF : xWjh - idahyiz bga; bghJ - idbar.
gFgj cWyfz : itg = it + + + m. it - gF; - r;
- vfhy iliy; m - gygh idKW F.

6.

xWjh bfhUehis g, bghWjhF

bghW Jiz f. *

bghU : w br ikia bghWJbfhshJ jojtF xU

eh kLnk g L; mjid bghWJbfhlt f,
cyf cstiu iyJ F.
brhbghU : bghW Jiz - cyf cstiu.
yfzF : xWjh, bghWjh - idahyiz bgaf.
gFgj cWyfz : xWjh = xW + + + M. xW - gF; - r;
- wjfhy iliy; M - gygh idKW F.

7.

wdy jw brD nehbeh(J)

mwdy brahik eW.

bghU : brajfhj Jg brafis w jdF brjhY, jh

mJ g JF t U , m w JF k h w h d b r a f i s m t U F
brahUj eyJ.

( ehY Fwgh bghWik wid TWwd. )

brhbghU : wdy - brajfhj; nehbehJ - JgJF tU.

yfzF : jw - VHh ntWik bjhif; brD -
wik; behJ - idbar; mw, w - <Wnghf.

8.

Fah fit brjhiu jhj

jFah btW l. *

bghU : brUdh ik brjhiu jj bghWikdh

bfhs ntL.

bt

brhbghU : Fah - kdbrUfh; fit - ik; jFah - bghWikah.

yfzF : brjhiu - idahyiz bga; l - m <W anfh

idKW.
( ehY Fwgh w brj id
bghWJbfhSjg TWwd. )

9.

Jwjh ik cila wjhth

dhbrh neh gt.

bghU : tuflJ ngRnth a brhfis bghWJbfhgtnu

gww JwaD nkyhdt.
brhbghU : Jwjh - gid lt; wjh - tu fljt; dh - a;
nehgt - bghWgt.
yfzF : wjh, Jwjh, nehgt - idahyizbgaf;
dhbrh - <Wbfl vkiw bgabur.
gFgj cWyfz : wjh = w + ( ) + + M. w - gF;
- r, - MdJ fhu; - wj fhy iliy; M - gygh
idKW F.

10. czhJ nehgh bga wbrhY
dhbrh nehgh .
bghU : c z h n e h n k b f h S b g a t f i s l j i k
fnth abrhfis bghWJbfhgtnu nkyhdt Mth.
brhbghU : nehgh - neh nkbfhgt; dhbrh - a brh.
yfzF : czhJ - idbar.
( U Fwgh w brhfis
bghWJbfhSj g TWwd.)

MaF:UtSt,
UFw midJ ehodU
ddU jknf cabjd
bfhlhL tif bghJik
fUJfis giljt.

F : U + Fw = UFw.
U - brt, w, mHF, nkik,
bjt jik vd gy bghU
bfhl xUbrh. Fw - FWa mo
cilaJ. VGfis bfhl <uo
btghfsh MdJ, UFw.
mwJgh, bghUgh, gJgh vd KbgU fshf
tFfgLsJ; mw 38 mfhufshf, bghU 70 mfhufshf, g
25 mfhufshf gFfgLsJ.
J, gbdfzF fS xW. iy ngh ghuhoa
ghlf bjhFng UtStkhiy.
UFwSF mehnyna gk ciu vGsd. miufS,
gnkyHf ciuna wjJ vg j rhnwh.
W gy UFwSF ciu vG tUwd.
UFwSF ciu vGa gk :
1. jUk

2. kzFlt

3. jhkj

4. er

5. g

6. gnkyHf

7. Ukiya

8. ky

9. gbgUkh

yhJ ehL
kfhuhah
nlhah,
fhiy
fjJ
Kj
goj
UFw.

10. fhf

ehadh, njt, Kjghty,

bjt yt, ehKfdh,
khjhDg, breh nghjh,
bgUehty vD w
bgafS tUF cL. t
fhy .K.31M ML vd mP
TWt.

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

1. nfhol l ca vGijbfhL uf.
( iy/is )
1. fth bghWj j
jhF x
ehis g ( U/W )
2. x

2.

bghUJf.
mw
bghU
g

-
-
-

vGgJ
UgijJ
KgbjL

3. vJifbrhfis vLbjG monfhoLf.

1. Fah fit brjhiu jhj

jFah btW l.

2. mfthiu jhF ynghy jik

fth bghWj jiy.

4. khs fis KiwgLJf.

wid vW bghWj mjD

eW kwj mjid.

5.

bghU ntWghL mf.

1. bghWj / bghUj
2. wj / uj
3. iw / iu
4. tik / tik

6. UbghU jUf.
1. iw
2. jiy

,
,
,
,

.
.
.
.

,
,

.
.

M) FWdhf

1. jiy wj g vJ?

3. ngh fhfntoaJ vJ?

2. bghWjhiu nghWj vd?

4. JwaD nkyhdt ah?

) Wdhf
1. UFw - F vGJf.

2. bghiwilik wf ahit?

3. w brj if vd bghWj ntL?

4. w TWw abrhfis bghWJbfhgt vjF wFat Mt?
<) beLdh

bghiwilik mfhu tSt tHF tskhj fUJfis bjhFf.

ciueil

uhl bkhf

bkh bkhFLgK
j vzfis fUJfis wUF mF fUahf sFtJ,
bkh. cy gntW bkhf ngrgL tUwd. mtW, jdbfd
jw gy bkhf njhtsu mogilahf cs bkhna _ybkh.
mUJ njh tsj bkhf isbkhf. mt bghJjik
mogil, mtiw xnu bkhFLg mlFt, bkha mP.
abkh FLgf
ah ngrgL bkhf midij, njh-Ma bkhf,
uhl bkhf, Mnuh- Ma bkhf, d - bga bkhf vd
bkha mP ehF bkhFLgfS mlFt. e eho MuJ
KWF nkgl bkhfS, mj isbkhfS ngrgLwd.
Mjyh, a ehil, bkhffhrhiy (Museum of Languages)
vd FLsh bkha nguha r.mfaf.
uhlbkh FLgf
W UgJ _wDF nkgl uhlbkhf csd. bkhfis
bjuhl bkhf, eLuhl bkhf, tluhl bkhf vd
_tifahf g. tW j, bjYF, kiyahs, fdl Ma ehF
uhl bgUbkhf vdgL.
uhl
cyf ehLf giHikahd ehfffS a ehffK xW
vgJ bkhfrjhnuh - mugh mfthF wF WtgLsJ.
.K. 3000 MLfSF Kdnu guJ Uj a ehff
cyfehfff midJF jhahf
tfhoahf s
9

cyf njha ehKj Wtiu ajF gilfS fLofS

fjtz csd. MD, fzh fhzKoahj, iyahd
totij juayhj fhdh VgL Xiria xah, mjF ttot
jJ, bkhahf iybgw brj kj braYF izahd gilngh
fLongh ehtiu njhwiy vgnj cik.

UwJ. thW, ah KGtJ guJ Uj mgHbgU

ehffijna uhlehff vd mP fUJwd.
bjuhl bkhf

eLuhl bkhf

tluhl bkhf

j,kiyahs,
fdl,FlF,JS
njhlh,nfhjh,
bfhufh,Ush.

bjYF,nfho,nfhah,
T, T, nfhyh,
g,fjgh,nfhlh,
eha,bgnfh,Klh.

F%,
khnjh,
uhF.

uhl nga bkhna uhl bkhahF. uhl vD

brh uhlehL vD bghUis jUtJ. uhl bkhf, uhl
d, uhl ehff vD brhbwhlfS uhl vD brh
bgauilahf tJsJ vd fhLbt, jkJ uhlbkhf xyfz
vD FL csh. Fkygl uhl vD brhiy
KjKj cUthdh. fhLbt mjid gaghLF bfhL
tjh.
bkha mP, bjhlf fhy jiH mj isbkhfshd
kiyahs, bjYF, fdl Ma bja bkhfis, ja
(Tamilian) myJ jK (Tamulic) vW tHd. mtW j, Fj
w giHik thjJ. vD, gy uhl bkhfS jiH
xwhf bfhld. Mfnt, d bkhf midij izJ
uhl vD brhiy jh ifahljhf fhLbt Tsh.
uhl bkhfS jGFa l
uhl vD brhny j vD brhUJ cUthdJ.
j > us > ul > uhl vd cUthW
vd TWwh
bkha mP <uh ghah. uhl bkh vwhny jbkhiana
FF. uhl bkhfS f bjhikahd, ggl bkh jnH.
Wgr_y 21MtJ XiyRto

bdnfh Wtd, mJ tU gila j XiyRtofis JJ

ghJfhf, gy eltoiffis nkbfhL tUwJ.

10

uhlbkhfS _y uhlbkh totij bkhTWfis

ntfis bgUks bfhLs bkh, jnH. jifa bjhik
w jiyik wnk jiH W caj brbkhah caJ
f brJsJ.
bjhik w
flbfhl Fkfl jbkh njhw bgUj
ntL vd xU dU, kajiufl gFUJ uhl
dK mtj bkh ahF tUj ntL vd kbwhU
dU fUJwd. Ma tUifF Kdnu jbkh tH
tUtjhf tuyhwPf FLwhf. jbkh W ekF
ilJs fS f giHikahd bjhfha. X
yfz yhf ftjdh, YF Kng gy ya f
UUj ntL vgJ bj.
jiyik w
uhl bkhf midJF _ykhd bkhia, Kid uhlbkh,
_y uhlbkh, bjhik uhlbkh vd gntW brhfsh
Fg.
m_ybkhna jbkh. Vida uhl bkhf jUJ
njh tsjit. vgJ GfhL msF uhl bkhTWfis
bfhLs xnu uhlbkh, j. jF jiyik wFa bkh,
e jbkh.
bra w
bjhik, jjik, bkhf jh, brhts, ya yfz
ts, jidts, fiyts, gghLts tWl gdhL bkhahf

11

by_ah fl : flnfhsh bfhsgl gHj Fkfl.

sF jikia bgw bkhna brabkh vdgL. itna

brbkhfhd (Classical Language) TWfshf fUjgLwd.
nkfltiw msnfhfshfbfhL nehFnghJ, brabkhahf
xtJ ekJ jhbkhah jnH.
j wig iyf brtJ nkY tsu brtJ jHuha
ekJ flikahF. jid czJ j sikia
fhf, vW
ghLgLnth.
kh dhf
m )wtadhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

1. bkhf gy njh tsu mogilahd bkhia

vg.

2. ahit bkhf fhrhiy vd Flt

3. xU _ybkhUJ njh tsUbkhia

vg.

4. uhl bkhf xyfz vD iy vGat

5. jbkhYs f giHikahd

.
.

2. ilnfw dh mikf.

1. a ehil bkhf fhrhiy vd mfaf FLwh.

2. j, bjYF, fdl, kiyahs Mad uhl bgUbkhf.
M)FWdhf
1. bkhFLg vwh vd?
2. ahit bkhf fhrhiy vd tHFtnj?
3. uhl bgUbkhf ahit?
4. j vD brh FJ <uh ghah TWtJ ahJ?
5. brbkh jFfhd msnfhfS vitnaD ehfid vGJf.
)Wdhf
1. a bkh FLgf FJ sFf.
2. uhl vD brhg fhLbt TWtd ahit?
3. uhl bkhfS jbkh bgWl ahJ?
<)beLdhf
1. j wfis uhl bkhfghlt sFf.
2. uhl bkhFLgg vGJf.

12

Jizghl

khku

ehf vyhU mtUila oF Kdh, tsJ f bfhLJ

bfhoUF khkujo ToUnjh.
ku iwa khfhf bfhJbfhjhf fhUjd. khkujo
rhykhd l btis kz guggoUjJ. mjid RY tlkhf
uL tir brf gfgL, bk rgL, eLnt nuh#hbrof
tsfgoUjd. gy wf nuh#hf J FYd.
u - mkh UtUnk g Maf. mtfSF xU kf cL.
u kid, khgHfis mHfhf eW gbdL taJs j kfl
xU jo itJ bfhLjDdh.
ehf mjid rhl bjhlndh.
khgH vgoUjJ?
njjhf
j gHbj eh rhlw rjg bflrij bedrh Mrakh
UF.
jid ahU elJ?
j l elJ, mkh ehD nrJjh. Mdh, j khkuij
g ntW xU fij UF. buhg ngUl eh mj fijba brhahR.
nfltf, fijbayh kwJ ngh, j kuij Fl Mulhf.
j kuby mo bahD rby. Mdh, xU kfjhd rgtnjhl
id y UF.
v j mj fhy ngh bgluh Ujh. UJ
vGgjR ik u Uw X Cy eh xU jlbt jba ghf
nghUnj. bfhreh mf jUnj. m~J xW bga C iy.
UjhY R ghfyhnk mgOD xU eh bjU tah nghoUnj.

13

f nfglJ raW. eh vj kuij FLwt mny.

Mdh, j njkhkuJ vdF beUfkhd nej. v kid
mkhF mgojh. kfjhd bga kj xUt milahsjh
j khku. eh sfkhf brhnw vW Mujh v gfJ
Lfhuuhd u.

ey bt fhy. Nlh fhjooUjJ. j fZl ntw. eh

mgona nghoUjngh tnahuy, xU kujo, tarhd xUj
RUL bflwJ f gLR. jho jyKo skh UR.
vgJ taJ UfyhD njhR. rhfnghw beybk. vid ghj
clnd mA Jyh, kfnd, j! mgoD brhdhU.

eh clnd gfUj xU LF Xond. L iz

X sbg ngg gooUjh. aij brh, j nfnl.
mt cns ngh xU ghuy j bfhL tjh.
eh mj thL wglngh mtS v dhy tjh. bgat
GJlw vlJFngh mtiu j Foftnr. bfhrkh
FoL mtU bkJth vR cfhjhU. mw, X Mrakhd
fha brrhU. v if Uj j ghuj thL bky elJ
X XuJF nghdhU.
mnf xU d khbro bkhsUjJ.
ahnuh khgH DLnghdtf vr khbfhbl
GJ jhdh bkhsr bro mJ. jyhbk thonghUJR.
ntbuyh nkby bjrJ.
m j bg a t ehf FL j gh u U j j y gh a
mj khbroF CdhU! mw bky elJ tJ kujoy cfhJ
yh brh r jba ForhU.
fls thL, vfl mtU ngdhU. j, vngU R .
vgJ taR. brhj gj ahUby. oba guh C RoUnj.
eh g rhfnghnw. cf buL ngnuhl ngU vd? mOD nflhU.
eh brhnd. v ng% u g Ma. mj bghQ
brhdh: v ngU mkh ehD gTl Oruhjh nty ghfnw!
cfis myh fhghJthUD brhL, mt mgona jiuy
rhRlhU. bfhr neu mt c nghLR. vf f Kdhy,
mj R vwlhU.

14

eh clnd ngh, v jbl aij brhnd. mt xU

nt mDg, clby gthrYF bfhLngh, Fgho, JJ
bayh cL, mlf gndh. bgatnuhl igy MW %gh
UJR. ehD mkh MSF mR %gh nghL lh th
gTl FHijfSbfyh FLnjh. dho eh mkhbt fahz
gnl. mj khbroF mkh bjhlJ j Cnl
tjh. eh f vl th L fo Korngh, mj khbroba knzhl
njho vLJ, xU rhF igy fo, f bfhL tnjh. buL
_Q ehS, mJ mkhnthl miwyjh xU_iy gukhf UR.

rhfw rkay, thngr Koah xU khbro rhfhk Uf, j

Cd mj bgat xU kfhjh. buhg mrakhd rgt.
eh bj kwfnt khnl vW brhL, mtl ilbgW
efnj.
mnghJ, mt vid miHjh;

W U ghnj.

u kf, y khgHf mla xU bghly bfhL tJ

vl bfhLJ, cf rrhuJF, FHijfSF FLf brhdhU
mgh vwh; th bfhnl.
j gowah?
Mkhf, fhny
c ngbudgh?
R
vd brhnd?
R .
e : auR, u mWtil.
kh dhf
beLdhf
1. uJF khfW vthW iljJ?
2. u jdF ilj khfiw vthW ghJfhJ tsjh?

15

mw j ly Fnjho ey kQ, fhr rh nghL

eL j Cndh. J tsjngh ehf buhg rnjhgnlh.
mgngh vYS, gy cuK nghL tsnjh. mJ ngh o
bga kukh MlJ vW fijia Kojh mt.

yfz

vGJ
kjid yUJ ntWgLJtJ bkh. xUt, j fUij
btgLj, mjid nfngh Jbfhs fUahf miktJ bkhna.
mbkhia iH ngr nff gof vGj
JizbrtJ yfz MF.

vGyfz,
brhyfz,
bghUyfz,
ahyfz, myfz vd jyfz ItifgL.
vGJf tif

KjbyGJ, rhbgGJ vd vGJf UtifgL.

KjbyGJf
m Kj xs tiu cs c vGJf guL, Kj tiu cs
bkbaGJf gbdL Ma KgJ vGJfS KjbyGJfshF. it
rhbgGJf njhWtjF Kjfhuzkh Ugjdh KjbyGJf
vdgld.
rhbgGJf
KjbyGJfis rhJ aF vGJf rhbgGJf vdgL.
it cbk, Mj, cusbgil, xwsbgil, FaYfu, Fafu,
IfhuFWf, xsfhuFWf, kfuFWf, MjFWf vd
gJ tifgL. tW cusbgil, xwsbgil FJ fhngh.

msbgil
Ma

: a FHijfns! tzf.

brto! bjU y bghUfis T Wbfhnl

brwhf. mtf vbdd bghUfis whf vd
brh.

brto : , gH, iu, nkh vd go gybghUfis whf, Iah.

Ma
: k, mtiwbayh ftUwh! r. , gH
tiw mtf vthW T whf? bt! brh.
bt

: nthx , gHnkhx gH, iunahx iu, nkhnuhx nkhU.

16

Ma
: rahf brhdh! , gH go brh wh thFwtf
fhJf rahf HhJ. o brhYnghJjh mtf
vd whf vgJ bjthf , iyah?
khzt

: Mkhf, Iah.

Ma
: njnghyjh ytfS jh aW br Xir
F i w ng hJ, mjid iwb r a m sb gilia ga
gLJwhf.
bt

: D bfhr sfkhf brhYf, Iah!

brhnw. br Xir FiwnghJ, xU brh
KjY ilY WY F beblGJf
jkFa uL khiuUJ L xF. mthW
L xgjid msbgil vnwh.

ms = khiu. vil = vLj vgJ bghU.

vGdJ khiu ms o xj.

Ma
:

brto : msbgil vjid tifgL, Iah?

Ma
: U t i f g L .

xwsbgil.
bt

KjyhtJ

cusbgil,

ulhtJ

: cusbgil vwh vd, Iah?

Ma
:

br Xir FiwnghJ, mj Xiria iw bra

cbeo vGJf VG msbgLF. ~J, cusbgil
vdgL. m t h W m s b g L F n g h J , m t W F d k h d
F v G J f Fplhf m j g f t U . I f h u F

f u K , xsfhuF cfuK dvGjhf tU. usbgil

_tifgL.

bt

: vbdd tiff, Iah?

Ma
: brir msbgil, ir msbgil, brhir msbgil.
br iria iwf tU msbgilia brir
msbgil vg. Xir FiwahlhY a Xirfhf
msbgLjiy
ir msbgil vg. uL
myhk bgabrh msbgLJ, idbar bghU
tU msbgil, brhir msbgilahF.
brto : rhWfnshL s brhYf, Iah.
: br Xir Fiw l, mj Xiria iwbra
Ma
brh KjY ilY WY w cbeo
vGJf VG, ca khiuUJ F xF. jidna

17

brir msbgil vd TWt.

bflhm ttj nfikah nfik

lhm iH cyF.
- Fw, 809
Fwis goJ ghUf. bflh vgJ bflhm vd WY,
lh vgJ lhm vd ilY msbgLJ tJsJ.
vdnt, J brir msbgil MF. jF iriw
msbgil vD ntWbgaU cL.

ir msbgil

bfLgc bflhF rhthk whnf

vLgc vyh kiH. - Fw, 15

bfLgJ, vLgJ vd Xir Fiwahj lY a Xir

jUtjfhf J vD F vd beoyhf kh msbgLgJ
ir msbgil MF.

brhir msbgil

br Xir Fiwahj lY bgabrh idbar

bghU jU bghUL msbgLgJ brhir msbgilahF.

Foj nfhXR khy kd

moj F cyF. - Fw, 544

Fwgh j vD brh msbgLJ tJsJ.

j - jGj vD bjhbga brh, j ( jG ) vd
idbar brhyhf bghU jUtjF msbgLjjdh
J brhir msbgil MW.
fz
: xwsbgil vwh vd, Iah?
: br Xir Fiwjh bkbaGJfS msbgLF.
Ma
~J xwsbgil vdgL.
v iwtDs bdgh.
bt~~Fth iy L.
bjhlf cs kW ~ Ma vGJf UKiw
tJsd. thW , , , , , , , , , Ma

gJ bk, ~ xW Mf gndh vGJfS xU Fiy
mLJ UFfis mLJ br a Xir nto
m s b g L F . t h W m s b g L g j F x w s b g i l
vgJ bga.
id bfhf.

18

1.

brir msbgil (iriw msbgil) - br Xiria

iw bra <uirbfhl fshf kL tU. (v.fh.) cHhm, glhm.

2.

ir msbgil - a irfhf F beoyhf msbgLJ,

_tir fshf kL tU. (v.fh.) bfLgc, vLgc.

3.

brhir msbgil bgabrh msbgLJ, idbar bghU

tU. vD vG Ko bgUF. (v.fh.) eir, .

4. xwsbgil tdJ , , , , , vD MW, ild

, vD uL Mf j vL bkbaGJf ju w
bkbaGJf msbgLF.
vGJtif khiu

cF, cbkF

xW

cbeo, cbkbeo

uL

bk, Mj

miu

cusbgil

_W

xwsbgil

xW

g : bghUjhj brhiy tlLf.

1. bgwhm, bfhLgc, j, mz.
2. thif,

rF,

beR,

f.

kh dhf

m)wtadhf
1. nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.
1. cwhm FWneh ciugh - bjhl
lbgWsJ.

msbgil

m) ir M) brir ) brhir
2. cLgc Jgc yhF - Fwgh bjhl
msbgil tJsJ.
m) brhir M) iriw ) ir
3. fhgdtW brhir msbgil

m) vr bgwhm o M) tudir D cns.

) cgc

19

2. bghUJf.
xwsbgil - Foj
brir msbgil - muf
ir msbgil - cHhm
brhir msbgil - cLgc
3. nfhol lij uf.

1. msbgil vD brhYF
vgJ bghU.
2. msbgil
tifgL.
3. br Xir Fiwahj lJ F
M msbgLgJ
msbgil.
M)FWdhf
1. cusbgilia rhW jJ sFf.
2. cusbgil tiff ahit?
3. xwsbgil vwh vd?
4.
irasbgilia rhWl sFf.
bral
UFw mwJgh msbgil lbgWs Fwghfis bjhFf.
mtiw msbgilf mogil tifgLJf.

vGJf w
vGJf wgjF mogil fhuzkhf Ugit xaQf.

bkhKj fhuzkh mQu xvGJ.

- e}, 58

cUs clDns vGw fhW kh, fGJ, jiy, _F Matiw
bghU cjL, ehF, g, nkth ( mz ) Ma Wf Kaah
btntW xfshf wwd.
lw, Ka w

vGJf wig lw, Ka w vd Utifahf
fyh. vGJf njhWw kh Kjyhdtiw lw vd,
cjL Kjyhd cWf bjh ntWghodh xgjid Ka w
vd TWt.

cbuGJf
guL,
bkbaGJf
gbdL
KjbyGJf vdgL. bkbaGJfis xFnghJ ntWgl
_W xfis eh nffyh. mit
td x, bkd x,
ild x vgd. mbthf ntWgLtjF fhuz, mit wF
lf ntWgLtdnt.

20

21

vGJf wig e}yh Tajidnghynt bkha mP x

Y mlFt.
x vH fhuzkhd fhW iybgW lfis fhwiwf vd, x
vGtjF Jiz br cWfis xKidf vd TWt.
KjbyGJf lw

guL c vGJfS, ild vGJf MW fGUJ

wwd.
bkd vGJf MW _UJ wwd.
td vGJf MW khUJ wwd.

M ilik llW MF
nk bkik _F cubgW tik. - e}, 75

(M - cbuGJ; ilik
bkik - bkd; cu - kh.)

ild;

lW

fGJ;

KjbyGJf Ka w
m) c - guL

m, M Ma uL
wwd.

mtW,
Ka mM mfh ila.

xgjdh

- e}, 76

(mfh - thia wj)

, <, v, V, I Ma IJ vGJ thia wgjndhL nkth giy

eh bjhLtjdh njhWwd.

cfS thia wJ

< vV Im fhngh(L)
mg Kjeh w tUnk.

- e}, 77

c, C, x, X, xs Ma IJ vGJ cjLfis FJ xgjdh

njhWwd.

c C x X xs j Fnt.

- e}, 78

M) bk - gbdL

, - U bkfS ehdJ KjgF mzij bjhLtjdh

njhWwd.

, - U bkfS ileh ( eLeh ) , eL mzij

bjhLtjdh njhWwd.

, - it ehdJ E, mz Eia bjhLtjdh

njhWwd.

22

f rP lz Kjil
Eeh mz cwKiw tUnk.

- e}, 79

( eh - ehF; mz - nkth gF; f, , r, P, l, z vD

cbkf - , , , , , vD bkfis FF. tU
ghf cstiw thnw bfhf. )

, - nkth g moia, eh E bghUJtjdh

btGJf njhWwd.

mg moeh Kow jetU.

- e}, 80

, - nk cjL cjL bghUj it njhW.

jGw gk wF.

- e}, 81

- J eh mogF, nkth mogFia bghUJtjdh

njhWwJ.
moeh moaz cwa njhW.

- e}, 82

, - it nkthia eh E jltjdh wwd.

mz Eeh tUl uHtU.

- e}, 83

- J nkth g moia, eh Xuf joJ beUFtjdh

wwJ.
- J nkthia eh Xuf joJ jltjdh wwJ.

mg KjY mzK Kiw

eh xw tUl
yfhu sfhukh uL wF.

- e}, 84

- J nkth giy GjL bghUJtjdh wwJ.

nkg jGw nkL tnt.

- e}, 85

, - it nkthia eh E f bghUJtjdh wwd.

mz Eeh e wdthF.

- e}, 86

rhbgGJf lw, Ka w
Mjkha rhbgGJ, jiyia lkhfbfhL wwJ. mj
Ka w thia wJ xjny MF. w rhbgGJf ah, jj
KjbyGJf njhWjFa lij, mit wjFa Kaia
jkF cadthf bfhL xwd.

MjF ljiy mfh Ka

rhbgG njd jKj mida.

- e}, 87

g : cjLf xlh vGJf bfhl brhfis tlLf.

fg, ehF,

nt,

jhtu,

cyif,

23

ghit

kh dhf
m)wtadhf
ca ilia njbjGJf.
1. Kj vGJf vif

m) 12 M) 18 ) 30
.

2. fGW wgJ

MF.

m) td M) bkd ) ild
.

3. td vGJf lw

m) kh M) fGJ ) _F

4. cjLf uL bghUJtjdh wF vGJf

m) , M) , ) ,

M)FWdhf
1. KjbyGJf vgd ahit?
2. rhbgGJf vjid tifgL? mit ahit?
3. vGJf vthW wwd?
4. KjbyGJf wF lfis vGJf.
tFgiwwf
( mogilwf g bgWtjfhf tFgiwwf mikfgLsd.
gF ngRj, goj, vGJj, gilghw, fyJiuahl Kjad
bkhw gf ghlgFia rhj, rhuhj bkhgaghL
TWfS csd. jbHfis mnth, thifw, kf, g,
jaf jnyna ngRnth Ma gFfS izfgLsd.)
vGJj w
ghliy goJ dhfSF il vGJf. (kh)
kUJtij bghaiy j fW

kfey fhghw U w
fUJila khztf njhw ntL

fLciHgh jHf Xf ntL
tUfhy jHbuyh mth j

itaij agila bra ntL
UoUF iykhw j fngh

vbwW jiyJ thnth! btnth!

24

dhf
1. ghlYF bghUjkhd jiyig jUf.
2. jH f vjdh Xf ntL?
3. vjifa khztf njhWj ntL?
4. ghl lbgWs bgabrhfis goaLf.
5. ghlYs idbar brhfis vLbjGJf.
6. ghl ulh ntWikU
flJ vGJf.

lbgWsJ. mjid

ilf
1. jhbkht f.
3. kUJt, bgha Kja bjhffis jhbkhahd j
fW kfey fhf U khztf njhw ntL.
4. kUJt, bgha, j, kf, khztf, jH, ita bgabrhf.
5. fhghw, njhw, Xf, bra, agila, J - idbarf.
6. ulh ntWik cU I. kUJtij, bghaiy, itaij.
g
ghliy goJ dhfSF il vGJf.
ghuah cyff! mf m
guJaj mny x thnjh!
X%U bfhUehL Fa jhd
Xilrh idila my; kW
umt! kfny nk vW
Stij l ntL vngh!
Uaj fPl vgh w
brikey vyhK mtgh fnlh.
- ghujhr
dhf
1. ghuah vjifat vd ghujhr TWwh?
2. ghuah vjifa idilat my?
3. kfilna y ghFghL FJ ghuah TWtd ahit?
4. ghl lbgWs bgaburfis vLbjGJf.
5. ghlYnfw bghUjkhd jiyig jUf.
25

2. jH f, mtj fL ciHgh XFj ntL.

bkhw g

kabfh brhf - ntWghL mJ bghU vGJf.

(v.fh.) u, w

mi u

- gh

miw

z, d


y, H, s

ciu
-
f i u -
T a -
T i u -
g u i t -
uF -
vj -
iu -
kz -
g -
M -
m i y -
i y -
c i y -
f i y -

myF -
th -
jh -

M -

- fll gF

ciw f i w -
T a -
T i w -
g w i t wF -
vj -
iw kd
-
g
-
M
-
m i H
-
mis -
iH
-
is ciH
-
cis fiH
-
fis mHF
-
msF -
th
-
th -
jh -
jh -
M
-
M -

jbHfis mJ bfhnth.
1

11

11

21

21

31

31

41

41

12

12

22

22

32

32

42

42

13

13

23

23

33

33

43

43

14

14

24

24

34

34

44

44

15

15

25

25

35

35

45

45

16

16

26

26

36

36

46

46

17

17

27

27

37

37

47

47

18

18

28

28

38

38

48

48

19

19

29

29

39

39

49

49

10

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

50

50

26

11

21

31

41

12

22

32

42

13

23

33

43

14

24

34

44

15

25

35

45

16

26

36

46

17

27

37

47

18

28

38

48

19

29

39

49

10

20

30

40

50

Lgl l jbHfis vGJf.

1. 1 ,
,
,
, 5,
,
,
,
, 16 ,
2. 1 1 , 12 ,

, 8,
,

,
,

.
, 20 .

fLiu g
eh U (UFw)
Frlf
KDiu - bghUSiu ( mik, TW fUJf, gaf,
eh iy Utjfhd fhuz) - iwiu.
jaf jnyna ngRnth
a, j L th isahobfhoUjh. mtna Xbgw
muR mYtyU j gwhsUkhd jHnt tUwh. al, j,
mgh Uwhuh? vd dagona oF EiHjh.
mtiu tuntw a jij e, thf, thf.
vLJ th, ~ng Rir nghL vwh.

ah..., nr

j kidia neh, fkyh... {UJ Ithl

gugughf Tdh. ehfh cfhjh, jHnt.

vL vd

Iah O, T vd Fof? vd nflh.

jHnt bghWikl, e! ey jbrhfis LJ,
wbkhbrhfis tJ ngRf?.
27

nr vgjid ehfh vd, ~ngid vd Twyhkyth?

vwh. e, btfJl jiyFjh.
jbrhynth!
R
-
-
Ithl
T -
-
iul

brhL
F
FrhWf
miuit

{
O
thbk
blngh

-
-
-
-

F%Lbgo
nj
btSif au
bjhiyng

thifw

jidaj
g Kj ghlntis KoJ mLj ghlntis eilbgW bfhoUjJ.
gia MbrbghUL gJiz Mths Kd
gF tUif jh. jiyikahaiu miHJbfhL Kj
xU tFF EiHjh. MaU khztfS mtUF tzf
Tdhf. Mths, Ma elbfhoUj ghlUJ
khztfl dhfis nflh.
khztf il bjahjjdh mikahf Ujhf. _wh tir
Uj Rlbuh vGJ ilTw bjhldh. jh nfl midJ dhfSF
ca ilia Ta Rlbuhia ghuhoa Mths, mLj tFF
brwh. Rlbuh il Tajid nfl midtU ajd. fhuz,
tFnyna mtjh ngrhklij. tF eh vjid nflhY ngrhk
Ugh. atuhd Mthsl jaf cdh vthW ngrKojJ?
vd Ma nflh.
vdF ilbjjhY jtwhf UFnkh vD Iadh ilTw
jaFnt. W ahUnk ilTwhjjdh, Mths e giag jtwhf
vLthnu vgjdh, JJ Tnl vwh, Rlbuh.
ehD ehtiu cdF ilbjahjjdhjh ngrhk Uwh
vd idnj. cidna mJbfhshk UUwh. cdh
Ko vd mJ bragL vd Ma CfgLdh.

1. cfSF Jnghw f vbghGjhtJ fUwjh?

2. cflKs wD wik vbdd?

cidna mth - rhuO

28

kf
flik
g gk rgjdh Jizah aif vlh vw
bria nfljdh, mt kwF mW tukhlh vW gyU
idjd.
Mdh gk rgjdh, jkJ JizF brantoa midJ
fhafis brJL rahf 11.00 kF kw tjh. mtiu
ghjJ, midtU agiljd.
mjF, v tUj vndhLjh Uj ntL. W ghfntoa
tHif jitJL kwtfSF Jgij ju TlhJ, vW
Tdh.
HY flik czl thjh, gk rgjdh.
bkhahf brf.
Air pollution is high in the urban and industrial centers. It threatens the
life of the people and animals. The gases from industrial centers go higher than
oxygen in the air and make it polluted. Pollution affects plants, animals and
human beings. It causes diseases like asthma and cancer. Children are easily
affected.
izahd j gHbkhia mf.
1. Bend the tree while it is young.

I tisahjJ, Ig tiskh?
2. As is the mother, so is her daughter.
jhianghy is; iynghy nriy.
3. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

cfhgh njhH.

4. A man of courage never wants weapons.

tytDF Y Mj.

5. Blood is thicker than water.

jh MlhlhY j jir ML.

29

WTlth f tuntL? vW kbwhU g nflh.

tsu braghLf
nfl w

braghL - 1

fhQ ciugia gof nfL, dhfSF ilaf.

mP mzh Wta eilbgw xU f. xUeh t

bgnwh bt brUf, o gho kLnk Ujh. mnghJ mt, j
eg yiu miHJbfhL, o w brwh. mF midtU nrJ
mruh ehlf elj lld.
mP mzh, mru ntl idJ eof bjhldh. o
wUJ Vnjh ngbuhia nfl mtj gho, vdbtW ma mF
iuJ brwh. mtiu flJ mzh eg lhf gwJld;
mjdh, ehlf ilnyna wJ. mzh kL ghol jahf kho
bfhlh.
mt mzhl, F vd eljJ? Tr V VglJ?
vd ddh. xWiy vd T, gholUJ mzh jJ
bfhoUfyh.
eg ahU mtUl yhjjdh mzh TWtjid gho
eUfyh; Mdh, mru ntl nghltuhnw, ghol vgo
bgh TWth? mjdh, mzh cikia Tlh. gow igaDF
ehlf vdlh ntoUF? vd T, mzh KJ mojh, gho.
mW ehlf nghljfhf mo tha mP mzhjh fhy
Ma f mtfsh j ehlffiyF xU bgdhh vd ghuhlglh.
( mayhJ ehil rhj #h{ bgdhh fbgw vGjhsU wj ehlf
MaU Mth. )
dhf
1. mP mzh, j egUl o w V brwh?
2. ehlf mP mzh idj ntl vd?
3. ehlf il f fhuz ahJ?
4. mP mzh, ghol cikia kiwfhjJ, V?
5. iugF Vila jiyig jUf.

30

ngRj w

braghL - 2

fhQ ghliy goJ, mjbghUFJ IJ kJ ngRf.

ykfns btth!

Rkfbtd kuitnjh; kidf fl

itnjh; fitnjh; fhY itnjh;
vkbfd vwtnk cG nwh;

UbgLnj mtSliy mfG nwh;
Rkwh; bghWwh; bghWik rh!

bjhyh nghUF wik rh!
flRkjh; kiyRkjh; fhR kjh;

fheilf gyRkjh; khj vw
clRkjh; taRkjh; eR kjh;

CRkjh; efRkjh; broR kjh;

ekbfnw Ugtis theh vyh

eW tUnwh; jiy lJ

FlRkJ bgbwLj mid yh

Fyis nghyh wh; mnjh!
lRkj mtcWJ dJ wh

nkyhs thbtnf? mtns btth!
- Koaur, kjid njLnw
goj w

braghL - 3

fhQ fit thF gof.

tWik thoa ytbuhUt, Untflehj vD tsiyg
nfgL mtiu njo brwh. ts, ytiu tuntW kjh.
mt, ytl dhf ytiw nflh. ts nfl vj dhF
ilafhj yt, Wahf Untflehjh vd Tdh. yt mthW
Tal, ts f kJ ytUF bghD bghUS th tHdh.
ts nfl dhfjh vd? mt bghD bghUS th tHaJ, V?
ytnu, cl yhjJ vd?
cf cs vgo csJ?
czF vd brf?
RitawJ vJ?
bfhL vgj ntW brh vd?

31

U (brt)
nt (ntwJ)
fl (flgLjh)
eh (v ehF)
jh

mfu tirgLJj

braghL - 4

fhQ brhfis mfutir vGJf.

ifntiy, rfu, bfdh, FFk,
iuf, brhnyUHt, brj

fhTl, fguhkhaz, nrto,

f -

r -

brhtjid vGJj

braghL - 5

fhQ ciugia brhy nfL vGJf.

uhl nga bkhna uhl bkh. uhl vD brh uhl
ehL vD bghUis jUtJ. uhl bkhf, uhl d, uhl ehff
Kja brhbwhlf uhl vD brh bgauilahf tJsJ vd
fhLbt, jkJ uhl bkhf xyfz vD FLsh.
tnu uhl vD brhiy gaghLFbfhL tjh.
FfisbfhL ciugaikj

braghL - 6

fhQ FfisbfhL, ciugaikJ vGJf. gF Vila

jiyig jUf.
w - ehfgod khtl - kyhLJiw njuG - g - FnyhJf nrhH mit
yt - w - frut, f bgat
fg - aa f - V vGgJ, ruRt mjh,
rlnfhg mjh, Uif tHf, fguhkhaz
- Mjjt - Ubtbz e rilag
ts - fhy - .. gulh whL.

fg

32

ghl lbgWs eafis vGJj

braghL - 7

fhQ Fwghf lbgWs eafis mltizgLJf.

t.
v

Fw

nkhid

mfthiu jhF ynghy jik

fth bghWj jiy.

2.

ik ik Ubjhuh tik
tik klth bghiw.

3.

xWjhiu xwhf itahnu itg

bghWjhiu bghngh bghJ.

4.

wdy jw brD nehbeh(J)

mwdy brahik eW.

5.

Fah fit brjhiu jhj

jFah btW l.

mfthiu
fth

ctika

1.

vJif

vGJj

braghL - 8

ciuahl cs f gaghL brhfis flJ mtWfhd

jbrhfis vGJf.
m

: th f. . . Vnjh cj ntL vwhna?

: Mkh, m. c fl lbe' tr csjh?

: X. . . Uwnj. V, c fl' vd MdJ?

: vDila bks' nH GJ cilJlJ; mjdh, vdF

f
njitahd Jfijfis iuthf lnyh' bra
Koaiy.
m : Jfijfsh? eh mtiw v ig' itJns,
ghwhah?
f

: mgoah, fhL.

: j fijf nghJkh, D ntLkh?

: nghijF it nghJ. fh' g jUwhah?

: o'yh?

: iy, m. bg oiu'.

: r, bfhL.

: f e, m.
33

t.
v

1.

f
gaghL
brhf
fl

j brhf

t.
v

f
gaghL
brhf

j brhf

5.

2.

6.

3.

7.

4.

8.

tifgLJj

braghL - 9

fhQ ghlyof lbgWs msbgilfis flJ tifgL

vGJf.
1. yF btiwN Ordo ahF
2. v~~ ya ifauh D
3. cudir s Jizahf brwh
4. mHhm njh mGFt brynt
5. cHdh ifkl iy iHtc'
cusbgil
brir

ir

Xwsbgil
brhir

xW
msbgLj

Mj
msbgLj

iHtc

LfijF ilfhz

braghL - 10

LfijfSfhd ilia vGJf.

1.

Miw flF; mfiuF nghfhJ;

jiu fyfhJ; jhD eidahJ. m~J vd?

2.

Mung mtFg;
MdhY sghJ. mt aht?

34

3.

Tiu il jh XLL;
XLil jh btis khif;
btis khif cns Fs. m~J vd?

4.

KD D nghth; Mdh, xiw fh gh mt ah?

gilghw

braghL - 11

gUJ LF tj fa, j jijia ghjJ MtYl

ngr bjhldh.
mgh, vf g W eilbgw ngRngho ........

fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
1. dhfSF ca ilia njbjLf. 2 1 = 2
m. UFwSF ciu vGa gkU xUt

1. suz

2. er

3. nguha

4. e. K. ntflrh
.

M. bjuhl bkhfS xW

1. bjYF

2. khnjh

3. j

4. cUJ

2. nfhol lij uf.

3 1 = 3
.

m. f giHikahd j yfz
M. FnyhJf nrhH mityt

. xwsbgil msbgLF bkbaGJf vif

3. ghlyof cs kabfh iHfis U vGJf.

cyf ahit jhKy thfY

iybg UjY fY fyh

my yhis ahLil ahmt

jiyt mdt nfru ehfns.

35

.
5 1 = 5

Wfijbah bjhlf nH bfhLfgLsJ. mjidbfhL, cf

fgidnfg fijia bjhlJ vGJf. fijF Vila jiyig jUf.

 a uL

br

Wgr_y
ftd fnzhl, fhtd bryhik,
vtd Jizah vWiuj, - gtd
nflhe bww, sntj jdhL
thlhe bww td. *

- fhahrh

bghU : fQF mHF uf bfhs; fhYF mHF wl uJ

bryhik; MuhF mHF jkJ Koit JJiuj; irF
mHF mjid nfngh ebwd fj; murDF mHF, Fokfis
tUjhk fhgt vW, w mtid fJ ciuj.
brhbghU : fnzhl - uf bfhSj; vtd - MuhF
mHF; td - mHF; sntj - fGF ca mur; thlh tUj khlh.
yfzF : fnzhl, bryhik, ciuj, vw - bjhbgaf;
nflh, thlh - idahyiz bgaf.
gFgj cWyfz : nflh = nf () + + M. nf - gF; -
MdJ fhu; - wjfhy iliy; M - gygh idKW F.
m : brhbghU tUiya.
Ma F : fhahrh, kJiu jHha khfhadh khzhf
vd wghu TWwJ. t, rkz rkaij rhjt. tU
fnkjhahU xUrhiy khzhfuht. bgUghik bghJ mwfUJfS
Wghik rkz mwfUJfS lbgWsd.
F : Wgr_y gbdfzF fS xW. j Ma
fhahrh.
, fl thJl bjhnwG btghf
csd. flfj, WtGJiz, Wk, bgUk, beU Ma
IJ _if ntfS
clnehia gd. mJnghy,
xbthU ghlY TwgLs IJ fUJ kf kdnehia nghFtd.
Mifah, Wgr_y vd bga bgwJ.

36

kh dhf

m)wtadhf
1. nfhol l ca vGijbfhL uf.
nzhl. (/)

1. fQF mHF f
2. v

td Jizah v

Wiuj. (/)

2. nfhol lij uf.

ebww.

1. gQF mHF

mHF.

2. wl uJ bryhik
1. fhYF mHF wl uJ bryhik.
2. Wgr_yij aat fhahrh.
M)FWdhf

1. Wgr_y - F vGJf.
2. fhahrh - WF vGJf.
)Wdh
Wgr_y TW tdfis bjhFbjGJf.
mJbfhf.
tUiya
xU br Kd tj brhnyh bghUnsh d gylJt
mJ tUiya MF. J, brhtUiya, bghUtUiya,
brhbghU tUiya, ctik tUiya vd ehtifgL.
brhbghU tUiya
xU br Kd tj brhY mj bghUS d
gylJt mJ, brhbghU tUiyaah.
ftd fnzhl. . . vD Wgr_y ghl brhbghU
tUiya gW tJsJ. ghl td vD brh
L L tJ mHF vD bghUis jUwJ.

37

3. ilnfw dh mikf.

ghrh rgj
- ghuah

Kfij RUf
u khefiu MLtj ghlt, klg xwid fo, m
nt eld. mnt fyJbfhl nguurfS wurfS
mgf tHajid fL bghwhikbfhlh mdhu kd
Jnahjd. nkY Jnahjd, ghrh eifF Mshdjdh,
ghlt thit vgoahtJ mfntL vd vdh. mjfhf
Jnahjd, j khk rF cjia ehodh. rF, ehK xU
klg mikJ, mjid fhgjF ghltiu miHngh; jUkid
Njhl brJ, eh idjjid Kongh vwh. lJF
Jnahjd jij Ujuhou Kj xbfhsiy; d,
tikia v xbfhlh. lgo, Ujuhou
idPfis miHJ mHa klg xwid mikf brjh.
mklgij fhz, ghltiu miHJ tUkhW j Juid Jlh.
Juid Jl, J brw Ju ghlt ehLts fL
kj, ghlt Juid vbfhL tuntw Ma ff ghl
gF lbgWsd.
Juid Jl
1.
j Juid kd miHjh

jf gRf bfho nj

v kf Uju rhS

u khef rhjt jgh

bfhid bahj klo nahL

To bf UJ ff

e miHjd bfsut nfhkh

eynjh Eij badiu brth.
bghU : kd Ujuhou jj Juid mukidF miHjh.
ghL kf Mbr u khefUF jf gRfSl
brW, ghrhnahL ghltiu jh UJF miHj bria
mtflT, miHJ tUkhW gjh.
brhbghU: v - v j; klo-ghrh; ff - kH; nfhkh mur (Ujuhou); Eij - E jij.
38

yfzF: khef - cbrhbwhl; rhjt - idahyiz bga;

Eij - E jij vgj k%c.

bghU : j jikadha Ujuhoul Ju ilbgwh; fhL,

kiy, MW Matiwbayh flJ, tikf njhS kdW
bfhl ghltf M tsf mHa efiu neh brwh.
brY tbayh eho Fj tsfis fL, j vz
U, cs beJ, meho vfhy fU ufglh.
brhbghU : ml - fhL; jlnjh - tanjh; kef - mHa efu;
kUF - gf.
yfzF : mlkiyahW - cikbjhif; flJ - idbar;
jlnjh - cbrhbwhl.
gFgj cWyfz : flJ = fl + () + + c. fl - gF; - r;
- MdJ fhu; - wjfhy iliy; c - idbar F.
brth = br + + M. br - gF; - vfhy iliy;
M - Mgh idKW F.
yKo jjgy kiynr ehL
3.

uKj bkdghJ u ehL

nfhyKW gakuf brJ thG

Ffh nrhiyfS Fy ehL

Phybkyh g fhj ty

ebr br ey nfhf

ghyil eWbe njD cL

gztngh kfbsyh gY ehL.

bghU : yw nkff jtw gy kiyfis bfhl ehL; mkiy

fUJ tUw mU uhdJ mKjkhf ghJ ts brw ehL.
mHF f gajU kuf iwj Fj fhLfS, f iwj

39

mzl ilbgW Ju brwh

2.
mlkiy ahbwyh flJ ngh


zKW jlnjhS csK bfhL

Uka ghltjh muR br

tzKa kef kUF brth

tilna ehoDW tsf neh

vzKw Mj ja Jns

idagy bkhT uF thdh. *

nrhiyfS fyUw ehL. cy thw kfis g

fhgjF Vw ebr, br gf brJ tsnrw ehL. ghyhil,
eWkz be, nj Matiw cL njtfngh kf kUw
ehL.
brhbghU : nfhyKW - mHFf;
brJ - mlJ; fh - fhL;
Fy - sF; Phy - cyf; gzt - njt.

yfzF : ghyil eWbe njD - vQik. yKo,

ebr, br - gbjhiff; ghJ, brJ - idbarf;
Phybkyh, kfbsyh - vyh
vgj
bjhFj fhu;
fhj - bjhbga.
nguwK bgUbjhY wF ehL
4.

bgfbsyh muigangh xU ehL

ubkhL bkPhd jtf f

ntbaD itbayh sF ehL

nrhuKj ikbaJ njhwh ehL

bjhYy Kokngh njhW ehL

ghujj ehony ehr bkj

ghna Jiz ghik band!
bghU : wf mwbrafshY bgUikF bjh tsjhY ww
ehL; bgf, njtkfngh xw ehL; u, bka, jt, f, nt
Ma itaidJ iwj ehL; be wj braf eho yhj
fhuzjh giHikahd yf kfSF kKongh njhWw ehL;
jifa ghlt ehL m ghtbraYF jhD Jiza nejjid
v Ju tUdh.
brhbghU : muiga - njtkf; Phd - m ; ik - be wjbraf
yfzF : bjhYyF - gbjhif.
Ju tUbr jhbr nw
5.

Wil It csk J

rJuf nrid lgy gR

jhsK nksK jhbfhL brnw

vbfh liHJ kKo jh

Vj Ju gjky ngh

kJu bkh Fryf ng

kd bdhLU khif nrjh.
bghU:Ju tUw bria nfl tik f ghlt ItU
bgUk miljd; ehtif gilfSl gy gRfS bfhL
40

nksjhsJl Juid vbfhL miHJ kKo jh wFa

mtj Uto kyfis tzd; a bkh ey nfld. kdFy
njhwyhd Juid miHJbfhL j mukidF brwd.
b r h b g h U : W - t i k ; r J u f n r i d - e h t i f g i l ;
kJubkh - a bkh; Fryf ng - ey nfL.
yfz F : jhsK nksK - vQik; gjky - cUtf.
Ma F

wj gilghsuhd ghuah F ghL, fz

ghL, ghrh rgj Kja fis giljjh.
ehL, bkh, iw, bgik Kja ghLbghUf
vzw ghl adh. Phduj, rif fij,
juhR Kja ciueil yafis vGdh.
t 11.09.1921mW kiwjh.
F

ghlgF, ghuah KbgU gilfS xwha ghrh
rgj vD fha NrUf lbgWsJ. midtU mj fhr fijia va brhf, va eil, va rj
MatWl Toa bgQik fhakhf j ghu toJ jjnj
ghrh rgj. J, ahr ghujij jG vGj bgwJ. ghrh
rgj U ghfij bfhlJ. J NrUf, NjhlrUf,
moikrUf, JYj rUf, rgjrUf vd IJ rUfij
eh}W guL ghliy bfhl FWfha.
w

ghuah ghLbfhU yt, LJ f ghotj yh, jfhy
ya obt, njaf, khf vbwyh fHbgwh;
Rnjru, ah Kja jf Mauhf Ujh; a
LjiyF ghLglh.
jGF bjhLbrnth rhtiy.

41

- ghujhr

Ruka ghuah, jnghija JFo khtl

cs vlau 11.12.1882mW wjh. tj bgnwh
drh - yF mikah Mt. t Jizah
brykh.

kh dhf

m)wtadhf
1. nfhol l ca vGijbfhL uf.
1. jl

njhS csK

2. ng

wK bgUbjhY

3.

il It

bfhL ( / )
F ehL ( w/u )

sk J ( U/W )

2. nfhol lij uf.

1. LJ f ghotj yh vd ghuhl bgwt
Mth.

2. Jnahjd jij

3. brhiy bghUnshL bghUJf.
td
- ik
o
- fhL
ml
- mHF
kUF
- bg ahid
W
- gf
kJu
- tik
4. lRo sFf.

1. ghujj ehony ehr bkj

ghna Jiz ghik band!
2. kJu bkh Fryf ng
kd bdhLU khif nrjh.
M)FWdhf
1. ghrh rgj - F vGJf.
2. Juid ahl ah J mDdh?
3. Ju vjfhf J brwh?
4. Ju vtiwbayh flJ J brwh?
5. Ju vjid idJ tUdh?
)Wdhf
1. kd, Jul ahJ T jDdh?
2. Ju t fl fhfisg vGJf.
3. Juid ghlt vthW tuntwd?
<)beLdh
Ju J brwjid bjhFbjGJf.

42

Mth.

ciueil

fhy fijf

fij bghU

Ugjh who ciueiltsij fUbfhL nehFnghJ
fhyij ciueil fhy vdyh. vD, fij totK fDw
tsJ tjJ. who bjhlf ghuah, ghujhr, fk
njf ehafdh, ehkf uhkfdh vd fP gy njh, ehL,
bkh, d, rKjha, fiy vd gytiw ghod.
kufij

ghu fijf Ugjh who mUa kWkyF jhf
mikjd. kdfis kLnk kJ tj fij kuig kh, va
kfis neh fij fUia U mikj bgUik ghuia
rhU. kf nkghil mobahna mtj fijf mikjd. a
xUikgho caid sF mtj fij mof tUkhW:

KgJ nfho KfKilah c

bkhw xWilah t

br bkhg bdLilah, v

jid

xWilah.

j tsF tbrhY kbwhU fij:

wehL eyP rhuf

jbkh bgaj ntL

wthj fGila Jf

jbkh aw ntL.

43

Ugjh who maY yaK iuthf tsjd. fhy
gy fl jbkh j a yatiffis VW JiwnjhW
JiwnjhW eF tsJ jiHJ brjJ.
jbkh br,
ciueil vD U toY Jtif yaf kyJsd.


j, jH, jGz, rKjha kWky,
bgLjiy, uhl af jid, bghJilik
Kjadtiw ghujhr fijf btgLd.

vf gift vnfh kiwjh

Fs jHf xwhj fnl

vd jH vGbgw iH ghujhr,
vyhF vyh vUgjhd
lneh elw jita
yhD miy weyij
vdbjW jbahUt brhyh mnf

vd bghJilikia U tuntwh.
fk fijf fnghiu f MJtd;
czbfhs itgd. fiy irJ fahF
brj brhiy kahf bjhLjtD jhndh
vd jhyhL ghoa t,
kif auhf wgjnf - ey
khjt brl ntLkkh
vd gho bg bgUikia ngRwh.
rhiyf gybjhf bgUf ntL
rigfny jbHGJ KHf ntL
vd bjhY jG tsbgWj ntLbkd Uwh.
Ljiy af fPfS xUt ehkf fP.
tj fijf fha jidf wd.
t, jH wig jbkh ikia
nrJ ghodh.
jH vnwh dKL
jna mtbfhU FzKL
mj mtDil bkhahF
mng mtDil tahF.
rKjhaJ mfiws mt, tUkhW
ghosh.
ghlh kfsJ gu ntL
gzbkw nkhf iru ntL.

44

thif wf xbthUtU xU bjhiyahtJ

fWbfhtJ eyJ vd tWJ ehkfyh
fij tUkhW:

ifbjh xiw fWbfh

ftiy cdiy xJbfh.

yt FHij, Koaur Kjnah fijf

gFj nehF KnghF jid jGz
yf fhzyh.
Mynkh wbkhnah gWlh
midbkh ngRjF ehQw
Fila kdnghf thGeho
bjgLnkh bkhz?

mof Koaur jahj jl fhjiy

tWJ.
Rujh fijf a ctikfis fhzyh.
mjdh, mt ctik fP vD wig bgwh.
tuyhW brfS yfz sffS
tj ghlf ililna fyJ tUwd;
mit vik ik xWfyJ bghUbrit
Jzia clhFwd.

Kiynfh fhL nghY

KJnfh flny nghY

brhYnfh u nghY

Jnfh bjw nghY

fnfh fg nghY

fijnfh guz nghY

Ynfh X nghY

sdh; btwh; wh.
thW Rujh, kiwkiyaofshiu ctikfsh
ghuhosh. ghujhrid bjhlJ, aif
mHif vYw gloJ fhLt thjhr
wJ sFwh.
Rjhdj ghuah, gLnfhil fahzRju,
fP fzjhr, jx vd vznwh ku
fijf idJ jHidF nkY tsK td
nrJsd.
45

Jfij
kjFy tsF VwthW jid khwfS r_f khwfS
fj a. jid khw isnt Jfij njhw.
mbkffP thk rha ghuah trd fij vGdh.
ghujhr ciueilf midJ fijeil bfhlit.

ah befis wntL vd U fPU xUnghJ vaiy.

ahid xU jilahf tf idjiy. Mdh, nkiy ehL
ya bjhl, rKjha Niy j abjhU tot njhw
fhuzkhd.
a My fijfis goj jHj jid Jfijf
kyJ kz gud. kufijf ghotj gyiu j Jfij
tif <jJ.
e. r_, Jikj, F.g.uhrnfhghy, f.eh.Ruka
Kjnah bjhlf kbfho vD j Jfij vGd.
d v.ittu, jUK tuhK, k, .R.brygh Kjnah
vGJ vD j Jfijfis giljd.
jfLj iy eh.fhkuhr, uh (.uhnru), ghyRu
ka, th, Fyh, K.nkjh, ituKJ, mJ uFkh, <nuhL jHg
Kja fPU, Jfij ghLt <LgL bgUbt bgwd. nfhit
thdgho FGd Jfijia gutyhf ghLgld.
auR, fifbfhlh, , jehl, mu, rfd,
uu, Ph, gh. braufhr, ugr, ghyh, nfh.uh#huh vd tsU
bgUgoaiy bfhlJ thdgho af. tf tUifF d,
rKjha VWbfhS X ya tifahf Jfij wwJ.
tf tW, W vznwh Jfijfis gilJ tUwd.
Jfij ts tfz gF nghwjfJ.
ViH Foir
mL sF ju
vyhnk vwd.
fij Jfij va totij fhLwJ.
jya cy kufij bgUgFahd lij W
Jfij gbfhoUwJ. iwa fPf nkdhlhiu g
JJ totf fijfis vGtUwhf.

46

m)wtadhf
1. nfhol lij uf.
1. fha fP vd nghwgLgt
.
2. ctikfP
Mth.
3. Jfij ts
gF nghwjfJ.
2. ntWik cUig nrbjGJf.
1. thdgho af Jfij ts
JizjJ. (I/M/F)
2. kbfho vD j
Jfijfis giljd. (I//F)
3. ilnfw dh mikf.
1. ghujhr _leiffis rhodh.
2. Ugjh whil ciueilfhy vW tHFnwh.
4. riH vGJf.
1. va kfis neh fij fUia U mikj bgUik ghuia
rhU.
2. ghujhrid bjhlJ thjhr aif mHif gloJ
fhLwh.
M)FWdhf
1. Ugjh whL ya tsg vGJf.
2. ciueil fhy vJ? V?
3. fk fgJF rhW jUf.
4. Rujh ctikfP vd ghuhlgLtnj?
)Wdhf
1. Jfijia tsj jf ahit?
2. rKjha nkghLF ehkfyh TW miu ahJ?
3. ghujhr fij nghidg vGJf.
<)beLdhf
1. fhy kufP vtnuD eht fwij sFf.
2. Jfij njh tsjKiwg vGJf.
ckiyny CW mUf
xnu t fyFJ
xWik yh kjFy
ca jh tsFJ.

fS Jfij vGjyhnk!

- gLnfhil fahzRju

47

kh dhf

Jizghl

fzjhr fg

cyFF cghwiy tHF PhW xUnghJ kiwtiy. mjid
nghnw ya tsbfhF bkhfY, cJos fPf
ilawhJ njhWwhf. mtf, mbkhf fSF xo
tUwhf. mtf thG fhy NHYnfg jj fijfis
gilJ fhyijbtW iyJ whf.
Ugjh whL
j fPf tir jdbfW j Kiuia gjt
fauR fzjhr. va brhfis bfhL csij kF
ghlfis aa bgUik fzjhrDF cL.
jGz
brj brhbyLJ
ir bjhLng - tz
rjny fij rubjhLng
vd jfij vGj bjhl jjhJ bfhl gdh,
fbtoJ HH
flbfhJ Nnlw
KJikF ygu
Kjgu njhl
etUK kztUK
eytsj jHznf!
vd beFU jjh giHikia giwrhWwh.

48

tha jid
thif thifia ga jidfSnk fijFa
bghUfsh. gK JgK iwjitjh thif; ulid
VF kdW bgWtnj mikahd thF t.
thif vwh Mu UF
thr njhW ntjid UF
tj Jg vJbt whY
tho wh XLt iy
vij jhF ja Ujh
W tiuF mik UF.

gRikkhwh id
g, f fia KoJ brY fhy, khztfSfhf
eljbgW ilbgW Hh fyJbfhnth midtiu beHitF
ghliy fzjhr ash.
gRik iwj idfns!
gho j gwitfns!
gH fj njhHfns!
gwJ brnwh - eh
gwJ brnwh
...
...
...
vj C vj eho vW fhnghnkh?
FHij
FWFW elJ Wif o kHiy bkhngR FHijna xU fij.
mFHijia ctF fzjhr mHfhd ghliy gho kHyh.
Kjhd Kjynth jJ tj Kjynth
flhd kyuynth fljj bghUsynth
dW wFbfhl fhu lynth
brkhJis sJ JtU gynth
khtL fzynth ikdh bkhaynth
bghJilik
Rul, tWik Mad f, rkJt Xf bghJik cznt
VwJ vgjid fzjhr tWsh.
49

ghlYs eif ekF cu, mF tjl vW mGjkhf

g brwh.

vyhU vyhK bgwntL - F

yhik yhj iyntL
tyh bghUFF jilik
tuntL Ueho bghJilik.
fijf brhygL fUJfis fhoY, mfUJfis btgLj
fP ifahS KiwfS aikahjd. fij eil vgJ, fij
bghUY mjid btgLJ bkhY mikJsJ.
Xirea
cHt bgUkf ynj vGw gntW Xirf iabjhil
ireaK xJ xwd.

fhis knahir; fsJk benyhir

thiH iynahir; taif tisnahir
jhiH klnyhir; jhaj knjhir
nfh Funyhir; FHath njndhir.
Xir vD brhiy gyKiw gagL bghUeaK Xir ik
bghUJkhW fP ghosh.
brhyh
fijF _ybghU brhf. a jbrhfsha kf,
fPfsh ifahsgLbghGJ mit gil lbgW xRwd.
jifa brhyhfis fzjhr fijf fhzyh.
cikia brh eikia brjh
cyf cl kaF - iy
caUnghJ g bfhlh
cf cid tzF.
fzjhr - gilfS wfS
Kijah vw abga bfhl fzjhr, tfif khtlYs
WTlgo vD 24.06.1927mW wjh.
bgnwh rhjg - rhyh Mt.
fzjhr fijf gy
bjhFfshf bttJsd. mtj iugl ghlf totbgWsd.
Mld Mk, khf, fyFo
Kjad mt gilj beLfij f.

khfha,

naRfha

uhrjlid vgJ, fg - mfhg tuyhiw mogilahf

bfhL, mt gilj a ehlf.
50

Mu mfaf, ntyFo UHh Kja gy dfis

fzjhr gilUwh. mt vGa UgJF nkgl df
nrukh fhj wj tuyhW dkhF. mjF rha mfhj
gR ilJsJ.
fzjhr bjw, Kiy, fzjhr, j ky Kja jf
bjhl, mtWF Mauhf UJ wj jg Msh.

eh ujukhdt mtiy

vjiyY vdF kuziy.

- fzjhr

kh dhf
beLdhf
1. fzjhr jGzit vd btgLJwh?
2. fzjhr tha jidia sFf.
nfL kf.
fP fzjhr brhyh wig btgLJ nj, fh
vD ia brhf mikj ghlfis nfL kf.

eLt mu Wtdkhd rha mfhj

MLnjhW a bkhf cs wj yafis
bjbrJ UJ tHtUwJ.
cdF bjj jf bgafis vGJf.
5.
1.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.

51

fijY ciueilY brhbghY iugl JiwY

jkbfd xU a tid tFJbfhL jiyJ wt
fzjhr. mt, j fijfsh vbwW thJbfhoUwh.

yfz

brh
(gfhgj, gFgj)

X vGjhdJ jnjD, xWF nkgl vGJf bjhlnjD
xU bghUis czJkhdh, mJ brh vdgL.

gj, bkh, s vgd brh vgj ntW bgaf. gj vgJ gfhgj,
gFgj vd UtifgL.

gfhgj

jh bghU juhj brh gfhgj vdgL. bga, id, il, c
Mat mogil gfhgj ehYtifgL.

1. bga gfhgj

- ku, eh,

2. id gfhgj

- c, fh, vL

3. il gfhgj

- , k, w

4. c gfhgj

- rhy, e, fo, cW

( ilbrhY cbrhY gfhgjfshfnt UF. )

gFgj

gF, F, iliy
(gFgj-faYgj).

vd

fgL

gj

gFgj

vdgL.

gFgj bgagFgj, idgFgj vd UtifgL.

bgagFgj : bghU, l, fhy, id, Fz, bjh vD Mw
moahf njhWtJ bgagFgj.
(v.fh.) 1. bghd
= bgh + + m ( - uojJ )
bgh vD bghUbga moahf wjJ.

2. Cu

C + m

C vD lbga moahf wjJ.

3. Miuah

Miu + +M

( - clgLbk )

Miu vD fhybga moahf wjJ.

4. fz

f + + m ( - uojJ )

f vD idbga moahf wjJ.

52


5. fa
= fUik + m
fUik vD gbga moahf wjJ.

6. eof
= eo + +m ( - bga iliy )
eoj vD bjhbga moahf wjJ.

idgFgj : gF, F,
idKW, idgFgj vdgL.

iliy

Kjadthf

gFfgL

brjh = br + + M

brjh vD idK br vD gF bjhiy, vD
iliy wjfhyij, M vD F Mghiy Fwd.

gF, F, iliy, r, rhia, fhu vD MW cWfS gFgj
cWf MF.
1. gF : gFgj Kj W bghU jU Kjiyia gF vg.
gF bgUghY Vt idahf tU.

gojh

go vgJ gF

Xodh

XL vgJ gF

tjh

th vgJ gF

2. F : gFgj W gJ F vdgL. J iz, gh, v, l

Matiw fhL.

eljh

M -

Mgh F

eljh

- bggh F

eljd

gygh F

eljJ

xwgh F

eljd

gygh F

3. iliy : gFF FF il tUtJ iliy vdgL.

iliy fhy fhLtjdh fhyfhL iliy vd TWt.
m) ffhy iliyf

W, W, MW vgd ffhy iliyf.

cwh

= c + W + M

cwh

c + W + M

czhwh

MW

c + MW + M

53

gFgj cWf

M) wjfhy iliyf

, , , vgd wjfhy iliyf.

ghjh

gh + + + M

clh

c + + M

btwh

bt () + + M

ghodh

ghL + + M

) vfhy iliyf

, vgd vfhy iliyf.

cgh

c + + M

tUth

th (tU) + + M

<) vkiw iliyf

, m, M Kjad vkiw iliyf.

coy

c + + + m

fhzy

m =

fh + m + m

ghuh

gh + M + M

4. r

gFF iliyF il tJ rf itgJ r.

J, ylf gFF FF ilY tU.

ghwh =

gh + + W + M

gojh

go + + + M

5. rhia

bgabrhiy idbrhiy rhJ tUtJ rhia vdgL. ~J
iliyF FF il tU.

cld =

c + + m + m

m, M, , m, mW, W, mJ, m Kjad rhiaf.

6. fhu

gF, iliy, F nghwit nrUnghJ il VgL khWghL
fhu vdgL.

tjh vD brh cs th vD gF t vd FiwJ fhu
MW.

54

1. tU brhf gFia vLbjGJf.

m) flh

M) nflh

) tjh

<) vGdh

2. bjhlyhj brhiy tlLf.

m)

ghjh,

M) ghLwh,

brhdh,

bgwh,

elgh.

eojh,

eowh,

wh.

kh dhf

1. nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.

gFgj MF.

1.

fz vgJ

m) bghUbga

2.

ilbrhf

m) gF

3.

kJiuah

m) bghU

4.

gFgj Fiwjs Ufntoa cWf

m) gF, r

5.

Vt idahf miktJ

m) bgagFgj

6.

vD vkiw iliy mikJs idbrh

m) nfsh

7.

brjh - brh mikJs iliy

m)

M) gbga

) idbga

gj MF.
M) gfh

bgagFgj MF.
M) id
M) iliy, rhia

) l
.
) gF, F

MF.
M) idgFgj
M) thuh
M)

) vJiy
) foy
.
)

2. bghUJf.

m)

bghUbga gFgj

bridah

lbga gFgj

_f

fhybga gFgj

bghd

idbga gFgj

iuah

55

m) wtadhf

MFbga
vz, vLj, Kfj, l

ah

fbga ehL.

kilg ah btwJ.

U bjhlfY mikJs ah vD brhiy cWnehFf.

Kj bjhl cs ah lij FwJ. ulh bjhl
cs ah, a ufis FwJ. thW xU bghU bga,
jdFa bghUis Ffhk jndhL bjhlila ntbwhU bghUSF
bgauh tUtJ MFbga vdgL.
MFbga tiff
MFbga gdhW tifgL.
mtW bghUshFbga Kjyhd
MW MFbgaiu vlh tF fUf. w MFbgafis F
ffUf. msit FF bgafis msit bgaf vg.
vz msit, vLj msit, Kfj msit, l msit vd
msitbgaf ehtifgL.
1. vz msit MFbga : xW bgwh x ka.
bjhl xW vD vQbga, mbtQF bjhlila
FHijF bgauh tjJ. ~J vz msit MFbga.
2. vLj msit MFbga : IJ nyh vd iy?
bjhl nyh
vD vLj msit bga, mtsit
Ffhk, mtsila bghUSF ( m, gU.... ) MtjJ. vdnt,
~J vLj msit MFbga.
3. Kfj msit MFbga : ehYl njit.
bjhl l vD Kfj msitbga, mtsit Ffiy.
mtsila be, vbz, gh KjatW xWF MtjJ. vdnt,
J Kfj msit MFbga.
4. l msit MFbga : _W

bfhL.

bjhl, _W l vgJ, mtsila msnfhiy FfhJ,

mjdh o msfbgW JF M tjJ. vdnt, J l msit
MFbga.
F : xWbfhL, ehYnyh jh, uL l njit, IJ KH ntL

56

vgdnghy tU msbjhlf MFbgauh. xU khgH bfhL, uL

nyh be ntL vgd MFbgauhfh.
bghUKj MnwhL msit brhjh
fU fha fUj M
xw bgauh mjia ij
bjhKiw ciugd MF bganu. - e}, 290
g : fhQ bjhlfYs MFbgafis tlLf.

m) uL l nghJkh?

M) IJ l vd iy?

kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.
ehYuL brhYFW - bjhl

MF.

m) Kfjysit MFbga ) lysit MFbga

M) vzysit MFbga
2. nfhol lij uf.
MFbgauhF.

_W l jh vgJ
3. bghUJf.

1. Kfj msit MFbga - jiyF xU gH bfhL.

2. vLj msit MFbga - uL l jh.
3. vz msit MFbga - MW KH bfhL.
4. l msit MFbga - gJ nyh bfhL.
M) FWdhf
1. MFbga vwh vd? vLJfhL jUf.
2. msit bgaf ahit?
3. lysit MFbgaUF vLJfhL jJ sFf.
4. Kfj msit MFbga vwh vd?

57

bghUnfh
MWbghUnfh, bkhkhWbghUnfh, uiwbghUnfh

xU br cs fisnah mofisnah bghU czF Vwtif
mikJbfhS Kiwia bghUnfh (bghU bfhS Kiw) vd tHFt.

bghUnfh vtifgL.

1. MWbghUnfh

2. bkhkhWbghUnfh

3. uiwbghUnfh

4. LbghUnfh

5. jhirbghUnfh

6. miskghbghUnfh

7.

8. mokkhWbghUnfh

bfhLTLbghUnfh

1. MWbghUnfh

ilawhJ brY MWiunghy ghl brhf K khwhJ nenu
brW bghUbfhtJ MWbghUnfhshF.
(v.fh.)

bghth Ijjh bgh xGf

bewh Lth th.

- Fw, 6

bghth Ijjh - bk, th, f, _F, br vD Ibghf
tahfbfhl Itif Mirfisl iwtdJ; bgh xGfbe wh
- bkahd xGf be wt; L thth - Ly vW W tht.
Fwgh bghth vd bjhl, Lthth vgJ tiuYs brhf
Kdhf khw bgwhk bjhlahf mikJ bghUbfhS tif
mikJsd. Mj ghl, MWbghUnfh MW.
2. bkhkhWbghUnfh

Xuo cs brhfis, mitjU bghUSF Vg kh TWj
bkhkhWbghUnfh vd tHfgL.
(v.fh.)

RiuahH m jg tiuaida
ahidF J KaF iybag
fhdf ehl Rid.

ghliy mgona gojh bghU bj UfhJ.

jid Riu jg,
m MH, ahidF iy, KaF (Ka) J vd mjj moYs brhfis
Kdhf kh bghUbfhSj ntL.
3. uiwbghUnfh

br Uw brhfis Kiwkhwhk, tirahf
bghUbfhtJ uiwbghUnfh MF.

58

mikJ

(v.fh.) m mwD ciljh thif

g gaD mJ.

- Fw, 45
Fwgh mF g, mwJF gaD
mikJsjdh, ghl uiwbghUnfh MW.

uiwahf

tJ

kh dhf
m) wtadhf

nfhol lij uf.

1. bghUnfh

tifgL.

3. RiuahH m jg vD br mo
tJsJ.
M) FWdhf

1. bghUnfh vwh vd? m~J vjid tifgL?

2. MWbghUnfhSF rhWjJ sFf.

3. bkhkhWbghUnfhSF rhWjJ sFf.

4. uiwbghUnfhSF rhW jUf.

tFgiwwf

gilghw
aif jiy ghl xW vGJf.

ngRj w
vdF oj fP - vD jiy IJ kJ ngRf.

59

gW

2. ghl brhf Kiwkhwhk, tirahf mikJ bghUbfhtJ

.

ea ghuhLj
ghliy goJ mj ea ghuhLf.
Ugif u Ubsd jik
fU fhtndh vwJ Uiw
ifah kh ilJ fy
bkah jbga a thar
gjba irY jnah LjY
- kndhka bg.Rjudh

bghU ea
USF gift fut. mt jik Ubsd v
fhJLthndh vd fhff IaKW wFfis glglbtd j kh
gLkhW moJbfhL fh fh vd fiujgo irbaF gwnjhod.
(thar - fhf; u Na; iw wif)
m ea
fhiyntis fhff iunjl gwJbrtJ aghd f.
fut USF gift; Mjyh, jhK fa wJl Ugjdh
U vd v jik fhJLthndh vd IaKW gwjd
vd fP, j fgidia mjnk V TWwh. nkY, fhff
wfoF aghd braiy kh moJbfhtjhf TWtJ
fP fgidna. thW, ghl jFngw m wghf
gilfgLsJ.
bjhil ea : nkhidbjhil
Ugif u Ubsd
fU fhtndh, ifah... fy
tof f Kj vGJ x nkhidbjhil mikJsJ.
movJifbjhil: U-fU vd ulhbkGJ x movJifahf
gj- j vd buJifahf vJifbjhil mikJsJ.
g : ghliy goJ mj ea ghuhLf.
th fsjoF tj nfhilF
ngh wJ bghthF-Uw
brnfhy nk Ukiyuh atiu
itnfhY khahid ah.
- fhsnkf yt

60

bkhw g
m)

ntbrhfis idKwhFf.
( ngh )

1. eh ehis rijF

( f )

2. khztf g f

( W )

3. ahid dbfhL

4. njFuhrh ghuhrh Fiuia

5. am

( mlF )

neiwa fhgJngho bt

( bgW )

M) milFF cs brhfis brhbwhlUnfg khWf.

tJ ngUij of ayiy. ( iu )
nfLbfhnw. (jiyt)

2. khztfSF grFkhW
3. FHijf

kahij jUj ntL. ( bgnwh )

wF fhUj ntL. ( v )

4. mL ewhf
5. vY

filoj ntL. ( vik )

) bgaburij idKwhf kh vGJf.

(v.fh.) td f nrhiy. nrhiy td fJ.
1. J Xoa kh.
2. f j gH.
3. ghl goj itfiwbr.
4.

jtwhj kd.

5. neW bgj kiH.

<) idKiw bgaburkhf khWf.
(v.fh.)

neW kaHf tjh. neW tj kaHf.

1. vy gl tiujh.
2. mgh d bfhlh.
3. v ghig flh.
4. Fiu iuthf XoaJ.
5. FuFf jh Fjd.
c) khs brhfis KiwgL

vGJf.

1. HF irF bga cw PhW.

2. wl JgJF nrhgny ikF.
3. bghbr kUJ kdnk vw nghJ.
61

1. mt

jbHfis mnth
51

51

61

61

71

71

81

81

91

91

52

52

62

62

72

72

82

82

92

92

53

53

63

63

73

73

83

83

93

93

54

54

64

64

74

74

84

84

94

94

55

55

65

65

75

75

85

85

95

95

56

56

66

66

76

76

86

86

96

96

57

57

67

67

77

77

87

87

97

97

58

58

68

68

78

78

88

88

98

98

59

59

69

69

79

79

89

89

99

99

60

60

70

70

80

80

90

90

100

100

g
51

61

71

81

91

52

62

72

82

92

53

63

73

83

93

54

64

74

84

94

55

65

75

85

95

56

66

76

86

96

57

67

77

87

97

58

68

78

88

98

59

69

79

89

99

60

70

80

90

100

Lgl jbHfis uf.

1. 51,
2. 91, 92,

, 53,
,

, 55,
,

, 57,
, 96,

fLiu g: fhyij btY f

62

,
,

,
, 99,

.
.

foj vGJj g : kh foj

bjU sF gGJ fnto tha brabghahsUF
TL zg tiuf.
mDe

uhr. jbrt,
bray,

fy ef kf kw,

fy ef,

kJiu - 625 002.
bgWe
brabghahs,
jehL tha,
kJiu - 625 002.

kFp,
bghU :

fy ef gF sF gGJ f ntLj -
rhghf.

----*---
fy ef gF flj U khjfshf bjUsFf vaiy.
u neu gF UNJ fhzgLwJ. mjid gagL
r_fJF vuhd Fwf mtnghJ eilbgWwd. mjdh, gF
kf bgJ JggLwd. vdnt, bjU sFfis gGJf
ca eltoif vLFkhW jfis nfLbfhnw.
kJiu,

jf ciks,

14. 04. 2015.

uhr. jbrt

Ckf ifbahg
1.
2.
3.
ciwnk Kft:
bgWe
brabghahs,

jehL tha,

kJiu 625 002.
63

F : ( foj vGJnghJ vGJnth Kft, eh, l, j Kiw,

fojbghU (m) br, ifbahg, bgWe Kft tiw juhk
vGJj ntL.)
g

1. Fotr nto Fotha brabghahsUF

2. rhiytr nto khefuh MizaUF

3. yf mikJju khtl MaUF

4. RWNHiy bfLF bjhrhiy ntlhbtd khtl MaUF

g
bgnwhiu kjY cjjY
KyD vyD goJbfhoUjd. jhah FH rikJbfhoUjh.
mnghJ miHk xjJ.
Kyh! ah tUwh, gh, vwh FH. nghkh, eh goJ
bfhoUnw; vdh KoahJ vd TL gogjid bjhljh.
~J mtDF jW.
mkhnth mghnth vj ntiyia bra brhdhY mtDila
cldo g vdh KoahJ vgJjh. mjfhf Vnjh xU fhuz brh,
mntiyia jofgh; VjhtJ brhdh vJ ngRth.
Mdh, vy bgnwhF njitahd cjf brth. Ky
aig mj vy vGJbrW fjit wjh. mYtyfUJ,
mgh tUjh. mkh! mgh tJlh vd cuf TL miwF
brwh.

1. Ky gHf KiwahdJjhdh? fhuz TWf.

2. bgnwhiu vJ ngR gHf cst Ky - tidg

E fUij vGJf.

3. , c bgnwhl vj elJbfhwh?

4. c bgnwhUF br cjf vit?

5. vy goJbfhoUgjid LL fjit wjJ

Kiwjhdh?

64

thifw
KobtLj w
xgjh tF goF btbrt isahoY wJ sdh.
mtDF nj beUbfhoUwJ.
xUeh clf Ma mtid miHJ, kahd br
btbrth! mLjthu g khztfSF ilna J
nja msyhd ifgJ ngho eilbgwsJ.

mt bgnwh, mbjyh xW ntlh; gogJjh Ka. Vnjh

g isahLwh, n g h d h n g h f L v Ujh , F
n g h w h d h . m t s b j h i y cid jahf mDgKoahJ.
vfshY JizF tuayhJ vd ltlkhf Tld.
Ma th iljfaJ vwh.
bgnwh ntlnt ntlh vwd.
btbrt vfhy wf, f egfSl fyJiuaho
eybjhU KobtLf.
kf
fhyjuhik
mbkfh FoauRjiytuhf Uj thl vnghJ fhy
fU bragLth.
neuij zhFtJ mtUF ofhJ.
vj xU Hhthf UjhY, Fj neuJF Kng brW Lth.
tHfnghy xUeh ehlhSkwJF tjh.
jbrayhs D tuiy.

Mdh, mtUila

y lfSF wF gugul tj brayhs, Iah vid

kf ntL. vDila fofhu bkJthf XLtjdh, tUtjF
J neukh lJ vwh.
thl jbrayhsiu ghJ, xW cf fofhuij khLf
myJ eh cfis khw ntoUF, vwh.

65

jHf rhghf e gUJ njbragoUwh. mjF

JF bryntL. c bgnwhl TL vwh.

bkhahf brf.

Asoka was one of the best kings in the worlds history. He hated
war. His reign was a reign of peace. He became a Buddhist and sent out
missionaries all over India. His aim was to get Darma into the hearts of
all his people.
izahd jgHbkhia mf.

1. Crying child will get milk.

mGj is gh FoF.

2. Make hay while the sun shines.
fhWsnghnj bfh.

3. The childhood shows the man.
is g Kisnyna bj.

4. All is well that ends well.
Kjnfhz KY nfhz.

5. A Good marksman may miss.

MidF mo rWF.
mJbfhf.
Kjyhd, Kja, Ma - brhf gaghL

xU bjhF cstiw RLnghJ Kjikahdjid kL Ro,

mjndhL bjhlila wtiw RlhjnghJ Kjyhd (mJ bjhl) vD
brhiy gagLJj ntL.
xU bjhF cst midij RlhJ, mjndhL bjhlila
ytiwnah gytiwnah kL RLnghJ Kja vD brhiy
gagLJj ntL.
xU bjhF cst mjndhL bjhlila midij
KGikahf RLnghJ Ma vD brhiy gagLJj ntL.
(v.fh.)
1. eh xGf wJ sf UFw Kjyhd mwfis fw
ntL.
2. eh ggho wJ sf eiz, FWbjhif, IFWW Kja
vLbjhif fis fw ntL.
3. a, ir, ehlf Ma KjiH ngh tsj ntL.

66

tsu braghLf
nfl w

braghL - 1

Gs ciugia gof nfL dhfSF ilaf.

gdhF taJ Wt, Vfiu cs ntgku H cfhJ,
FR JFJ brtjid, mJ UF jiyHhf brW
kiwtjid fhwh. fhia fL cs vGj czfis
Wt fijahf vGJwh.

Jnt mWt Kjfij. mWtjh iwa jiyKiw

kf fP vd nghwgL gLnfhil fahzRju Mth.

ghntj ghujhrl Kiwahf ghl nfl t, ghl aW
Mwiy gogoahf tsJ bfhlh. 1954M Mo goj bg vD
iuglJF KjKiwahf ghl vGdh.

t ghoa,
njdhW ghJ brfU rhJ
MdhY kf tW fhJ

vD ghl tfis nfl njhH thdj, L njha ghualh

vd fahzRjuij ghuhodh.
dhf :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

fahzRju vj ta j Kjfijia adh?

fahzRjuJF tHfgL milbkh vd?
fahzRju ahl ghl nflh?
fahzRjuij njhH thdj vthW ghuhodh?
fahzRju brhj C vJ?
ngRj w

braghL - 2

fP fzjhrDl nefhz fJtJ nghw ciuahl nH

bfhLfgLsJ. mjid tF ngRf.
khzt:

Iah. . . tzf. jfis ne fL ciuahLt vdF

klw k.

fzjhr: tzf, j. vdF cfis nghw khztfSl ngRtJ

vwh kjh. mgo ngRnghJ vdF v gfhy

idF tJLwJ.

67

Xongh Xongh bfil Fnr - fiu

Xu nkahnj bfil Fnr
o fhu tU neukhR - buhg
J Ffhnj bfil Fnr.

khzt:
fzjhr:





khzt:
fzjhr:


khzt:

fzjhr:



khzt:

fzjhr:


khzt:
fzjhr:

khzt:

fzjhr:





khzt:

mgoah!. . . jf g thifiag TWf.

vf C xU rny VLgTl xW UjJ.
ehYta mgjh v bjhlff
bjhlaJ. mLJ, My gTl x gonj.
mF g flz _W %gh. mjgzij
flKoahk gyKiw btnamDggnl; UD,
VHhtFtiu mg gonj.
wF. . .
wF, mkuht FUFy cs X co ciwlg,
VHh tFtiu goj vid, Ijh tFjh nrJ
bfhlhf. mg v go bjhljJ.
Iah!. . . jfSF ghl vGJ Mt vnghJ njhaJ
vgJg TWf.
vGJtjF Kdh, thbdh nfgY fis gogYjh
vdF Mt F. thbdh ghlfis nfLnfnl,
mtiw ghl eh fWbfhnl; uhffis
bjJbfhnl.
jfSF fis goF Mt F vd Tfns,
mjidg.....
Mkh, j! gJ guL ta eht gog vdF
bfhis Mir. rugh fijfis ggh
fijfis U gong.
vj ta ghl vGf?
guL tanyna vdF vGJ Mw Ugjid
cznj.
jhf mj ta vGa ghlY vGa lK id
csjh?
vf C CUfiu cfhJjh ghl vGJnt.
zh fhd oK nflJ
fzh j fhJF ik
f fiyjJ J vGnj
gLif Unj gUnd mKj
j ehYtjh id csJ, j.
jfij cy khbgU kd f! jfisngh
vfSF ghl vGj Mt. tfhLfsh?

fzjhr:

j. . . W eilna fis goF gHf FiwJbfhnl

tUwJ. neuij zhfhk cfsh Kojtiu ey ey
fis gof. bt bgWtjfhd Kjgo mJjh; mLJ,
cfis R ftjid cWnehFf; w gL

68



khzt:
fzjhr:

JgK JauK cfSFnejjhf czUf;

vGJf. cf bga jya tuyh lbgW.
vdbfd neu xJ kd wJ ngf. f e, Iah!
f k.

goj w - thL goj

braghL - 3

yf aJ; Ys th ikilJ;
fhW J. J. y J.
PhW eW. fS eW. thdJ Rlfbsyh f ad.
kiH J. d J. o J.

kj f a. M eW. bg J. FHij g.
sik J. KJik eW. c eW.
cl eW. yf f ad. c RitilaJ.
kd nj. m nj. cz mKj. cznt mKj. cz bjt.
kd bjt. j bjt. c bjt.
fhL, kiy, mU, MW, fl, y, , fhW, , th, PhW, f,
thdJ Rlf - vyh bjtf.
- ghuah, trdfij
mfu tirgLJj

braghL - 4

fhQ brhfis mfutir vGJf.

bjg, igj, UHh, Jkid, ija, bghJilik, nghuhl, ik,
ghuhL, J.
j -
,
,
,
,
g -

brhtjid vGJj

,
braghL - 5

fhQ ciugia brhy nfL vGJf.

cyFF cghwiy tHF PhW xUnghJ kiwtiy. mjid
nghnw ya tsbfhF bkhfY, cJos fPf
ilawhJ njhWwhf. mtf, mbkhf fSF xo
tUwhf. mtf thG fhy NHYnfg jj fijfis
gilJ fhyijbtW iyJ whf.

69

fl J. kiy J. fhL eW. MWf ad.

cnyhfK kuK bro bfho kyU fh f ad.

njbjLJ vGJj

braghL - 6

ghlYFa jiyig njbjLJ vGJf.

( tUj, vGJf, fofhu, khR )

m.

gyUF X neu
fhLwJ
jh XbtLfhk.

M.

fhj bjho
F FHijf.

f D
f brJ jjd
fl f.

<.

. . . . . .
kyu kyu tho nghdJ
fh Kf.

bkhw g

braghL - 7

fhQ ciug nfhol lf ca Tlbgafis vG uf.

(v.fh.) kuf mlj nrhiy k mft F TaJ.

g LKiw j mij LF tj v, tabtia R

flh. ta xUw
ghf brwh. mF ML
be
fhzglJ. mjid ghJbfhnl brw v
mU Uj, bjd
F EiHjh. ku njfh
ahf bjhFtjid flh. th gwit
gwJ
brtjid fl v f kjh. mF kuH cfhUj
ahFtjid flh.
xU W kyfisbayh nfhJ
(njh, Tl, khiy, kij, Fa, FiyFiy)
flj

braghL - 8

flf kiwJs fhyfPf bgafis tlLf.

gh

kh

Ph

yh

gh

gh

lh

fh

jh

uh

bfh

#h

if

nk

jh

uh

it

th

70

iH vGJj

braghL - 9

fhQ bjhl tz vGJfYs brhf iHahf csd. mjid

U vGJf.

mJ bfhnth

braghL - 10

ehY ntj M eit Mf

nt mdt kiynk csh
Nj mU Jiw Kdh
th vW csh tu Mwyh.

- fg, fguhkhaz.
nkfl ghl lbgWs ehY ntj vD brh cs ehY
vgJ ehF vD vQbga fhukhF. itkLk ehYKfjh,
ehY ir, ehY u, ehY thr, ehY fiy, ehY eh, ehYngiu, ehY bjU, ehY
tF vd U_y, snfhtof, fg, xsitah, godjh, ghuah,
ghujhr Kjnah ghlf ehY vD brhny vLjhsgLsjid
fhzyh. uhl bkhf xyfz vD iy vGa fhLbt, ehF
vgj mogilna ehY vd FJsh.
g
m) fhQ brhbwhlf ehY vD brh milbkhahf tUgo vGJf.
(v.fh.) filF brw tsk, ehYnyh m ntLbkd nflh.
1. Ukifahth MRf, kJuf, uf, jhuf vd

2.
3.
4.

5.

fY wJ sdh.
ehF kiw vgjid fg
ntj vd FLwh.
HF, nkF, tlF, bjF vd
ir csd.
ntiyF brtjF Ughj kfid ghJ, mt jh
fhR
ciHJ bgwhjh midtU cid kg vd Tdh.
ahid
fh yFfS xW.

71

(v.fh.) midtU w tFF jtwhk tUif j ntL.

Uj : midtU w tFF juhk tUif j ntL.
1. K. tujuhrdh jhbkhJ Fj mfiu bfhlt.
2. fis u F J neu isgh brnthkh?
3. j dhF ca ilia idTw Kokh?
4. fF vis iy.
5. Fkzts, yt bgUudh taiyia fL kd
wdh.

M) ghlY ehY vD brh vbfF lbgWsJ vd flJ vGJf.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
1 1 = 1

m)bghUjhj izia flf.

1. Wgr_y - fhahrh

2. Phduj

- ghuah

3. vGJ

- . R. brygh

4. FghL

- fzjhr

M)bghUJf.

5 1 = 5

1. vf gift vnfh kiwjh

Fs jHf xwhj fnl

- fk

2. rigfny jbHGJ KHfntL

- ehkf fP

3. ghlh kfsJ gu ntL

- ghuah

4. vyhU vyhK bgwntL

- ghujhr

5. wehL eyP rhuf

jbkh bgajntL

- fzjhr

) bjhlf cs MFbgaf tiffis flf.

1. IJF gJF ntiy bra M iy.

2. cgJ eh; cLgit uL.

3. vL KH th th.

4. nyh vd iy?

72

4 1 = 4

a _W

br

X gaD!
Xthf Uif j

Xa tiuJ gHF!

njhL cs mHF!

ghfS a gHF ey

ghliy gho kth!

jhFW Jg ah - ir

j khJ nghF!

* ma M brth

mwhl br gogh!

brW cw m cs

brGik t bgWth!

kUJt f fgh cl

kdY njJ fgh!

Ujbk f mth tU

ik bgh fisth! *
- bgUudh

73

iknah lik nrU! - eF

bghU
khztfns! Xthf UF neu Xa tiua fWbfhlh
a vzfS mik nrJ cs mHF btgl, mJ fhuzkhf
mik.
j ghlf vGj ghl gHbfhSf; irj ikah
th Jgf bjhiyJnghF.

ma Mfis nkbfhSf; mwhl ffis brjh

thyhf mJbfhSf; cyfffis mtj_y mw
nkgL; cs tsK tik bgW wF; kUJt fis
kdey fis goJ bjJbfhSf; mit cliy, csij
ghJfhf Jiz.
f thifF cj jJt fis fwh, mjt ikia
bghikia LJ eth thHyh.
vdnt, VLfl fiya bjhf ma jid
Ujh, f th btbgwyh; Mjyh, Xneuij gaDs tif
bryL th tsbgWf.
Ma F : ghtynuW bgUudh abga
Jiu.khf. tuJ C nry khtlYs
rKu. tj bgnwh Jiurh, Frkh Mt.
10.03.1933mW wj t, 11.06.1995M eh kiwjh.
frhW, Iia, bfhahf, ghabfhJ,
ggwitf, wha Kja gy fis
ash. bjbkh, jL, jy
Ma jf_y cyf jHilna jGzit
cUthf t ghLglh.
F: ghl, ggwitf vD
FHijghl bjhF ulh gF
lbgWsJ. Ys ghlf gy
bjbkh, jL Ma jf bttjit.
FRfSF, gwitfSF, kbkhkhiy
vd Kthf mikJsJ.

74

kh dhf
m) wtadhf
nfhol lij uf.
1. irah

kiwJ nghF.

2. cyf ffis mjh

nkgL.

3. VL fal

fa njit.

4. ggwitf vD

thf mikJsJ.

M)FWdhf
1. bgUudh F vGJf.
3. fgidw tsu vd brantL?
4. mw nkgL t ahJ?
5. vnghJ eth thHyh vd bgUudh TWwh?
)Wdhf
1. X neuij gaDsjhF tfshf bgUudh TWtd ahit?
2. th btbgWtjfhd tf ahit?
<)beLdh
X gaD g bgUudh fUJfis bjhFJiuf.
mJbfhf.
vQ bgafSFa vzilf
vQ
bgaf
xW
uL
_W
ehF
IJ
MW
VG
vL
gJ

vzilf
xU, X
U, <
_, K
eh, ehY
I
mW
vG, V
v
g, g

vLJfhL
xUt, xU ku, X c
Ut, Utif, <buGJ
_t, Kj
eht, ehYeh
It, IbgUfha
mWt, mWgil
vGt, Vir
vk, voir
gk, gUt

75

g
xW + vGJ
=
uL + ML =
_W + f
=
ehF + t =
IJ + tif =
MW + fh =
VG + VG =
vL + nguha =
gJ + IJ =

2. cs mHF vnghJ btgL?

Uisahl uhz
- gunrh Kt

Uthyth fhl
( jUF bgh mj gly )

Kfij RUf
vehltF bghJthf Ugjdh, bjdho jDila mU
isahliy fat bjdhLila tbgUkh. jytf
iwtDF jGF cs izig cWgLjnt Uisahl
uhz Kja uhzfis aajhf bfhsyh.
yt, jyik wij ma iwtid nto rfgyifia
bgwd. rfyt ehgbjk fUJnghiu f iwtnd
jiyikytuh vGjUdh. mtiu nrJ rfyt
ehgbjhgk Md. rka ta nrfughoa kf
ta Nlhkghoa kJiu murh bghWig Vwh. mt,
iwtDF rgfkhiy rh tglfU rgf ejtdij
VgLdh.
jdh, Nlhk ghoaDF rgf ghoa vD bga
tHfyhW. mt xU rka, j fhj kidl rgftdJF
brwh. mntis bkbyd Fj sbjw Jkzij
aJ. mgobahU kzij Jtiu Efuhj ghoa kd X
Ia vGjJ. mJ jjh vgjid sFtnj e ghlgFahF.
iwtl jU ntl
1.

Ia ahit m nabfhyh
itia ehlt kdf UJz(J)
ca nthf iubj dfU
bra ntLbk uJ brdh.

bghU : iwtl jU, vyhtiw mj iwtnd! f,

ghoa Iaij F fUij fahf ghoaJ ah iHf
mUa ntL vd gJ ntodh.

76

brhbghU : itia ehlt uJ brdh - gJ ntodh.

ghoa;

ca

iHf;

yfzF: ciuJ, uJ - idbarf.

gFgj cWyfz : uJ = u + () + + c. u - gF; - r;
- MdJ fhu; - wjfhy iliy; c - idbar F.

2.

bjd tFy bjt Ma

kd bfhFnj thifj
brhd ybgw brh edh

d jt iw thdh.

bghU : ghoa Fy bjtkha brhfehj bfhFnj thif

vd bjhlF ghliy brhik njhw a jUF
tHdh. jU, jkdJa , mjid gl bgW brwh.
brhbghU : bjdt Fybjt - brhfehj (m) Rjughoa;
d Jg; edh - mjh;
iw gJ.
yfzF : brh, iw - idbarf.
gFgj cWyfz : edh = eF + + M. eF - gF;
- wjfhy iliy; M - gygh idKW F.
ghoa

fTj

3.

ms nfah mur Kngh

s mf s dhfl
csf UJne xj yhu

Js dt k dh.

bghU : msyhj yila rf ytf ghoal brW,

mghl bghUis sdhf. bfhoia cila ghoa
fUJnfwthW msf bghU tjikah, mt kdkjh.
brhbghU : ms nfah - mstw yd;
Js - jiyairJ; dt- bfhoia cila ghoa.

yfzF: s, wJ - idbarf; k - bjhbga.

gFgj cWyfz : s = sF + . sF - gF; - idbar
F; dh= F++M. F-gF; - wjfhy
iliy; M - Mgh idKW F.

77

iwt jUF ghl mUs

eu jUia yFj
4.

ntj Vtyh j jbkhL

nghJ lit w a
Mj bgh mWF eia

neJ u byd ydh.

bghU : ghoa Vtyh, ytnuhL UbrW, fHf

bt bjha wj bgh Koig mWbjLF jUia u
vgL
vd jLjh.

brhbghU : j - yt; a - bjha ; bgh - bghKo;

e - jU; w - bt.
yfz F :

Mj bgh - bgabur.
jU iwtl KiwLj

5.

br bfhLngh UK itJs
ig bfhlm gdt vid
ik fl tG ghliy
if edh f nybfdh.

bghU : jU, iwt mj ghliy mt UK itJ, yw

fGij cila iwtnd! FwKs ghliy vdF mjJ V?
vd kdtUjJl nflh.
brhbghU : ig tUj; gdt - mjz; fl - fGJ;
tG ghl FwKs ghl.
iwadhU euU
6.

Muit FW ne wU jtiu neh

ahiue fF Fw adh vdh Kd
ud rhJ ehnd snd vwh w
u yt Fw ahbjd njuh u.

bghU : ytf iwj mit EiHj iwt, mitdiu

neh, v ghl Fw Tat ah? vd nflh. mthW
mt nfL KogjF, ehnd Fw Tnd vd fthj
eu, mrhJ vGJ Tdh.
Fw ahbjd iwt nflh.

78

brhbghU: Mmit - (ytf) iwj mit; snd - brhnd;

u - f thj.
yfzF : neh - idbar; snd - jik xUik
idKW; njuh u - <Wbfl vkiw bgabur.
brhFw W ntW bghUFw vwh a
bghFw nt mz bghUFw vid? vwh
jFw tUtJ Xuh idky rhgh m
mFw FHF ehw iyna vwh Ia.

bghU : ghl, brh Fw iy; bghU Fw csJ vwh

eu.
bghwjd rilia cila iwt, bghU Fw
vd? vd nflh. mjF, kyf Kjatwh kz rhUnka,
Uisbahj TjYF aif kz iy vwh, eu.
brhbghU : nt - brril; Xuh - czuh; mFw (mF+cw)
- Uisbahj; ehw - eWkz; FH - Tj; mF - u.
yfzF:idky - idbjhif.
8.

gu tgL VJ guRl Ufh s

mu rilah ghfJ mkjPh d nfhij
u FHY mnwh vdm~J mnw vdh
btUyh rynk Kw rhjh is nehfh.

bghU : euid neh, tgL gunrhaha iwt,

Ufhs nfh bfhlt; ghig fifia
mj rilia cilat. mtdJ lghf vGjUa
cikaik Fj fUTjYF nj jik jhndh? vd
iwt ddh. mjF eu, vtUtjid v J
mrhk, mTjY mjikilanj vd gWjh.
brhbghU : VJ - tzF; mu rilah - tbgUkh;
Phdnfhij cikaik; btUyh - mrkw eu; ry
- kd cW.

79

7.

bef fhoD Fw Fwnk

9.

fiwth rilah be fid nj fhl

gWth D mrh cguh gngh Mf
KW fzh dhY bkhjE ghl Fw
Fwnk bawh jgh Ma Fw njuh.

bghU : mlj l rilia cila iwt, befiz js

fhl, mjdh JwnghJ mrhjtdh, ungh cl
KGtJ ffis cilatuhD, ckJ ghl FwKilanj vW
Tdh, eu.

brhbghU : fiwth
njtjiyt (u).

rilah

tbgUkh;

cguh

yfzF
: gWth, mrh - idahyiz bgaf;
Fw - bjhbga.
gFgj cWyfz : gWth = gW + + M. gW - gF;
- vfhy iliy; M - Mgh idKW F;
njuh =nj + M + M. nj - gF; M - vkiw iliy (kiwjJ);
M - Mgh idKW F.

bef btgjh eu tUjY iwt kiwjY

10.

njj
ghj
Mj
fhj

ehk fah Ej br
btik bghwhJbgh gfa jlJ
ehty nghG jhjd mtid
ehty bkd UU fujh. *

bghU : iw yit jiy Noat iwt.

mtdJ,
bef UJ tj bgh btg jhshJ eu
bghwhkiu Fs _dh.
yt to tj nrhkRju
fl iuJ
jdJ UUtij kiwJ mUdh.
brhbghU : Ej - bef; bghgfajl - bghwhkiu
Fs;
ehty - yt; fujh - kiwjh.
yfzF : njj, ghj, Mj, fhj - bgaburf;
GJ - idbar; br, btik - gbjhiff.
gFgj cWyfz : njj = nj + () + + m. nj - gF;
- r; - MdJ fhu; - wjfhy iliy,
m - bgabur F.

80

Ma F: gunrh Kt ehif khtlYs UkiwfhL

(ntjhua) vD C wjt. jY tlbkhY yik
bgwt. t jijah dhRju njf Mth.
gunrh Kt Jwah thyanjhW brW iwtid
tgL

tjh.

mthW

kJiu

efiu

milJ

dhmkid

nrhkRju flis tzat, mefnyna yfhy jUjh.

mefujh mtiu nfLbfhljF zf, Uisahl
uhzij adh. miy tbgUkh Unfh vnu
cs

mWfh

UJ

tlbkh,

bjbkhyt

ahtU

t Uisahl nghfbtgh, kJiu gWgjjh

Kja fis

ash.

F : Uisahl uhz, kJiufhl (gbdLgly),

Tlfhl (KgJgly), Uthythfhl (gdhWgly) vD
KbgUfhlij

gly

vD

mWgJ

ehF

cit

cilaJ. , Ujghf _thuJ KW mWgJ _W

csd.
, iwt mWgJ ehF Uisahliy s vGj fS
thdJ wghdJ MF. bjhileaK gRit f YF
e.K.ntflrh ciubaGsh.

iwt jUF mUa ghl

bfhFnj thif miw J
fhk brghJ flJ bkhnkh
gaJ bfa e ka
brba wit Tj
ea csnth m nt.

- FWbjhif, 2

81

nghw munfdh.

kh dhf
m)wt adhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

1. Uisahl uhzij aat

2. Uisahluhz fhlf

csd.

3. iwtl ghliybgW brwt

.
.

4. bgh bgwbrw jUia jLjt

5. cl KGtJ ffisilat

2. bghUJf.
kJiufhl -

gdhW gly

Tlfhl -

gbdL gly

Uthythfhl -

KgJ gly

M)FWdhf
1. jU, iwtl ntoaJ iwt jUF tHaJ
ahJ?

2. jU ghliynfl ghoa kdiyia TWf.

3. jU, bgh bgwbrwnghJ fjJ ahJ?

4. iwtl jU tUjJl daJ ahJ?

5. muritF tj iwt daJ ahJ?

)Wdhf

1. Uisahl uhz - F vGJf.

2. gunrh Kt - F vGJf.

3. iwtDF euDF ilna elj ciuahliy tf.

<) b eLdh
jUF bgh mj gly fU Jfis bjhFbjGJf.

82

ciueil

flgaz
jehL thf tuyhW f bjhik thjJ. gHfhybjhnl jH
cehL, maehL thf wUjd. cehL thfijl
maehL thfnyna tUth F. maehL thfY jiutahf
br thfijl, tahf br thf bgU bghUis jU.
vdnt, meh fl thf f wUjJ.

iufl Xo ua njL vD xsitbkh, ahJ Cnu

ahtU nf vD fa Fw bkh, jHf cyfsha
jidF gdhL bjhlF rhWfsh.
gHfhy,
jH w ehLfSF flgaz nkbfhl
br K tHf vd bjhfha FfgLsJ. gHjH
bghULjiy j flikahf fUd. jid bjhfha
bghUsfhu lbgWs bghUt sFwJ.
fh (jiutj) , fy (t j) vd UtifgL.
gyhu MLfSF Kdnu jH nknf R, cnuh, vJKj
Hnf dtiuY flt thfbjhl bfhoUjd. vJ,
ghyd, bkrgnlhah, ghnyhah, d Ma ehLf jH bghUfis
U bgwd. VyK ytfK sF nkfha ehLf
ey iyF fgld. jeho, w ehlh csij ftU
gy bghUf Fahf iljd.
mtW, KJ gtsK MuK
mY btJY rF Fljfd.
gHjH, nufiu
cnuhkhaiu atd vd miHjd.
fg
gHfhynyna jHf gytifahd fgf flgld. xbthU
bga fgY kNj nfhilnghy njhWkh. m~jhtJ, ehF
gfK ua fHf. mj eL jahf knyhL Toa kUjy
murdJ nfhil. mnfhil njhwkhdJ, eLfl brY fgYF
ctikahf weh} TwgLsJ.

83

jH flgaz

flY kufyfS

fl flj j

M, Mf, K, thuz, bgst,

j
nuf
guit, z vgit fliy FF jbrhf.
m
xiu[h
thnw kufyJF jbkh bgaf
fU fnuhuh
gy tHFwd. mit: fg, fy, fLku,
fh
f
ehth, glF, g, iz, njh, bjg,
Fk
bfhkh
, m, tf, jit, g~, Xl vgd.
bjho
o
xbthU bgaU xbthU tifahd fyij
kJiu
knjhuh
FF.
brhfis bfhnl gil
K
K
jHf flgaz g bjthf mayh.
cgff brYJjFa a glFfS
fl brYJjFa bga ehthfS mW Ujd. fl brY
bga fy ehth
vdgL.
fh efu Wjgl ehthf,
miyfsh miyL fLj
flgl ahid mirtJngh
mirjd. mt c bfhof mirJ Mod vd godghiy
TWwJ.
bga ehthf fh Jizbfhnl ad. mit ghku
fgf vdgld. jF fhwhdJ, vbtnghJ vbtir neh
R vgjid jH eF czUjd. ffhy Kndh fh
nghif mJ fy brYd vgjid weh}W ghl TWwJ.
JiwKff
jHf eilbgWtj thf gadhf gy JiwKff
flfiu godfshf wJ sd. mtW fhgod,
K, bfhif Mait Fljfd.
K, nru kdFa JiwKf. mF R vD bga M
atdf kufyf, MWJiwf fy nghFgo tJ wd.
mfyfSF ca atdf, bghid RkJ tJ, mjF <lhf
sif V brwhf. bria, mfeh}W bjwJ.
ghoa ehL tsij bgUaJ bfhif JiwKf. JiwKf
KJFj f wghf eljjid btR ehlP khnfhnghnyh
FJsh.
F rf fhyJ KJFj eljJ.
VWk
bghUf Knj Kjl bgwJ. kJiufh WghzhWgil
bfhif Kij wwd. isJ Kj GKJ vd kJiufh
TW.
flfiuia mLJ UF Cfis
84

god, ghf

vwiHg.

F fgUJ y wfgLtd, yUJ fg

VwgLtdkha msyhj glf K kiynghy FJ
ljd.
fhgodJ khlf cs kf iffis T, btahL
kfbuhL bghU ntFH Kjatiw thf, ef Hhnfhy
lJ. bjtJbfd vLj bfhofS, iyglfis mjF
foa bfhofS, Maf thJ bra fU itj bfhofS, fg
TYs bfhofS mF fyJ fhzgld.
fltna tj FiufS, jiu tna tj sF bghfS,
kaYlhd kfS bghD, FlF kiy wj rjdK mY,
bfhifJiw wj KJ, fl clhd gtsK, fif
clhd bghUfS, fh clhd tsfS, <H ehoUJ
tj cz bghUfS, w ehL bghUfS, w ma bghUfS
tJ nru, ts Fj guj lijila bjUfshf sd.
VWk wFk
gHjHf thfbghUfis ga Ff godghiyY
kJiufhY fhzgLwd. UJ VWkahd bghUfS
ud, KJ, itu, sF, fUfh, fUkUJ, njF, rjd, btJ,
m, Vyfh, ytfgil, Kjad Fljfit.
jHf bghUf d fgld. dJ gL rUfiu
jHfJF wFk Md. fU, makh Kndh fhy
dhUJ bfhLtJ glglJ.
flgazga fa eh kfis vosJ.
flrh
gfiyfHf thyhf gl, glaf ffbgW tUwd.
Jiw gnthUF g gth ug csd. vdnt,
85

mf
bgUghY tffns
thJ tjhf.
nrhHeho
JiwKfkha
fhgod (fh), Rfrhiy fyfiu
sfK Ujd.

nkiyfl KGJ fg Lnth vD ghu fd W edth

csJ.
kh dhf
m) wtadhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

m) fl gazij K tHfbkd FL

M) fl brY bga fy

) fhgod Rfrhiy

vdglJ.
Ujd.

2. bghUJf.

ehL JiwKf
nru ehL

- fhgod

nrhH ehL

- bfhif

ghoa ehL - K

M)FWdhf

1. flgaz nkbfhs fhuzf ahit?

2. atd vngh aht?

3. bghUt g vGJf.

4. fyij FF ntW bgaf ahit?

)Wdhf

1. jHf eilbgw VWk, wFk bghUfg vGJf.

2. fg njhwij weh}W vthW ctwJ?

3. mfhy fh vthW saJ?

<)beLdh

jHf gHfhy JiwKff g mF eilbgw thf g

sFf.

c)kubjhlfis brhbwhlf mikf.

:

3. csif bef :

1. iftj fiy

2. m jhnghy

C)brhbwhl tifia mJ vGJf.

86

1. ehthfis

tf

2. nufiu cnuhkhaiu

vW TWt. jH

vthW

miHjd?

v)UbghU vGJf.
1. iu

2.
ff

3.
fiy

4.
f

bral :

fsgaz nkbfhf. (JiwKf)

mJbfhf.
f thG ygF vtif iz vd mJbfhf.
iz - yK

F - kiy kiyrhj lK

Kiy - fhL fhLrhj lK

kUj - taY tarhj lK

ghiy -kzY kzrhj lK

(twl ygF)

bej - flY flrhj lK

87

Jizghl

bfy bfy
bfy bfy,
mbkfh fbgw vGjhsuhf mua
<LghL bfhltuhf sdh. mtiu fhztj xUt, mtl,
cfSF f Ugkhd xwid bgw Udh, m~J vdthf
Uf ntLbkd nff vW nflh.
j cyf mik kyuntL vd nfng- vwh bfy.
ghF wD nfF wD ngR wD ntL vd nfgh
vd idjtUF bgUj Vkhw.
M, bfy bfy ff ghuh; fhJf nfsh; th ngrhJ.
gbjhgJ khjFHijahf UjnghJ Vgl bfhoa nehahdJ,
mtUila _W yid gJbfhlJ. bfy, j czfis
btgLj ayhj Ul cy thH ntoajhW. MW
tajhdnghJ mbyrhl ufhbg cjah bg g
nrjh. mF gj mrth vgt bfyDF Mauhf
thjh.
_W ydwt vgJ bjJ, Ma m, jdifl
mtUF ff bjhldh. mt, Kj bghUf bgaiu
xnth vGjhf bfy csif j ufsh vG fjh;
bfyD m FutisJ ifitJ x mf_y
vGJfis brhfis mJbfhlh. mj, ghl
cs nAhukh fhJnfshnjhUfhd gY, ah cs
iu A]khr gY Kiwgo gwh.
bg g : ghitanwhUfhd g mbkfh ghl ef mikJsJ.

88

bfy, jdJ thehis fHnjh kW

fhJnfshnjhfhf brylh. mjfhf, mY
gfY mauhJ ciHjh. mtfSbfd cyfbkF Ma
mrtDl
gf wfbr bghUL bkhbgaghs
bfy
xUt cjl cyf ehLf gytWF
RWgaz nkbfhlh. bfy bfy vd
xwid bjhl, m nrj bjhifahd
%gh xwiu nfhoia mgfSF tHdh.
ghitanwhUbfd nja yf xwid cUth,
cyf KGtY UJ f tJ Fa VghL
brjh. jidnghy mtfS bgwntL
vD vzJl j vgbjL taJtiu
mauhJ ciHjh.
thif H vgnj iy; xWnghdh
bdhW tU. mj eifUjh thif
btWik MfhJ- thW Ta bfy, meifia mbyrhl
bkgJngh, f fghit mwtuhf, ufh bgYl
bfy
fhJ nfshjtuhf UJTl vgo cfsh
rhf KojJ? vd bfyl nlhah
kfhuh, nflbghGJ, `mjF fhuz vDila
Manu vd bfy Tdh. v _W yfis
Hjjdhjh, vdF mt Mauhf iljh .
vd gyjh. Ma m yhlh
bfyid y ahUF bjyJ.
Ma m 1930M ML wJl jdJ
bkhbgaghs gh jhr vgh cjl
thJ tuyhdh; #gh Kjyhd ehLfSF
RWgaz nkbfhlh. bfy, thl ef
gh jhrDl
fbgw bgkahf fjh.
bfy

89

bfy, bu Kiw vGj gof fwh.

mt, jdbfd jahf cUthfgl jlR
auij gagLdh. Mia m mj
g gadhf, nf{ bu ~ f
EiH nj btbgW, sfiygl tF
nrjh; glK bgwh. jifa khWwdhsfS
KjKj gl bgwt tnu. t gy fis
vGdh; nghfis vJ cyf ehLf gytWF
RWgaz brjh.

bfy bfy, kjf vyhtiw vjhf vLJbfhwhf;

mtf vjidnk Kjikahf fUJtiy. vjidahtJ Hj wFjh
mj mUikia czwhf.
kjf ghj, ngRj, bjhLj,
Kfj, nfl Ma Iy czit aifahfnt bgUwhf.
j czf kig JbfhS Mw gyUF iy, mwhl
thifF itbayh njitbagjid mtf kwJLwhf,
vgh.
xUeh u bfy bfy, fl mUsh _W eh kLnk
jkF ghit oajhf fd flh. mjnf mt bgJ k
miljh. Kj eh, fbzh iljJ KjKj ghjJ, mt
ff wJ itj Ma Kfijna. mtiu rjjF ,
bghWik, m, uf, J, jdif MatWF vLJfhlhf
jkJ Ma ftjid czjh. Maiu ghjjF mt,
jkJ cnjhfis rjh. mtf fsfglkw mHfhd
Kffis flh.
LF tJ, oYs dW bghUfisbayh xWlhk
ghjh.
mtW, y tz bghUfis Rt khlgoUj
mHa Xafis mykh mL itf bgUj jffis
fbfhlhk ghjh. miwa khiybghG bt elJ brYnghJ
kuf mHif aif mHif fLfjh.
LF
tUt gfJ Lfhu giz kf yiu Fiufis
flh.
khiybghG fut kiw fhia fL kjh.
oYs sFf mtiu ftjd. mit mtUF kia
jjd. gf fl gntW fhf kd <LghL bfhoUjjdh,
mu mtUF Mj cwf tuiy.
ulhtJ eh, bfy bfy fut njhWtjid flh.
mW ahYs mUfhafij fL, aif tuyhiw
bjJ bfhlh.
mUfhaf mtUF cyf kua tsia
mJbfhs ngUjahf mikjjid v kjh.
mLJ
bgUefu bghUfh rhiyF brwh. mF lbgUj
fbgw fiyPf, adh nlh lh Kjyhndh Xafis
fiybghUfis fLkjh.
wF, bfy,
brfaUila
ehlfbkhwid ghjh. mehlf mtiu bgJ ftjJ. eoff
trd nga Kiw, cr, KfbtghL Mait mt kdijL
mfyiy. mu mt mikahf cwdh.
_whtJ eh, ef HF gfYs MWghyij cW
nehdh. M glFfis m brY kjfis flh. ,
ah cs thdsha uil nfhu fllij fLfjh.
mt, kf Kf btgL kia Jgij ghJ

90

1880 N 27 mbkfhYs myghkh khfhz JFah

wJ, rhjidahsuhf fj bfy, 1968M ML N Kjeh
yf thit jh. mtuJ cl thl m, gh MnahuJ
clfSF mUnf eylf braglJ.
W Jgnkh jilnah Hngh Vglhny kdKilJ _iy
Kl nghF ekF bfy bfy thif tuyhW jdifia
jU vg Iaiy. cleynjhL Ugtfns braayhj ma
rhjidfis yfis Hj bfy brjh. mjdh mt, cy
vlhtJ mra vd ghuhl bgWwh.
bghik ahF gaW mtJ
Mid ik g.
- Fw, 618
bu
ghitanwhUfhd
vGJKiwia
cUthat.
ghitanwhUfhd
vGJKiw

kh dhf
beLdhf
1. bfy bfy vthW f fwh?
2. bfy bfy, j fd fl Kj eh fhf ahit?

91

Jbfhlh. IjhtJ HrhiyYs filbjUfis vyh

ghjh. a RWyh nkbfhlh; nrhiyfis Foirfis
bjhrhiyfis flh.
fh mtUF xUw kia
kWw Jgij mjJ. bfy brhdh: vdJ ff Jfij
kia KjKjyhf fld. miwa Ko xU eifRit
ehlfij flh. Vbd, f ghit kiwtjF K, kahd
xwid kLnk ff fhz ntLbkd Udh. e czfSF
eh kgj ntL. fl ekF bfhLj fbga mg,
ghit. mjid D rWneu Hf nghnwh vw cznthL
fgid brJ ghjh, mj mUikia ekh czuKo.
_W
ehY jh czjtiw ekF ghlkhf czdh.
_Weh
ghit iljjnf KG gaid v ff fld. mgoahdh,
theh KGtJ ghitstf vts rhjidf braKo
vgjid v ghUf vgjid czdh.

yfz
ah : br cWf
(vGJ, mir, )
br cWf
ah - ahfgLtJ - flgLtJ.

ah vgJ br.

vGJ, mir, , jis, mo, bjhil vD MW br cWfshF.

1. vGJ
br F, beo, bk, Mj vD vGJf Kjikahf
fUjgL. F, cFY cbkFY mlF. beo
cbeoY, cbk beoY mlF. bk xW vd brhygL,
br Mj bkahf fUjgL.
ehz - brh, eh - beo, z - F, - xbwGJ.
2. mir
vGjhdJ jahfnth gy nrnjh Xirl mirJ (J) gJ
mir vdgL. J neuir, iuair vd UtifgL.
neuir : F jJ F xwLJ, beo jJ beo xwLJ
tUtJ neuir vdgL.
(v.fh.) F jJ tu - f
F xWl tu - f
beo jJ tu - fh
beo xWl tu - fh
iuair: F izJ F izJ xW; F beo izJ
F beo izJ xW tUtJ iuair.
(v.fh.) F izJ tu - gl
F izJ xWl tu - gl
F beo izJ tu - glh
Fbeo izJ xWl tu - glh
3.
mirf jJ izJ To, moF cWghf miktJ vdgL
m~J Xuir, <uir, _tir, ehyir vd ehtifgL.

92

Xuir

: btgh < neuir, iuair VnjD xW jJ

W uh mik. mtiw Xuir vg. mit eh ( ne ), ky

( iu ), fhR ( ne ), w ( iu ) vd ehtif thghLfS xwid
bgW.
(v.fh.) 1. br Ritzuh thz khf
mD thD v.
v - ne (eh)

3. ehblg ehlh tsjd ehly

ehl tsjU ehL.
ehL - ne (fhR)
4. mfu Kjy vGbjyh M
gft Kjnw cyF.
cyF

- iu (w)

<uir : ehF
<uir nrJ xU MtJ <uir. ne KotJ uL, iu
KotJ uLkhf <uir ehF MF.
thghL
ne ne = njkh kh - 2

( njkh, kh vd

iu ne = kh kh Kotjdh kh. )
iu iu = fUs s - 2 ( fUs,
ne iu = Ts Ts vd s
Kotjdh s )
( <uir ehF MaghF cait. )
it a vd, Ma c vd tHfgL.
_tir :

vL

_W mirf nrJ xU MtJ _tir. neuir KotJ

ehF iu mir KotJ ehFkhf _tir vL MF.

93

2. brFz yhj nghJ J

tWF <a gL.
gL - iu (ky)

fhf

ne ne ne

iu ne ne

khfh

iu iu ne

fUsfh

ne iu ne

Tsfh

it btghF cajdh, btgh c vd TWt.

ff -

ehF

- njkhfh
fhf

ehF

ehF

ne ne iu

- njkhf

iu ne iu

khf

iu iu iu

fUsf

ne iu iu

Tsf

it tghF cajdh, t vd TWt.

ehyir :

ff -

ehF

gdhW

_tir vLl neuir, iuairfis jjahf nrjh

ehyir gdhW ilF. jid bghJ vd TWt.
g
1. tU bgafis mir J fhLf.
m) iy M) tst ) snfh

<) bjhfha

2. Lgl lfis uf.

1. m/ eh x/u/ f/nzh/l

ne

ne

ne

ne ne ne

Ts

2. M/Wth

M/w

ne iu

g/j

iu ne

njkh

kh dhf
m) wtadhf
nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.
1. bk MjK ah

vd FfgL.

m) RblGJ M) dh vGJ

94

) xbwGJ

 2. fh

tifgL.

m) uL

M) _W )

3. MaghF ca f

ehF

MF.

m) fh M) kh

) f

4. btgh ca vD <W tU Xuir thghL

.
m) eh

M) ky ) w

M) FWdhf
1. ahFa vGJf vitbad fzlgLwd?
2. mir vwh vd? mit ahit?

3. <uir fSFa thghLf ahit?

4. fh thghLf ahit?
mJbfhnth.
btgh aU btU kLnk tU.
a btlis bt btlis tU.
ntW jisf thuh.
<wo <W eh, ky, fhR, w vD thgho Ko.
(v.fh.) myl: flbdg eyit vyh fldJ
rhwhik nkbfh gtF.
t.v

mir

thghL

fl/bd/g

iu ne ne

khfh

e/yit

ne iu

Ts

v/yh

ne ne

njkh

fl/d/J

iu iu ne

fUsfh

rh/wh/ik

ne ne ne

njkhfh

nk/bfh

ne ne

njkh

gt/F

iu ne

(iu) w

Fwgh

<W

vD

thgho

KoJsJ.

g : fhQ FwghF myL thghL vGJf.

bghWj wid vW mjid
kwj mjD eW.

95

m
bghU ctika, ntWbghU itg
mt elJ tjh.
mt mdnghy elJ tjh.
U bjhliu goJ ghUf. Kj bjhl aghf csJ.
mLj bjhl gogjF ik jUwJ.

bgbzhU, j aghd mHif Mil, mfyf mJ,

xgidbrJ bfhtJnghy yt, j fgid MwyhY bkhyikahY
brhY bghUY mHF nrJ ghlf aWt.
jifa ghlf fhzgL mHnf m vdgL. jdh, brhy
F fUJ v ; gogtF nfgtF ik nrF.
mf ytiw F fhzyh.
1. bghU ctika
cy yhj bghUis xwDF ctikah TWtJ bghU
ctika vdgL.
mgf yh cthif tghf
tw kuj jW. - Fw, 78
Fwghit goJ ghUf. cs myhj xUt FLg
thif elJtJ vgJ, ghiy y, glku jL tstJ
nghwJ. UtSt, Fwgh myhjt thif, ghiyy
glku jL tstjF xghdJ vd yhj bghUis ctJ
TWwh.
yt, cy aghf yhj bghUis thW ctikah TWtJ
bghU ctika MF.
2. ntWbghU itg
yt, jh fUa bghUis iyehl, cyf mj ntbwhU bghUis
rhWfho TWnghJ, bghJ bghUsh w bghUis, w bghUsh
bghJ bghUis sFtjid ntWbghU itg vg.
ciuKo fhzh isnah vw
eiuKJ kf ctg - eiuKoJ
brhyh Kiwbrjh nrhH Fyir
fyhk ghf gL.
ghl, ffhy sik eiuKoJ tJ, tH tHdh
vgJ w br. ttahf juhk M JtU nrhH Fy
96

njhaikah, aghfnt ffhyD wj tHdh vgJ bghJ

bghU. vdnt, w bghUsh bghJ bghU sfgLsjdh ghl
ntWbghU itg mikJsJ.
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
nfhol lij uf.
1. cy yhj bghUis ctJ TWtJ

2. fUa bghUis iyehl w bghUis bghJbghUshY

bghJbghUis w bghUshY T sFtJ
.

1.

ntWbghU itgia rhWl sFf.

2. bghU ctikaia rhWl sFf.

tFgiwwf
vGJj w : gl ghJ ghl vGJf.

FG fyJiuahl
ghuah - ghujhr - fzjhr fijf r_f khw FJ
fyJiuahLf.

97

M) FWdhf

bkhw g
bjhi fbrhfis bjGJj.

(v.fh.)
Iiz vD brh Fiz, Kiyiz,
kUjiz, bej iz, ghiyiz Matiw FF.
1. Kf

- khf, gyhf, thiHf.

2. ehgil

- njgil, ahidgil, Fiugil, fhyhgil.

3. Iyfz - vGyfz, brhyfz, bghUyfz,

4. mWRit

ahyfz, myfz.

- Rit, frRit, Rit, ctRit,

fhRit, JtRit.

g : bjhifbrhfis bjGJf.
Uiz

Kgh

ehir

Igh

.
.
,

vQ bgafis jbHfSl bghUJf.

vQ bga

jbH

vguL

25

bjhbwhgJ

30

UgijJ

99

gidJ

82

KgJ

15

bral
1. ghlgFYs bgabrhfis bjhFf.
2. bjhFj bgabrhfYs bjhbgafis tlLf.
fLiu g
khWwdhs kWth.

98

ifbaGJ

jahj

( khztf vifF Vg FGfshf J

ifbaGJ j cUthf brj )
Ljiy Ueh wj
midtUFkhd Ljiy! cyfij caJ ewh!
fij
nghL cyfij
ntbuhL rhngh.

fLiu

JQFf

ehlf
Ljiyngh

nefhz
LjiyF ciHnjh

z CL
eifRit JQFf

Ljiy Ueh
ngho btbgw
fLiu
ciuahl

Wfij (xUgf ms)

fh W Ujh...
Ut/_t ciuahl

Wt f

fSfhd j kw ff
thifw
w iy jid itJ ghj
bjhlto gaz brnghJ ghitanwh ghLgho brtjid
nfoUf. Knd brgtiu g kiwnah bjhltjid
foUf. taj khWwdh taah kbwhU khWwdhF
cjnghJ, ghitnsh ahuhtJ mtfSF cjajid ghUfsh?
ayhnjhUF yhnjhUF kjneanjhL cjnth wj kjuht.

1. khWwdhfSF vbt tif cjtyh?

2. f gHa l fiz fobfhL xU bghUis vLf
Ka brf.

3. cf glit egfSl fyJiuahLf.

99

w br
Ljiy eh

kf

c uf
Obk vD fbgw ma mP LF, mtUila
eg brUjh. miwF fLF yaJ. ma mP, j cliy
ewhf fgah nghUjh. vD, F jhfhk eLbfhnl Vnjh
xU nrhjid KG_rh <LgoUjh. mUnyna fziu (NlL)
UJ, mt mjid va liy.
eg mtl, V fzig valhk go F eLFf? vd
nflh. mjF, mj ma mP vGJ brW, mU Uj fzig Ro
fhodh. mF RblbahW jDila FofSl UjJ.
j fLikahd F ehnk eLFnghJ ght it vd br?
mjdhjh, mtiw ul vdF kd tuiy. vwh.
j NH ahf UUjh vd brUgh? idJ gh.

kQy fny cfjh tUJ

tUjij xU bjD

fQw ghJ brw nfL

fzKeh rl khnl.
- tsyh
bkhahf brf.
Mother Teresa, born in Yugoslavia became a nun at the age of 18. She came to India and
started her career as a teacher. She established the Home for dying and destitute in Kolkata.
Service to the uncared is the service to God is the principle of Mother Teresa. The highest
honour of Nobel Prize for peace was awarded for her selfless work.
izahd j gHbkhia mf.
1. In a fiddlers house all are dancers.
fg L fLj f ghL.
2. No man can flay a stone.

fny eh cf Kokh?
3. Difficulties give way to diligence.
fiugh fiujh fY fiu.
4. Command your man and do it yourself.
btbzia itJbfhL beF miythnd.
5. Charity is a double blessing.
jUk jiy fhF.

100

tsu braghLf
nfl w

braghL - 1

Gs ciugia gof nfL dhfSF ilaf.

br, ciueil, ngR Mad aj MF. irnahL ghLtjbfnw
vGjgl jghlf irj vdgL. iria irj vW
kaFwd y.
ir ntW; irj ntW.

ehlf vgJ fhyJ ehlf, iuglf ngrgL ciuahl vW

y fUJwhf. ehlfj ghlf ehoaJFa bkghLfSF
ljU tif mikUF.
dhf

1.

j Kf ahit?

2.

aj vd vjid TWnwh?

3.

ir vgJ vJ?

4.

ehlfj vjikaJ?

5.

njthughlf vtif jiH rhU?

ngRj w

braghL - 2

ciuahliy KGikahf vG tF ngRf.

iwtDF euDF ilna fj ciuahl
l: ytf iwj ghoa mit
iwt:

v ghl Fw Tat ah?

eu:

V, ehjh!

iwt:

v ghl vd Fw fO? brhyh, bghUyh?

eu:

iwt:

101

ir fiyPf FH, ah nghw fUf thgJ ir. XJth ghL

njthughl irj. ehoa MLnghJ ghLtjbfnw awgl ghlfns
ehlfj vdgL.

goj w - thL goj

braghL - 3

fhQ ciugia bghUSzJ gof.

sik ey nghWj vgJ bghJthf khjF aghd Fz. yUF

taij nflhny d wF. cl jiy tajhljF ca
milahsf bjglhY tajhlJ vW ahuhtJ TdhY mtfSF
bghyhj nfhg tUwJ. jdh, vd wJ! sikia nghw midtU
Uwd vgnj! Mdh, sik vgJ cl kL Ujh nghjhJ.
y Mo isnahuhf Uwd. Mdh, czY CfY
gLHkh brayW Vwd. ~bjgo sikahF?
cl sik; cz sik; Cf sik fhlntL. sikia
nghWj thifF wig jU. mjdhynwh, sikia mHif
nghWtif e Mnwhf clg Kiwfis flhf. clYF
ngha g bfhLJ v~Fngh M sik ey ngQf! Jgfis
thifia flF gofshf idJ, vJfisJ nghfhk, bt
eif itJ, cz sik fhJ, thif gazij bjhlf!
iwa njh ehisa btF mof vD eifl, sik eyf
CfJl thif gazij mikJbfhf.
- FwFo mofsh, Myaf rKjha ikaf
mfu tirgLJj

braghL - 4

fhQ brhfis mfutir vGJf.

fJfiy, ir, ita, K, kdJa, nehf, LngW, ebra,
nkLgs, thif, ga, bkhbga, ntiy, bef, btFshik
e -

k -

t -

brhtjid vGJj

braghL - 5

jehL thf tuyhW f bjhik thjJ. gHfhybjhnl

jH cehL, maehL thf wUjd. cehL thfijl
maehL thfnyna tUth F. maehL thfY jiutahf
br thfijl, tahf br thf bgU bghUis jU.
vdnt, meh fl thf f wUjJ.

102

FWbfGJbrh isahL

braghL - 6

il FfisbfhL, flfis uf.

1

lUJ ty
1.

iuflnyho ua njL vd Ta j _jho

tHf

2. gHjH flgazij bjhfha

vd FLwJ.
3. nru kdFa JiwKf

nkUJ
.

4. ahJ Cnu ahtU nf vd Tat fa

vdglJ.

5. fl brY bga fy

6. btR ehil nrj ga

7. ghoa eho ts bgUa JiwKf

8. dUJ wFk bragl bghUfS xW

9. bgst vgJ

vgJ xU bghU jU brhf.

103

myLj

braghL - 7

jf bgafis vG myL thghL vGJf.

t.v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

j f
bgaf
iu

mir
ne iu

thghL
Ts

t>c brhfis UJj

braghL - 8

brhFa cs Ua brhfis gagL ctik bjhlf cs

t>c brhfis UJf.
( ngha, wJ, fh, vbz, bt, bgj )
1.

Mo fh cU rUFnghy

2.

Mij KwJnghy

3.

ca fhy bgr kiHnghy

4.

vSF viznghy

5.

gRnjh ngha nghy

6.

bt gl Gnghy

104

ilbrh mj

braghL - 9

bjhl cs tz vGJ brhfSl MtJ vD ilbrhiy

nrJ a bjhliu cUthFf.
UFwis go.

UFwisahtJ go.

ciu bfhLJ ehil fhngh.

myJ c j ngho fyJ bfhSj

ntL.

jHg brhtJ bkh ekJ ff.

ghu bjh ehLF ciHj.

ahF ngRngho ulh l

iljJ.
brhYUthf

braghL - 10

fhQ brhfUJ gy brhfis cUthFf.

KJFj
- KJ, F, Fj, Kj, J, FJ, jJ, Fj,
KJF, j, KF
gfiyfHf

fyfiusf

Fiunaw

fauf

Lfijfhd il fhz

braghL - 11

LfijfSfhd ilia vGJf.

1. thdJF F Mu ff. m~J vd?
2. cyhj g xGfh TWwh. mt ah?
3. bro isahj gR; j fhj ;
if bjhlhj J. m~J vd?
4. u gfY Xiy; mt gLjh vGg Miy.
mt ah?
5. cUt yhj kj cyfbkyh RWwh.
mt ah?
105

fu vGJj

braghL - 12

c g eilbgws LjiyUeh ffhd fu vGJf.

Ljiy Ueh Hh
l
eh
fhy

:
:
:

fu
jjh thJ :
bfhonaw
:
bfhoghl
:
tuntiu
:
jiyikiu
:
wiu
:
fiy ff
:
gR tHf
:
eiu
:
ehLg :

thifw

braghL - 13

vdh KoahjJ ahuh Ko?

th btbgw Jogt njhia bghUgLjkhlh.

cdh KoahJ vd vtU tl TlKoahJ.
vdh kwtfisngh braglKo vd bkJfhodh,
UgnjG tanjahd b#fh fh. t brj mUbra vd?
106

wnyna U if yhj t, jU fhyh th}ia Xoa

Kj bgk vD bgUikFat.
jdif, lhKa, Jr Mad tiu wghf brayhw
od. M, kdUjh tL. tiug f vd idf?
cf fUJfis FG fyJiuahLf.

fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
4 1 = 4

1. monfhol brhYF Vila bghUis vGJf.

1. bry

2. VWk

3. wFk

4. tu

M. iuflnyho ua njL.
1. brt

2. thridbghU 3. fg

4. thf

. ahJ Cnu ahtU nf vgJ fa Fwdh thF.

1. eg

2. cwd

3. nf

4. gift

<. gHjH flikfS xW bghULj.

1. bghU bgWj

3. bghU bgUFj

2. bghU bfhLj

4. bghU mj

3. XU tf ilaf.

m. bghUt vjid tifgL. mit ahit?

M. fliy FF gntW brhfS Ijid vGJf.

. ghoa ehLF tUif jj btehL mP ah?

<. dUJ jHfJF wFkahd bghUf ahit?

c. nrhH eho JiwKf vJ?

C. ghoa eho tsbgUa JiwKf vJ?

107

6 1 = 6

m. cehL thfijl maehL thfnyna tUth F.

vdh Ko, ehnd brnj

( I can, I did )
khzt fw braghLf gntL
ghl :
t.v

eh

ghl v

ghljiy

108

braghL

Fiu