Hcp amks hnZym-e-{]-h-\- ^e-{]-Z-ambpw Imcy--a-ambpw ]qn-bm-p--Xn\v{]Xnamk Bkq-{XWw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.-hn-Zym-e-b-v {]Xn-amk Bkq-{X-W-n\v klm-b-Iamb Ie-- NphsS \Ipp.

.-kvIq-fnse X\Xp ]cn-]m-Sn-I,-v {]h-\- aonv -Xo-Xn-I (F-kv.-B.Pn aon-v,-bq-Wnv sSv Zn\w,-mkv ]n.-Sn.F Zn\w)Fnh Ipn-tm
hnZym-eb Ie-- ]q-am-bn.
P\p-hcn
1

Zn\-ns {]m[m\yw
]pXp-h--c-n-dhn

At-iob kam-[m\ Zn\w

temI IpSpw-_-Zn\w

tZiob ]n Zn\w

H.-N-p-ta-t\m P-Zn-\w,

{]hmkn `mc-Xob Zn\w

10

hniz-lnn Zn\w

11
12

em _l-Zqimkv{Xn Nc-a-Zn\w
tZiob bph-P-\-Zn\w

15

Cy Ban Zn\w

16

Ipam-c-\m-im Nc-a-Zn\w

18

amn eqXInv P-Zn\w

23

t\XmPn kp`m-jvN-{-t_mkv P-Zn\w

25

tUm.-]p Nc-a-Zn\w

25

tZiob hnt\m-Z-k-mc Zn\w

{][m\ {]h-\-
Ipp-Imv Biw-k-I
t\c,mkn ]p-Xp-h--cm-tLmjw
Akw-n- {]kwKw ,t]m/D]-\ymk
cN\
IpSpw-_-kvt\lw A\p-`hw ]n-S,
IpSpw-_-kvt\lw {]ta-b-ambn hcp
IY,-I-hnX Ah-X-cn-n-
]mgvhkvXp- D]-tbm-Knv ]n,-]n-qSv \nmWw,]-n-I-fpsS
temIw knUn{]Zi\w,Nn{XcN-\m-acw
]pkvXI ]cn-N-bw,t\mh N,PohN-cn-{X-p-dnv Xm-dm-(hn-Zym-cwKw
Iem-km-ln-Xy-thZn {]h-\w)
Zn-Wm-{^n--bn \np Kmn-PnbpsS aSw kw-`-h-hn-h-cWw
lnn ans t\Xr-Xz-n
kvIq/mkv Xe a-c-
Akw-n-bn hyn-]-cn-Nbw
A\p-kva-c-Ww,-]qh-hn-Zymn kwKaw,-tk-h\ \nmW {]h-\-
Gs-Sp-
kmaq-ly-imkv{X Iznkv ,knUn {]Zi\w,-ho-c-P-hm-mp BZcw
Bim A\p-kva-cWw
Bim Ihn-Xm-em-]\w
Ihn-Xm-c-N\m inev]-ime
Poh-N-cn-{X-p-dnv Xm-dm-,kmaqlyimkv{X-v {]h-\-
km-aqlyimkv{X-v {]h-\-
^nenw tjm,-N-cn-{X,-Nn-{X,hm/Bhw {]Zi\w
Poh-N-cn-{X-p-dnv Xm-dm-,-A-\pkva-cW {]`m-jWw
Cy,tIcfw hnt\m-Z-k-m-c-tI-{-fpsS t^mtm,-knUn {]Zi-\w,-Iznkvt{]m-{Kmw.

26

dn--nv Zn\w

28
30

em-em-e-P-]v dmbv P-Zn\w

ckmn-Zn-\w

30

tZ-iob ipNn-Xz-Zn\w

30
hni-Zmwiw

temI e{]kn Zn\w

Akw-n,-{]-ivt\m--cn,-Cy kzmX{y-k-acw knUn {]Zi\w,_p--n

t_mUv Hcp-,-kvIq ]me-sav
{]h-\w,-t^mtm {]Zi\w
A\p-kva-cW {]`m-jWw
Akwn {]Xn-,-Kmn A\p-kva-cWw,-Kmn Iznkv
kvIq ipNnXz {]h-\- GsSp-(o kvIq ]Xn
{]h\w XpS),kvIq ipNnXz
t]meo-kn\v BZ-cw,-t]m- cN\
acw
BtcmKy t_m[-h-c-W-mkv

H.Np-ta-t\mP\-\w1847 P\p-hcn 7\v 1899 sk]vX-am-k-n 52 mw hb-kn A-cn-p.-e-W-bp--amb BZy ae-bm-f-t\m-hemb Cp-te-J-bpsS Im-hv,-im-cZ asmcp t\mh-emWv.hnth-Im-\ Pbn 1863 P\p-hcn 12 \v kzman hnth-Im-\- P\n-p.-hn-iz-{]-kn--\mb
Cy-m-c,-`m-c-X-ns kmwkvm-cnI \thm-m-\-n\v t\XrXzw \Inb bph {]Xn`.1893 Ata-cn--bnse Nnm-tKm-bn shv \S-nb {]kwKw At-l-ns {]ikvXn
h[n-n-p.-I---Sp t_eq-cn {iocm-a-IrjvW anj m]n-p.1902 Ppsse \men\v 40
mw hb-kn A-cn-p.-A-t-l-ns P-Zn\w tPiob bph-P-\-Zn-\-ambn sIm- m-Spp
Ipam-c-\m-im (18731924)ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn Imev]-\nI hk--n\v XpSw Ipdn Ihn.Ip-am-c-\m-im kmaqly ]cn-jvmhp IqSn-bm-Wv.-{]-[m\ IrXn-I \fn\n ,eo-e,-{]-tcm-Z-\w,Xn-m-hn-jvS-bmb koX,-I-cp-W,-]p-jv]-hm-Sn,-h-\-ame XpS-n-b-h.]\ t_m-]-I-S-n 1924
Atlw \s hnp-]n-cn-p.
dn-nv Zn\w kzm-X{yw ,k-a-Xzw,-km-tlm-Z-cyw,-Xp-y-\oXn Fn-h-bn-eqn Cy-mbn Hcp
`c-W-L-S\ Fgp-Xn-bp-- m-m 1946 385 t] AwK--fmb `c-W-L-S\m \nmW k` cq]oI-cn-p-I-bp-- m-bn.-tUm.-cm-tP{ {]km-Zns A[y--X-bn 1946 Unkw-_ 9 \v k` tNcp-Ibpw
c- v hjw 11 amkw 17 Znhkw sIm- v tUm.-Aw-t_-Zv-dns t\Xr-Xz-nep Inn `c-WL-S-\-bpsS IcSv cq]w Fgp-Xn-bp-- m-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.1949 \h- 26 \v `c-W-L-S\m \nmW
k` `c-W-L-S\ AwKo-I-cn-p.-C-y \mj-W tIm{Kkv ]qW-kzm-X-{y-n-\p
{]tabw ]mkm-nb Zn\-ns 20 mw hmjn-I-\m-fmb 1950 P\p-hcn 26 \v `c-W-L-S\ \S-m-nsm- v Cy dn-n-m-bn.
c-kmn Zn\w (P-\p-hcn 30)
1948 P\p-hcn 30 shn-bmgvN alm-flm-Kmn h[n--s Znhkw c-km-n-Zn-\-ambn BNcnp hcp-p.